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1
Nowell, Angela A. "Behavioural development in wild Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)." Thesis, University of Chester, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10034/77614.
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Behavioural development has received little attention in primates, despite having important influences on infant mortality, interbirth intervals, and therefore, growth of populations. Gorillas have long developmental periods, exhibit strong maternal bonds and integrate into intricate social systems, making them an ideal species in which to investigate non-human primate development. Gorillas exist across a range of habitats, and differences in behaviour, both within and between species reflect socioecological differences, for example, in the availability and distribution of food. Consequently, by using gorillas as a model, opportunities also exist to investigate environmental constraints on the development of independence. This study provides the first detailed analysis, with reference to ecological factors, of the development of behavioural skills and relationships in wild western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). Behavioural development of western lowland gorillas is then compared with published accounts of development in mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) to determine the extent to which differing ecology influences behaviour. The study was conducted at Mbeli Bai in the Republic of Congo, a large, marshy clearing, visited by gorillas predominantly for feeding purposes. Data were collected using scan, focal, all-occurrence and ad libitum sampling methods from 58 gorillas below 8 years of age. Spatial relationships, suckling, and the nature of interactions involving immature individuals were analysed. The distribution of time between different behaviours by immatures, and the development of independent feeding and travelling behaviour was also investigated, and all were tested for differences as a result of immature age, sex and social group, or the mother's parity. Towards the end of infancy, individuals showed competent feeding behaviour in the bai. However, western lowland gorillas were not weaned until the juvenile period, and until this time, close association was common between mothers and offspring. With increasing independence from the mother there was limited investment in relationships with other individuals, and instead, a greater emphasis was placed on developing skills through play, alloparenting and agonistic interactions. When results were compared with those of mountain gorillas, there was evidence of increased investment in relationships, particularly with the silverback, by immature mountain gorillas, which was assumed to reflect lower rates of natal dispersal by mountain gorillas, and the greater likelihood that relationships with individuals in the natal group could prove useful in the future. Suckling and close proximity to the mother continued until later ages in western lowland gorillas, resulting in clear differences between them mountain gorillas in the duration of investment by mothers. More frugivorous western lowland gorillas required increased levels of investment by the mother before independence could be achieved, demonstrating the effect that resource availability can have on behavioural development in species where resources are widely and unpredictably dispersed.
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Mallavarapu, Suma. "Post-Conflict Behavior in Captive Western Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7614.
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Post-conflict behaviors, including reconciliation, redirected aggression, and consolation, have been observed in several primate and non-primate species. These behaviors are thought to help re-establish rates of affiliation and tolerance to baseline levels, by terminating the victims stress response, and reducing the social tension created by conflict. Post-conflict behavior was examined in two groups (N = 13) of captive western lowland gorillas, a species for which no previous conflict resolution data exist. The post-conflict/matched-control method was used to observe the groups at Zoo Atlanta. Analyses of 223 conflicts (using chi-square, Wilcoxon signed ranks, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests) showed significantly more affiliation between former opponents after a conflict when compared to control periods, indicating reconciliation. Results also showed significantly more affiliation between the victim and a third-party after a conflict, indicating consolation. Both solicited and unsolicited consolation were observed. Instances of redirected aggression were very few, and thus not included in the analyses. The majority of the affiliative interactions were social proximity, which suggests that unlike most nonhuman primates, proximity, rather than physical contact, may be the main mechanism for resolving conflicts in western lowland gorillas. Post-conflict behavior was not uniform throughout the groups, but rather varied according to dyad type (for instance, adult-adult, juvenile-juvenile, adult-juvenile, etc.). Effects of kinship and the intensity of aggression during a conflict on post-conflict behavioral patterns were analyzed.
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Fletcher, Alisson W. "The social development of immature mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei)." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/5e41bec3-a725-49cc-bbc8-84d49e4794d5.
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Eckardt, Winnie. "Maternal investment in mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei)." Thesis, University of Chester, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10034/211249.
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Investigating maternal investment (Ml) and mother-offspring relationships during the period of infant dependency is critically important to furthering the understanding of female reproductive strategies in primates. Infant primates are completely dependent upon their mothers. The way in which a mother allocates her resources therefore is crucial for infant survival, but is balanced Against her need to invest in subsequent offspring. One approach to examining how mothers might invest in their offspring stems from the Trivers & Willard hypothesis (TWH, 1973), which predicts that mothers in good condition should bias their investment towards sons and whereas mothers in poorer condition should bias investment toward daughters. Long-term demographic records on birth sex ratio and inter-birth interval suggest that female mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) do not bias investment prenatally, but they may adjust postnatal Ml according to the TWH. This study investigated Ml and mother-offspring relationships in wild mountain gorillas, using behavioural correlates of Ml, including suckling, weaned age, physical contact, "transport, and grooming to redress the lack of understanding about Ml in this species. The appropriateness of TWH was investigated, integrating different indicators of maternal condition. Important determinants of Ml and mother-offspring relationships were considered, such as offspring age, parity, presence of siblings and maternal relatives, group size and lastly, personality, which has been largely neglected in nonhuman primates. The extent, to which the offspring influenced Ml patterns, was examined using the parent-offspring conflict theory (Trivers, 1972) as a theoretical framework. During 2006-2007, 38 mother-offspring dyads were observed in the Virunga massif, resulting in 1210 hours of direct behavioural observation. Additional field data from the previous four decades were integrated into the dataset for the analysis of suckling and weaned age. Gorilla personality was assessed through the Hominoid Personality Questionnaire. Findings relating to suckling frequency, weaned age, and maternal feeding activities were consistent with the TWH: sons suckled more often than daughters when they had mothers in good condition, whereas the reverse sex-pattern occurred in offspring with mothers in poorer condition. In addition, daughters were weaned at an earlier age than sons when mothers were in better condition, although this sex-difference reduced in older mothers that were categorised as being in good condition. Maternal feeding time and feeding efficiency revealed that mothers in poorer condition spent more time ingesting food when they had daughters, whereas mothers in better .condition spent more time ingesting food when they had sons. Furthermore, group size affected lactation duration with offspring in small groups being weaned earlier than offspring in large groups. Behavioural conflicts over Ml showed that the mother and offspring influenced Ml patterns during the period of dependency. Finally, six personality dimensions were identified, of which five revealed effects maternal behaviour, such as maternal retrieval, responsiveness and rejection, although their relative importance varied between those behaviours. In general, mother and offspring personality effects were complex due to their interactions with the developmental stage of offspring. In conclusion, my thesis research has made several novel contributions to furthering the understanding of female reproductive strategies in the highly endangered mountain gorilla. I presented the first evidence using behavioural data that females bias their postnatal investment towards the sex with the greatest fitness return as predicted by the TWH. My findings are discussed in the light of alternative Ml strategies, such as the local resource competition and enhancement model. My research has highlighted the importance of integrating anthropometric and physiological measures and demographic long-term data into future Ml studies to assess direct costs and benefits of Ml. The examination of mother-offspring behavioural conflicts showed that offspring have a strong impact on the level of Ml they receive. I have also examined the personality of a wild mountain gorilla population for the first time. My findings demonstrate that personality-parenting links are evident in several respects and I have demonstrated the great potential of personality as a determinant of maternal behaviour and mother-offspring relationships.
