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Journal articles on the topic 'Government, 1930'
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1
Jeřábek, Martin. "Srovnání krize parlamentarismu v Německu a Rakousku, 1930–1934." HISTORICKÁ SOCIOLOGIE 14, no. 2 (November 15, 2022): 63–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/23363525.2022.17.
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The main goal of the article is to compare the crisis of the role of the German Reichstag und Austrian Nationalrat in the early 1930’s and how the relationship parliament-government/president was influenced in that respect. We argue that the German system of emergency decrees of the President (Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution) systematically undermined the German parliament in favour of state bureaucracy and a technocratic government. In Austria, since March 4, 1933 Dollfuss coalition of the right wing of Political Catholicism with the Heimwehr implemented a degree law with the War Economy Empowering Act (KWEG) as a tool to govern without parliament. The period of the Chancellors H. Brüning (1930–1932, presidential government) and E. Dollfuss (April 1932 – March 4th, 1933, parliamentary government Dollfuss) constitute the first stage of the weakening of the parliamentary system. In the second stage in Germany since June 1932, the reactionary anti-parliamentary option of the Chancellors F. v. Papen and K. v. Schleicher (presidential dictatorship) created a power vacuum without any viable alternative. We found comparable anti-Marxism aspects of Austrian and German administrations. The difference was the final “totalitarian result” of the analysed period. In Germany the Nazis won, and Adolf Hitler was appointed German chancellor on January 30th, 1933. In contrast, Dollfuss withstood the onslaught from Austrian Nazis in the critical time 1933/1934, and established so called “Estates state”, conservative oriented dictatorship.
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Xu, Guangqiu. "Anglo-American Rivalry for Military Aviation in Southern China in the 1930s." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 7, no. 3-4 (1998): 187–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187656198793646031.
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AbstractIn the 1930s, the Nationalist government in Nanking faced two major problems: warlord rebellions and Japan’s invasion. Established in 1928, the Nationalist government led by Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek exerted power in North China after suppressing the rebellions in that area in 1930, but the local governments in South China maintained their own armies and bases largely directed against this central government. Political divisions and tensions persisted. In May 1931, the Canton authorities rebelled against the Nationalist government, and a new full-scale civil war seemed imminent. The Manchurian Incident and subsequent invasion and occupation of Manchuria by the Japanese Army served to bolster national patriotism against Japan and, in response to public pressure, the Nanking and Canton governments held a series of peace conferences. The Canton government was forced to abolish its “Nationalist Government,” yet Kwangtung and Kwangsi Provinces remained functionally independent of Nanking until 1936.
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Markovskyi, Andrii. "PARALLELS OF GERMAN AVANT-GARDE ARCHITECTURE AND DEVELOPMENT IN KYIV." Current problems of architecture and urban planning, no. 58 (November 30, 2020): 302–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2020.58.302-313.
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The article presents a comparative analysis of some key objects of German and Kyiv architecture of the early twentieth century to determine the corresponding trends. Parallels and identities are shown and noted. An analysis of the background and context is given, as well as the author's conclusions of the respective styles. In particular, German Werkbund, international Art Nouveau, Ukrainian architectural Art Nouveau, "New Objectivity", Bauhaus, functionalism, constructivism, post-constructivism, German and Soviet neoclassicism are mentioned.
Were analyzed in detail: The Fagus Factory (1910-1911) by Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer, Centennial Hall (1911-1913) by the Max Berg, the Kyiv district power plant (named after Stalin), (1926–1930) by Mikhailo Parusnikov with the participation of George Goltz and Andrey Burov, Rolit (1932) by Vasul. Krychesky, Ehrentempel (1933–1936) and The Haus der Kunst in Munich (1933 - 1937) by Paul Ludwig Troost, competitive proposals for the construction of the Government Quarter in Kyiv (1934 - 1935) and the hotel within the Government Quarter (1939). Mentioned Esposizione Universale Roma (EUR) by Marcello Piacentini, projects by Albert Speer and others.
The article summarizes a series of author's researches devoted to a detailed analysis of international context and parallels of Kyiv architecture which is represented in the background of the consistent artistic transitions (from eclecticism and historical reminiscences to modernism, from Art Nouveau to avant-garde, from constructivism to Soviet neoclassicism and, finally, from Stalinist empire to modernism).
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Abd Wahab, Norazilawati, Arba'iyah Mohd Noor, Ruhaizan Sulaiman, and Ruzaini Sulaiman. "Peranan Badan Kerajaan dalam Perusahaan dan Perniagaan Orang Melayu di Terengganu, 1900-1941." SEJARAH 31, no. 1 (June 25, 2022): 65–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/sejarah.vol31no1.4.
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Government bodies play an important role in generating a balanced development of a state. In fact, the development of a society is also closely related to the systems and policies that have been established by a government body. This happens because the government body is one of the main agents and driving tools in changing society from a static and traditional to a more developed and progressive society. Therefore, this article aims to see the extent of the role played by government bodies such as Terengganu Town Council (Majlis Bandaran Terengganu), Terengganu Arts and Craft Society (TACS), Malayan Art and Craft Society (MACS), Malayan Agri-Horticultural Association (M.A.H.A), British Empire Exhibition (B.E.E) and the Trade and Industry's Office in helping the Malay enterprise and business activities in Terengganu from 1900 to 1941. This study used a qualitative method which had involved collecting and analysing data from primary sources obtained from the National Archives of Malaysia such as CO 840/1 (Terengganu Administration Report, 1910-1930), CO 840/2 (Terengganu Administration Report 1931-1940), Terengganu State Secretary File, and British Adviser Terengganu File. In addition, secondary sources such as journals, books, book chapters, and magazines were also utilised to further strengthen the study conducted. The results of the study found that the existence of various government bodies in Terengganu managed to play a significant role in developing Malay enterprises and businesses in Terengganu from 1900 to 1941.
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Kollmann, Trevor M., and Price V. Fishback. "The New Deal, Race, and Home Ownership in the 1920s and 1930s." American Economic Review 101, no. 3 (May 1, 2011): 366–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.3.366.
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Many federal government housing policies began during the New Deal of the 1930s. Many claim that minorities benefitted less from these policies than whites. We estimate the relationships between policies in the 1920s and 1930s and black and white home ownership in farm and nonfarm settings using a pseudo-panel of repeated cross-sections of households in 1920, 1930, and 1940 matched with policy measures in 460 state economic areas. The policies examined include FHA mortgage insurance, HOLC loan refinancing, state mortgage moratoria, farm loan programs, public housing, public works and relief, and payments to farmers to take land out of production.
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Akopyan, Victor Z. "NATIONAL DIVISIONS IN GOVERNMENT BODIES OF TERSK DISTRICT (1920-1930)." Гуманитарные и юридические исследования, no. 1 (2022): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37493/2409-1030.2022.1.1.
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Afandi, Alifia Nurhusna, Aprilia Iva Swastika, and Ervin Yunus Evendi. "PENDIDIKAN PADA MASA PEMERINTAH KOLONIAL DI HINDIA BELANDA TAHUN 1900-1930." Jurnal Artefak 7, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.25157/ja.v7i1.3038.
