Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Google general'

The 2018 Swedish general election saw the largest collective polling error so far in the twenty-first century. As in most other advanced democracies Swedish pollsters have faced extensive challenges in the form of declining response rates. To deal with this problem a new method based on search query data is proposed. This thesis predicts the Swedish general election using Google Trends data by introducing three models based on the assumption, that during the pre-election period actual voters of one party are searching for that party on Google. The results indicate that a model that exploits information about searches close to the election is in general a good predictor. However, I argue that this has more to do with the underlying weight this model is based on and little to do with Google Trends data. However, more analysis needs to be done before any direct conclusion, about the use of search query data in election prediction, can be drawn.

The aim of this study was to examine how Swedish compound nouns are translated by the machine translation program Google Translate. In order to conclude what main types of mistranslation occur, different texts were first translated by the program; all compound nouns were then listed and analysed, and the mistranslated compound nouns were categorised in accordance with the manner of mistranslation. The study was also working from a hypothesis that the frequency of a compound would affect the chances of getting a correct translation. To test this hypothesis, queries were run in a Swedish corpus to get an estimation of how frequently used the compounds are. The results show that mistranslations could be categorised into four different types, and that the most common types of mistranslation were omitting part of the compound, and translating reoccurring compounds inconsistently. The hypothesis that compounds with high frequency in the corpus would be correctly translated, while compounds with low frequency would be incorrectly translated, could not be conclusively confirmed or refuted. Although there was some indication of a link between frequency and translation accuracy, the connection was not clear enough to claim that there is a correlation.
Syftet med denna undersökning var att undersöka hur sammansättningar på svenska behandlas av maskinöversättningsprogrammet Google Translate. För att bedöma vilka som var de vanligaste typerna av felöversättningar översattes först olika texter med programmet. Sammansättningarna listades sedan och analyserades, och felöversatta sammansättningar kategoriserades efter typ av felöversättning. Undersökningen utgick vidare från hypotesen att frekvensen av ett sammansatt ord skulle påverka sannolikheten för en korrekt översättning. För att testa denna hypotes gjordes sökningar på orden i en svensk korpus för att få en uppfattning om hur vanligt förekommande sammansättningarna är. Resultaten visar att felöversättningarna kunde kategoriseras som fyra olika typer, och att de vanligaste typerna var att ett led i sammansättningen utelämnades samt att återkommande sammansättningar var inkonsekvent översatta. Hypotesen att sammansättningar med hög frekvens i korpusen skulle bli korrekt översatta och sammansättningar med låg frekvens inkorrekt översatta, kunde inte entydigt bekräftas eller vederläggas. Det fanns vissa indikationer på en koppling mellan frekvens och översättning, dock var dessa inte tydliga nog för att hävda att ett klart samband existerar.

I detta arbete undersöks sökverktyget Ngram Viewer och dess ryska delkorpus, innehållande totalt drygt 67 miljarder ord från närmre 600 000 böcker, utgivna mellan 1607 och 2009. Arbetet består av tre huvudsakliga delar; en översiktligt jämförande undersökning av andra ryskspråkiga korpusar, därefter en mindre litteraturstudie av tidigare forskning genomförd med hjälp av den ryska delkorpusen i Ngram Viewer och slutligen egna tester och pilotundersökningar av densamma. Syftet med uppsatsen är framförallt att undersöka Ngram Viewers möjligheter och begränsningar i en större kontext av korpusforskning. Pilotstudierna i Ngram Viewer fokuserar framförallt på relationen mellan begreppen русский och российский (och därmed indirekt förhållandet mellan Русь och Россия‏), bland annat genom jämförelse med tidigare studier (Griščenko, 2013, 2014a). En av de viktigaste insikterna från arbetets första två delar är korpusens bristande funktioner vad gäller hantering av skrivtecken som avskaffades vid den ryska stavningsreformen 1917. Pilotundersökningarna i arbetets tredje del avgränsas därför främst till material från åren 1900–2008. Att de lingvistiska annotationerna i korpusen uteslutande är automatiskt genererade samt att man inte har direkt tillgång till korpusens källmaterial utgör också viktiga faktorer som begränsar Ngram Viewers användningsområde.