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Ogden, Jacqueline Jean. "A comparative evaluation of naturalistic habitats for captive lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29173.
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Hoellein, Less Elena. "Adiposity in Zoo Gorillas (Gorilla Gorilla Gorilla): The Effects Of Diet And Behavior." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1322582620.
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Leeds, Charles Austin. "A Physiological Evaluation of Social Bonding in Western Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1554396989561718.
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Davenport, Jackie Elizabeth. "Postconflict and conflict behavior in all-male groups of captive western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.
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Klailova, Michelle. "interunit, environmental and interspecific influences on silverback-group dynamics in western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3015.
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While a major benefit of female-male associations in gorillas is protection from infanticidal males, a silverback is also responsible for providing overall group stability and protection from predation and other environmental or interspecific risks and disturbances. A silverback’s reproductive success will be a function of his group’s survival, his females’ reproductive rates and the survival of his progeny. Here, I evaluate the western lowland silverback’s role as the protective leader of his group and provide the first detailed behavioural study of silverback-group dynamics for western lowland gorillas from a holistic perspective; in both forested and bai environments, from nest-to-nest. Behavioural data were collected from one single-male habituated western lowland gorilla group, over 12-months starting January 2007 at the Bai Hokou Primate Habituation Camp, Central African Republic. Data collection - instantaneous scans, continuous written records of all auditory signals, nesting data, and ad libitum notes on interunit interactions - focused on the silverback and those individuals in his immediate proximity. Analyses were conducted over 258 morning or afternoon sessions, on 3,252 silverback behaviour scans (plus 1,053 additional smell scans), 22,343 auditory signals and 166 nest sites. Evidence from neighbours to the silverback, group spread, progression, ranging, nesting, human directed aggression and silverback chemosignalling analyses suggest that silverback-group dynamics have developed complex, strategic spatial and social strategies to cope with perceived risk in rainforest environments, which respond to differing habitats, and differing intensities of interunit interactions and interspecific disturbance. I also show that the release of pungent extreme and high level silverback odours may function as both acute and chronic indicators of arousal designed to intimidate extragroup rival males and attract adult females by expressing dominance, strength, and health. Higher level silverback odours may also provide cues for group members to increase vigilance in risky situations, whereas low level smells may function as a baseline identification marker and provide both self and intragroup reassurance. Western lowland silverback-group relationships appear to be centred on providing a strong protective – rather than socially interactive - and stabilizing role to ensure group cohesion and safety, which ultimately increases the likelihood of male reproductive success.
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Edes, Ashley N. "Assessing Long-Term Stress in Great Apes: Allostatic Load in Western Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1523103332647349.
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Hutchinson, Johanna Elizabeth. "Life history strategy of western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) : an investigation of juvenile and adolescent social development." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.490627.
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Life history theory seeks to explain how comparative developmental and maturational parameters vary between species and how such differences affect survival and reproductive success. In primates, the immature period is found to be longer than in other relatively sized mammals, delaying sexual maturation but being essential for brain growth and social development. Compared to adulthood, the primate immature period remains understudied, limiting our understanding of how delayed maturation contributes towards species fitness. This thesis investigates social development of western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), who have a relatively prolonged period of immaturity, and focuses on the pre-reproductive period from weaning until sexual maturity. Behavioural data were collected from 13 male (3-11 years) and 9 female (3-8 years) non-reproductive individual (NRI) western gorillas, housed in 5 family groups in European zoos. Data from a further 9 male and 7 female NRIs housed in 3 peer groups in sanctuaries were collected for comparison. A combination of continuous focal sampling, as well as scan, all occurrence and ad libitum sampling was used; 1300 hours of data were collected over 180 days. Within the thesis, a quantitative method to categorise gorillas into a life-stage was designed, which demonstrated distinct behavioural disparities between immature life-stages and between the sexes, highlighting the problems of life stage categories that are based only on dtatic age classes. A study of social relationship development followed, finding that spatially, NRIs became increasingly peripheralised from the group core with age. Socially, younger NRIs invested in prominent maternal and conspecific relationships, whereas older NRls did not. Relatedness affected sociality, with full siblings being more interactive than paternal half siblings are. An investigation of alloparenting showed that both male and female NRIs displayed this behaviour, with females continuing infant interactions until adulthood. It was postulated that gorilla alloparental behaviour is driven by the NRI and supports the 'learning to parent' hypothesis. Social play behaviour was also examined and found to be most common between similar-sized peers, with males generally being the preferred play partner. Disparate-sized play partners were more likely to be full siblings than paternal half siblings were. Younger NRIs were found to engage in more predictable play sequences whilst older NRIs engaged in play that was more sporadic. Support for the 'neural' hypothesis of social play was found, with social play having delayed benefits for the individual, although the immediate benefits of play were not dismissed. Finally, family-raised NRI behaviour was compared to peer-raised NRI behaviour. Behavioural trajectories and spatial orientation were comparable between rearing groups. Peer-groups thus enabled the development of species-specific behaviour, although atypical behaviours also developed. In conclusion, the success of novel methods to understand behaviour in the pre-reproductive period and its function in gorilla life history has been demonstrated.
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Skurski, Douglas. "MONITORING A POTENTIALLY STRESSFUL SITUATION IN CAPTIVE WESTERN LOWLAND GORILLAS (GORILLA GORILLA GORILLA) THROUGH ANALYSIS OF B." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2006. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3898.
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The concept of quantifying animal welfare has received much discussion, in various industries such as agriculture, laboratory, and zoological facilities. Behavioral, physical, and physiological indicators of welfare have previously been used to assess animal welfare; each having advantages and disadvantages, ranging from the practicality of data collection, to the validity of the data and how it is interpreted. Concurrent assessment of multiple measures is a more robust way to examine animal welfare, which utilizes the advantages of each measure, and provides additional information on which to base conclusions and animal care management decisions. This study used measures of behavior and urinary cortisol to examine the potential stress response of a captive gorilla group to short-term space restriction associated with temporary confinement to indoor housing facilities. The study duration was three months; one month of baseline data collection, one month of indoor restriction, and one month of monitoring post-restriction. All-occurrences of selected behaviors were collected, with an emphasis on social and stress-related behaviors, and urine samples were collected daily from a sub-set of the group. A urinary cortisol metabolite enzyme immunoassay was validated and used to monitor adrenal activity in gorillas. Measured cortisol increases in response to a known stressor (medical illness) provided a physical validation of the cortisol EIA and established biological relevance of the assay system. No significant differences in social behaviors (aggression, affiliation) or stereotypic behaviors were observed. Significant (p<0.05) increases in cortisol concentration were measured, suggesting that the gorillas were responding to a stressor during the study period. The observed cortisol increase was not likely to have been caused exclusively by the temporary indoor confinement. Potential additional causes of increased adrenal activity during the study included: presence of the observer and novelty of re-landscaped outdoor enclosure. While the increases in cortisol concentration demonstrate an observed stress response, the magnitude of this stressor, and thus the degree of the stress response, was minor. The stress experienced was not significant enough to alter the normal biological function of the gorillas, and thus, can be considered negligible. The gorillas' ability to effectively deal with this expected stressor may have been enhanced by the additional enrichment provided to the gorillas during their indoor confinement. Gorillas were provided with additional browse, more enrichment items, additional training sessions, and increased keeper interaction while they remained indoors. These animal care and management techniques may have buffered the predicted negative impact on animal welfare due to increases in stress by providing stimulating novelty in the gorillas' indoor environment.M.S.