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Pada artikel ini membahas tentang pendidikan yang dilaksanakan pemerintahan kolonial di Hindia Belanda selama tahun 1900-1930 dimana diawali karena kritik dari berbagai pihak yang kemudian memunculkan politik etis kebijakannya antara lain emigrasi, edukasi, dan irigasi kebijakan politik etis seharusnya mampu memberikan kesempatan rakyat untuk menjadi lebih sejahtera karena salah satu kebijakannya adalah edukasi dengan adanya pendidikan merupakan awal untuk perubahan dan perkembangan dalam segala aspek. Tujuan penulisan artikel ini adalah untuk mengetahui apa yang melatarbelakangi pelaksanaan pendidikan pada masa pemerintahan kolonial tahun 1900-1930 serta pelaksanaan pendidikan pada masa pemerintahan kolonial tahun 1900-1930 Selain itu bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan ataupun persamaan model pendidikan masa pemerintahan kolonial dengan sekarang, dan untuk membuka wawasan penulis serta pembaca tentang proses munculnya sistem pendidikan formal bagi masyarakat pribumi pada masa pemerintahan kolonial serta bagaimana pelaksanaanya. Untuk mengetahui yang melatarbelakangi dan bagaimana pelaksanaan pendidikan yang diterapkan pemerintahan kolonial Belanda maka dalam artikel ini menggunakan metode studi pustaka dengan menelaah atau mengeksplorasi beberapa buku, jurnal, maupun dokumen baik cetak maupun elektronik yang dianggap revelan dengan kajian yang dilakukan. Hasilnya pada periode 1900 hingga 1930 pendidikan di Indonesia mengalami kemajuan dimana pendidikan yang pada awalnya dibatasi dengan kekuasaan pada waktu itu mulai melebur penduduk pribumi memiliki kesempatan untuk bisa melanjutkan ke sekolah lanjutan bahkan hingga sekolah tinggi walaupun masih terdapat pendiskriminasian selain itu juga muncul beberapa sekolah dasar berbahasa belanda bagi pribumi 1900-an anak rakyat biasa mulai dikenalkan dengan bahasa belanda di beberapa sekolah namun tetap dengan catatan setiap jenjangnya selalu ada perbedaan.This article talking about education carried out by Dutch Government in Dutch East Indies during 1900-1930 caused by criticisms from various parties that bring out ethical politic. Its policies are emigration, education, and immigration. Ethical Politic's policies should be able to give people opportunity become more prosperous, because one of the policies is education. Education is a beginning for change and development in all aspects. The purposes of this article are to find out the educational background in the 1900-1930 colonial government and the educational implementation in the 1900-1930 colonial government. Furthermore, the other purposes to find out the differences and the equations of education between during the Dutch Colonial and nowadays, and to open the readers and writer's insights about the process of the formal education system for natives during colonial and how to do it. According to those purposes, in this article the writer use literature review method by studying or exploring several books, journals, or documents wether it's printed or electronic that relevant to the study conducted. The results are, in the period 1900 until 1930 education in Indonesia progressed. Education that was intially restricted by power at that time start to dissolved. Natives had opportunity to continued to the secondary school even to the college in spite of the discrimination. Moreover, there were some elementary schools in Dutch for 1900s natives. Commoners' children began to be introduced to the Dutch language in several schools but still, in each level there were always differences.
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Dajković, Aleksandar. "Urban development of Cetinje and Bari observed through of the activities of Augusto Cesare Corradini (1900-1931)." Arhitektura i urbanizam, no. 53 (2021): 48–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/a-u0-32734.
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The paper presents the chronological development of urbanism in Cetinje and Bari observed through the work of Italian architect Augusto Cesare Corradini (Augusto Cesare Corradini 1860-1932). Corradini contributed to the intensive urban and architectural development of Cetinje, the former capital of Montenegro, in the period 1900-1912, and Bari, the center of the Pula region, especially in the period 1905-1931. In these environments, he managed to define spaces with recognizable urban-architectural creations with an artistic sign, either as a segment of international eclecticism, such as the Russian legation in Cetinje (1900), Fizzarotti Palace (1906-1908) and Ingami Scalvini Palace (1923) or rationalism/modernism, such as the Fiat Palace (1925) and the pavilion of the Navigation Company of Puglia (1930) in Bari. Corradini especially defined the urban identity of cities with monumental buildings and complexes - the Government House in Cetinje (1910), and the Fiera del Levante (1928) in Bari. Aimed at acting in different environments and socio-political systems, his work had a special architectural expression with an undoubtedly semantic character. With new stylistic concepts and forms of spatial organization, he permanently influenced the modern urbanarchitectural processes of the mentioned cities, and the status of his work as national cultural goods confirms its importance as a unique combination of functional and decorative, artistic and technical. Through his integral view of urban trends and Corradini's work in Cetinje and Bari, the strong influence of this Italian architect on the formation of unique urban matrices can be seen.
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Kusuma, Ananta Dharma. "Perkembangan Kota Jombang masa kepemimpinan R.A.A. Soeroadiningrat 1910-1930." Historiography 2, no. 1 (January 30, 2022): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um081v2i12022p119-129.
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During the Dutch colonial administration, administratively Jombang was part of the Mojokerto Afdeling and only in 1910 underwent a separation into its own afdeling with the first regent R.A.A. Soeroadiningrat. Jombang Regency was then able to regulate its own government thanks to the decentralization law that was formed by the colonial parties in the early 20th century. This paper focuses on the problem of the dynamics of the development of Jombang City from being previously part of the Mojokerto afdeling to getting the authority to regulate its own government, at a glance about the biography of the first Regent of Jombang, namely RAA Soeroadiningrat and the last one discussing the development of infrastructure in Jombang City during the RAA Soeroadiningrat period. This paper uses a historical method consisting of topic selection, heuristics, interpretation and historiography. The purpose of this paper is to provide information to the public about the history of Jombang City during the colonial period, especially in the period 1910-1930. During the Dutch colonial administration, administratively Jombang was part of the Mojokerto Afdeling and only in 1910 underwent a separation into its own afdeling with the first regent R.A.A. Soeroadiningrat. Jombang Regency was then able to regulate its own government thanks to the decentralization law that was formed by the colonial parties in the early 20th century. This paper focuses on the problem of the dynamics of the development of Jombang City from being previously part of the Mojokerto afdeling to getting the authority to regulate its own government, at a glance about the biography of the first Regent of Jombang, namely RAA Soeroadiningrat and the last one discussing the development of infrastructure in Jombang City during the RAA Soeroadiningrat period. This paper uses a historical method consisting of topic selection, heuristics, interpretation and historiography. The purpose of this paper is to provide information to the public about the history of Jombang City during the colonial period, especially in the period 1910-1930.
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Khudoyorov, Noyibjon Maripjonovich. "COLLECTIVIZATION POLICY OF THE SOVIET GOVERNMENT IN UZBEKISTAN (AS AN EXAMPLE 1920-1930)." Frontline Social Sciences and History Journal 02, no. 02 (February 1, 2022): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/social-fsshj-02-02-12.
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In this article has been analyzed the collectivization policy of the Soviet government and its implementation, why the Bolsheviks decided to mass collectivize agriculture in the Union in the late 1920s, and how the mechanism for implementing this idea was developed, based on primary sources and scientific literature.
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Potapova, N. A. "The Korean diaspora in the USSR in the 1930s." BULLETIN of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. HISTORICAL SCIENCES. PHILOSOPHY. RELIGION Series 135, no. 2 (2021): 48–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7255-2021-135-2-48-62.