В этой работе изучается корпус и инструмент Google Books Ngram Viewer и как можно использовать корпус для исследования исторических изменений русского языка. Русский подкорпус Ngram Viewer содержит около 67 миллионов слов из почти 600 000 книг, изданных 1607–2009 гг.   Исследование состоит из трех частей. В первой части сравнивается Ngram Viewer с другими корпусами русского языка. Во второй части предлагается обзор научной литературы относительно Ngram Viewer, и его русского подкорпуса. В третьей части приводятся собственные пилотажные исследования с помощью Ngram Viewer. Прежде всего, рассматривается использование слов русский и российский, в частности, по сравнению с исследованиями Грищенко 2013 и 2014а.   Мы пришли к выводу, что Ngram Viewer в первую очередь может быть использован как инструмент количественного анализа русского языка 20-ого и 21-ого веков. По техническим причинам корпус оказался менее полезным для изучения более древних текстов (до орфографической реформы 1917 г.).

The English translation of the Swedish compound fönsterbräda into windowsill, or the proper noun Danmark into Denmark makes perfect sense. But how about the compound fossilbränslefri as simply fossil fuel or the name Mälaren as Lake?  All four of these translations have been produced with the help of automatic machine translation. The aim of this paper is to present the expanding field of application of machine translation and some issues related to this type of translation. More specifically, the study has looked at Google Translate as one of the most commonly used machine translation systems online, and how it responds to the two linguistic categories that were selected for this small study: compound nouns and proper nouns. Besides analyzing these categories, two different text types were chosen: general information articles from a local authority website (Stockholm City) and patent texts, both of which belong to the expanding field of application of Google Translate. The results of the study show that in terms of compound nouns, neither of the text types proved to be significantly better suited for machine translation than the other and neither had an error rate below 20 %. Most of the errors related to words being erroneously omitted in the English output and words which were incorrectly translated in relation to context. As for proper nouns, the patent texts contained none and subsequently no error analysis could be made, whereas the general information articles included 76 proper nouns (out of a total word count of 810). The most prominent error related to the Swedish version not being maintained in the English output where it should have been, e.g. translating Abrahamsberg as Abraham rock. The errors in both of the linguistic categories had varying impact on the meaning of the texts, some of which distorted the meaning of the word completely, and some which were of minor importance. This factor, along with the fact that the reader of the text influences how the comprehension level of the text is perceived through their language and subject knowledge, makes it difficult to evaluate the full impact of the various errors. It can, however, be said that patent text could pose as a better option for machine translation than general information articles in relation to proper nouns, as this text type is likely to contain no or very few proper nouns.

Esta tesis tiene como objeto de estudio las características de las páginas web obtenidas a través de resultados de búsqueda (SERPs) durante los procesos electorales realizados en España entre los años 2010 y 2012. Partiendo del modelo teórico de Infoesfera expuesto por W.L. Bennet en 2003, se ha desarrollado un sistema de análisis capaz de englobar la totalidad de la web y analizar las proporciones con las que los buscadores muestran determinadas categorías de sitios web, en especial, medios de comunicación, webs de la esfera pública/política y de la web social. El resultado ha sido un nuevo modelo de Infoesfera y un estado de la cuestión sobre SEO y factores de posicionamiento en buscadores.
This dissertation aims to study the characteristics of web pages retrieved through Search Engine Results Pages (SERPs) during elections held in Spain between 2010 and 2012. The research was based on the Infosphere theoretical model put forward by W.L. Bennet in 2003, a theoretical framework that has been developed to build an analytical system that encompasses the entire Web and analyses the proportions with which search engines show particular categories of websites, especially media sites, websites in the public/political sphere and social networking sites. The result has been a new Infosphere model and a state of the art about SEO and search engine ranking factors.

The purpose of this study is to explore the lived experiences of Korean "goose" adolescents who attempt to adjust themselves to academic and social environments in Canada. In this study, Korean goose adolescents are defined as those who come to English-speaking countries for a few years to seek out better learning opportunities; their fathers usually stay in Korea to earn money and provide economic support for their families, whereas the mothers take their children abroad to study (Choi, 2005b). Using an interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA), the researcher conducted semi-structured and in-depth interviews with four Korean goose adolescents residing in Toronto. Findings revealed that these goose adolescents underwent significant adjustment difficulties. Despite their success in academic areas, they encountered various problems on a social level, due to both English language and cultural differences. However, they sought to develop adjustment strategies by obtaining practical assistance from co-ethnic groups: Korean churches and family members. They also attempted to change themselves into active, open-minded and independent learners. Although they still faced challenges and lacked sufficient support, they showed overall satisfaction with living and studying in Canada.