Department of Biology
Arts and Sciences
Biology
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Parnell, Richard J. "The social structure and behaviour of Western Lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) at Mbeli Bai, Republic of Congo." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3432.
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Most of what we know of the socioecology and behaviour of gorillas comes from studies of mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei), despite their representing less than 1% of all gorillas in the wild. Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) have received far less research effort, and difficulties in habituation have led previous studies to rely heavily on indirect trail evidence. This has prevented any in-depth comparison of social structure and behaviour between species. The discovery of swampy clearings frequented by western lowland gorillas in northern Congo has offered the first opportunity to obtain accurate demographic and behavioural data. This thesis reports on 6273 hours of observer presence at Mbeli Bai, which yielded 1681 hours of direct gorilla observation. Most data come from a population of 13 groups and 7 solitary silverbacks. Group size ranged from 2 to 16 (mean = 8.4, SD 4.3) which does not differ significantly from data published on most other populations. Female natal and secondary transfer were recorded, and male emigration from the natal group appeared universal (no multi-silverback groups were recorded). No evidence of sub-grouping or a fission-fusion grouping pattern was found. During intra-group interactions, no evidence was recorded of female philopatry, and silverbacks herded and intimidated females (especially new immigrants) to prevent emigration. Inter-unit interactions took place on only 42% of shared bai-use occasions, and levels of silverback agonism were much lower than in mountain gorillas, with peaceful mingling of groups recorded. Display behaviour was common, and two previously unrecorded agonistic displays (the splash display and the crest display) are described. No contact aggression between silverbacks was observed but evidence of wounding sustained in the forest suggests that the bai environment may inhibit such aggression. High visibility and the ease of silverback 'policing' are thought to create an unusually tolerant social dynamic, and as such, frequencies of certain social behaviours should probably be viewed as site-specific. The thesis offers the fullest account of western gorilla social structure and behaviour to date. Long-term monitoring of life history variables, if continued, will provide an unparalleled opportunity to understand the effects of habitat and food availability and more stochastic influences on western gorilla social structure, fitness, and survival.
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Mayhew, Jessica A. "Attention cues in apes and their role in social play behavior of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3368.
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The research aims of this thesis are to investigate the attention cues available to and used by apes, especially gorillas (Gorilla gorilla), to ascertain the direction of conspecific attention during social interactions with a special reference to social play. Minimal research has been conducted on the role of attention cues - eye gaze, head, and body orientation - to regulate natural social interactions, such as social play, in non-human primates. This thesis begins with an investigation of the "cooperative eye hypothesis", which poses that humans have evolved a unique white sclera adaptation for advertising and detecting gaze direction. Chapter 2 reports the existence of a natural white sclera variation in a proportion of gorilla eyes - contradicting the widely held assumption that white sclera is an exclusively human characteristic - and analyzes the presence of white sclera in relation to other morphological changes in the human eye. The study concludes that the morphological elongation of the eye might be a more important and unique change than the white sclera coloration. Chapter 3 experimentally explores the contribution of white sclera in both great ape and human eye gaze to the perception of gaze direction detection by human observers. This chapter concludes that although white sclera contributes to the accuracy and speed of gaze direction detection (an assumption that this thesis has put to experimental test for the first time), this merely adds to the already efficient gaze cues available in the eye areas of the ape face. Chapter 4 investigates the role of eye gaze, head, and body orientations during gorilla social play behavior, and more specifically, introduces a novel analysis of "vigilance periods" (VPs), in which gorillas may use the interaction between attention cues to gauge the attention and intentions of play partners to successfully navigate play. The final study (Chapter 5) complements Chapter 4 and investigates the role of gorilla postures, behaviors, and movements during changes in attentional cue orientations. This chapter concludes that gorillas often engage in physical rest during VPs but maintain attentional engagement and can assemble and impart socially relevant information based on the behaviors, movements, and attention orientations of their partner. Together, these studies suggest that attention orientation is conveyed and assessed by gorillas through a variety of interacting cues to navigate and modify social play interactions.
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Allard, Stephanie M. "The effect of enrichment structures on the behavior of captive western lowland gorillas (gorill g. gorilla) and public perception." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/36539.
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Bunney, Katherine. "A comparison of the seed dispersal service offered by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and gorillas (Gorilla gorilla)." Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26700.
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The handful of studies that have investigated chimpanzee and gorilla seed-dispersal identify these primates as important dispersal agents. These studies do not, however, make any measure of the 'quality' of the dispersal service offered by chimpanzees and gorillas. Determining 'quality' requires a measure of the dispersal distance and the microsite to which the seeds are dispersed. In this study, I report the first estimate of seed dispersal curves for chimpanzees and gorillas. Seed dispersal curves were produced by combining ape movement data with gut passage curves from literature. The derived dispersal distances for chimpanzees and gorillas are similar c. 7.7 km; this is surprisingly large when compared with other seed dispersal agents. This is likely due to a combination of foraging behaviour and gut physiology. At a species level, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) were shown to direct dispersal of Uapaca palidosa to favourable microsites even though gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) were responsible for moving a greater number of seeds. This study presents a novel method for the rapid derivation of dispersal curves and highlights the importance of incorporating species. level as well as community level studies to assess the quality of seed dispersal agents. It is my hope that the methods presented here be applied elsewhere so that the role of extant megaherbivores as seed dispersal agents be incorporated into future models that investigate forest dynamics.
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Bambury, Marie. "The planning strategies of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) at height : the implications for the evolution of cognition." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.414131.
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Nitsch, Marianne. "Social behavioral dynamics and captive management of all-male groups of Western Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in European zoos." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/2004/184/index.html.
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Pullen, Penelope Kirsten. "Male-male social interactions in breeder and bachelor groups of gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) : an indication of behavioural flexibility." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/89273.
