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1
SHON, Jongmin. "The Dilemma Between Fiscal Decentralization and Budget Balance." Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, no. 67 E (October 28, 2022): 101–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/tras.67e.6.
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"This paper explores the effects of the distribution of fiscal authority for fiscal decentralization on the U.S. state budget balance. Numerous scholars have pointed out that fiscal institutions play an important role in achieving budget balance, but their degree of authority fundamentally determines how fiscal insti tutions are authorized across the multi-level system in a federal government system. As an empirical ex ploration, this paper captures the authority of fiscal institutions through multiple dimensions of account ing and financial information. The results revealed that local governments are better able to balance their budgets when fiscal authority over revenue is decentralized, while states are more likely to achieve a balanced budget when authority over expenditure is decentralized. These contradictory effects result from overlapping tax-bases and customers of public services across states and their local governments."
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Ratmono, Dwi, Arini Cholbyah, Nur Cahyonowati, and Darsono Darsono. "The problem of corruption in government organizations: Empirical evidence from Indonesia." Problems and Perspectives in Management 19, no. 4 (October 7, 2021): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.19(4).2021.03.
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Corruption in government organizations is an important and relevant topic to study because of its impact on the state in terms of financial losses and a decrease in the quality of human development. This study is also relevant because previous analyses are still limited in their modeling and measuring comprehensive fiscal decentralization variables. This study aims to examine the effect of fiscal decentralization and quality of government on the level of corruption and the impact of corruption on the human development index. The sample of this paper comprises 113 local governments on the island of Java, Indonesia, for the period 2015–2018. Statistical testing was carried out using Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The test results show that fiscal decentralization has a positive effect on corruption with a path coefficient of 0.100 and is significant at 5% alpha. Likewise, poor governance (proxied by internal control weaknesses) has a positive effect on the level of corruption with a coefficient of 0.062 and is significant at an alpha of 10%. The results of the PLS-SEM test also show that corruption has a negative impact on the human development index with a coefficient of –0.206 and is significant at 1% alpha. The practical significance of this study is the importance of the internal control system reliability as a complementary variable for fiscal decentralization to prevent corruption.
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Spreen, Thomas Luke, Whitney Afonso, and Ed Gerrish. "Can Employee Training Influence Local Fiscal Outcomes?" American Review of Public Administration 50, no. 4-5 (March 13, 2020): 401–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0275074020911717.
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Employee training is often viewed as essential for incorporating performance management practices into public organizations, but few studies directly link training programs to subsequent changes in organizational outcomes. Typically, evaluations of the impact of training and management innovations more broadly focuses narrowly on improvements at the mean of the distribution, ignoring isomorphic pressures that may spur divergent responses at opposite tails of the distribution. We examine these notions by testing whether training local government personnel on the use of financial performance information in decision-making influences fiscal outcomes. Specifically, we compare the outcomes of North Carolina local governments whose employees participated in training on a new fiscal benchmarking tool at the University of North Carolina School of Government to peer governments that did not participate. Municipal governments with at least one trained employee experienced modest changes, on average, across most of the financial ratios reported in the benchmarking tool. By comparison, the dispersion of the reported outcomes declined considerably among municipal governments whose employees participated in training in comparison to control governments. The strength of this response increased with the number of public officials trained. The results indicate that employee training can facilitate the use of performance benchmarking systems in public sector decision-making. They also suggest that benchmarking without explicit performance targets may encourage convergence toward the average outcome.
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Mardian, Ike Roza, and Yurniwati Yurniwati. "Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Akuntabilitas Pengelolaan Keuangan Dana BTT Covid 19 Pemerintah Provinsi Sumatera Barat." Owner 6, no. 4 (October 1, 2022): 3939–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33395/owner.v6i4.1155.
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Accountability is an obligation to be responsible for the implementation of activities and final results to the community as the holder of the obligation, in accordance with the provisions of the legislation. The people through the DPR/DPRD give authority to the government to manage economic resources, therefore the government has the obligation to convey responsibility, report, present and disclose all activities and activities that are the responsibility of management. This research is to examine the effect of the Government's Internal Control System, information technology and organizational commitment to the Accountability of Financial Management of the Covid 19 BTT Fund in the West Sumatra Provincial Government. The data processed is primary data obtained directly from respondents, namely financial and asset managers at the Regional Apparatus Organization (OPD) of the West Sumatra Provincial Government which manages the BTT Covid 19 budget for the 2020 and 2021 Fiscal Years. The results showed that the Government's Internal Control System had an effect on the Accountability of Financial Management of the BTT Covid 19 Fund with the highest indicator being the control environment dimension and the lowest indicator being the risk assessment dimension, while information technology and organizational commitment had no effect on Management Accountability. Finance of the BTT Covid 19 Fund.