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The article is devoted to the so-called Korean problem in the Soviet Union and ways to find ways to solve it. The Bolsheviks inherited from the Russian Empire the unresolved issue of active settlement of the Far East by Koreans. The migration from Japanese Korea was massive and uncontrolled. Unlike the Chinese, who settled all over the Soviet Union, Koreans settled compactly in the far eastern region. According to the 1937 census, the diaspora in the USSR numbered about 200,000 people. Since the 1920s, the Bolshevik government has attempted to solve the Korean question in the country, including repression of the diaspora. However, the Bolsheviks resorted to drastic and decisive measures in the 1930s. At this time, persecution of the Korean population increased. The main reason for persecution was the desire of the Bolshevik government to rid the country of «unreliable» and «dangerous» elements. The repression of Koreans in the 1930s can be divided into two stages. The first stage covers the period from the beginning of the new decade to the summer of 1937. This period is characterized by sporadic arrests of the Korean population, with the peak of persecution being in 1931- 1932 due to the occupation of Manchuria by Japan and, consequently, a new wave of the Korean population emerged in the Soviet Far East. The Japanese military threat was the main reason for the Bolshevik government to look for foreign spies and agents in the USSR, and the population living in territories occupied by Japan and ending up in the Soviet Union were charged with Japanese espionage. The Koreans therefore became a category of the so-called fifth column. The targeted repressions in the first half of the 1930s were replaced by mass punitive actions in the second half of the 1930s, which reached their peak in 1937-1938. The repression of Koreans in 1937- 1938 comprised conditionally two punitive campaigns. The first campaign was the deportation of far eastern Koreans to Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. The second was the arrests and convictions of the Korean population during the period of the Great Terror as part of the mass operations of the NKVD (The People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs ), particularly the «Harbin» operation. Before 1937-1938, arrests and convictions of Koreans ranged in the hundreds. Thus, for example, in 1933 213 persons were convicted of espionage, in 1934 - 104, in 1935 - 200. During the period of the Big Terror only under the order No.00593 there were convicted about 5 thousand Koreans.
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Sukhobokova, Olga. "Canadian governments policy on Ukrainian immigration in the 1910s – 1930s." American History & Politics: Scientific edition, no. 11 (2021): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2021.11.3.
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The article examines Canadian immigration policy toward Ukrainians in the 1910s-1930s. At this time, following the tumultuous Ukrainian immigration organized by W. Laurier’s government, subsequent Canadian governments (Robert Borden, Arthur Meighen, Mackenzie King, Richard Bennet) restricted immigration from Eastern Europe, including from Ukrainian lands. The aim of the article is to analyze the main approaches of Canadian governments during this period to the immigration of Ukrainians, the formation of appropriate legislation and practice. Research methods. General scientific principles, interdisciplinary approaches (history, law, sociology) and special historical methods, in particular comparative and retrospective analysis, are used. They were used to analyze the origins and political and legal rationale for changes in Canadian immigration law and their implementation in practice. Emphasis is placed on the attitude of Canadian politicians and society to East Slavic, including Ukrainian, immigration, and its influence on official government policy. The scientific novelty of the study is to consider Canada’s immigration policy towards Ukrainians in the 1910s and 1930s in terms of its political and economic development, using mainly Canadian English-language sources and literature. Conclusions. Objective domestic and foreign policy circumstances due to the First World War and the economic development of Canada (the transition from agro-industrial to industrial-agrarian economy) had a significant impact on the formation of immigration policy of the government of R. Borden, along with the theoretical concepts of the Conservatives. It was they who played a leading role in determining the position of Ukrainian immigrants not only on the conservative government of R. Borden (1911–1920), but also remained in power under the liberal government of Mackenzie King. Despite some positive changes for Ukrainian immigrants in the 1920s, the Great Depression in the mid-1930s virtually halted the flow of immigration from Ukrainian lands. However, even under these circumstances, Canada remained one of the priorities for Ukrainians, and in the interwar period became the leader among American countries in the number of admitted Ukrainian immigrants.
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Frey, Yves. "The crisis of the thirties. The Poles: out!" Polonia Inter Gentes, no. 3 (February 1, 2023): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.56583/pig.2078.
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The economic crisis began in France in the second half of 1930. It reached its peak in 1934 and 1935 and resulted in a very high unemployment rate. To cope with these difficulties, the French government decided to protect French workers by limiting the number of foreign workers. The Poles had to return to their country under increasingly restrictive conditions. Woe betide strikers, union members and communists. The number of Poles fell by 17% between 1931 and 1936. After the respite provided by the Front Populaire, which was more concerned about foreign workers, the Poles lived in fear of having to leave France. The most politically committed joined the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War.
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BELKHAROEV, KH U. "ON THE ISSUE OF THE SANCTIONS CONFRONTATION BETWEEN THE SOVIET STATE AND UNFRIENDLY COUNTRIES DURING THE PERIOD OF INDUSTRIALIZATION AND THE COLD WAR: HUNGER, GRAIN, LACK OF FOOD (1917-1991)." Lobbying in the Legislative Process 3, no. 1 (January 24, 2024): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2782-7372-2024-3-1-9-14.
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The paper examines the problems of the sanctions confrontation between the Soviet state and unfriendly countries during the period of industrialization and the Cold War. The main periods of aggravation of interstate relations, which contributed to the tightening of mutual restrictive measures, are considered. It is shown that the ongoing reforms and other initiatives of the leadership of Soviet Russia became the reason for the confrontation for many subsequent years, which were initially initiated by England and France. It is revealed that the “golden blockade”, introduced since 1925, turned out to be a heavy burden, having worked out options for exhausting the Soviet government, strategic opponents refused to accept gold as payment for the supplied equipment, machinery and technologies, supplies were carried out only when paying with grain, timber, petroleum products and other raw materials. Due to the past lean seasons in Europe, starting in 1930, Western exporters persistently demanded payment in bread, which subsequently served as the main factor of famine in the USSR (1932-1933). Drought and crop failures in 1931 became tragic for the Soviet people, these circumstances contributed to the loss of the threshold of food security of the country. It has been revealed that the measures introduced by Western countries were directly aimed at stimulating and whipping up protest sentiments in our country, which they tried to use against the Soviet government.
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Wieczynski, Joseph L. "Molotov and Soviet Government: Sovnarkom, 1930–41." History: Reviews of New Books 25, no. 3 (April 1997): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1997.9952831.
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Huskey, Eugene, and Derek Watson. "Molotov and Soviet Government: Sovnarkom, 1930-41." American Historical Review 103, no. 2 (April 1998): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2649867.
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Stemplowski, Ryszard. "Empresas europeas y Chile en la época de la Gran Depresión, 1930-1933." Estudios Latinoamericanos 10 (December 27, 1985): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.36447/estudios1985.v10.art5.
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The article is a printed version of a speech that was presented at the 6th meeting of European Latin American Historians (Stockholm 1981). The article is mostly a presentation of macroeconomic data about the Foreign Investment and Foreign owned companies in Chile 1930-1933. The majority of foreign capital based companies were active in the sulfur and oil industries, as well as banking and retail. In the period from June to September the Socialist Republic of Chile existed. The article discusses the issue of the economic policies of the government of Chile and the governments of European countries policies that influenced foreign owned businesses in Chile.
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Suzuki, Masao. "Success Story? Japanese Immigrant Economic Achievement and Return Migration, 1920–1930." Journal of Economic History 55, no. 4 (December 1995): 889–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700042200.
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Even in a country whose patron saint is the Horatio Alger hero, there is no parallel to their [the Japanese American] success strory.The view that Japanese and other Asian Americans constituted an economic success story gained popularity in the mass media and among scholars during the 1960s. At a time when the demands of the Civil Rights movement were challenging the government to redress the racism ingrown in American society, Japanese and other Asian Americans were often held up as “model minorities” who had overcome discrimination through their own efforts and without aid from government laws or service programs2. This practise has led to a debate over both the extent of the successs of Asian Americans and the reasons for their economic achievement3.