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The establishment of bachelor gorilla groups in captivity, along with the continued success of the captive breeding programme provides an opportunity for research on social interactions in two differing circumstances. This thesis focuses on male – male social interactions. Emphasis is placed on dominance and affiliative behaviours and gives indications of the level of behavioural flexibility within both breeder and bachelor gorilla groups. Evaluation of behavioural diversity, to validate the use of multi-institutional research, confirms that behavioural phenomena, such as the effect of age class, are not masked by the potential confound of differing husbandry practices and enclosure design between institutions. It was found that males in bachelor groups express significantly lower frequencies of both dominance and aggressive behaviours than males in breeder groups. A Relationship Quality Index (RQI, based on the ration of dominance to affiliative behaviours) was developed and again bachelor males exhibited a significantly lower RQI, indicating that bachelor males express a greater frequency of dominance behaviours than affiliative behaviours. This may have a direct impact on the social development of young males, and potentially their social competence in later life, a significant finding for the management of gorillas in captivity. In addition, it can be suggested that affiliative behaviours, which may work to repair damage to social bonds, may not be performed to the same extent in bachelor groups, suggesting that the ‘value’ of social bonds within a bachelor group may be reduced.
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Anness, Lorna Margaret. "Social relationships of infants of resident females and infants of immigrant females in mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei)." Scholarly Commons, 1990. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2198.
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This study compares social behavior of infants of resident mothers and infants of immigrant mothers in social groups of the mountain gorilla, Gorilla gorilla beringei.
Infants of immigrant mothers spent more time in proximity to their mothers during group resting. They spent more time in solo play and less time in social play during group feeding. Their opportunity for social interaction with peers may be restricted mostly to group rest periods and their social play levels during this time are higher than infants with resident mothers. However, during both group resting and feeding they spent less time near other infants and they initiated fewer dyadic play bouts.
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Hawley, Caitlin Rose. "Self-Handicapping Play in Mountain Gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei): How Play Stimulates Emotional Regulation." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/579261.
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Play is sometimes considered frivolous and non-functional. Yet social play provides important ontogenetic opportunities for animals to socialize and regulate their behavior in a relaxed setting. Mountain gorillas are shown to self-handicap play behavior in specific contexts. Self-handicapping through movement restriction and to a lesser extent positional vulnerability are mediated by individual size and play pair type (i.e. dyads matched or mismatched in size). Within pairs of mismatched sizes, play behavior significantly differed between small and large subjects. Dyads of matched small players show greater degrees of movement restriction and positional vulnerability compared to mismatched dyads. Large partners highly restrict movement with small partners but do not do so with similarly sized partners. The interactive effect between individual size and pair type greatly impact the degree of self-handicapping in mountain gorillas. Benefits related to emotional regulation through play are discussed.
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Almeida, Maria de Fátima Ribeiro de. "Comportamento social em Gorilas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla): o padrão de actividades diárias e as preferências espaciais." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/4506.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em AntropologiaNeste trabalho focamos essencialmente aspectos relacionados com o comportamento e a organização social sendo os objectivos deste estudo descrever e analisar o comportamento social de uma colónia de gorilas a viver no Jardim Zoológico de Lisboa. Procuramos averiguar especificamente o padrão de actividades de cada indivíduo e as suas preferências espaciais. Por isso, os resultados obtidos foram comparados com seus conspecíficos em habitat natural, e com outros estudos em cativeiro de modo a evidenciar tendência básicas que determinaram um ponto de partida para a análise realizada. Ambos preferências espaciais e padrão de actividades da colónia são influenciados por dois períodos temporais. Actualmente a colónia é composta por um macho (n=1 adulto) e três fêmeas (n=3 adultas). Os gorilas estudados (N=4) apresentaram padrões de actividades diárias com diferenças significativas em algumas categorias comportamentais. E demostraram um uso diferencial e um aproveitamento do cativeiro. Ao nível das relações sociais entre os indivíduos, as interacções agonísticas foram elevadas e o comportamento afiliativo foi pouco expressivo. Foram observadas diferenças significativas no comportamento dos indivíduos ao longo do dia, excepto para as categorias comportamentais “passivo”, “agressão”, “inactividade” e no “comportamento solitário” e na utilização da zona 1. Devido ao elevado número de estereotipias exibidas pelos indivíduos, este ponto também foi estudado.
We aimed to describe and analyse the social behaviour of a gorilla colony living in the Lisbon Zoo by assessing the time-budget of each individual and to understand the spatial preferences present. Afterwards the data collected was compared with data from in wild studies and in captivity, in order to look for basic trends that could establish a starting point to the analyses. The influence of different periods of the day in the time-budget and the spatial preferences was also investigated. The study was carried out at the Lisbon Zoo. The sample was composed by four adult individuals (one male and three females). The behaviour of studied gorillas (N=4) presented activity patterns where significant differences were found. The colony showed differences in the use of the exhibit. Regarding the interactions between individuals, agonistic behaviour frequencies were high, affiliative duration and frequencies were almost inexistent. Concerning the different day periods, significant differences in individuals’ behaviour were found, with the exception of the behavioural categories “resting”, “aggression”, “solitary play” and “inactivity”, and the exhibit´s in zona 1. Due to the elevated stereotypical behavior showed by the colony, this point was also analyzed.
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Lukas, Kristen Elizabeth. "The role of feeding motivation and individual differences in the development and maintenance of regurgitation and reingestion (R/R) in captive lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29430.
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Prieur, Jacques. "Chimpanzees' and gorillas' intraspecific gestural laterality : a multifactorial investigation." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1S056/document.