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Ryan, David, and Randall P. Mariger. "Consumption Behavior and the Effects of Government Fiscal Policies." Journal of the Operational Research Society 38, no. 9 (September 1987): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2582328.
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Ryan, David. "Consumption Behavior and the Effects of Government Fiscal Policies." Journal of the Operational Research Society 38, no. 9 (September 1987): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jors.1987.141.
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Nugraha, Nur Arif, and Agung Darono. "Discourses And Institutions In Tax Policy And Fiscal Sustainability: Evidence From Indonesia." Jurnal Pajak dan Keuangan Negara (PKN) 4, no. 1 (August 31, 2022): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31092/jpkn.v4i1.1722.
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This research contends fiscal policy and the achievement of fiscal sustainability as institutions coming from texts and discourses that account for it. Applying an interpretive policy analysis approach, we reveal how various discourses of tax policy and the achievement of fiscal sustainability dialectics. This study highlights some series of text-discourse-institution that explains the interplay between fiscal policy and the achievement of fiscal sustainability so that they become as main part of Indonesian public finance management. This paper finds that tax policy as an institution associates with the realization of fiscal sustainability is to increase the tax ratio while keep maintaining a self-assessment system. That is, the achievement of fiscal sustainability requires that tax policy can support (especially) to finance government expenditures. The study revealed that the contemporary tax policy as an institution, exists influenced by following discourses: (1) tax compliance strategy and taxing the hard-to-tax; (2) efforts to facilitate the strengthening of tax administration; (3) the establishment of information database as a tool to examine the compliance of taxpayers; (4) the division of taxing authority between central and local governments.
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Propheter, Geoffrey, and Melissa Mata. "Local Government Fiscal Early Warning Surveys: Lessons From COVID-19." Journal of Public and Nonprofit Affairs 7, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20899/jpna.7.1.29-45.
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Yang (2020) recently argued for enhanced evidence–based decision making during sudden and widespread economic shocks such as the COVID-19 pandemic, but he lamented the difficulty of acquiring such data in a timely manner. One strategy is to implement an early warning survey system. This article describes Colorado’s experience with a survey the state administered to local government officials shortly after the governor’s stay-at-home order. The state used the survey to inform its fiscal response policies. We describe the advantages and challenges of using surveys as a statewide, rapid information collection strategy as well as offer evidence that the survey yielded relatively accurate data about local fiscal impacts. We also provide an empirical analysis of the survey, employing the Heckman correction technique to account for selection bias, to illustrate how the survey responses can improve state decision making.
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Abdulwaheed, Salihu, and Khalil Samihah. "Decentralization: Catalyst for Welfare Service Delivery by Local Government Administration." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 2, no. 4 (November 11, 2012): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v2i4.2665.
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The paper aims to look at the transferring of authorities, resources and responsibilities from one tier of government (central government) to other tiers of government (state and local governments) in order to deliver efficient and effective welfare service. This transfer serves two basic purposes, namely accountability for resource management and effective welfare service delivery. This can only be possible if the system of co-responsibility between institutions of governance at the central, states and local governments is decentralized effectively. Similarly, the paper intends to critically examine local governments’ budget and budgeting system in order to deliver primary education and healthcare service to the public. Therefore, the paper studies the main source of revenue of local governments, and determines how the resources are utilized in providing primary education and healthcare services. The study designs information data sheet to elicit information from at least four local governments in Nigeria. Statutory allocation disbursed to four local governments under consideration for the fiscal year 2008 is considered. Approved annual budget of the local governments is analyzed to determine the differential (%) in terms of what is budgeted and what is the budget outcomes. The findings reveal average differential of 65.78% between approved and actual estimates for primary education, and 37.57% for primary healthcare service in the local government under consideration. This shows that local governments under consideration are not delivering primary education and healthcare services optimally.
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IEFYMENKO, Tetiana. "SYSTEM OF PUBLIC FINANCE MANAGEMENT IN UKRAINE: PROBLEMS OF ECONOMIC SECURITY." Economy of Ukraine 2018, no. 11-12 (December 7, 2018): 28–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2018.11.028.
