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Journal articles on the topic 'Gottfredson and Hirschi'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

DeLisi, Matt, and Michael G. Vaughn. "The Gottfredson–Hirschi Critiques Revisited." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 52, no. 5 (2007): 520–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x07308553.

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2

Bursik,, Robert J. "Positive Criminology.Michael R. Gottfredson , Travis Hirschi." American Journal of Sociology 94, no. 4 (1989): 909–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/229091.

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3

Beaver, Kevin M., John Paul Wright, and Matt Delisi. "Self-Control as an Executive Function." Criminal Justice and Behavior 34, no. 10 (2007): 1345–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854807302049.

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According to Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990), levels of self-control are determined by parental management techniques, not by biological and genetic influences. Recent behavioral genetic and neuroscientific research challenges this view and reveals that biogenic factors are largely responsible for the development of self-control. The current article builds off this body of literature and argues that Gottfredson and Hirschi's parental socialization thesis should be reformulated to recognize that self-control is just one part of a larger constellation of executive functions that are modulated by the prefrontal cortex of the brain. Using a sample of about 3,000 children, this reformulated thesis was tested by examining whether neuropsychological deficits are predictive of parental and teacher reports of the child's level of self-control. Results revealed that measures of neuropsychological deficits were associated with variability in childhood self-control. Theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.

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4

Tittle, Charles R. "A General Theory of Crime.Michael R. Gottfredson , Travis Hirschi." American Journal of Sociology 96, no. 6 (1991): 1609–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/229734.

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5

Mathna, Brooke, Jennifer Roberts, and Marthinus Koen. "A Comparison of Self-Control Measures and Drug and Alcohol Use among College Students." Midwest Social Sciences Journal 23 (November 1, 2020): 31–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22543/0796.231.1027.

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Research has shown a link between drug and alcohol behaviors and self-control; however, much of the research focuses on only the general theory of crime (Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990), without regard to Hirschi’s (2004) self-control theory. The purpose of the current study is to examine three measures of Hirschi’s self-control theory and to understand the link between Hirschi’s self-control theory and drug and alcohol behaviors. This study draws from a sample of undergraduate college students (N = 640) to examine the role of Hirschi’s self-control in the explanation of drug and alcohol behaviors. The current study uses a previous measure of Hirschi’s self-control [i.e., decisional self-control (alcohol)] and two measures (i.e., decisional self-control (cheat) and bond-based self-control) created by the researchers to analyze drug and alcohol behaviors. Results indicated that self-control based in social bonds (i.e., bond-based self-control) was significantly related to all drug and alcohol behaviors. The cost/salience scale measuring cheating behaviors [i.e., decisional self-control (cheat)] was significantly related to marijuana/hashish use, and the cost/salience scale measuring drinking and driving [i.e., decisional self-control (alcohol)] was significantly related to zero drug and alcohol behaviors. Results indicate that developing strong social bonds as a form of self-control can reduce the likelihood of drug and alcohol behaviors.

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6

Veenstra, René, Siegwart Lindenberg, Frank Tinga, and Johan Ormel. "Truancy in late elementary and early secondary education: The influence of social bonds and self-control— the TRAILS study." International Journal of Behavioral Development 34, no. 4 (2010): 302–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025409347987.

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Some pupils already show unexcused, illegal, surreptitious absences in elementary education or the first years of secondary education. Are weak social bonds (see also Hirschi, 1969) and a lack of self-control (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990) indicative of truancy at an early age? Of the children in our sample, 5% were persistent truants in late elementary education and early secondary education. Using multivariate analyses the influence of various predictors on persistent truancy was examined. Lack of attachment to norm-relevant significant others (parents and teachers) and lack of prosocial orientation were indicative of truancy. Social bonds with classmates had no effect on truancy. Other risk factors for truancy were: being a boy, early pubertal development, family breakup, and low socio-economic status. The effect of self-control on truancy was partially mediated by social bonds. The impact of social bonds to norm-relevant significant others suggests that early truancy can partly be prevented by focusing on children’s relations with parents at home and with teachers at school. Prevention of truancy is desirable because the likelihood of involvement in other deviant behavior increases for truants.

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7

Baldwin, John D. "Thrill and Adventure Seeking and the Age Distribution of Crime: Comment on Hirschi and Gottfredson." American Journal of Sociology 90, no. 6 (1985): 1326–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/228212.

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8

Steffensmeier, Darrell, Yunmei Lu, and Sumit Kumar. "Age–Crime Relation in India: Similarity or Divergence Vs. Hirschi/gottfredson Inverted J-shaped Projection?" British Journal of Criminology 59, no. 1 (2018): 144–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azy011.

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9

Chapple, Constance L., and Trina L. Hope. "An Analysis of the Self-Control and Criminal Versatility of Gang and Dating Violence Offenders." Violence and Victims 18, no. 6 (2003): 671–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vivi.2003.18.6.671.