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Nous avons étudié la latéralité gestuelle intraspécifique de chimpanzés et de gorilles captifs dans des contextes socio-écologiques proches des conditions naturelles de vie. Nous avons montré que les chimpanzés et les gorilles étudiés présentaient un biais populationnel pour la main droite pour la majorité des gestes les plus fréquents de leur répertoire. Par la mise en oeuvre d’une approche multifactorielle, nous avons montré pour la première fois que la latéralité gestuelle intraspécifique de ces primates était influencée par plusieurs facteurs et par leurs interactions: contexte de l’interaction (champs visuels de l’émetteur et du récepteur et contexte émotionnel), caractéristique du geste (modalité sensorielle, utilisation d'un outil de communication, degré de partage et durée du geste) et par certaines composantes sociodémographiques, particulièrement le rang hiérarchique de l’émetteur et son âge dans une moindre mesure. De plus, nous avons comparé la latéralité manuelle des chimpanzés lors de l'utilisation d'outil pour des actions non-communicatives et des gestes intraspécifiques. Notre analyse multifactorielle suggère que l’utilisation d’outil dans les gestes serait plus contrôlée par l'hémisphère cérébral gauche que l’utilisation d’outil dans des actions non-communicatives. Globalement, nos résultats vérifient le modèle de Ghirlanda et collègues (2009) selon lequel les biais de latéralité au niveau populationnel pourraient être expliqués par une stratégie évolutive stable basée sur les interactions intraspécifiques. Nos résultats sont également en accord avec les études mettant en évidence l'utilisation préférentielle de la main droite pour la communication gestuelle des primates non humains et suggérant que la latéralité gestuelle serait un précurseur de la spécialisation hémisphérique gauche pour le langage. En outre, nos résultats confortent l'hypothèse que certaines espèces de primates pourraient avoir un traitement spécifique de l’hémisphère gauche pour les gestes communicatifs distinct de celui des actions manuelles non-communicatives. Du point de l’évolution, nos résultats soulignent l’importance d’étudier en détail la latéralité intraspécifique en considérant des espèces de différents degrés de socialité et en prenant en compte des contextes socioécologiques proches des conditions naturelles ainsi que de multiples facteurs potentiellement influentsWe studied intraspecific gestural laterality of captive chimpanzees and gorillas in real-life social-ecological relevant contexts. We evidenced that chimpanzees (respectively gorillas) exhibited a right-hand bias at the population level for the majority of the most frequent gestures of their specific natural communication repertoire. By designing and applying a multifactorial approach, we showed for the first time that intraspecific gestural laterality of primates was influenced by several factors and their mutual intertwinement: interactional context (visual fields of both signaller and recipient as well as emotional context), gesture characteristic (sensory modality, use of a communication tool, sharing degree, and gesture duration) and by some socio-demographic components in particular signaller’s hierarchical rank, and to a lesser extent signaller’s age. Similarities but also some discrepancies between chimpanzees and gorillas may be related to the lateralization of emotional processing, to communication strategies, and to social selection pressures related to the social structure and dynamics of the study species. Moreover, we compared manual laterality of tool use by chimpanzees in both non-communication actions and intraspecific gestures. Our multifactorial analysis showed that tool-use in gestures appear to be governed more by the left cerebral hemisphere than tool-use in non-communication actions. Our findings support Ghirlanda and colleagues’ (2009) model postulating that population-level bias could be explained by an evolutionary stable strategy based on intraspecific interactions. Our results also agree with previous reports evidencing predominant right-hand use by nonhuman primates for gestural communication and suggesting that gestural laterality would be a precursor of the left-brain specialization for language. Furthermore, our results support the hypothesis that some primate species may have a specific left-cerebral system processing gestures distinct from the cerebral system processing non-communication manual actions. From an evolutionary point of view, our findings emphasize the importance to study intraspecific laterality in detail by considering species varying in their degree of sociality and taking into account real-life social-ecological contexts and multiple potentially influential factors
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Williamson, Elizabeth A. "Behavioural ecology of Western Lowland Gorillas in Gabon." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/1314.
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The behavioural ecology of western lowland gorillas was studied for 16 months in the Lope Reserve, Gabon, where gorillas are sympatric with chimpanzees in lowland tropical forest. Data were collected by direct observation, and by examination of nest-sites, feeding-sites, and trails. The nature of frugivory and the extent of seasonal variation in food selection were emphasised. Dietary composition was identified, and the contribution of fruits was evaluated from the volume of fruit ingested estimated retrospectively from seeds in the gorillas' dung. Forest structure and composition were assessed using transects, and fruit and leaf production was quantified monthly to estimate food availability. Food distribution was patchy, and many foods showed seasonal peaks in abundance. The heterogeneity of the habitat was reflected in the diverse diet: gorillas ate 139 parts of 103 species of plants, including 78 fruits. One third of dung samples contained weaver ants. Vegetative parts of Aframomum and Marantaceae formed staple foods, due to their abundance, accessibility, and year-round availability. Succulent fruit formed over 90% of fruit intake. Seasonal variation was measured in all dietary parameters. Flexible foraging strategies enabled gorillas to cope with fruit scarcity, particularly during the major dry season: when less fruit was available gorillas consumed more stems, leaves, and bark, and ate poorer-quality fibrous fruits. Ranging was influenced by the seasonal availability of particular food species: when fruit was abundant gorillas travelled large distances between sources, when scarce they adopted a low cost strategy, shifting their diet towards more abundant, but poorer quality foods, and travelling less. Differences in feeding, ranging, and climbing between lowland and mountain gorillas result from striking differences in their respective habitats, especially in the abundance and distribution of fruit sources. Lowland gorillas' home ranges were larger; they spent more time in tress, mostly feeding; yet their social structure seemed to be similar to mountain gorillas. Lope gorillas adopted strategies similar to those of other frugivorous primates: fruits were preferred foods, consumed with fibre and leaves to meet nutritional requirements. The switch in diet was facilitated by the gorillas’ large body-size, which may have enabled them to cope with succulent fruit shortages, and allowed gorillas to remain in relatively stable groups.
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Voysey, Ben. "Seed dispersal by gorillas in the Lope Reserve, Gabon." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14618.
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Linnarz, Sebastian [Verfasser]. "Studie über Cross-River-Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla diehli MATSCHIE, 1904) und Nigeria-Kamerun-Schimpansen (Pan troglodytes ellioti MATSCHIE, 1914) in den Lebialem Highlands in Kamerun / Sebastian Linnarz." Aachen : Shaker, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1159836086/34.
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Anderson, Ursula S. "Aging, relative numerousness judgments, and summation in Western Lowland gorillas." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7942.
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Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the relation between age, relative numerousness judgments, and summation in Western lowland gorillas. The findings indicated that most of the gorillas did not perform relative numerousness judgments until after specific training to do so. However, the gorillas did perform summation without specific training and an age-related difference was apparent.
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Ogden, Jacqueline Jean. "A post-occupancy evaluation : naturalistic habitats for captive lowland gorillas." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28889.
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McNeilage, Alastair John. "Mountain gorillas in the Virunga volcanoes : ecology and carrying capacity." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/13bb843d-3c07-4c18-838f-15aa71d766b4.
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Tanner, Joanne E. "Gestural communication in a group of zoo-living lowland gorillas." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15088.
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Gestural communication in a group of zoo-living lowland gorillas Videotaped observations of a group of zoo-living lowland gorillas collected over a seven- year period were used to study aspects of non-vocal communication. I discerned three classes of gesture: 1) tactile gestures, that depict motion paths iconically; 2) non-tactile silent gestures, some of which appear to be iconic and others deictic; and 3) audible gestures, that, unlike the other two classes, are species-typical gorilla behaviour. The iconic gestures appear to represent activities desired of another gorilla. In addition, one gorilla developed a gesture that was regularly used to suppress the playface, a facial expression that was presumably involuntary. Certain social and environmental conditions, such as the presence of competing males and a physical environment that permits female choice as to proximity with males, may promote the development of such forms of visual communication. I trace the development of gestures throughout the gorilla lifetime, and approach the acquisition of gestures from several viewpoints. "Ontogenic ritualization" and imitation are both found to have a limited explanatory value. One gorilla imitated human gestures, but there was no concrete evidence that these gorillas imitated each other. Repeated strings of gestures or other actions showed, however, that memory capacity exists in gorillas for reproducing complex sequences. Finally, I compare the gestural inventions of my zoo subjects with those of a gorilla taught American Sign Language, finding continuity in styles of depiction from portrayal of pure action to description of stationary objects. Gesture, in portraying action as well as in its ability to depict object shapes, can be seen as a necessary foundation for die eventual development of language in die hominid line.