Le propos de la présente étude est d'explorer l'expérience vécue d'adolescents coréens migrateurs (Korean goose adolescents) qui tentent de s'adapter à des environnements académique et social différents au Canada. Pour les fins de cette étude, les adolescents coréens migrateurs sont définis comme ceux qui effectuent des séjours de quelques années en des pays anglophones afin d'obtenir de meilleures opportunités d'apprentissage; le plus souvent, les pères de ces adolescents demeurent en Corée dans le but de mieux supporter financièrement leur famille, tandis que les mères accompagnent leur enfants à l'étranger (Choi, 2005b). Préconisant une analyse interprétative de type phénoménologique, la chercheuse a mené des entrevues semi-structurées et en profondeur auprès de quatre adolescents coréens migrateurs résidant à Toronto. Les résultats de l'étude montrent que ces adolescents, culturellement mal préparés, ont dû faire face à de multiples difficultés d'acculturation en sol canadien. Malgré leur succès académique, ces étudiants ont été confrontés à une série de problèmes relationnels avec leurs amis étrangers et ce, en raison de différences d'ordre culturel et linguistique (eu égard à l'usage de la langue anglaise). Pour résoudre ces difficultés, ils ont œuvré à développer des stratégies adaptatives en obtenant l'assistance pratique de membres de communautés ethniques davantage apparentées à la leur, d'églises coréennes et de leur famille. Ils ont également tenté de modifier leur propre attitude personnelle – devenant plus actifs, indépendants et ouverts d'esprit – afin de faciliter leur adaptation. Bien qu'étant toujours dans l'obligation de relever d'importants défis et souffrant d'un réel manque de soutien, ces étudiants éprouvent malgré tout, globalement, de la satisfaction à vivre et à étudier au Canada.

La presente tesi si pone come obiettivo quello di indagare il rapporto tra stereotipi di genere e traduzione automatica, proponendo uno studio di caso composto da frasi contenenti dei sostantivi riferiti a professioni tradotti automaticamente dall’inglese all’italiano. Il capitolo I offre una panoramica teorica sulla traduzione automatica, per poi approfondire il tema degli stereotipi di genere nella traduzione automatica. Il capitolo II si concentra invece sul rapporto tra genere e lingua, partendo dalla definizione di stereotipi e pregiudizi per passare poi alla questione dei femminili professionali. Vengono delineati gli aspetti linguistici per poi fornire una breve panoramica delle iniziative che sono state proposte nel contesto italiano e internazionale per promuovere l’uso del genere femminile nella lingua ed evitare di usarla in maniera sessista e non inclusiva. Nel capitolo III, dopo aver esposto nel dettaglio la metodologia impiegata degli studi precedenti, si presenta la struttura frasale ideata per condurre lo studio di caso. Partendo dall’elaborazione dei dati statistici sul numero di donne per ogni occupazione, si giunge alla selezione delle professioni da impiegare nello studio. Vengono inoltre illustrati gli strumenti utilizzati nell’analisi basata su corpora che verrà condotta nel capitolo IV, dove si presenta l’analisi degli output forniti da due sistemi di traduzione automatica, DeepL e Google Translate, nella combinazione linguistica inglese-italiano. L’analisi dettagliata di tutti gli aspetti della struttura frasale è corredata da tabelle e grafici esplicativi, inoltre sono presenti approfondimenti sulle traduzioni di alcune professioni di particolare rilevanza. I risultati dell’analisi verranno infine discussi in maniera approfondita, ipotizzando infine le prospettive future degli studi in questo ambito.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Electrical Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012
The introduction of the IEC 61850 standard in substations for communication networks and systems by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in 2003 provided the possibility for communication between devices of different manufacturers. However, the advent of this standard also brought about many challenges associated with it. The challenges introduced by this fairly recent standard of communications in Substation Automation Systems (SAS), and the need for the development of cost effective IEC 61850- compliant devices, motivated the decision of the Centre for Substation and Energy Management Systems within the Electrical Engineering Department of the Cape Peninsula University of Technology to focus on the implementation of the IEC 61850 standard using an embedded hardware platform. The development of an IEC 61850 embedded application requires substantial knowledge in multiple domains such as data networking, software modelling and development of Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs), protection of the electrical system, system simulation and testing methods, etc. Currently knowledge about the implementation of the IEC 61850 standard usually resides with vendors and is not in the public domain. The IEC 61850 standard allows for two groups of communication services between entities within the substation automation system. One group utilizes a client-server model accommodating services such as Reporting and Remote Switching. The second group utilizes a peer-to-peer model for Generic Substation Event (GSE) services associated with time-critical activities such as fast and reliable communication between Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) used for protection of the power network. The messages associated with the GSE services are the Generic Object Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE) messages. The use of GOOSE messages for protection of the electrical system is very important in modern substations. Detailed knowledge of the structure of these messages is important in instances requiring fault diagnosis to determine the cause of mal– operation or to address