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Countering threats to the security of the national economic space should be accompanied by the protection of financial sovereignty by the authorities. The unconditional implementation of the medium-term goals to reduce the growth rates of the country’s total debt (in perspective), improvement of the government regulatory mechanisms for allocating limited resources, a better quality of constitutionally guaranteed public services and support for investment in the real economy sector should be a key guideline for the Public Finance Management System (PFMS). The author analyses institutional, macroeconomic, political, organizational and information risks that can hinder the successful implementation of measures aimed at ensuring the consistency and predictability of fiscal policy, preventing default situations, etc. The results of practical implementation of the program documents adopted last year, which regulate the Public Finance Management Reform Strategy 2017-2020 (hereinafter the “Strategy”) and the Action Plan for its implementation, indicate that the lack of coordinated expression of will, as well as a consensus on a unified course of change in society, negatively affects the quality of management of fiscal risks and investment processes and the degree of synchronization of fiscal regulation with other levers of the state’s influence on the success of change management. It is emphasized that a high degree of dependence on international financial assistance to strengthen economic equilibrium, the need for more intensive development of the national economy and continued structural reforms are highlighted in the recently published report of the European Commission in connection with the anniversary of the conclusion and implementation of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement. The author proposes the ways of neutralizing the destructive consequences of any external or internal transformations in the socio-economic system through: (i) equilibrium processes of social reproduction; (ii) intensification of investments; (iii) promotion of entrepreneurship development; (iv) restriction of shadow activities; (v) ensuring the transparency of operations with the state financial assets; (vi) synergistic effect of management interaction between the Government and the National Bank of Ukraine.
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Ellul, Lauren, and Ron Hodges. "Reforming the government budgeting system in Malta." Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management 31, no. 4 (November 14, 2019): 518–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbafm-10-2018-0108.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the pre-adoption phase of budgetary reform. Perspectives on the introduction and use of performance information in budgeting are obtained through interviews with current and former senior politicians and civil servants in Malta. Institutional theories are used to analyse the pressures that are perceived as promoting or inhibiting reforms. Design/methodology/approach The research followed a qualitative approach, using data gathered from documentary sources and empirical evidence collected from semi-structured interviews. Documentary sources were used to provide knowledge, obtaining an understanding of budgeting processes in the Maltese central government. Two categories of interviewee are identified in the analysis: political interviewees, consisting of 7 politicians; and administrative interviewees consisting of 13 senior civil servants. Findings The authors find that the current line-item budgeting system is deeply embedded into government practices. Malta’s membership of the European Union and its adoption of the Euro support coercive pressures for reductions in fiscal deficits. Normative pressures appear to be significant and may have a longer-term impact in promoting budgeting reform. Originality/value This paper contributes to existing performance-based budgeting literature by studying the pre-adoption phase which has rarely been the focus of previous studies. The study delves into the interaction between institutional and economic forces, an aspect which has been inadequately studied. The access to current and former Prime Ministers and other Ministers of State in this study is unusual. As such, the researchers have been able to obtain the perceptions of political decision makers in a way that might be more difficult to do in larger countries.
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Ni, Shy Chwen, Carlos Thomas, Yu Yonezawa, Yasushi Hojo, Takehiko Nakamura, Kenichiro Kobayashi, Hiroki Sato, John D. Da Da Silva, Takuya Kobayashi, and Shigemi Ishikawa-Nagai. "Comprehensive Assessment of the Universal Healthcare System in Dentistry Japan: A Retrospective Observational Study." Healthcare 10, no. 11 (October 30, 2022): 2173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10112173.
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Japan’s universal healthcare insurance is facing economic challenges due to the advanced aging society, however, objective data of dental expenditure has never been introduced. This study aimed to identify the associated factors with dental expenditures using government-provided digitized insurance claims data and calculated the spending in the context of dental cost per person (DCPP). Seven associated factors analyzed were age, demographic, geographic, socioeconomic, regional wealth, the impact of the 8020-national campaign implementation (keep 20 teeth at age 80), and the effect of the home-visit dentistry for the elders. The average DCPP was high in older populations (75+) in all prefectures. The prefectures with the highest and lowest DCPP were significant compared to other states and retained their respective places in the cost hierarchy over the four years. The prefectures with more citizens participating in government assistance programs (GAP) had greater DCPPs. Dental costs were significantly related to geographic regions, age, per capita income, government assistance program prevalence, office complete denture frequency, and home visit care per patient. With a growing aging population, dental care costs will continue to increase, burdening its fiscal future. Associated factors identified should be considered to control the contentious increase of healthcare cost.