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How versatile are gang and dating violence offenders? Current gang research highlights the versatility of gang members, yet the versatility of intimate violence offenders is often unexamined. Gottfredson and Hirschi,A General Theory of Crime(1990), support the idea of versatile rather than specialized offenders and suggests that low self-control is associated with a host of criminal and noncriminal risk-taking activities. Using data from a self-report sample of 1139 youths in grades 9 through 11, we investigated both the versatility of gang and dating violence offenders and theoretical variables associated with each. We find disproportionate offending by dating and gang violence offenders in a variety of crimes, as well as considerable overlap in the independent variables associated with both types of violence. Low levels of self-control and exposure to general and crime-specific criminal opportunities are significantly associated with engaging in dating and gang violence.

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10

Jo, Youngoh, and Todd Armstrong. "The Development of Self-Control in Late Adolescence: An Analysis of Trajectories and Predictors of Change Within Trajectories." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 1 (2016): 50–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x16643786.

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Gottfredson and Hirschi argue that parenting is the primary source of self-control. Research on the etiology of self-control has provided partial support for this proposition. Studies have shown parenting is an important determinant of self-control; however, research has also shown that other social and biological/genetic factors also influence the development of self-control. The current study contributes to the literature by examining the possibility that sources of self-control may vary across subgroups, which exhibit different developmental patterns of self-control. Analyses are based on 6-year panel data from a sample of South Korean youths. The results indicate that youths are clustered into three subgroups showing stable, increasing, and decreasing levels of self-control over time. Similarities/differences in the relationships among family, school, peer, and community variables and self-control appeared across the subgroups. Theoretical and policy implications are discussed.

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11

Meier, R. F. "The Generality of Deviance. Edited by Travis Hirschi and Michael R. Gottfredson. Transaction Books, 1994 277 pp. $39.95." Social Forces 73, no. 4 (1995): 1627–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/73.4.1627.

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12

Gottfredson, Michael R. "The Essential Role of Cross-national Research in Assessing Theories of Crime: Illustrations from Modern Control Theory." International Criminology 1, no. 1 (2021): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s43576-020-00003-w.

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AbstractContemporary research from around the world provides a body of consistent findings, making it an indispensable tool for the evaluation of crime theory. To be valid, general theories of crime must now be able to accommodate the results of this cross-national research. Modern Control Theory is used as an illustration for conceptualizing this body of research. Research from three critical areas relevant to general theories of crime are used to illustrate the critical nature of this research: (1) results from self-report surveys of offending and victimization; (2) research on the lack of effectiveness of criminal justice sanctions in affecting rates of crime and interpersonal violence; and (3) prevention research that is focused both on early childhood and on the settings in which much crime occurs. Each is consistent with the expectations of Modern Control Theory (Gottfredson and Hirschi in Modern control theory and the limits of criminal justice, Oxford University Press, New York, 2019) and each demands the attention of any general theory purporting to explain crime and interpersonal violence.

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13

Palumbo, Dennis. "A General Theory of Crime. By Michael R. Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990. 297p. $39.50 cloth, $12.95 paper." American Political Science Review 86, no. 2 (1992): 537–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1964276.

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14

Sampson, R. J. "A General Theory of Crime. By Michael R. Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi. Stanford University Press, 1990. 297 pp. Cloth $39.50; paper $12.95." Social Forces 71, no. 2 (1992): 545–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/71.2.545.

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15

Lopes, Rita Freire, and Maria Gouveia-Pereira. "Efeitos individuais e familiares em crimes: Abuso sexual, violência conjugal e homicídio." Análise Psicológica 35, no. 3 (2017): 323–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14417/ap.1181.

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Entre as diversas explicações sobre a carreira delinquente a família ocupa um lugar de eleição (Born, 2005). Apesar da literatura nos indicar que a família assume um papel crucial, existem outros autores (e.g. Mayer & Salovey, 1997), que evidenciam que a falta de aprendizagem de um repertório emocional adequado, nomeadamente a inteligência emocional, pode, por vezes, estar associada à origem do comportamento delinquente. A Teoria Geral do Crime (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990), pretende explicar que o autocontrolo é a variável central do comportamento delinquente. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a relação entre o funcionamento familiar (rácio total, coesão e flexibilidade), o autocontrolo e a inteligência emocional em sujeitos condenados pelos crimes de abuso sexual, violência doméstica e homicídio. Participaram 92 sujeitos, reclusos, do sexo masculino, com idades compreendidas entre os 20 e os 73 anos de idade. Mediante os resultados constatamos que os participantes têm uma percepção semelhante da forma como se organizam as suas famílias, excepto na comunicação, onde os abusadores sexuais apresentam indicadores comunicativos inferiores. Ao nível da expressão emocional e da capacidade para lidar com as emoções também, foram encontradas diferenças significativas, sendo os abusadores sexuais a apresentarem maiores défices emocionais. No autocontrolo, foram igualmente os abusadores sexuais a apresentarem maiores níveis de autocontrolo. Limitações e implicações práticas e teóricas deste estudo são discutidas com base na literatura.