interoperability concerns or when developing custom IEC 61850- compliant devices with limited functionality. A practical protection application (overcurrent) case study is presented where GOOSE messages are exchanged between a commercial IED and an IEC 61850-compliant controller based on an embedded platform. The basic data model and software development of an actuator node for a circuit breaker is proposed using an IEC 61850 communication stack on an embedded platform. The performance of the GOOSE messages is confirmed to be as per the functional behaviour specified, and per the IEC 68150 standard in terms of the temporal behaviour required. This thesis document tables the methods, software programs, hardware interfacing and system integration techniques that allow for the development and implementation of a low cost IEC 61850-compliant controller unit on an embedded systems platform for the substation automation system. The overcurrent case study distributed between a commercial IED (SIEMENS Siprotec device) and the actuator application developed on an embedded platform for this project (DK60 board) is in compliance with the IEC 61850 standard and utilizing GOOSE messaging is successfully completed both in terms of functional and temporal behaviour. This novel research work contributes not only to the academic community, but to the international Power Systems community as a whole. Keywords: IEC 61850 standard, IEDs, GOOSE message, software modelling, software development, substation automation systems, communication stack, embedded systems, actuator.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Electrical Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology 2014
The IEC 61850 standard, “Communication networks and systems in substations” was promulgated to accommodate the need for a common communication platform within substations for devices from different vendors. The IEC 61850 standard proposes a substation automation architecture that is Ethernet-based, with a “station-bus” for protection devices within the substation and a “process bus” where raw data from the voltage and current transformers are published onto the data network using a device known as a Merging Unit. To date, most of the standardization efforts were focused at the station bus level where event-triggered messages are exchanged between the substation automation devices, commonly referred to as Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs). These messages are known as Generic Object Oriented Substation Event messages. Equipment from vendors to accommodate the “process bus” paradigm, however is still limited at present. The Centre for Substation Automation and Energy Management Systems was established within the Electrical Engineering Department at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology with one of its objectives being the development of equipment either for simulation or real-time purposes in compliance with the IEC 61850 standard. In order to fulfil this long-term objective of the Centre, an in-depth understanding of the IEC 61850 standard is required. This document details the efforts at acquiring the requisite knowledge base in support of the educational objectives of the Centre and the research project implements a simulation of a merging unit which is compliant with the functional behavior as stipulated by the standard. This limited functional implementation (i.e. non-real-time) of the merging unit, is achieved through the development of a virtualized data acquisition node capable of synthetic generation of waveforms, encoding of the data and publishing the data in a format compliant with the IEC 61850-9-2 sampled value message structure. This functional behavior of the virtual sensor node which was implemented has been validated against the behavior of a commercial device and the sampled value message structure is validated against the standard. The temporal behavior of the proposed device is commented upon. This research project forms the basis for future real-time implementation of a merging unit.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Electrical Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology Supervisor: Prof. R. Tzoneva Co-supervisor: Prof. P. Petev 2013
Busbars are the most important components in the distribution networks. Faults on the busbar are uncommon, however an occurrence of a busbar fault can lead to a major loss of power. Busbars are the areas in a substation where the levels of current are high and therefore the protective relay application is very critical. In order for the protection scheme to be successful it is important to carry out the following specifications: Selectivity, Stability, Sensitivity, and Speed. To meet all of the above requirements protection must be reliable, meaning that the protection scheme must trip when called up to do so (dependability) and it must not trip when it’s not supposed to (security). The thesis focuses on the reverse blocking busbar protection scheme with aim to improve the speed of its operation and at the same time to increase operational reliability, flexibility and stability of the protection during external and internal faults by implementation of the extended functionality provided by the IEC61850 standard-based protective IEDs. The practical implementation of the scheme by the use of IEC 61850 standard communication protocol is investigated. The research analyzes in detail the reverse blocking busbar protection scheme that is used at the moment in the power systems and it develops an improved IEC 61850 based reverse blocking busbar protection scheme for a distribution network. The proposed scheme is designed for a radial type of a distribution network and is modeled and simulated in the DigSILENT software environment for various faults on the busbar and its outgoing feeders. The results from the simulations are used further for implementation of the designed protection scheme. A laboratory test bench is build using three compliant with the IEC 61850 standard ABB IEDs 670 series, CMC 356 Omicron test injection device, PC, MOXA switch, and a DC power supplier. Two ways of the reverse blocking signals between the IEDs implementation are considered: hard wired and Ethernet communication by using IEC 61850 standard GOOSE messages. Comparative experimental study of the operational trip response speed of the two implementation shows that the performance of the protection scheme for the case of Ethernet communication is better The thesis findings and deliverables will be used for postgraduate studies of other students, research, short courses, and solution of industrial problems. Keywords: Busbar, Power system, reverse busbar blocking scheme; IEC61850; Distribution, Protection relays, IEDs, GOOSE message, laboratory test bench