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Titarchuk, Mykhailo I. "Institutional Principles of the Government Tax Policy." Business Inform 11, no. 538 (2022): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2022-11-210-215.
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The purpose of the article is to disclose and deepen the institutional foundations of the government tax policy, taking into account the challenges of the special period. The article defines the basic principles and criteria for the formation of government tax policy. The expediency of taking into account retrospective foreign experience in the development and implementation of domestic tax policy is substantiated. The main tax trends in foreign countries are identified – the development of tax administration in the context of digitalization of the economy; development of a system of tax monitoring and control over the income of non-residents and transnational corporations; implementation of measures to counter the erosion of the tax base; expanding the rules for disclosing information about taxpayers; institutional improvement of tax mechanisms; strengthening the effectiveness of measures to combat tax offenses. The possibilities of using tax incentives for research and innovation activities of enterprises are considered. Compliance with the principle of taxation stability is a compromise option for the implementation of tax policy under martial law. It is substantiated that the priority of domestic tax policy in the post-war period should be to stimulate employment, especially for young people. Creating new jobs and supporting employment is fully in line with the goals of sustainable development – overcoming the poverty and alleviating inequality. It is important to deshadow the incomes of the population, to form the basic conditions for the lack of motivation to evade personal income tax and a single social contribution. The possibilities of increasing the financial capacity of territorial communities, increasing the fiscal efficiency of local taxes and fees are considered. In particular, several steps are proposed to strengthen the fiscal capacity of property taxes. The expediency of developing a tax risk management system is determined, which will provide an opportunity to optimize the transaction costs of tax policy and ensure the appropriate fiscal effectiveness of the tax system.
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Maher, Craig S., Jae Won Oh, and Wei-Jie Liao. "Assessing fiscal distress in small county governments." Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management 32, no. 4 (August 22, 2020): 691–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbafm-02-2020-0016.
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PurposeIdentifying tools for predicting fiscally distressed local governments has received heightened attention following the Great Recession of 2007–2009. Despite the recent expansion of research, measuring fiscal distress is challenging because of the operational complexity associated with the term. Furthermore, many local governments are too small to produce a Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (CAFR), upon which many empirical studies of fiscal condition or fiscal distress are based. This study designs a parsimonious tool for identifying fiscally distressed entities based on existing literature. The authors examine Nebraska's 93 counties over a nine-year period (from 2010 to 2018). In order to ensure the validity of our tool, we replicate two well-known empirical approaches of assessing local fiscal condition and compare the results with ours. The authors find nearly all counties in Nebraska to be free from fiscal distress in the past decade. However, since most counties in Nebraska have small populations and are far from urban centers, they may still be vulnerable to future fiscal shocks and may need to closely monitor their fiscal condition.Design/methodology/approachThe authors offer a parsimonious method for assessing the existence of fiscally distressed counties. They select predictors of fiscal distress based on two criteria. First, for the purpose of this study, the authors use financial information that is uniform, easily accessible and does not rely on CAFRs. In order to make their model parsimonious and replicable, the authors only consider factors that have the most decisive effects on local fiscal conditions. Second, the authors draw on indicators that have been consistently supported by previous studies (e.g., Kloha et al., 2005; Gorina et al., 2018). The authors test the validity of this approach using correlation analysis and regression modeling, similar to Wang et al. (2007).FindingsThe authors’ fiscal distress measure shows encouraging signs. Results show that all but Brown's model are highly correlated. The decile and standard deviation models have the strongest correlation (r = 0.955, p < 0.01). These two models are also significantly associated with Kloha et al.'s model. Their correlation coefficients are 0.812 and 0.830, respectively. Consistent with Wang et al. (2007), the authors find modest associations between our fiscal measures and socioeconomic measures.Research limitations/implicationsLimitations include questions of generalizability – we are only studying Nebraska counties. The extent to which the findings are generalizable to counties in other states remains to be seen. We advise readers and policymakers to bear in mind that at this point, there is no perfect way to measure local fiscal condition or fiscal distress. Specifically, with our model, the foremost advantages of parsimony are data accessibility and replicability. However, unlike other existing tools that consider dozens of indicators, our tool bears the cost of not employing a more comprehensive perspective that may be required to capture a full picture of local fiscal condition.Practical implicationsThe purpose of this research was to construct and present a parsimonious way of identifying