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Gold, Kenneth Clarke. "Behavioral profiles of captive lowland gorillas : effects of age, sex rearing history and physical environment." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29170.
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Hill, S. P. "Behavioural and physiological investigations of welfare in captive western lowland gorillas." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.604049.
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Four studies were conducted to investigate behavioural and physiological indicators of welfare in western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) housed at six European zoos. In the first two studies, behavioural responses of gorillas to changes in housing were measured, namely relocations to new enclosures (Study 1) and feeding-related environmental enrichment efforts (Study 2). As enrichment efforts do not necessarily equate with successful enrichment, I hypothesised that these housing changes would have either an enriching, aversive or neutral effect on animals. The results of Study 1 have shown that the behavioural repertoire of most individuals did not change across the entire post-relocation period compared with the baseline. Greater behavioural responses were observed month-by-month and, for some individuals, conclusions can be drawn about changes in welfare. In Study 2, behavioural data were collected before, during and after the provision of feeding-related environmental enrichment efforts designed to provide a more complex feeding environment. For most individuals, these efforts were associated with a reduction in time spent performing behaviours that indicate poorer welfare, compared with during the baseline. Faecal samples collected opportunistically during Studies 1 and 2 were used in Study 3 for glucocorticoid metabolite analyses. The results of a validation procedure showed that an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) measuring 5β-3α,11β-diol corticoid metabolites was likely to have practical applications for this purpose . Gorillas’ adrenal responses to the housing changes suggested that there has been an enriching effect overall. Results of a storage experiment showed that faecal samples can be left at environmental temperature (25 °C) for up to 8 hours after defecation with no significant effect of bacterial enzymes on metabolite concentrations.
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Henthorn, Eric E. "The Association of Serum Biomarkers with Cardiac Health in Captive Gorillas." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1277145008.
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Mallavarapu, Suma. "Object permanence in orangutans, gorillas, and black-and-white ruffed lemurs." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29651.
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Thesis (Ph.D)--Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.Committee Chair: Maple, Terry; Committee Member: Blanchard-Fields, Fredda; Committee Member: Hampton, Robert; Committee Member: Marr, Marcus; Committee Member: Stoinski, Tara. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Morais, Júlia Braga. "Ultrasonographic assessment of reproductive diseases in gorillas and other captive great apes." Master's thesis, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/5512.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina VeterináriaThe present work focused on the analysis of ultrasound examinations from 29 male and female captive great apes performed since 1995 by the Leibniz-Institut für Zoo-und Wildtierforschung, IZW (Berlin, Germany), reproduction management group. The ultrasonographic appearance of the normal and abnormal reproductive tract was described. Out of 22 female captive subjects, 18 were detected to have reproductive tract lesions. The altered ultrasound scans led to several suggested diagnoses, namely uterine leiomyomas, adenomyosis, nabothian cysts, functional ovarian cysts, paraovarian cyst, polycystic ovaries, endometrioma and hydrosalpinges in gorillas; cervical tumour and hydrosalpinx, in chimpanzees; and mostly functional ovarian cysts, in orangutans. Two cases of pyosalpinx with involvement of the intestinal tract occurred, and the suspected causes were: acute pelvic inflammatory disease, in a gorilla, and diverticulitis in an orangutan. Regarding the 7 male captive subjects, 3 gorillas were detected with testicular lesions. Suspicion of malignancy existed on the 3 cases, but only 1 was confirmed to be a Leydig cell tumour. The collected data compared with the reproductive outcome of the subjects showed that (a) the absence of ultrasonographic alterations did not guarantee the production of offspring; (b) ultrasound examinations were efficient in identifying reproductively incompetent animals, since all the subjects whose suggested diagnosis was associated with a prognosis of “fertility most likely compromised” produced no offspring.
RESUMO - Avaliação Ecográfica de Doenças Reprodutivas em Gorilas e outros Grandes Símios em Cativeiro - O presente trabalho centrou-se na análise de ecografias ao trato reprodutivo de 29 grandes símios de ambos os sexos, obtidas desde 1995 pelo grupo de gestão de reprodução do Leibniz-Institut für Zoo-und Wildtierforschung, IZW (Berlim, Alemanha). Descreveu-se a aparência ecográfica do trato reprodutivo normal e anormal. De entre 22 fêmeas cativas, detectaram-se lesões reprodutivas em 18 e as suas respectivas alterações ecográficas levaram a várias sugestões de diagnóstico, nomeadamente leiomiomas uterinos, adenomiose, quistos nabotianos, quistos ováricos funcionais, ovários poliquísticos, endometrioma e hidrosalpinges, em gorilas; tumor no cérvix e quisto paraovárico, em chimpanzés; e, maioritariamente, quistos ováricos funcionais, em orangotangos. Encontraram-se 2 casos de piossalpinge com envolvimento do trato digestivo, sendo as causas sugeridas: doença inflamatória pélvica aguda, em uma gorila, e diverticulíte, em uma orangotango. Relativamente aos 7 machos deste estudo, detectaram-se lesões testiculares em 3 gorilas. Houve suspeita de malignidade nos 3 casos, mas apenas em 1 se confirmou ser um tumor das células de Leydig. A comparação dos dados obtidos com o desfecho reprodutivo dos pacientes mostrou que: (a) a ausência de lesões ecográficas não garantiu a produção de descendência; (b) os exames ecográficos foram eficientes na identificação dos animais reprodutivamente incompetentes, uma vez que todos os indivíduos cuja sugestão de diagnóstico estava associada a um prognóstico de “fertilidade muito provavelmente comprometida” não produziram descendência.
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Iwata, Yuji. "Frugivorous diet of western lowland gorillas in Moukalaba-Doudou National Park, Gabon." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/120694.
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Kuhar, Christopher William. "Factors Affecting Spatial Abilities of Captive Western Lowland Gorillas: Age, Gender, and Experience." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004:, 2004. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-11082004-160755/unrestricted/Kuhar%5FChristopher%5FW%5F200412%5Fphd.pdf.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005.Maple, Terry L., Committee Chair ; Bettinger, Tammie L., Committee Member ; Herndon, James G., Committee Member ; Bloomsmith, Mollie A., Committee Member ; Smith, Anderson D., Committee Member ; Marr, M. Jackson, Committee Member. Includes bibliographical references.
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Plumptre, Andrew John. "Plant-herbivore dynamics in the Birungas." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/07749b16-dd8a-4c19-998b-cb9b2438cee4.