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16

Back, Sinchul, Sadhika Soor, and Jennifer LaPrade. "Juvenile Hackers: An Empirical Test of Self-Control Theory and Social Bonding Theory." International Journal of Cybersecurity Intelligence and Cybercrime 1, no. 1 (2018): 40–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.52306/01010518vmdc9371.

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In accordance with a similar growth in information technology, computer hacking has become a pervasive issue as a form of crime worldwide in recent years. Self-control theory and social bonding theory have frequently been employed to explain various types of crimes, but rarely to explore computer hacking. Drawing from Gottfredson and Hirschi’s (1990) self-control theory and Hirschi’s (1969) social bonding theory, the purpose of this study is to empirically examine the suitability of these two theories in explaining juvenile computer hacking offenses. The self-report survey data utilized for the present study was derived from middle school and high school students in the United States, Russia, Spain, Venezuela, France, Hungary, Germany, and Poland. The current study hypothesizes that hackers’ self-control and social bonding are significant predictors for the commission of computer hacking offenses. The findings of this study provide strong support for Gottfredson and Hirschi’s (1990) self-control theory. In addition, the findings can be interpreted as partially supportive of Hirschi’s (1969) social bonding theory. The authors conclude with a discussion on policy implications.

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17

Burt, Callie H. "Self-Control and Crime: Beyond Gottfredson & Hirschi's Theory." Annual Review of Criminology 3, no. 1 (2020): 43–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-criminol-011419-041344.

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Over the past several decades, Gottfredson & Hirschi's self-control theory (SCT) has dominated research on self-control and crime. In this review, I assess the current state of self-control knowledge and encourage the field to move beyond SCT, as its peculiar conceptualization of self-control and the causal model present challenges for integrative scholarship. Drawing heavily on scholarship outside criminology, I clarify the definition of self-control; describe the malleable nature of trait self-control; highlight its situational variability as state self-control; and consider the multiplicity of contextual, situational, and individual factors that affect its operation in relation to crime. This specification of contingencies and the interplay between impulse strength and control efforts in the process of self-control is intended as a springboard for research moving beyond SCT and its key premise that self-control (ability) is sufficient to explain individual variation in crime (i.e., is tantamount to criminality). Finally, I address what I see as important areas for further study in light of current knowledge.

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18

Miller, Susan L., and Cynthia Burack. "A Critique of Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime." Women & Criminal Justice 4, no. 2 (1993): 115–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j012v04n02_07.

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19

Diamond, Brie, Robert G. Morris, and Alex R. Piquero. "Stability in the Underlying Constructs of Self-Control." Crime & Delinquency 63, no. 3 (2016): 235–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128715603721.

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The stability of self-control represents a recently popular empirical topic; however, little attention has been paid to the stability of the underlying constructs of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s conception of self-control. The present study uses longitudinal data on youth residing in the northeastern United States and employs trajectory analysis to explore the presence of varying developmental trends in these constructs. The findings indicate that these constructs follow unique and varied trajectories that may help to elucidate issues with our understanding of the stability of self-control.

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20

Gibbs, John J., Dennis Giever, and George E. Higgins. "A Test of Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory Using Structural Equation Modeling." Criminal Justice and Behavior 30, no. 4 (2003): 441–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854803253135.

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21

Unnever, James D., Francis T. Cullen, and Travis C. Pratt. "Parental management, ADHD, and delinquent involvement: Reassessing Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory." Justice Quarterly 20, no. 3 (2003): 471–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07418820300095591.

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22

Arneklev, Bruce J., John K. Cochran, and Randy R. Gainey. "Testing Gottfredson and Hirschi’s “low self-control” stability hypothesis: An exploratory study." American Journal of Criminal Justice 23, no. 1 (1998): 107–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02887286.

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23

Schulz, Stefan. "Problems with the Versatility Construct of Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime." European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 12, no. 1 (2004): 61–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1571817041268856.

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24

DeLisi, Matt, John Paul Wright, Kevin Beaver, and Michael G. Vaughn. "Teaching Biosocial Criminology I: Understanding Endophenotypes Using Gottfredson and Hirschi’s Self‐Control Construct." Journal of Criminal Justice Education 22, no. 3 (2011): 360–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10511253.2010.519713.

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25

GRASMICK, HAROLD G., CHARLES R. TITTLE, ROBERT J. BURSIK, and BRUCE J. ARNEKLEV. "Testing the Core Empirical Implications of Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 30, no. 1 (1993): 5–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427893030001002.

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26

Buker, Hasan. "Formation of self-control: Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime and beyond." Aggression and Violent Behavior 16, no. 3 (2011): 265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2011.03.005.

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27

STEFFENSMEIER, DARRELL. "ON THE CAUSES OF "WHITE-COLLAR" CRIME: AN ASSESSMENT OF HIRSCHI AND GOTTFREDSON'S CLAIMS." Criminology 27, no. 2 (1989): 345–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1989.tb01036.x.