local fiscal distress that is easily replicated and applied in practice. The challenges were operational – both in terms of definition and measurement. Fiscal distress is a nebulous concept that can vary based on the researcher's intent. Our chosen set of indicators have two characteristics: accessibility of financial information and consistency with past studies. Thus, we assess two of the four dimensions of solvency: budgetary solvency and long-run solvency. The authors suggest that this effort should not be used as a tool by state lawmakers to accuse and judge local governments. Instead, it should be used to assist local governments as Iowa and Colorado do. The findings could be the beginning of a conversation between the state and local governments to determine the best course(s) of action. As previously mentioned, there are many causes of fiscal distress and poor decision-making is not very common. Looking into the future, the authors expect more local governments to become fiscally distressed and the primary cause would be economic/demographic change. Since many local governments in Nebraska have very small populations and are far from the urban centers of Omaha and Lincoln, they might be vulnerable to future fiscal shocks. Thus, state lawmakers need to begin considering strategies to deal with local fiscal distress. The authors do have limitations in measurement. However, if used appropriately, this research can add value to the discussion of managing local government fiscal distress in Nebraska and other similar states.Social implicationsWhile the analysis finds little fiscal distress currently in Nebraska, there is concern that with population migration to the urban areas and the “graying” of the state, local governments in rural areas (the vast majority in Nebraska) could face more serious issues in future years. A recent study showed that local fiscal condition is negatively associated with the distance from the municipality to the urban centers of Omaha and Lincoln (Maher et al., 2019). These spatial effects could be further exacerbated in a state that ranks near the bottom in financial support of local governments and policy makers are committed to “controlling” property taxes.Originality/valueThis study, while building on prior work, is unique in that it focuses on counties as opposed to municipalities, which are the most common units of analysis. The authors also offer a model for assessing fiscal distress in a state that currently does not have state-level systems to monitor local finances. Finally, rather than relying on audited annual financial reports which would disqualify many smaller local governments, the authors offer a parsimonious tool that is easily replicated and can be used by all local governments that submit uniform financial reports to their states.
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Fontaine, Guillaume, and Cecilia Medrano Caviedes. "How resource nationalism hinders development: the institutional roots of the economic recession in Venezuela." Revista do Serviço Público 67, no. 4 (December 28, 2016): 671–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21874/rsp.v67i4.1636.
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How do institutions allow governments to manage dramatic variations of oil rents, and how do these variations impact public institutions is the twofold problem addressed here. We contend that high dependence on oil combined with low political accountability increases the economic vulnerability to external shocks. We sustain our argument with the analysis of the fiscal policies implemented in Venezuela under the administration of Hugo Chávez (1999-2012). A process tracing methodology focuses on the policy design of fiscal policies through the selection of instruments embedded in the Public Finance Management system (PFM), using a typology of the state´s resources of information, authority, treasure and organization. During this period, the constitutionalization of the resource nationalism acted as a trigger to change fiscal policies through four major reforms including the creation of a highly centralized PFM, the takeover of the Central Bank, the reform of oil legal framework and the takeover of the national oil company, PDVSA. All of these reforms converged towards the elimination and/or manipulation of the instruments of political accountability, allowing discretional management of oil rents and hampering the government´s capacity to react to the oil price plunge, which ultimately led to the current economic recession.
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Gumelar*, Marga. "The Importance of Data: Developing Smart Asset Management Framework in IoT Era." Airlangga Development Journal 1, no. 1 (March 4, 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/adj.v1i1.18008.
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Municipal assets become hard problems that lasted a long time. In the fiscal year 2015, from total asset amount of Rp 2,048.88 trillion, the Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia found some problems on the audit of the local government financial report that 1,010 issues were related to asset registration. There were also 48 problems related to unknown assets and potential losses of Rp 289,281.23 million. This paper aims to develop municipal asset management framework by focusing on asset inventory system through the application of information technology. A case study is presented based on the findings of the Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia. The result is a practical asset inventory system framework to improve current asset inventory performance. The use of information technology can support the improvement of municipal asset management. But the tools are not enough without collaboration with employees. Since some regions in Indonesia inadequately have information technology infrastructure facilities, such as internet access and electricity network, this framework has obvious limitation.