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Heine, Michael. "Wie Deflationen entstehen - und was (nicht nur) die SPD von Brüning gelernt hat." PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 34, no. 134 (March 1, 2004): 105–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v34i134.643.
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During the years 1930 - 1932 the Bruning government tried to fight against the results of the Great Depression with wage cuts and liscal restraint. In this they followed the advice of the neo-classical school of economics. This article shows that the economic policy of both the SPD-Green Federal Government and the SPD-PDS coalition in Berlin is based on the same logic, but - compared to Bruning - with even weaker arguments. As a result the danger of a deflationary spiral will increase.
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Sinelnikova, E. F. "The Russian Physicochemical Society at the end of its history (1917–1930)." Memoirs of NovSU, no. 5 (2023): 474–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.34680/2411-7951.2023.5(50).474-480.
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The article analyzes the activities of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society (RFCS) in the last period of its existence – 1917–1930. The authors characterized scientific-organizational and publishing work, financial and administration problems of the functioning of the RFCS, its relationship with central and local authorities. The study is based on various sources, primarily the RFCS and government bodies archival materials stored in the State Achieves of Russian Federation and the Central State Archives of St. Petersburg. The article shows that the RFCS in the post-revolutionary period continued to hold meetings, made and discussed its members scientific speeches, published its own journal, developed scientific links, including international ones. The fruitful and varied activities of the RFCS contributed to the development of physical and chemical research in Soviet Russia. However, the RFCS could not be kept in its former form in the conditions of the reorganization of science at the turn of the 1920–1930s.
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Akyeampong, Emmanuel. "What's in a Drink? Class Struggle, Popular Culture and the Politics of Akpeteshie (Local Gin) in Ghana, 1930–67." Journal of African History 37, no. 2 (July 1996): 215–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700035209.
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This article examines the history of akpeteshie (local gin) in Ghana from its illicit origins and widespread distillation in the 1930s to about 1967, when the Convention People's Party – seen as the ‘champion’ of the akpeteshie industry – was overthrown. Akpeteshie distillation proliferated when temperance interests succeeded in pressuring the colonial government into raising tariffs on imported liquor in 1930, just before the onset of a world-wide depression. Urban and rural workers, unable to afford expensive imported gin, became the patrons of akpeteshie. For urban workers, akpeteshie came to underpin an emerging popular culture.Akpeteshie distillation threatened the colonial government's prior dependence on revenue from imported liquor, raised the specter of crime and disorder, compromised colonial concerns about urban space, exposed the weakness of colonial rule and eventually led the British government into the embarrassing diplomatic position of seeking an alteration of the Saint Germain Convention of 1919 that had banned commercial distillation of spirits in the African colonies.By the 1940s, akpeteshie had emerged as an important symbol of African grievances under colonial rule. It became entwined in nationalist politics from the 1940s, and its legalization was one of the first legislative acts passed by the independent Ghanaian government. But the overwhelming African support for akpeteshie as an indigenous drink aside, the drink conjured images of class and popular protest that divided Ghanaian society and would unnerve independent African governments. As a cheap drink, akpeteshie became associated with the working-class experience, reflecting the social inequities within Ghanaian society and the undelivered promises of the independence struggle.
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Ponomareva, Maria, and Angelina Saroglidi. "Creation of Agitation and Propaganda Structures in the Don and Kuban in the 20—30s of the 20th Century." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2021, no. 12-1 (December 1, 2021): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202112statyi44.
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This study significantly expands the horizons of historical science itself, since it fills the gaps in the study of the propaganda activities of the Soviet government in southern Russia in 1920-1930. The important role of propaganda activities on the Don during the formation of Soviet power is shown. The influence of agitators on economic problems in the region during the period of the end of production development, NEP and the beginning of collectivization.
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Coleman, Marie. "The Irish Hospitals Sweepstake in the United States of America, 1930–39." Irish Historical Studies 35, no. 138 (November 2006): 220–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400004909.
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From its foundation in 1930 until the end of 1934 the Irish Hospitals Sweepstake sold the overwhelming majority of its tickets in Great Britain. Alarmed at the success of an enterprise that was illegal in its jurisdiction and that resulted in a considerable financial drain to the Irish Free State’s hospital service, the British government enacted a Betting and Lotteries Act in 1934 to curtail the sale of Irish sweepstake tickets there. The result was a substantial decline in British contributions to the sweepstake and in the overall income from ticket sales. The British action threatened the continued existence and success of the venture.
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Pothmann, Ute. "„Ära Voss“." Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 58, no. 1 (May 24, 2017): 279–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2017-0011.
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Abstract This article investigates one stage in the career of Dr. Wilhelm Voss (1896-1974) who was a chartered accountant, manager of the Reichswerke “Hermann Göring” and armament adviser to the Egyptian government after World War II. During the Weimar republic Voss was a respected association official and chartered accountant without a political background. Between spring 1933 and autumn 1934 he integrated himself fast and successfully into the Nazi regime. The article explores Voss’ actions, his motives and family background as well as professional points of contact to National Socialism. At the same time it reveals the difficult development of chartered accountancy as a profession in Germany around 1930 and attempts to professionalize the occupation by different individuals and organisations. This paper takes up new research approaches to the history of elites. The source material is evaluated on the four analysis levels of “authority”, “situation”, “profession” and “self-image”.
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Garin, E. E. "ATTEMPTS TO SOLVE THE ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL PROBLEMS OF SIBERIA BY THE BOLSHEVIKS IN 1920–1930 Abstract." Northern Archives and Expeditions 6, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31806/2542-1158-2022-6-1-201-207.
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The purpose of this study is to study the organization and the main stages of the activities of the central and regional bodies of Soviet power to solve the problem of the administrative-territorial structure of Siberia in the 1920– 1930. Objectives of the study: 1. To reveal the relationship of Sibrevkom with the central and local bodies of Soviet power. 2. To investigate the project of Sibrevkom on the administrative-territorial division of Siberia. 3. To analyze the main stages of the transformation of the administrative-territorial structure of Siberia in 1920–1930. The object of the study is the administrative-territorial bodies of Soviet power on the territory of Siberia in 1020–1930. The subject of the research is the activities of the party and Soviet bodies to solve the problem of the administrative-territorial structure of Siberia in the first post-revolutionary decades of Soviet power. The article notes that the beginning of solving the problem of the administrative-territorial structure of Siberia was laid by the creation, by decision of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of August 27, 1919, of the Siberian Revolutionary Committee (Sibrevkom) as the authorized body of Soviet power to maintain revolutionary order in Siberia and lead all administrative-territorial bodies local authorities. The activities of the central bodies of the party and Soviet authorities in the search for optimal forms of government in Siberia are revealed in the main stages, determined by economic and political factors. At the first stage in 1923–1924. volosts were transformed into districts, which made it possible to bring authorities closer to the population and take into account their general economic needs. At the second stage (1924–1925) districts were created as administrative units, which included several districts each. The stage ended with the formation of the Siberian Territory, the highest administrative body of which was the Siberian Regional Executive Committee. In order to more effectively manage the territories of Siberia, at the third stage, which ended in 1930, Sibkrai was divided into the West Siberian and East Siberian territories. Taking into account the interests of Soviet, economic and public organizations, at the fourth stage in 1934, territories and regions were created, including the Krasnoyarsk Territory on December 7, 1934. Thus, the changes in the administrative-territorial structure of Siberia were based on socio-economic and national factors. The process of searching for optimal forms of governance in Siberia was completed with the formation of regions and territories, and thus an attempt was made to find the balance of power between the regions and the center necessary to solve the problems of a particular time.