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28

Nofziger, Stacey. "Victimization and the General Theory of Crime." Violence and Victims 24, no. 3 (2009): 337–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.24.3.337.

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Theories of victimization developed independently of theories of offending, in spite of consistent findings of similarities between offenders and victims of crime. This study examines whether Gottfredson and Hirschi’s (1990) general theory of crime, typically used to predict offending, also has relevance in understanding juvenile victimization. The data for this project are drawn from a sample of over 1,200 middle and high school students. Using structural equation models, the findings suggest that higher self-control does directly decrease victimization and that self-control also affects victimization indirectly though opportunities (peer deviance). Implications for the studies of victimization as well as the general theory of crime are discussed.

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29

Vazsonyi, Alexander T., and Jennifer M. Crosswhite. "A Test of Gottfredson and Hirschi’S General Theory of Crime in African American Adolescents." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 41, no. 4 (2004): 407–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427803262060.

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30

PRATT, TRAVIS C., and FRANCIS T. CULLEN. "THE EMPIRICAL STATUS OF GOTTFREDSON AND HIRSCHI'S GENERAL THEORY OF CRIME: A META-ANALYSIS." Criminology 38, no. 3 (2000): 931–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2000.tb00911.x.

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31

GIBBS, JOHN J., DENNIS GIEVER, and JAMIE S. MARTIN. "Parental Management and Self-Control: An Empirical Test of Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 35, no. 1 (1998): 40–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427898035001002.

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32

Havrdova, Eglė. "Sociologiniai nusikaltimų prevencijos padariniai: mažinant atotrūkį tarp teorijos ir praktikos." Sociologija. Mintis ir veiksmas 14 (December 28, 2004): 96–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/socmintvei.2004.2.5966.