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Botlhale, E. K. "Monitoring and Evaluating Government Performance in Botswana." Africa’s Public Service Delivery and Performance Review 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/apsdpr.v3i1.73.
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In an era characterised by fiscal stress in the post-global recession era, clichés such as ‘bang for the buck’ are commonplace. Governments are under increasing pressure to spend limited public resources in efficient and effective ways. Efficient and effective governments are a necessary, though not sufficient, condition for economic development. Hence, governments have adopted performance-improving interventions such as New Public Management. Botswana jumped into the bandwagon of public sector reforms in the 1990s through interventions such as Performance-based Management Systems. The focus was almost entirely on performance enhancement to the neglect of performance measurement through a result-based Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) framework. However, in 2009, the government decided to mainstream M&E into the development planning regime. Since the M&E tool is still in draft form, Botswana is very favourably circumstanced to learn from others. Meanwhile essentials to do are: attitudinal change, shared vision on M&E, stakeholder management and demand and use of M&E information by policy-makers such as Members of Parliament.
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Gumelar, Marga. "THE IMPORTANCE OF DATA: DEVELOPING SMART ASSET MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK IN IOT ERA." Airlangga Development Journal 1, no. 1 (March 4, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/adj.v1i1.10577.
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ABSTRACTMunicipal assets become hard problems that lasted a long time. In the fiscal year 2015, from total asset amount of Rp 2,048.88 trillion, the Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia found some problems on the audit of the local government financial report that 1,010 issues were related to asset registration. There were also 48 problems related to unknown assets and potential losses of Rp 289,281.23 million. This paper aims to develop municipal asset management framework by focusing on asset inventory system through the application of information technology. A case study is presented based on the findings of the Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia. The result is a practical asset inventory system framework to improve current asset inventory performance. The use of information technology can support the improvement of municipal asset management. But the tools are not enough without collaboration with employees. Since some regions in Indonesia inadequately have information technology infrastructure facilities, such as internet access and electricity network, this framework has obvious limitation.Keywords—asset inventory; sustainable asset management; municipal asset; data management; IoT
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Sapp, Carlton E., Thomas Mazzuchi, and Shahram Sarkani. "Rationalising Business Intelligence Systems and Explicit Knowledge Objects: Improving Evidence-Based Management in Government Programs." Journal of Information & Knowledge Management 13, no. 02 (June 2014): 1450018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021964921450018x.
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Public sector programs often fail to leverage their business intelligence systems and explicit knowledge objects to drive efficiency and effectiveness. Given the current federal fiscal environment and the need for effective government — a catalyst to the requirement to use "evidence and rigorous evaluation in budget, management, and policy decisions" (OMB Memorandum M-12-14) — federal programs look to business intelligence as an evidence-based decision-making practice leading to a more lean government, improving efficiency and effectiveness. However, cost overruns, technical obstacles, and next-generation information challenges stemming from pervasive computing can reduce any perceived value of utilising explicit knowledge systems to support evidence in decision making. Through the evaluation of five diverse projects tasked to address the use of evidence in decision-making practices, this research shows that achieving contextualisation of information requirements, stakeholder alignment, and the complexity/feasibility of information integration are key factors that should be analysed to improve the evidence-based decision-making practice in government programs, and may be accomplished through a systematic approach, such as the rationalisation of business intelligence systems. Thus, a rationalisation framework is provided to facilitate the management of business intelligence systems geared towards a more efficient and effective use of explicit knowledge.
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Levaggi, R. "An Optimal Grants-in-Aid Allocation Rule in the Context of an Asymmetry-of-Information Model." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 13, no. 2 (June 1995): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c130127.
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The antithesis between autonomy, equity, and efficiency are central elements in fiscal federalism. The literature argues that the existence of lower tiers depends on their ability at being better informed than the centre on local preferences and suggests that central government should exercise its control mainly through the grant allocated to each tier. However, setting up an efficient system requires the knowledge of nonobservable local parameters, and this creates an asymmetry-of-information problem that the literature on grants-in-aid has not recognized so far. This paper is an attempt to fill this gap. An optimal grant system that central government could use to reach an efficient allocation of resources within an intertemporal model characterized by asymmetry of information is described. The optimal grant formula is set in a dynamic framework by using an approach taken by Harris and Townsend in 1981. The formula obtained is very general and can be applied to many other situations involving delegated choices.
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Yefymenko, T. I. "Fiscal Regulation of National Economies' Sustainable Growth." Science and innovation 16, no. 5 (October 30, 2020): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/scine16.05.020.