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Gyford, John. "County government and labour politics in Essex, 1930–1965." Local Government Studies 15, no. 6 (November 1989): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03003938908433498.
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Zhitkov, Oleksandr. "„Revoljucіjjnijj sojuz robіtnikіv і seljan” v ukraїnskіjj marksistskіjj іstorіografії 1920 – 1930-kh rr." Pomiędzy. Polonistyczno-Ukrainoznawcze Studia Naukowe 2, no. 1 (2016): 90–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/pomi201606.
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„The revolutionary worker-peasant alliance” in Ukrainian marxist historiography of the 1920 – 1930-ies. Th e author of this article has studied the original material, revealing the opportunity of totalitarian period historiographical sources decontruction. Th e formation of the Soviet discourse of the historical and chronological matrix (scheme), so called „Lenin’s concept of the working class and peasantry alliance during the Revolution and Civil War” has been enlightened. Th e infl uence of Bolshevism ideology on the historical science has been shown. Th e reasons of Soviet historical narrative fl uctuation in Ukrainian „Marxist school” historiography of the 1920 – 1930-ies have been defi ned. Th e idea of the „Marxist historiography” going through a period of disengagement and uncertainity concerning the solution of national and social components of history under conditions of totalitarian USSR society has been grounded. It is evident that its social paradigm was close to the national concept, while the ideological pressure of the totalitarian system and political control of the government forced the Ukrainian Soviet historians to prioritize the development of the 1917 – 1920 Proletarian Revolution and Civil War class schema in Ukraine.
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Augustine-Adams, Kif. "Making Mexico: Legal Nationality, Chinese Race, and the 1930 Population Census." Law and History Review 27, no. 1 (2009): 113–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s073824800000167x.
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“Take the census; make the country. Let's do both together!” “Hacer censos, es hacer Patria. Ayúdenos a hacerlos” cajoled one bold, bright poster in the days before May 15, 1930 when census takers dispersed across Mexico to count its inhabitants. Other placards similarly played on multiple meanings for the verb “hacer”—to make or to do: “Taking a census will make the country …” “Hagamos censos y haremos patria…” At the same time, within that collective nation-building, a census jingle affirmed individual importance: “A census is a count. He who is numbered, counts. And he who counts, succeeds.” “Un censo es una cuenta. El que censa, cuenta. Y el que cuenta, acierta.” In government propaganda, the 1930 census made Mexico and drew its inhabitants into the national fold, an ongoing, delicate project after the fratricide of the 1910 Revolution.
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Dillon, Michael. "Fang Zhimin, Jingdezhen and the Northeast Jiangxi Soviet." Modern Asian Studies 26, no. 3 (July 1992): 569–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00009914.
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In June 1930, units of the 10th Red Army, which had been formed in northeastern Jiangxi by Fang Zhimin and Shao Shiping, entered the ancient porcelain town of Jingdezhen. The capture of the town brought the modern revolutionary politics of the Chines Communits Party (CCP) into contact with the local government and trades union organizations of a conservative, traditionally-minded town. Jingdezhen remained under the influence of the Red Army from 1930 until the strategic withdrawal from the Northeast Jiangxi Soviet in 1933 which was the forerunner of the complete withdrawal from the Jiangxi base areas and the Long March. There is ample information on the organization of the N.E. Jiangxi Soviet base and its best-known leader, Fang Zhimin, but most studies concentrate on the political structure of the Soviet government, the career and personality of Fang and the peasant milieu in which the Soviet emerged.1 Jingdezhen was not a peasant society or a major city: it was an intermediate small town world with part of the population permanently resident and many seasonal workers from the rural areas who provided a link with peasant communities.
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Heras, Raúl Garcia. "Foreign Business-Host Government Relations: The Anglo Argentine Tramways Co. Ltd. of Buenos Aires, 1930–1966." Itinerario 19, no. 1 (March 1995): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300021197.
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From 1880 to 1930, Argentina received hundreds of millions of pounds of British investments, making it in an economic sense a British dominion. The world economic crisis of the 1930s forced both Britain and Argentina t o reconsider many of these economic ties. The changing Anglo-Argentine relationship is reflected in the complex relations between a British tramway company, the Anglo Argentine Tramways Co. Ltd., that operated in Buenos Aires and the Argentine national government between the onset of the Great Depression and the early 1960s. The Anglo, as the company was popularly known, was the main tramway concern diat offered public transportation and contributed to the urban development of a cosmopolitan Latin American metropolis until 1914. Second, the history of the company illustrates political and economic problems that plagued the links between foreign public utilities and the host government from the 1930s onwards. Third, since the Anglo belonged to SOFINA, a transnational holding company with worldwide investments in public transportation and electric power stations, our case study shows the limitations of Sofina's political power in Britain and Argentina.
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SOLOMON, SUSAN GROSS. "The Limits of Government Patronage of Sciences: Social Hygiene and the Soviet State, 1920–1930." Social History of Medicine 3, no. 3 (1990): 405–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/shm/3.3.405.
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Myrzataeva, Z., D. Alipova, K. Zhumabaeva, S. Z. Sapanov, and A. S. Ualtayeva. "THE ROLE OF THE OIL INDUSTRY IN THE PUBLIC AND POLITICAL LIFE OF THE ATYRAU REGION IN 1920-1930S." History of the Homeland 97, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.51943/1814-6961_2022_1_139.
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In article considers the role of oil industry in the social and political life of Atyrau region in 1920-1930 based on Atyrau state regional archive. 20-30 years of XX century in social and political life of Atyrau region played a significant role in development of the oil industry. The formation and development of research of oil industry in the Kazakh Soviet Union and Atyrau (Guryev) region in 1920-1930, the labor and welfare of workers, the social status of workers was a relevant issue. The Soviet government paid great attention to the involvement of indigenous population of the country (Kazakhs) in these industries. Kazakhs had working together with other nationalities and made a huge contribution to the development of both oil industry. Mostly the changes and development of oil industry in Atyrau region occurred at the end of the XIX century. The basis of personnel potential was made by impoverished Kazakh sharua, hired workers, Russian immigrants, the poorest layers of urban population, the lowest military ranks, as well as specialists invited from the inner provinces of Russia. The development of Emba field were great importance to the economy of the Soviet Union and Kazakh Soviet Union. However, despite the great contribution of these industries to the country’s economy, the Soviet government did not pay due attention to the development of oil industry in Atyrau region and considered it as a raw material appendage of the center.
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Akbar, Muh, and Aman Aman. "The Revolt of the Crew of De Zeven Provincien and the Activities of the National Movement of 1930-1933." Diakronika 23, no. 2 (December 28, 2023): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/diakronika/vol23-iss2/258.
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World history records that at the end of 1920, the global community was hit by a very dramatic economic depression, which resulted in protests by the people as a result of cuts in the wages of civil servants in all circles, both Dutch and Indigenous nationalities, by 17%, wage cuts were part of the efforts government to reduce the gap between government revenues and spending when the economic depression has caused government revenues in an emergency. The relationship between the rebellion of the Crew of De Zeven Provincien and the activities of the national movement during the reign of Governor-General Jhr. B.C. De Jonge. After the uprising immediately, the Dutch East Indies government, under the leadership of Governor-General Jhr. B.C. De Jonge carried out reactionary and violent politics against the activities of the national movement. Movement organizations were increasingly under pressure from the colonial government, and some radical and revolutionary movement figures were even arrested. The research method used is the historical method, namely heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography, and this research uses library research where the researcher examines several sources related to this research. Thus, it can be concluded that in the De Zeven Provincien Crew Mutiny in 1933, Governor General Jhr. B.C. De Jonge put more pressure on the national movement organization in Indonesia.