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Nusikalstamumo kontrolės teorijos ir praktikos šalininkai dažnai kritikuoja socialinės prevencijos metodus dėl jų neapibrėžtumo ir nepraktiškumo. Todėl politikai bei nusikalstamumo prevencijos strategijos kūrėjai pirmenybę teikia situacinės prevencijos priemonėms, kurių poveikis, siekiant eliminuoti nusikalstamumą skatinančias situacijas, yra lengviau pamatuojamas. Tačiau nusikalstamumo prevencijos tyrimai patvirtina faktą, kad prevencijos efektyvumas priklauso nuo pokyčių tiek fizinėje, tiek ir socialinėje aplinkoje. Kaip rodo naujausi nusikalstamumo prevencijos tyrimai, tik derinant socialinės ir situacinės prevencijos metodus galima sumažinti ilgalaikį nusikalstamumo lygmenį. Todėl „naujasis nusikalstamumo prevencijos mokslas“, tiriantis socialinės prevencijos reikšmę kontroliuojant nusikalstamumą, nukreipia kriminologų ir prevencijos praktikų dėmesį sociologinių teorijų link. Pastarosios nusikalstamumo priežasčių ieško socialinėje individo aplinkoje. Sociologinių teorijų, aiškinančių nusikalstamumo priežastis, gausa ir įvairovė patvirtina socialinių nusikalstamumo prevencijos metodų svarbą. Sociologinių teorijų pliuralizmas kriminologijoje rodo, kad svarbu nusikalstamumą apibrėžti. Kartu išryškėja apibrėžimo reliatyvumas bei kintamumas. Pavyzdžiui, Christie apibūdina nusikalstamumą kaip sąvoką, kuri sukuriama tam tikros visuomeninės grupės interesams tenkinti. Kitaip sakant, nusikalstamumas egzistuos tol, kol egzistuos juo suinteresuotų, tiesiogiai ar netiesiogiai su juo susijusių, individų grupės (Christie 1982; 72). Nepaisant to, nusikaltimas apibrėžia įvairovę veiksmų ir yra tik viena iš deviacijos formų. Plačiąja prasme nusikalstama veikla turėtų būti apibrėžiama tokia veikla, kuri būtų laikoma nusikalstama bet kurioje visuomenėje ir kultūroje. Todėl nusikalstamumo nagrinėjimas siejasi su universalaus apibrėžimo ieškojimu, nesivadovaujant tik teisiniu ar elgesio sutrikimų aspektais, tačiau apimant kultūrinį veiksmo kontekstą. Šis ieškojimas taip pat atspindi teorinio nusikalstamumo dėmens svarbą ir glaudų ryšį tarp veiksmo apibrėžimo ir jo priežasčių išaiškinimo. Galima teigti, kad kriminologijos mokslo šaknys slypi sociologinių teorijų prielaidose. Tradicinė nusikalstamumo sociologija remiasi žymiaisiais Durkheimo teiginiais apie anomijos („benormiškumo“, ar normų krizės) situaciją visuomenėje ir su ja susijusią socialinę patologiją, kuri, autoriaus teigimu, yra neišvengiamas bet kurios „normalios“ visuomenės reiškinys. Durkheimo mintis pratęsė kriminologinės „įtampos“ krypties šalininkai: Mertonas, Albertas Cohenas, Clowardas ir Ohlinas. Pagrindiniai šių autorių teiginiai aiškina nusikalstamumą kaip individų nesugebėjimo prisitaikyti prie esamų socialinių sąlygų bei ribotų galimybių pasiekti norimą tikslą (žemo statuso, ekonominės bei socialinės padėties) padarinius. Šiais teiginiais taip pat remiasi „subkultūrų“ teorija, teigianti, kad nusikalstamą elgesį lemia nusikalstamų „sub-kultūrinių“ grupių susidarymas (Vold et al. 1998; 167–168). Meado simbolinės sąveikos idėjos atsispindi Sutherlando bei Gressey „skirtingos asociacijos“ teorijoje, kuri teigia, jog nusikalstamas elgesys išmokstamas siekiant susitapatinti su nusikalstama grupe. Matza sujungia šiuos teiginius, siekdamas atskleisti socialinę nusikalstamumo konstrukciją. Autorius teigia, jog nusikalstama veikla atliepia individo reakciją į neigiamą visuomenės požiūrį jo atžvilgiu. Millso, Scotto ir Lymano požiūriu, svarbūs pasakymai bei gestai, kurie naudojami apibūdinant individus ar jų elgesį. Neigiami, žeminantys posakiai ar gestai gali neigiamai paveikti individo savęs suvokimą ir vertinimą. (Cullen ir Agnew 1999; 88–90). Pastarosios mintys plėtojamos Beckerio „etikečių klijavimo“ teorijoje. Ši teorija įvardija moderniosios „sociologinės kriminologijos“ pradžią. Beckeris teigia, jog nusikalstamumą apibūdinantį elgesį (pavyzdžiui, deviacijos) lemia neigiamų etikečių (visuomenėje naudojamų neigiamų apibrėžimų, apibūdinimų) „klijavimas“ individams ar grupėms. Visuomenės reakcija į šią etiketę sustiprina individo nusikalstamo elgesio tendencijas (Rock 1997; 257). „Etikečių klijavimo“ teiginiai atskleidžia glaudų ryšį tarp nusikalstamos veiklos apibrėžimo bei šią veiklą sukėlusių priežasčių. Nusikalstamumo „etikečių klijavimo“ įtaką visuomenės reakcijoms bei tolimesnes šių reakcijų pasekmes individų elgesiui iliustravo Stanley Cohen (Stanley Cohen 1972). Vienas esminių „naujosios sociologinės kriminologijos“ uždavinių siejamas su galimybėmis kontroliuoti ir koreguoti nusikalstamą elgesį siekiant eliminuoti anksčiau paminėtas socialines priežastis. Þymiausias kontrolės teorijų atstovas Hirshi teigia, jog, kalbant apie nusikalstamumo kontrolę, svarbiausia atsakyti į klausimą, kodėl kai kurie individai nenusikalsta? Nusikalstamumą autorius aiškina susilpnėjusiais socialiniais saitais tarp individo ir pagrindinių socialinių institutų. Hirshi ir Gottfredson teorinis socialinės kontrolės modelis sieja asmens savikontrolę ir nusikalstamumą skatinančią aplinką. Kiekvienas individas kitaip reaguoja į aplinką, o tai susiję su savikontrolę išreiškiančiomis asmens savybėmis. Pavyzdžiui, pagal Hirshi ir Gottfredson, silpnos savikontrolės individai yra aktyvūs, paviršutiniški, nesugebantys užmegzti ilgalaikių ryšių, siekiantys trumpalaikio pasitenkinimo. Tokie individai yra jautresni aplinkos pokyčiams, greičiau tampa deviantinės grupės nariais (Hirshi ir Gottfredson 1990; 4). Ši teorija yra kritikuojama dėl tyrimais nepagrįstos savikontrolės sampratos apibendrinimo: stiprios savikontrolės individai taip pat gali pasukti nusikalstamu keliu. Nusikalstamumo prevencijai svarbūs socialinės kontrolės teorijos teiginiai, siejantys individo amžiaus pokyčius (individui bręstant savikontrolės požymiai kinta) ir ankstyvąją jo socializaciją. Pasak Hirshi ir Gottfredson, silpna savi-kontrolė yra netinkamos ankstyvosios socializacijos pasekmė. Todėl socialinės prevencijos metodai pirmiausia turėtų apimti šią sritį. Daugelis kriminologų, ieškančių koreliacijos tarp teorijos ir praktikos, teigia, kad nusikalstamumo prevencijos strategijos kūrėjai turėtų atsižvelgti į teorinių teiginių įvairovę. Vis dėlto tokios teorinių modelių įvairovės pritaikomumas praktikoje – abejotinas, pirmiausia dėl to, kad reikalauja ne tik aukštos strategijos kūrėjų kompetencijos, bet ir ypatingų praktinių įgūdžių. Kita vertus, būtina pabrėžti, kad socialinės nusikalstamumo prevencijos praktika yra tas žinojimo šaltinis, iš kurio „semia“ žinias kriminologijos teoretikai. Daugiausia informacijos „nusikalstamumo prevencijos teorijos“ kūrėjams suteikia strategijų, metodų bei programų stebėjimas ir vertinimas. Toks vertinimo tyrimas turi prasmę tik tada, kai jis pagrįstas moksliniais tyrimo metodais, apimančiais tiek raidos, tiek ir rezultatų vertinimą. Tačiau moksliškai pagrįsti vertinimai dažnai yra nepriimtini prevencinių strategijų kūrėjams. Siekdami išvengti kritikos, politikai ir strategai verčiau atsisako socialinės prevencijos, kaip netinkamo nusikalstamumo mažinimo metodo. Moksliškai pagrįstų socialinės prevencijos programų vertinimo trūkumas riboja žinių, reikalingų socialinės prevencijos metodų kūrimui, generavimą ir perdavimą bei mažina pasitikėjimą socialinės prevencijos programomis.