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Introduction. One of the key contradictions in the modern market relations is associated with the phenomena of deglobalization. It is the practice of the European Union with respect to supranational influence on fiscal relations of economic agents and the “trumponomics” that have confirmed the need to further increase the effectiveness of international tax and budget regulatory institutions. Problem Statement. The modern fiscal policy in market economies aims at regulating the distribution of resources between the private and public sectors with minimal impact of inflationary or deflationary fluctuations on the producer price index. Government actions that mobilize market potential shall include elements of fiscal reform related to a set of targeted measures to reduce the growth rate of the monetary aggregates. Purpose. To identify the main directions of a systemic strengthening of fiscal functions of governments, primarily, in countering the threats of destabilization in the presence of dynamic phenomena of globalization and their further multiplication. Мaterials and Мethods. The methods of position-time situational analysis and synthesis have been used; the dynamics of statistical macroeconomic indicators (GDP) within the framework of various systematic model assessments of the tax reform impact have been compared. Results. Both the positive and the negative experience of implementing programs for international financial institutions and governments of different countries aim at achieving the goals of full employment and sustainable development with the help of revenue and budgetary means of demand management and established monetary leverages have been considered. Recommendations for improvement of regulatory fiscal effects on Ukraine’s socio-economic system (SES) stability growth have been justified in the light of current trends of change management. Conclusions. Rational tax policy shall provide for the improvement of legislative mechanisms in combination with the formation and use of costs, stimulating the saving of resources with a view to their best practical use. In the context of globalization and increasing threats of information asymmetry with the existence of various technological paradigms in the SES, regulations shall be based on establishing transparent “game rules”. Mandatory payments shall come from sources of business income rather than from capital, because the use of the latter for paying taxes is contrary to the interests of investors and the goals of sustainable growth.
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Patra, A. Dahri Adi, and Lanteng Bustami. "Analysis the Changes Opinion on Qualified be Disclaimer Opinion to the Financial Statements Local Government (Case Study: Government of Palopo city)." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 7, no. 1 (April 15, 2016): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v7i1.1228.
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The purpose of the research was to analyze, why the changes Opinion report of examination by the Supreme Audit Board on Qualified Opinion be Disclaimer opinion to the Financial Statements of the Local Government Palopo city, fiscal year 2013 , using a qualitative analysis approach to interactive model (collection of data – reduction data -display and conclusion Verifying ). In the phase Display of data, through analysis of Patterns of relationship between the findings of the report examination and interviews with stakeholders, obtained, information that the Competence of Human Resources (HR) and the Internal Control System has a strong interactive relationship and the direction. In analysis conclusion and verification showed that aspects of human resources (HR) is the most influential of the changes Opinion report examination Supreme Audit Board, is an aspect of behavior (Ethics). Thus the conclusion of the study; Behavior (ethics) dishonest is a major factor Changes opinion report Supreme Audit Board of Qualified opinion be Disclaimer opinion As the application of this research in the future, it is recommended to formulation of the action plan to the Unqualified Opinion. Through Team Supervise and monitoring implementation of action plan for improvement of Internal Control System and completion finding Auditor, as well improving the competence of personal financial management, on education through training administration and Regional Financial Accounting.
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Mukherjee, Sacchidananda. "Inter-governmental Fiscal Transfers in the Presence of Revenue Uncertainty: The Case of Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India." Journal of Development Policy and Practice 5, no. 1 (January 2020): 74–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455133320909927.
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A comprehensive multistage Value Added Tax (VAT) system, namely Goods and Services Tax (GST), is introduced in India since 1 July 2017. GST encompasses various taxes from Union and State indirect tax bases, and it is a dual VAT system with concurrent taxation power to Union and State governments. It was envisaged that removal of cascading of taxes and enshrining destination based consumption tax system under GST will encourage investment and improve ease-of-doing business in India. Though it is not right time to comment on success or failure of Indian GST system unless the tax system stabilises, so far revenue mobilisation from GST is not encouraging. The shortfall in GST collection has been acknowledged in the ‘Medium Term Fiscal Policy cum Fiscal Policy Strategy Statement’ of the Union Budget 2019–2020. The genesis of revenue shortfall may be design and structural in nature and/or compliance and tax administration related. However, the uncertainty surrounding GST revenue collection is an issue which needs an in-depth assessment for fiscal management of Union and State governments. The impact of revenue uncertainty will not be restricted to Union finances alone; it will spill over to state finances through inter-governmental fiscal transfers. Therefore, depending on seriousness of the uncertainties associated with GST revenue collection, devising an inter-governmental fiscal transfer framework may be a challenging task for the Fifteenth Finance Commission. Given the information available in the public domain, this article attempts to explore possible causes of revenue shortfall and assess possible impacts of revenue shortfall on Union and State finances.