碩士
國立交通大學
科技法律研究所
105
With the rapid development of Internet and technology, personal data have become much more vulnerable. They can be transferred faster, analyzed easier, and stored longer. To solve these problems, European Union, which attached high importance to the protection of personal data, passed the General Data Protection Regulation in 2016. This regulation not only strengthens the self-control power of personal data, but also acknowledged “the right to be forgotten”. Data subjects obtain the right to demand data controllers to erase their personal data in certain situation. Besides, in May 2014, the European Court of Justice ruled that data subjects can ask search engines to remove links which relate to their names from the search results list. These all lead to the inference that EU are ready to implement the “right to be forgotten” to ward off data thefts. In Taiwan, data subjects also have ”the right to erasure” pursuant to Personal Information Protection Act. However, the court in Taiwan has not made it clear whether under which circumstances could data subjects claim this right. Thus, this thesis aims to analyze and introduce the cases of ECJ and GDPR, in order to fully grasp the essence of “the right to be forgotten”. Moreover, this thesis hopes to make clear suggestions for further law amending, thus devotes to compare GDPR with Taiwan’s Data Protection Act to clarify how to put this right into practice in Taiwan.

A common issue that is shared among Android smartphones users was and still related to saving their batteries power and to avoid the need of using any recharging resources. The tremendous increase in smartphone usage is clearly accompanied by an increase in the need for more energy. This preoperational relationship between modern technology and energy generates energy-greedy apps, and therefore power-hungry end users. With many apps falling under the same category in an app store, these apps usually share similar functionality. Because developers follow different design and development schools, each app has its own energy-consumption habits. Since apps share similar features, an end-user with limited access to recharging resources would prefer an energy-friendly app rather than a popular energy-greedy app. However, app stores give no indication about the energy behaviour of the apps they offer, which causes users to randomly choose apps without understanding their energy-consumption behaviour. Furthermore, with regard to the research questions about the fact that power saving application consumes a lot of electricity, past studies clearly indicate that there is a lot of battery depletion due to several factors. This problem has become a major concern for smartphone users and manufacturers. The main contribution of our research is to design a tool that can act as an effective decision support factor for end users to have an initial indication of the energy-consumption behaviour of an application before installing it. The core idea of the “before-installation” philosophy is simplified by the contradicting concept of installing the app and then having it monitored and optimized. Since processing requires power, avoiding the consumption of some power in order to conserve a larger amount of power should be our priority. So instead, we propose a preventive strategy that requires no processing on any layer of the smartphone. To address this issue, we propose a star-rating evaluation model (SREM), an approach that generates a tentative energy rating label for each app. To that end, SREM adapts current energy-aware refactoring tools to demonstrate the level of energy consumption of an app and presents it in a star-rating schema similar to the Ecolabels used on electrical home appliances. The SREM will also inspire developers and app providers to come up with multiple energy-greedy versions of the same app in order to suit the needs of different categories of users and rate their own apps. We proposed adding SREM to Google Play store in order to generate the energy-efficiency label for each app which will act as a guide for both end users and developers without running any processes on the end-users smartphone. Our research also reviews relevant existing literature specifically those covering various energy-saving techniques and tools proposed by various authors for Android smartphones. A secondary analysis has been done by evaluating the past research papers and surveys that has been done to assess the perception of the users regarding the phone power from their battery. In addition, the research highlights an issue that the notifications regarding the power saving shown on the screen seems to exploit a lot of battery. Therefore, this study has been done to reflect the ways that could help the users to save the phone battery without using any power from the same battery in an efficient manner. The research offers an insight into new ways that could be used to more effectively conserve smartphone energy, proposing a framework that involves end users on the process.