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Hope, Trina L., Harold G. Grasmick, and Laura J. Pointon. "The Family in Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime: Structure, Parenting, and Self-Control." Sociological Focus 36, no. 4 (2003): 291–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2003.10571226.

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Donner, Christopher M., and Wesley G. Jennings. "Low Self-Control and Police Deviance: Applying Gottfredson and Hirschi’s General Theory to Officer Misconduct." Police Quarterly 17, no. 3 (2014): 203–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098611114535217.

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Franklin, Cortney A., Leana Allen Bouffard, and Travis C. Pratt. "Sexual Assault on the College Campus." Criminal Justice and Behavior 39, no. 11 (2012): 1457–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854812456527.

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Research on college sexual assault has focused on offender behavior to understand why men perpetrate sexual violence. Dominant theories have incorporated forms of male peer support, paying particular attention to the impact of rape-supportive social relationships on woman abuse. In contrast, Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime proposes that low self-control predicts crime and other related life outcomes—including the kinds of antisocial peer relationships that the male peer support model contends causes sexual violence. The exclusion of measures of self-control on sexual assault may result in a misspecified peer support model. Accordingly, the current research empirically tests Schwartz and DeKeseredy’s male peer support model and examines the role of self-control in the larger male peer support model of sexual assault. Implications for theory and research are discussed.

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Boman, John H., Thomas J. Mowen, and Erin D. Castro. "The Relationship Between Self-Control and Friendship Conflict: An analysis of Friendship Pairs." Crime & Delinquency 65, no. 10 (2018): 1402–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128718765391.

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While Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime is one of the most empirically tested theories of deviance, the theory offers hypotheses that range far beyond how self-control should affect behavior. This study is broadly focused on how self-control operates between friends by considering how the general theory’s main construct relates to friendship conflict. Using a large dyadic dataset, three-level hybrid item-response models regress the actor’s proclivity to experience conflict with the friend onto measures of the actor’s self-control, the friend’s self-control, and an interaction between the self-control estimates. Results demonstrate that the actor’s and the friend’s self-control both significantly relate to friendship conflict, as the theory would expect. However, the actor’s and friend’s levels of self-control do not interact.

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Zavala, Egbert, and Don L. Kurtz. "Using Gottfredson and Hirschi’s A General Theory of Crime to Explain Problematic Alcohol Consumption by Police Officers: A Test of Self-Control as Self-Regulation." Journal of Drug Issues 47, no. 3 (2017): 505–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022042617706893.

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Problematic alcohol consumption by police officers is well documented in the literature. However, no study has utilized Gottfredson and Hirschi’s A General Theory of Crime to determine what role, if any, self-control (i.e., self-regulation) plays in predicting this behavior. Therefore, data from the Police Stress and Domestic Violence in Police Families in Baltimore, Maryland, 1997-1999 are analyzed to test the influence of work-related stress on officers’ self-control and problem drinking. Results indicated that self-control is significant in predicting problematic alcohol consumption by police officers. Two control variables (burnout and peer drinking) also predicted the dependent variable. The current study provides further evidence that self-control continues to be one of the most consistent factors most likely to lead to criminal behavior, including those committed by police officers.

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Avakame, Edem F. "Intergenerational Transmission of Violence, Self-Control, and Conjugal Violence: A Comparative Analysis of Physical Violence and Psychological Aggression." Violence and Victims 13, no. 3 (1998): 301–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.13.3.301.

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This paper is a sequel to Avakame (1998), a study which sought to determine whether (a) violence in families of origin affects males’ psychological aggression toward wives, and (b) whether the intergenerational transmission effect is solely direct or mediated by Gottfredson and Hirschi’s concept of self-control. The current research extends these questions to females’ psychological aggression as well as males’ and females’ physical violence. The models were estimated using data from the 1975 National Family Violence Survey. Like its precursor, results of the present research suggest that it is useful to (a) distinguish between mothers’ and fathers’ violence and (b) recognize that the intergenerational transmission of violence may be mediated by self-control. Specifically, results suggested that, whether considering physical violence or psychological aggression, fathers’ violence is most likely to exert the direct social learning effect.