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Hodgkinson, C. "Tourists, gorillas and guns : integrating conservation and development in the Central African Republic." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2009. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/15848/.
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Integrated conservation and development programs (ICDPs) are aimed at addressing both conservation and development issues through the involvement of local communities in the process of wildlife management. Typically this involves providing park-adjacent communities with conservation-related benefits to induce pro-conservation behaviour. The Dzanga-Sangha ICDP Project (DSP), southwest Central African Republic, has coordinated the management of a protected area complex since 1990. Its activities include traditional conservation measures such as anti-poaching patrols, a developing gorilla tourism programme, and focused development activities. This study adopts an interdisciplinary approach to evaluate its efficacy at meeting both local development and conservation goals, with a strong focus on how these two areas interact. Evaluation of the DSPs impact on poverty alleviation in the reserve community suggests that the considerable opportunity costs caused by park formation largely fail to be compensated by the benefits provided. This effect is augmented by the high level of in-migration into the reserve. Examination of discrepancies between cost/benefit provision and recognition show that community-level benefits are particularly undervalued by local residents. Attitudinal surveys suggest benefit recognition to be strongly linked to pro-conservation attitudes. However, results from a 12-month market survey, a concurrent household consumption survey, participant observation and key informant interviews showed that conservation-related behaviour, in terms of both wild-food extraction and consumption, is largely unrelated to either benefit receipt or attitudes. Furthermore, evaluation of conservation efficacy suggested the main prey species are being hunted at unsustainable rates. This empirical study takes its place in a growing literature addressing not only the direct social and environmental implications of ICDPs but, crucially, the interactions between the two. It provides both applied management recommendations in addition to further contributing to our theoretical understanding of the dual development-conservation approach.
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Scott, Jennifer. "Female competition and dominance hierarchies among three captive groups of western lowland gorillas /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6550.
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García, Navarro Ana Maria. "Patrons d'activitat i proxèmia en l'avaluació del benestar en goril·les captius (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/666985.
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Aquesta tesi sorgeix com a resposta als principals problemes de benestar que poden afectar a la majoria d’animals que viuen en zoològics i aquaris. En concret, ha estat motivada per la complexitat que suposa mantenir grans simis en unes condicions òptimes. En aquest context, l’objectiu general d’aquest treball recau en la cerca de models d’avaluació que puguin ajudar a millorar o complementar els plans d’actuació i conservació, ja existents, en goril·les de costa captius. L’estudi observacional sobre les mostres de goril·les de costa es va dur a terme en dues institucions: el Zoo de Barcelona i el d’Apenheul Primate Park (Holanda). Finalment, es van analitzar un total de 303 hores repartides en 5 grups mixtes (4 a Barcelona i 1 a Apenheul) i un mascle dominant solitari. Es va realitzar una comparació transversal entre grups, tractant cada grup com un cas, i una avaluació intra grup, en un grup familiar en els seus diferents estadis (comparació pre-post). Posteriorment es van comparar els nostres resultats amb la literatura prèvia. Així doncs, no es van trobar diferències significatives entre els resultats obtinguts en llibertat en l’estació “High Frugivory” (HF) i els nostres grups estudiats. Això confirmaria que la complexitat dels espais naturalitzats, els grups socials i el maneig que ofereixen les dues institucions zoològiques, asseguren les oportunitats perquè es puguin donar els patrons d’activitat, més ajustats, als observats en els medis naturals. A més, tampoc es van trobar diferències significatives entre l’IEI (índex d’espai per individu) i els patrons de conducta i proxèmia, el què suggeriria que l’espai disponible dels nostres grups, no sembla comprometre el benestar dels goril·les estudiats. En resum, els resultats obtinguts d’aquest treball reafirmen la importància que té la composició i densitat social en grups de goril·les de costa en captivitat, factors que també serveixen com a bons indicadors de benestar. Efectivament, formar grups familiars estables en el temps, amb variabilitat de classes socials i d’una densitat adequada a la qualitat i l’espai de les instal·lacions disponibles, és imprescindible per assolir èxit en la conservació ex situ d’aquesta espècie. Així mateix, la història prèvia dels individus i el rol que exerceixen els mascles dominants, desenvolupen un paper fonamental en la formació i cohesió d’aquests grups.This thesis arises as a response to the main welfare problems that can affect most animals living in zoos and aquariums. In particular, it has been driven by concern about the complexity involved in keeping great apes in optimal conditions. In this context, the overall objective of this work is to search evaluation models that may help to improve or complement the existing action and conservation plans intended for western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in captivity. With this aim, an observational study on samples of western lowland gorillas has been carried out in two institutions: the Barcelona Zoo and the Apenheul Primate Park (the Netherlands). A total of 303 hours of recordings have been analyzed spread over 5 mixed groups (4 in Barcelona and 1 in Apenheul) and a single dominant male. A cross-sectional comparison between groups, treating each one as a case, has been carried out, as well as an intragroup assessment within a family group along its various stages (pre-post comparison). Later, our findings have been compared with those of the previous literature. No significant differences have been found between the results obtained in the High Frugivory (HF) season and the groups studied. This would confirm that the complexity of naturalized areas, social groups and the management offered by the two zoological institutions, can ensure the opportunities involved in the performance of patterns of activity quite similar to those observed in the natural environment. Neither do we found significant differences between the spatial proximity index between individuals and patterns of behavior and proxemics. This would suggest that the available space for our groups, does not compromise the welfare of the gorillas studied. In summary, the results of this study confirm the importance of social composition and density in groups of western lowland gorillas in captivity. Likewise, these factors may serve as good indicators of their welfare. Indeed, the composition of family groups stables in time, with variability of social classes and a social density appropriate to the quality and the facilities available, is essential to achieve success in the ex situ conservation of this species. At the same time, the previous history of the individuals and the role exerted by dominant males play a fundamental role in the formation and cohesion of these groups.
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Otsuka, Ryoma. "Mountain Gorilla Tourism and Conservation in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda." Doctoral thesis, Kyoto University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/263763.
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京都大学新制・課程博士
博士(地域研究)
甲第23302号
地博第283号
京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科アフリカ地域研究専攻
(主査)教授 山越 言, 教授 大山 修一, 准教授 佐藤 宏樹, 助教 木下 こづえ
学位規則第4条第1項該当
Doctor of Area Studies
Kyoto University
DGAM
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Tennant, Kaylin S. "Behavioral and Physiological Assessment of Zoo-Housed Heterosexual Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) Troops with Multiple Silverbacks." UNF Digital Commons, 2017. https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/777.