Um problema comum entre utilizadores de smartphones Android tem sido a necessidade de economizar a energia das baterias, de modo a evitar a utilização de recursos de recarga. O aumento significativo no uso de smartphones tem sido acompanhado por um aumento, também significativo, na necessidade de mais energia. Esta relação operacional entre tecnologia moderna e energia gera aplicações muito exigentes no seu consumo de energia e, portanto, perfis de utilizadores que requerem níveis de energia crescentes. Com muitos das aplicações que se enquadram numa mesma categoria da loja de aplicações (Google Store), essas aplicações geralmente também partilham funcionalidades semelhantes. Como os criadores destas aplicações seguem abordagens diferentes de diversas escolas de design e desenvolvimento, cada aplicação possui as suas próprias caraterísticas de consumo de energia. Como as aplicações partilham recursos semelhantes, um utilizador final com acesso limitado a recursos de recarga prefere uma aplicação que consome menos energia do que uma aplicação mais exigente em termos de consumo energético, ainda que seja popular. No entanto, as lojas de aplicações não fornecem uma indicação sobre o comportamento energético das aplicações oferecidas, o que faz com que os utilizadores escolham aleatoriamente as suas aplicações sem entenderem o correspondente comportamento de consumo de energia. Adicionalmente, no que diz respeito à questão de investigação, a solução de uma aplicação de economia de energia consume muita eletricidade, o que a torna limitada; estudos anteriores indicam claramente que há muita perda de bateria devido a vários fatores, não constituindo solução para muitos utilizadores e para os fabricantes de smartphones. A principal contribuição de nossa pesquisa é projetar uma ferramenta que possa atuar como um fator de suporte à decisão eficaz para que os utilizadores finais tenham uma indicação inicial do comportamento de consumo de energia de uma aplicação, antes de a instalar. A ideia central da filosofia proposta é a de atuar "antes da instalação", evitando assim a situação em se instala uma aplicação para perceber à posteriori o seu impacto no consumo energético e depois ter que o monitorizar e otimizar (talvez ainda recorrendo a uma aplicação de monitorização do consumo da bateria, o que agrava ainda mais o consumo energético). Assim, como o processamento requer energia, é nossa prioridade evitar o consumo de alguma energia para conservar uma quantidade maior de energia. Portanto, é proposta uma estratégia preventiva que não requer processamento em nenhuma camada do smartphone. Para resolver este problema, é proposto um modelo de avaliação por classificação baseado em níveis e identificado por estrelas (SREM). Esta abordagem gera uma etiqueta de classificação energética provisória para cada aplicação. Para isso, o SREM adapta as atuais ferramentas de refatoração com reconhecimento de energia para demonstrar o nível de consumo de energia de uma aplicação, apresentando o resultado num esquema de classificação por estrelas semelhante ao dos rótulos ecológicos usados em eletrodomésticos. O SREM também se propõe influenciar quem desenvolve e produz as aplicações, a criarem diferentes versões destas, com diferentes perfis de consumo energético, de modo a atender às necessidades de diferentes categorias de utilizadores e assim classificar as suas próprias aplicações. Para avaliar a eficiência do modelo como um complemento às aplicações da loja Google Play, que atuam como uma rotulagem para orientação dos utilizadores finais. A investigação também analisa a literatura existente relevante, especificamente a que abrange as várias técnicas e ferramentas de economia de energia, propostas para smartphones Android. Uma análise secundária foi ainda realizada, focando nos trabalhos de pesquisa que avaliam a perceção dos utilizadores em relação à energia do dispositivo, a partir da bateria. Em complemento, a pesquisa destaca um problema de que as notificações sobre a economia de energia mostradas na tela parecem explorar muita bateria. Este estudo permitiu refletir sobre as formas que podem auxiliar os utilizadores a economizar a bateria do telefone sem usar energia da mesma bateria e, mesmo assim, o poderem fazer de maneira eficiente. A pesquisa oferece uma visão global das alternativas que podem ser usadas para conservar com mais eficiência a energia do smartphone, propondo um modelo que envolve os utilizadores finais no processo.