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Kang, JiHye. "A Study on the “Gyeongseong Government Famous Female Entertainers List” in the Imperial Japan’s Forced Occupation Period." Korean Society of Gyobang and Culture 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 31–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.58936/gcr.2023.12.3.2.31.
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The purpose of this study was to reveal its production period by analyzing the “Gyeongseong Government Famous Female Entertainers List”, which was recently released to the academic world. The “Gyeongseong Government Famous Female Entertainers List” is a kind of ‘draft diary’ that records the list of Gisaeng (government female entertainers) belonging to Gwonbeon (government female entertainers guild) located in Gyeongseong-bu at the time. As Gwonbeon refers to a Gisaeng guild, it was in charge of teaching Gisaeng’s traditional performing arts and at the same time served as a business agency that managed Gisaeng. When a guest visiting a restaurant requested Gisaeng, the guild (Gwonbeon) was in charge of sending Gisaeng belonging to itself to the restaurant and collecting the flower price. At this time, the guild sent a list of Gisaeng to the restaurant so that guests could call any Gisaeng, which was called a ‘draft diary.’ The “Gyeongseong Government Famous Female Entertainers List” records the list of Gwonbeon and its affiliated Gisaeng list that were in operation at the time. According to the size of the Gwonbeon, it is written in the order of Hanseong Gwonbeon, Joseon Gwonbeon, Hannam Gwonbeon, Gyeongseong Gwonbeon, and Daedong Gwonbeon. Gwonbeon’s address is written at the top of Gwonbeon name, and its phone number is written at the bottom.
The Gisaeng name list is arranged by surname in order of frequency. The number of recorded Gisaeng names is 608, including 192 people in Hanseong Gwonbeon, 203 in Joseon Gwonbeon, 95 in Hannam Gwonbeon, 85 in Gyeongseong Gwonbeon, and 33 in Daedong Gwonbeon.
By comparing Gwonbeons’ activity periods with Gwonbeons’ addresses, it was possible to estimate that the period when the “Gyeongseong Government Famous Female Entertainers List” was produced was between 1930 and February 1932. In addition, through the data, it was confirmed that Daedong Gwonbeon closed in the early 1930s, not in 1924 as it was previously known.
The “Gyeongseong Government Famous Female Entertainers List” is an important research material that provides information about Gisaeng from the mid-1920s to the early 1930s in that it records the list of Gwonbeons and Gisaeng lists who were active at the time.
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Khisamutdinov, Amir A. "V.K. Arsenyev on Self-Government of Indigenous Peoples of the Russian Far East." History of state and law 6 (June 1, 2023): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1812-3805-2023-6-48-56.
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The article is devoted to the issues of self-government of indigenous peoples, which were dealt with by the famous traveler Vladimir Klavdievich Arseniev (1872, St. Petersburg — 1930, Vladivostok). In part, these ideas first appeared on the pages of his complex expeditions (1906–1910). As a commissioner for foreign affairs of the Provisional Government, he completely immersed himself in this problem (1917). In Soviet times, the scientist continued to deal with these issues. Unfortunately, almost none of Arseniev’s recommendations were implemented. The main reason for this was the tsarist and Soviet bureaucracy. Globalization and the assimilation problems associated with it are complex issues in the Russian Far East. It is especially important to remember this in the year of the 150th anniversary of the birth of V.K. Arseniev. The article based the book and archival collection of the scientist, stored in the Society for the Study of the Amur Territory (OIAK) in Vladivostok.
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Kowall, Nikolaus. "Die orthodoxe Wirtschaftspolitik der SPD zwischen 1929 und 1933." Wirtschaftsdienst 103, no. 4 (April 1, 2023): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/wd-2023-0083.
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Abstract The SPD was not part of the government between 1930 and 1932, but tolerated the austerity and deflationary policies of the Brüning cabinet. The term tolerance suggests that the SPD supported the Brüning government against their economic policy convictions for the higher purpose of preserving democracy and peace. At least in the area of monetary and fiscal policy, however, it was more a matter of support than tolerance. Significant parts of the SPD even explicitly opposed early Keynesian ideas of an active economic policy. This gave the Nazis, of all people, the opportunity to appropriate an expansive economic policy programme developed by the trade unions and thus ultimately to use it for the labour movement. The zeal with which alternatives to orthodox economic policy were rejected can only be explained by the fact that the austerity and deflationary policies of the Brüning government coincided with the economic policy ideas and ideological convictions of many social democratic protagonists.
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Imadudin, Iim. "PERANAN KIAI DAN PESANTREN CIPARI GARUT MENGHADAPI DI/TII (1948-1962)." Patanjala : Jurnal Penelitian Sejarah dan Budaya 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30959/patanjala.v2i1.205.
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AbstrakTulisan ini bertujuan mengungkap peranan salah satu pesantren bersejarah di Garut Jawa Barat, yaitu Pesantren Cipari. Pesantren ini sejak awal perkembangannya memang lekat dengan perjuangan kebangsaan. K.H. Yusuf Tauziri dan beberapa kiai lainnya memimpin gerakan Sarekat Islam di Garut tahun 1920 hingga 1930-an. Ujian kesetiaan terhadap Republik terjadi ketika gerakan DI/TII di tahun 1948 melakukan perlawanan terhadap pemerintah. Pihak pesantren dengan tegas mendukung pemerintah, sebagaimana terepresentasikan dalam sikap pemimpinnya, K.H. Yusuf Tauziri. Maka, konflik antara pihak pesantren dan pasukan DI/TII tidak terhindarkan. Tulisan ini sebagian besar berasal dari kesaksian lisan tokoh-tokoh Pesantren Cipari dan sumber tertulis lainnya. Memahami kiprah Pesantren Cipari berarti pula memahami perjuangan kebangsaan secara keseluruhan, khususnya pada masa konflik sosial setelah kemerdekaan.AbstractThis article aims to reveal the role of one of the historical pesantren in Garut West Java, that is Pesantren Cipari. This Pesantren since beginning of its the development is closely related to the struggle of nationalism. K.H. Yusuf Tauziri and some other kiai leads movement Sarekat Islam in Garut in 1920 until 1930s. Examination of fidelity to the Republic occurred when movement DI/TII in 1948 to fight against the government. Pesantren Cipari firmly supports the government, as in the attitude of the leaders, K.H. Yusuf Tauziri. Thus, the conflict between Pesantren Cipari and forces DI/TII inevitable. This paper is largely derived from oral testimony of Pesantren Cipari leaders and other written sources. Understanding the role of Pesantren Cipari also means understanding the nationalist struggle as a whole, especially during social conflicts after independence.
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Антоний, Зажеко,. "Рarish Life in Sergiev Posad in the 1920s." Церковный историк, no. 2(8) (July 15, 2022): 174–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31802/ch.2022.8.2.010.