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Rebellon, Cesar J. "Differential association and substance use: Assessing the roles of discriminant validity, socialization, and selection in traditional empirical tests." European Journal of Criminology 9, no. 1 (2012): 73–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370811421647.

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Although the correlation between personal and perceived peer substance use remains among the strongest in criminology, the discriminant validity of personal and perceived peer measures remains to be formally tested via confirmatory factor analysis. Further, only limited research has attempted to discern whether substance users seek out similar others rather than being influenced by the substance use that they perceive among their peers. Finally, research has yet to isolate, via panel analysis, the reciprocal relationship between personal substance use and perceived peer attitudes. The present study addresses each of these issues using National Youth Survey data. Results reveal that personal substance-related behavior and perceived peer behavior/attitudes bear only minimal discriminant validity and that, as predicted by Gottfredson and Hirschi’s General Theory of Crime, selection provides a better explanation of their correlation than does socialization.

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Muftić, Lisa R., and Alexander H. Updegrove. "The Mediating Effect of Self-Control on Parenting and Delinquency: A Gendered Approach With a Multinational Sample." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 10 (2017): 3058–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x17725732.

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This study aims to clarify the relationships between parenting techniques, low self-control, and juvenile delinquency in Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime while controlling for alternative explanations of delinquency. We relied on a sample of 35,511 adolescent students from 31 countries from the International Self-Report Delinquency 2 Study. Results indicate that parenting exhibits a direct effect on adolescents’ violence perpetration and property offending, and that while self-control weakens the strength of this relationship, it fails to fully mediate it. Males reported lower levels of self-control, exposure to poorer parenting techniques, and higher rates of violence perpetration and property offending. The relationship between parenting, self-control, and juvenile delinquency was similar for females and males. These results provide evidence that parenting has important implications for adolescents’ involvement in delinquency above and beyond its influence on their level of self-control.

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Donner, Christopher M., Jon Maskaly, Alex R. Piquero, and Wesley G. Jennings. "Quick on the Draw." Police Quarterly 20, no. 2 (2017): 213–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098611116688066.

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Police officers have a continuum of force options available to them, but, without question, the most extreme of these options is deadly force. Recent officer-involved shootings in the United States, and their subsequent media attention, have placed police use of deadly force at the forefront of political, academic, and policy conversations. While the extant literature has uncovered numerous structural, organizational, and situational predictors of police shootings, studies to date are more limited with respect to individual-level factors and have essentially ignored criminological theoretical constructs. Using Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime as a theoretical framework, the current study fills a gap in the literature by using personal and agency records of 1,935 Philadelphia police officers to examine the relationship between low self-control and officer-involved shootings. The results indicate that officers with lower self-control are significantly more likely to have been involved in a police shooting.

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Gibbs, John J., and Dennis Giever. "Self-control and its manifestations among university students: An empirical test of Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory." Justice Quarterly 12, no. 2 (1995): 231–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07418829500092661.

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Pyrooz, David C., Chris Melde, Donna L. Coffman, and Ryan C. Meldrum. "Selection, stability, and spuriousness: Testing Gottfredson and Hirschi's propositions to reinterpret street gangs in self‐control perspective *." Criminology 59, no. 2 (2021): 224–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12268.

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Jackson, Dylan B., and Michael G. Vaughn. "A Multi-Informant Study of the Role of Household Disorder in Low Self-Control." Criminal Justice and Behavior 45, no. 12 (2018): 1977–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854818799793.

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The current study expands upon Gottfredson and Hirschi’s (1990) General Theory of Crime by examining associations between multiple forms of household disorder and low self-control, as well as the potential for attenuated informal social controls within the home to account for these associations. Multi-informant data from the Fragile Families & Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS) are employed in the present study. Multiple regression-based techniques (e.g., negative binomial regression, logistic regression) are executed in a stepwise fashion to address our research questions. The findings indicate that one form of household disorder in particular, Household Health/Safety Hazards, yielded significant associations with low self-control across multiple model specifications. Informal social control exerted by parents within the home did not appear to explain this relationship. Future research should consider the possibility that certain forms of disorder in the immediate ecological context of the home may attenuate self-control and should explore other potential explanations of the findings.

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Ren, Ling, Jihong Zhao, and Yuchun Luo. "Testing the Dimensionality of Low Self-Control Across Three Groups of Chinese Adolescents." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 34, no. 2 (2018): 168–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043986218761934.

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The concept of Low Self-Control (LSC) has been a major focus of criminological theories since the publication of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s work in 1990. Although there is an increasing amount of literature devoted to exploring the precise theoretical construct of LSC, no consensus has been reached on the factorial structure of Grasmick et al.’s LSC measures. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factorial dimensionality of Grasmick et al.’s LSC measures in the Chinese setting. The data for this study come from three distinct samples collected in a Chinese province with a population of 47 million. The three samples represent high school students, troubled teens incarcerated in jail, and adjudicated juvenile offenders in prison in this province. Confirmatory factor analyses are utilized to conduct the factorial structure tests. Results provide strong support for a second-order or hierarchical model of LSC across the three groups. The key findings are discussed in terms of methodological, theoretical, and cultural dimensions.