Un problème fréquent rencontré par les utilisateurs de smartphones Android a été, tout en l’étant toujours, d’économiser leur batterie et d’éviter la nécessité d’utiliser des ressources de recharge. La croissance considérable de l’utilisation des smartphones s’accompagne clairement d’une augmentation des besoins en énergie. Cette relation préopérationnelle entre la technologie moderne et l’énergie génère des applications gourmandes en énergie, et donc des utilisateurs finaux qui le sont tout autant. De nombreuses applications relevant de la même catégorie dans une boutique partagent généralement des fonctionnalités similaires. Étant donné que les développeurs adoptent différentes approches de conception et de développement, chaque application a ses propres caractéristiques de consommation d’énergie. Comme les applications partagent des fonctionnalités similaires, un utilisateur final disposant d’un accès limité aux ressources de recharge préférerait une application écoénergétique plutôt qu’une autre gourmande en énergie. Cependant, les boutiques d’applications ne donnent aucune indication sur le comportement énergétique des applications qu’elles proposent, ce qui incite les utilisateurs à choisir des applications au hasard sans comprendre leurs caractéristiques en ce domaine. En outre, en ce qui concerne les questions de recherche sur le fait que les applications d’économie d’énergie consomment beaucoup d’électricité, des études antérieures indiquent clairement que la décharge d’une batterie est due à plusieurs facteurs. Ce problème est devenu une préoccupation majeure pour les utilisateurs et les fabricants de smartphones. La principale contribution de notre étude est de concevoir un outil qui peut agir comme un facteur d’aide efficace à la décision pour que les utilisateurs finaux aient une indication initiale du comportement de consommation d’énergie d’une application avant de l’installer. L’idée de base de la philosophie « avant l’installation » est simplifiée par le concept contradictoire d’installer l’application pour ensuite la contrôler et l’optimiser. Puisque les opérations de traitement exigent de l’énergie, éviter la consommation d’une partie d’entre elles pour l’économiser devrait être notre priorité. Nous proposons donc une stratégie préventive qui ne nécessite aucun traitement sur une couche quelconque du smartphone. Pour résoudre ce problème, nous proposons un modèle d’évaluation au moyen d’étoiles (star-rating evaluation model ou SREM), une approche qui génère une note énergétique indicative pour chaque application. À cette fin, le SREM adapte les outils actuels de refactoring sensibles à l’énergie pour démontrer le niveau de consommation d’énergie d’une application et la présente dans un schéma de classement par étoiles similaire aux labels écologiques utilisés sur les appareils électroménagers. Le SREM incitera également les développeurs et les fournisseurs d’applications à mettre au point plusieurs versions avides d’énergie d’une même application afin de répondre aux besoins des différentes catégories d’utilisateurs et d’évaluer leurs propres applications. Nous avons proposé d’ajouter le SREM au Google Play Store afin de générer le label d’efficacité énergétique pour chaque application. Celui-ci servira de guide à la fois pour les utilisateurs finaux et les développeurs sans exécuter de processus sur le smartphone des utilisateurs finaux. Notre recherche passe également en revue la littérature existante pertinente, en particulier celle qui couvre divers outils et techniques d’économie d’énergie proposés par divers auteurs pour les smartphones Android. Une analyse secondaire a été effectuée en évaluant les documents de recherche et les enquêtes antérieurs qui ont été réalisés pour évaluer la perception des utilisateurs concernant l’alimentation téléphonique depuis leur batterie. En outre, l’étude met en évidence un problème selon lequel les notifications concernant les économies d’énergie affichées à l’écran semblent elles-mêmes soumettre les batteries à une forte utilisation. Par conséquent, cette étude a été entreprise pour refléter les façons qui pourraient aider les utilisateurs à économiser efficacement la batterie de leur téléphone sans pour autant la décharger. L’étude offre un bon aperçu des nouvelles façons d’économiser plus efficacement l’énergie des smartphones, en proposant un cadre qui implique les utilisateurs finaux dans le processus.

This MA dissertation is a creative project aimed at creating a model magazine for children of primary school age which would cultivate the child reader in a manner as complex as possible. The content of this magazine is founded on a previous theoretical analysis of children's needs and takes into account their socio-cultural specifics, that is, living together with digital technologies. Subsequently, in this work, I have aimed at finding responses for such formulated requirements in the form of current educational trends and, using these in practice, I am submitting a proposal of a specific product which reflects these phenomena.