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Статья посвящена истории приходской жизни в Сергиевом Посаде в 1920-е гг. В этот исторический период Приходская жизнь Сергиева Посада сохранялась на фоне сложных церковно-государственных отношений, вызванных секулярной политикой советской власти. Секулярная политика советской власти оказывала влияние на жизнь и деятельность всех приходских храмов. В предлагаемой статье события приходской жизни Сергиева Посада освещаются с привлечением архивных материалов, хранящихся в Центральном государственном архиве города Москвы, Центральном государственном архиве Московской области, а также с использованием отдельных статей, опубликованных в местной общественно-политической газете Сергиева Посада «Плуг и молот» за 1920-е гг. При описании событий, автор также опирается на свои более ранние исследования, опубликованные в диссертации «Церковная жизнь в Сергиевом Посаде, 1917-й-1930-й гг.». The article is devoted to the history of parish life in Sergiev Posad in the 1920s. During this historical period, the parish life of Sergiev Posad was preserved against the background of complex church-state relations caused by the secular policy of the Soviet government. The secular policy of the Soviet government influenced the life and activities of all parish churches. In the proposed article, the events of the parish life of Sergiev Posad are covered with the involvement of archival materials stored in the Central State Archive of the city of Moscow, the Central State Archive of the Moscow region, as well as using individual articles published in the local socio-political newspaper of Sergiev Posad “Plow and Hammer” for the 1920s. In describing the events, the author also relies on his earlier research published in the dissertation “Church Life in Sergiev Posad, 1917-1930s.”
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Blake, Stanley S. "The Medicalization of Nordestinos: Public Health and Regional Identity in Northeastern Brazil, 1889-1930." Americas 60, no. 2 (October 2003): 217–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2003.0096.
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In his 1927 annual report to the Pernambucan state legislature, Governor Estacio de Albuquerque Coimbra wrote that “the economic, intellectual, moral and civic value of the Nation and the State is shaped, with the expression of human activity, in the excellence of physical and moral robustness of its population.” He believed that government was responsible for improving the condition of its citizens, and that “man, healthy or sick, … ought to fall under the knowing gaze of the Governments, preserving or restoring him to health, to benefit the Nation.” Under Coimbra's administrations, the Pernambucan government inaugurated public health, public assistance, and education programs designed to improve the material and physical well-being of Pernambucan citizens. This was not an easy task; regional economic underdevelopment and perennial budget crises threatened government-sponsored social programs. While public health programs could be implemented and administered with relative ease in the state's capital of Recife, transportation problems and low population density made the extension of such services to the residents of the state's interior almost impossible. Despite these obstacles, public health programs and the physical well-being of the state's populations had become the single most important concern of the Pernambucan government by the mid 1920s, and the expectation of future economic development and social progress was tied to the development of effective public health programs.
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Joo, Dong-Bin. "Urban Planning in the Four Major Cities by the Korean Government-General (1930-1931) and Flood Control in Opposite-Shore Towns." Journal for the Studies of Korean History 95 (May 31, 2024): 87–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.21490/jskh.2024.5.95.87.
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Issenov, O. I., and B. K. Kupenov. "KAZAKH REFUGEES WHO RESETTED IN 1920-1930 TO THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN: THEIR ADAPTATION." History of the Homeland 99, no. 3 (September 29, 2022): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.51943/1814-6961_2022_3_96.
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The article tells about the Kazakh refugees who moved to the countries of Central Asia during the famine of the 20-30s of the last century. In archival documents of the Soviet period, they were written as "nomads". Today, the history of the Kazakhs who emigrated from Kazakhstan during the years of Naubet is an actual topic of national historical science. The basis of our article is the location of the Kazakhs who moved to the Republic of Tajikistan during the difficult years of the famine.The rich, mullahs andhunger refugees -Kazakh refugees who previously inhabited the Mangistau peninsula, migrated through Tajikistanalong the coast of the Caspian Sea, fled fromthe punishment of the Soviet government in the 1930s and famine to the territory of Irancalled “Mazandaran”.After years of settlement, villageswhere Kazakhs mostly settlednearby cities of the province -Gorgan, Bundar, Turkmen and Gombad-i-Kaus, secludedfrom the local population, the Turkmens called "Kazakh village". Eventually, these villages merged with the mentioned cities and joined the territory of the city.
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Lochhead, Ian. "Resisting Modernism or the Last Gasp of the Arts and Crafts?: Church Building in Canterbury and North Otago in the 'Thirties." Architectural History Aotearoa 3 (October 30, 2006): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/aha.v3i.6797.
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The dominant historical narratives of twentieth-century architecture present the 1930s as the period during which Modernism's claim to be the architectural style of the century was consolidated and when the new architecture began to spread across the globe. In New Zealand, as in the rest of the world, this master narrative has tended to obscure the significance of buildings constructed in more traditional styles. The five New Zealand buildings included in the RIBA's Centennial Exhibition, International Architecture 1924-1934, were not, however, the latest examples of Modernism in this country, but relatively conservative designs, including Cecil Wood's Arts and Crafts inspired St Barnabas's Church at Woodend (1932). Wood's building forms part of an extensive group of small country churches built throughout Canterbury and North Otago during the 'thirties. These include Wood's St Paul's, Tai Tapu (1930-31) and Herbert Hall's St David's Memorial Church at Cave (1930), although by far the best know is RSD Harman's Church of the Good Shepherd at Lake Tekapo (1935). These small, unpretentious churches, many built with assistance from a government fund initiated to stimulate the construction industry, made use of modern materials, especially reinforced concrete, but their mode of expression remained conservative. They were often embellished with furnishings executed in the traditions of the Arts and Crafts movement. In most cases these churches were important statements of local identity while at the same time expressing the diverse cultural origins of those who built them. In style they were invariably Gothic yet within that dominant idiom considerable stylistic diversity was achieved. For both architects and their clients Modernism, with its emphasis on internationalism and the machine, was unable to express the rich veins of meaning which such buildings were required to embody. Yet as expressions of the uncertainties of the time, their conservative aesthetic values, their reassertion of pioneering roots and of an enduring local identity were as significant as Modernism's confident assertion of a better, essentially urban, future. At a time when the approaching Centennial events of 1940 was stimulating a reassessment of the country's past, these buildings also acted as powerful statements of consolidated achievements.
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Авчинникова, Ю. А., and A. Соловьёв А. "The Church of the Intercession of the Theotokos in Polotsk: the activity in the 1920s — 1930s." Церковный историк, no. 3(9) (September 15, 2022): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31802/ch.2022.9.3.007.
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В данной статье рассматриваются особенности функционирования прихода одной из церквей г. Полоцка — храма Покрова Пресвятой Богородицы в контексте обновленческого церковного раскола, советской антирелигиозной политики и репрессий 1920-х — 1930-х гг. На основе изученных архивных источников анализируются результаты деятельности полоцкой Комиссии по охране памятников старины и искусства, Уездной комиссии по изъятию ценностей из храмов и молитвенных домов, Уездного исполнительного комитета и других органов и учреждений государственного управления в отношении прихода храма Покрова. Представлены данные о численности и составе приходского совета (по состоянию на 1925 г.), приведен текст Устава Полоцкой Свято-Покровской приходской общины, который регламентировал все аспекты её функционирования, декларировал основные принципы, цели и задачи деятельности. Особое внимание уделяется рассмотрению причин и условий перехода священства и прихожан Покровской церкви в «обновленчество» в апреле 1923 г. В целом ставится задача проанализировать трансформацию православных приходских институтов в условиях советского государственного регулирования на территории БССР в 1920-х — 1930-х гг. в рамках деятельности отдельно взятого православного храма. The article studies the features of the functioning of the parish of a Polotsk church — the Church of the Intercession of the Theotokos — in the context of the renovationist church schism, Soviet anti-religious policy and repressions of the 1920s — 1930s. The article provides the archival data analysis of the performance of Polotsk Commission for the Protection of Ancient Monuments and Art, the Uyezd Commission for the Seizure of Values from Churches and Prayer Houses, the Uyezd Executive Committee and other government bodies and institutions in relation to the parish of the Church of the Intercession. It presents the data on the number and composition of the parish council (as of 1925), as well as the text of the Charter of Polotsk Intercession of the Theotokos Parish community, which regulated all aspects of its functioning, declared the main principles, goals and objectives of its activity. Particular attention is paid to the consideration of the reasons and conditions for the transition of the priesthood and parishioners of the Intercession Church to the «renovationism» in April 1923. In general, the task is to analyze the transformation of Orthodox parish institutions under the conditions of Soviet state regulation on the territory of the BSSR in the 1920s–1930s within the framework of the activities of a single Orthodox church.