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Baek, Hyunin, Jason A. Nicholson, and George E. Higgins. "Low Self-Control, Parental Intervention, and Delinquency Among Native American Youth." Race and Justice 10, no. 4 (2018): 379–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2153368718759402.

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Researchers in criminal justice literature have relatively underexamined the delinquency among Native American (NA) youth. Using data from the Drug Use Among Young Indians: Epidemiology and Prediction study, the present study tested assumptions in Gottfredson and Hirschi’s self-control theory. This study found evidence supporting the theory. Low self-control was a significant predictor to NA adolescents’ delinquency. However, parental intervention as an opportunity measure and it was not a mediation between low self-control and delinquency. Moreover, while parental intervention significantly decreased delinquency by female adolescents, parental intervention significantly increased delinquency by male adolescents. In addition, the mediation effect in structural equation modeling for males occurred; in contrast, the effect in the female model did not happen. On the other hand, low self-control was still the crucial predictor to adolescents’ delinquency across gender. Thus, future studies will need to account for the etiology of NA adolescents’ delinquency across gender using different approaches.

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Kabiri, Saeed, Seyyedeh Masoomeh (Shamila) Shadmanfaat, and Christopher M. Donner. "Examining the Effect of Ineffective Parenting and Low Self-Control on Athletes’ PED Use." International Criminal Justice Review 30, no. 4 (2019): 421–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1057567719832354.

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The prevalence of performance-enhancing drug (PED) use at different levels of professional sport has become an important social issue, particularly when considering recent high-profile incidents from professional sports and the Olympics. Due to the myriad of individual, team, and sociopolitical consequences that can stem from PED use, it becomes critical to study the etiology of PED involvement among athletes regarding this deviant behavior. Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime is one such theory that may aid in explaining this phenomenon. As such, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between effective parenting, self-control, and athletes’ use of banned PEDs. Survey data from 784 professional athletes in Iran were collected, and the findings indicated that ineffective parenting, low self-control capacity, and self-control desire had significant effects on PED use. In addition, moderation effects and gender analyses were examined. Specific findings, policy implications, and study limitations are discussed.

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Cheung, Yuet W., Susanne Y. P. Choi, and Adam K. L. Cheung. "Strain, Self-Control, and Spousal Violence: A Study of Husband-to-Wife Violence in Hong Kong." Violence and Victims 29, no. 2 (2014): 280–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-12-00071r2.

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This study examines the applicability of Agnew’s strain theory and Gottfredson and Hirschi’s self-control theory in explaining husband-to-wife psychological aggression and physical assault in a community survey of 871 couples in Hong Kong. Three strains, each belonging to 1 type of Agnew’s types of strain, were selected, namely, dissatisfaction with family financial situation, dissatisfaction with relationship with spouse, and physical abuse by parents in childhood. Self-control was measured with a simplified version of 12 items selected from the 24-item Self-control Scale developed by Grasmick, Tittle, Bursik, and Ameklev (1993). The conditioning effect of self-control on the relationship between strain and husband-to-wife violence was also examined. Results show that 2 of the 3 types of strain and self-control significantly affected both types of spousal violence. In addition, self-control has a conditioning effect on the relationship between strain and husband-to-wife violence, reducing the likelihood of strain leading to violence. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.

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Chui, Wing Hong, and Heng Choon (Oliver) Chan. "The Gendered Analysis of Self-Control on Theft and Violent Delinquency." Crime & Delinquency 62, no. 12 (2016): 1648–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128712470992.

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Despite previous gender-based studies of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s self-control theory, limited empirical attempts have been made outside of the Western hemisphere. This study is set to examine the cross-cultural and/or national boundaries generalizability of the self-control concepts in predicting gender differences on theft and violent delinquency in a rarely examined Hong Kong adolescent population. In addition, this study is among the first to investigate the age-effect gender differences on delinquency in the East. Using a cross-sectional design, 1,377 randomly selected native-Chinese secondary school–aged male and female adolescents of nine stratified randomly selected schools were surveyed. Multivariate analyses were used to examine gender differences, with and without controlling for the adolescent age, aside from the general offending propensity among Hong Kong adolescents with respect to their self-control level. Overall findings suggest that the relationship between low self-control indicators and types of delinquency differs across gender. Hence, findings of previous gender-based self-control studies conducted in the West are generally supported in this study. Implications, limitations, and future research directions are outlined.

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D’Anca, Alfred R. "Family and Self-Control: Evaluating Gottfredson and Hirschi’s General Theory of Crime in the Context of Catholic Social Teaching." Catholic Social Science Review 11 (2006): 9–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/cssr2006111.

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