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Based on recognized life history traits and ecology, zoos strive to house their gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in mixed-sex groups with one mature male or silverback, multiple females, and their offspring. However, successful captive breeding programs and a nearly 50:50 birth sex ratio has created the need to house surplus males in solitary conditions or all-male groups. It is commonly believed that male western gorillas will not tolerate one another in the presence of females; however, multi-male, mixed-sex groups have been observed in the wild. For this reason, some zoos have begun experimenting with this scenario. At the time of data collection, only four of the 51 institutions housing gorillas in the North American Species Survival Plan® population housed multi-male, mixed sex groups. Chapter one documents the activity budgets of two of these multi-male groups and compares them to those of two traditional family troops. Overall behavior repertoire was similar between group type, though more locomoting and aberrant behaviors were exhibited by individuals in the multi-silverback groups. Interaction between the silverbacks varied greatly between the multi-male groups which suggests there could be multiple models of success for these groups. However, further insight is needed to determine why some multi-male groups are successful while others are not. Therefore, the second chapter outlines the results of a multi-institutional survey which covered the recent history of multi-male, mixed-sex groups in North American zoos. The goal of the survey was to determine potential factors associated with silverback compatibility. Results indicate that there is an association between successful multi-male, mixed-sex groups and some life history factors including the relatedness of the males, their rearing histories, and the time at which they were introduced. This research offers insight into a potential gorilla social assemblage that has been underutilized in zoo settings.
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Jarvis, Kiersten Austad. "Effects of a complex enrichment device on tool use, tool manufacturing, activity budgets, and stereotypic behaviors in captive western lowland gorillas." [Pensacola, Fla.] : University of West Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/WFE0000085.
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Zambetta, Karen. "Sex, age, and life history differences in the utilization of enrichment in captive lowland gorillas /." Available to subscribers only, 2005. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1095426081&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Jeffery, Kathryn. "Application to forensic genetics to the population biology of western lowland gorillas at LopeÌ, Gabon." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.408771.
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Douadi, Mélanie. "Variabilités des marqueurs à transmission uniparentale et mise en évidence de différences de comportements de dispersion et de reproduction entre males et femelles chez le gorille de plaine de l'Ouest (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)." Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1S017.
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Nous avons cherché à caractériser les différences de comportements de dispersion et de reproduction entre les mâles et les femelles chez le gorille de plaine de l’Ouest. Afin de détecter des divergences entre sexes, nous avons utilisé des marqueurs génétiques non-recombinants qui tracent spécifiquement les lignées femelles (ADNmt) et mâles (NRY) ou peu recombinants et présents 2/3 du temps chez les femelles (chromosome X). Les résultats confirment que le gorille présente une diversité génétique élevée et mettent en évidence une différence de distance de dispersion chez cette espèce. Les résultats sont cohérents avec le fait que les femelles transfèrent entre les groupes et que les mâles, durant leur phase solitaire, peuvent se disperser au delà de leur sous-population. Toutefois, les résultats n’indiquent pas de différence de succès de reproduction entre mâles et femelles malgré des caractéristiques fortement liées à l’existence d’une pression de sélection sexuelle chez les mâlesWe have explored differences between male and female dispersal and reproductive behaviors in western lowland gorilla. At maturity, both sexes disperse from their natal group. In order to detect divergences between sexes, we used sex-specific non recombining markers which trace female (mtDNA) and male lineages (NRY), and slightly recombining marker that are 2/3 of time present in females (X chromosome). Results confirm a high genetic diversity in gorilla. The analysis of uniparentally inherited polymorphisms highlight a dispersal distance difference between sexes in this species. This result matches the observations that females transfer between groups and that males, during their solitary phase, can disperse longer distances and leave their subpopulation. Although male gorillas present features that are strongly indicative of sexual selection pressure, our results do not show any difference in reproductive success between males and females
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Carrasco, Pesquera Lara. "Imitación en Pan troglodytes y en Gorilla gorilla gorilla: Beneficios de la "terapia entreno/juego" en el grupo de gorilas." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/129514.
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El planteamiento inicial de esta tesis fue el de valorar la capacidad de imitación en grandes simios, uno de los procesos de aprendizaje social que más controversia ha generado en la literatura sobre el aprendizaje animal y sus capacidades cognitivas. Durante el transcurso de la investigación surgió una segunda línea de trabajo centrada en el empleo de las interacciones positivas con humanos como una herramienta para mejorar el bienestar de los animales cautivos.
La investigación sobre imitación, se desarrolló con dos especies de grandes simios. Inicialmente se trabajó en el centro de rescate de primates, Rainfer (Madrid) con una hembra de chimpancé (Estudio 1). A continuación, y tras las adaptaciones pertinentes, se replicó en el Parque Zoológico de Barcelona con dos hembras de gorila de costa (Estudio 2). Durante esta fase surgió la posibilidad de iniciar una investigación paralela para valorar las repercusiones que un estudio de este tipo podía tener sobre el bienestar de los individuos (Estudio 3).
Los resultados de los Estudios 1 y 2 ponen de manifiesto una destacable capacidad imitativa por parte de los sujetos de estudio. Tanto el sujeto de la especie Pan troglodytes schweinfurthi como los dos individuos de la especie Gorilla gorilla gorilla imitaron correctamente un marcado número de acciones gestuales y acciones con objetos, superando los éxitos registrados en otros estudios anteriores. Además, la tercera investigación incluida en esta tesis, evidencia que la interacción positiva con los humanos, mediante la terapia “entreno/juego”, puede ser una alternativa de enriquecimiento sencilla y económica, así como una herramienta efectiva para mejorar el bienestar de los primates en cautividad y facilitar su manejo. Tal como pudo comprobarse durante el tercer estudio, las sesiones cortas y puntuales de juego entre humanos y grandes simios incrementan la calidad de vida de los individuos mantenidos en cautividad y potencian las relaciones sociales y la aparición de juego entre los integrantes del grupo de gorilas.This study demonstrates that research on great apes, animal welfare and enrichment in captivity can become three aspects closely related. In order to evaluate the imitative abilities of 1 chimpanzee and 2 western lowland gorillas we used a battery of 52 actions classified in 4 categories (gestures, object, object-object and object-subject). The imitations made by these subjects were far better than any other individual in the literature. On the other hand, this research studied the effects of applying a combination of training sesions with relatively unstructured playing sessions on group of lowland gorillas. Regarding the second study, the results showed positive changes in the gorillas' behaviour: stereotypies, interactions with the public, aggression between subjects and inactivity were all reduced, while affiliative behaviour and individual and social play-related behaviour increased. which would seem to indicate that training/playing can be used to create a more relaxed atmosphere, reducing social tension and improving the well-being of all the subjects involved in any primate´s investigation.
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Pereira, Costa Raquel Filomena. "Behavioural flexibility in wild mountain gorillas and implications for its conservation: Anthropogenic impacts on species-specific behaviours." Kyoto University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/261605.
Full textAbstract:
付記する学位プログラム名: 霊長類学・ワイルドライフサイエンス・リーディング大学院Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(理学)
甲第22878号
理博第4644号
新制||理||1668(附属図書館)
京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻
(主査)准教授 足立 幾磨, 准教授 Michael Alan Huffman, 教授 高田 昌彦
学位規則第4条第1項該当