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Yovanna Pineda. "Farm Machinery Users, Designers, and Government Policy in Argentina, 1861–1930." Agricultural History 92, no. 3 (2018): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3098/ah.2018.092.3.351.
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Lassa, Jonatan A. "Disaster Policy Change in Indonesia 1930–2010: From Government to Governance?" International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 31, no. 2 (August 2013): 130–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028072701303100202.
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Scientific study on what actually drives disaster policy reform in the developing world is extremely limited. As pioneering research for Indonesia, this paper questions what are the forms of disaster risk governance in Indonesia through time and what are the main reasons for such changes over time. Disaster reduction policy reform in Indonesia today takes place amid global disaster risk governance initiatives under the auspicious Hyogo Framework for Action. The author observes that changes in disaster reduction policy in Indonesia over the last 80 years have been less attributed to domestic responses to the large scale natural catastrophes than to co-production of and interaction of local and disaster reduction actors and institutions. The paper highlights how new forms of risk governance have emerged from government as a dominant actor during the 20 th century to more polycentric governance in first decade of the 21 st century in Indonesia.
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EGENES, KAREN J. "An Experiment in Leadership: The Rise of Student Government at Philadelphia General Hospital Training School, 1920-1930." Nursing History Review 6, no. 1 (January 1998): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1062-8061.6.1.71.
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Jiménez Jiménez, Sonia. "El Bateo y la administración Olaya Herrera (1930-1934): De salvador de Colombia a un gobierno híbrido y timorato." HiSTOReLo. Revista de Historia Regional y Local 4, no. 7 (January 1, 2012): 240–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/historelo.v4n7.27731.
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Teniendo en cuenta el carácter subversivo de la sátira al igual que su papel en la “reproducción social” de las ideologías, este artículo señala la posición del periódico satírico El Bateo sobre el gobierno de Enrique Olaya Herrera, describiendo la paulatina decepción de este impreso, adscrito al liberalismo radical, respecto al gobierno de la “concentración nacional”. Menciona cómo El Bateo apoyó la candidatura de Olaya, a través de la imagen de “mesías-salvador” y cómo luego subvirtió esta misma imagen, por medio de una abierta crítica a este gobierno. Para este análisis se recogen algunas anotaciones de Georges Balandier y Ernst Gombrich sobre la naturaleza dramática del poder y sobre la sátira.Palabras clave: sátira, poder, prensa satírica, caricatura, El Bateo, Enrique Olaya Herrera. El Bateo and Olaya Herrera’s government (1930-1934): From Colombia’s Savior to a Hybrid and Gutless GovernmentAbstractTaking into account the satire’s subversive nature and its role in “social reproduction” of ideologies, this paper points at the position of the satirical journal El Bateo about Enrique Olaya Herrera’s government. It describes the gradual disappointment of this journal -attached to radical liberalism- about the “national concentration” government. It mentions how El Bateo supported Olaya’s candidacy through a “messiah-savior” image, and how it later subverted this very image by means of an open criticism to this government. For this analysis, some notes by George Balandier and Ernst Gombrich on the dramatic nature of power and on satire are collected. Keywords: satire, power, satirical press, caricature, El Bateo, Enrique Olaya Herrera.
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Ko, Young Ran, Nick Ogonek, and Kyeong-Hee Choi. "Making Capital of ‘Illegal’ Publication under Japanese Imperial Censorship: Publication Strategies of Senki (Battle Flag) around 1930." Humanities 12, no. 5 (August 25, 2023): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h12050089.
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Around 1930, the Japanese publishing market was restructured, and as part of this process, the colonial market emerged within the Japanese Empire. In an attempt to expand into the colonial market, publishers such as Kaizō-sha, Chūōkōron-sha, and Senki-sha competed among each other, producing ‘legal’ and ‘illegal’ commodities related to socialism. This paper examines the circulation of illegal commodities such as the often-banned magazine Senki (Battle Flag), cross-reading them with internal documents from Senki-sha (Senki’s publisher) and NAPF (All-Japan Federation of Proletarian Arts), as well as with those from the Japanese Home Ministry and the Japanese Government-General in Korea. By doing so, the essay argues that the main actors of the socialist cultural movement around 1930 purposefully planned to capitalize on the ‘illegal’ nature of their commodities, while adopting a public stance of differentiation from commercial capital. Furthermore, by proposing that the publication of illegal commodities was in fact deeply imbricated with the movement of capital in the publishing market, this paper also reveals that Korean-language publications–notably, the magazine Uri tongmu (Our Comrades)–produced by socialists in the Japanese interior around 1930, ended up playing a role in undermining the reconstruction of socialism in Korea. For this reason, it is crucial to reconsider the prevailing narrative about the history of the Japanese socialist movement of the late 1920s and early 1930s, which often essentializes the connection between Japanese and Korean socialists as pure ideological solidarity, paying little attention to the complex movement of capital, legal and illegal, at work in the Japanese Empire around 1930.
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Lopatin, Fr Alexey. "Theological Courses as an Activity of the Old Believer Brotherhood Named after Archpriest Avvakum in Leningrad in the 1920s." Texts and History: Journal of Philological, Historical and Cultural Texts and History Studies 4 (2020): 70–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31860/2712-7591-2020-4-70-84.
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The article examines activities of the Old Believer Brotherhood named after Archpriest Avvakum, which was organized in Leningrad (St. Petersburg / Petrograd) in the 1920s by the Old Believers of the Petrograd–Tver’ diocese under the rule of Bishop Geronty (Lakomkin). The research is based on archival materials, which show that one of the main tasks of the Brotherhood was the organization of theological courses. The article also reveals the history of the relationship between the Brotherhood and the government from 1922, when the Brotherhood was established, until 1930, when it was officially closed, after which in 1932 the diocese was destroyed by the OGPU (Unified State Political Administration).
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FYFE, CHRISTOPHER. "Tributors, Supporters and Merchant Capital: Mining and Underdevelopment in Sierra Leone. By ALFRED ZACK-WILLIAMS. Aldershot: Avebury, 1995. Pp. vii + 239. £40 (ISBN 1-85628-466-2)." Journal of African History 38, no. 1 (March 1997): 123–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853796526903.
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Diamonds were discovered in Sierra Leone in 1930, and in 1934 sole mining rights were granted to the Sierra Leone Selection Trust (SLST), a subsidiary of the London-based Consolidated African Selection Trust, part of De Beers empire. In 1956, partly to restrict the increasingly prevalent illicit mining, and partly for political reasons, SLST opened part of its lease to mining by licensed miners under the Alluvial Diamond Mining Scheme (ADMS). The Sierra Leone government took over 51 per cent of the SLST shares in 1970, and a new company, the National Diamond Mining Company (NDMC), was formed. In 1980 SLST sold out to British Petroleum and left Sierra Leone.