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Bennett, R. J. "Tax Assignment in Multilevel Systems of Government: A Political-Economic Approach and the Case of Spain." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 5, no. 3 (September 1987): 267–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c050267.
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In this paper the question of tax assignment in multiple-level systems of government is addressed. Existing economic theory of fiscal federalism, which is the main source of information on tax assignment, is reviewed and various criticisms of this theory, as a normative theory, are outlined which indicate major difficulties in application to practice. Where a strong desire for decentralisation exists, such as in Spain, an alternative political-economic approach is suggested. This is then used to comment on developments in Spain where, it is concluded, the present assignment of taxing powers is insufficient to guarantee the autonomy of the regional governments. For Spain, regional access to a share of the VAT or personal income tax is suggested as the best option for tax reform in order to offer sufficient regional tax autonomy.
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Hrynchyshyn, Iryna. "BUDGET CONTROL IN THE CONTEXT OF FORMATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF BUDGET POLICY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT BODIES." Economic Analysis, no. 31(1) (2021): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2021.01.081.
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Introduction. A systematic approach to the organization of budgetary control in terms of compliance with the law and the efficient use of budgetary resources is designed to promote the effectiveness of fiscal policy of local governments. Goal. Determining the features of budget control in the context of formation and implementation of budget policy of local governments. Method (methodology). Methods of logical generalization, analysis, comparison and synthesis are used to determine the features of budget control in the context of formation and implementation of budget policy. Results. It is established that budget control is considered by scientists from a certain research position, namely as: a kind of specialized state financial control, a component of management activities of government and local government, financial control function of authorized entities and the public. The peculiarities of budget control in the context of formation and implementation of budget policy of local governments are described and the following directions of its improvement are offered: formation of complex system of budget control in the context of formation and implementation of budget policy; unification of functions of state budget control bodies in order to prevent excessive and unjustified interference in the activities of local self-government bodies with the provision of information and communication exchange between local self-government bodies and external controlling bodies; creation of a subdivision of internal budget control in accordance with the determined organizational structure of local self-government bodies with appropriate documentary support of the procedure for its implementation; use of tools of public control along with the state in order to increase the efficiency of government, minimize the risks of violations and abuses in the financial sector, which in turn will increase the level of trust of residents of the local community and their direct participation in local government.
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Faubert, Brenton Cyriel. "Transparent resource management." International Journal of Educational Management 33, no. 5 (July 8, 2019): 965–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijem-02-2018-0066.
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Purpose Public education is an important institution in any democracy, and the significant resources invested form a critical pillar in its provision. The evidence used to manage said resources is, therefore, an important issue for education leaders and a matter public interest. The purpose of this paper is to consider the role education finance leaders in Ontario, Canada, and what types of evidence they are using, how they are being employed and how much priority is given to each. Design/methodology/approach The paper employs a review of Ontario’s K-12 education funding policies/reports, and interviews with five K-12 funding model experts/leaders – four business superintendents from school boards of varying sizes (based on enrollment) and one system leader (to introduce perspective from the two levels of governance in resource management) to understand how these experts use evidence to inform resource decision making. This sampling strategy was also grounded in a key assumption: School boards with larger enrollment – and consequently larger budgets – will have greater capacity to use all forms of evidence when managing resources, as the majority of board revenue comes from grants that are mostly based on enrollment. Findings The findings bring important definition and prioritization of evidence that inform leaders’ resource decision making in education. The results point to two tacit, normative, unacknowledged and, yet, competing evidence frameworks driving resource management. The government is the most influential, prioritizing strategic policy, performance data, fiscal context and professional judgment; values embedded in policy and research were mentioned only in passing, while local anecdotal types of evidence were given less priority. Compounding this challenge is that all sides in debates on school resource needs face issues of access to, transparency in the use of and the prioritization given to various evidence types. Research limitations/implications Governments, with the assistance of academics, should formally articulate and make public the evidence framework they use to drive resource decision making. All sides of the resource management debate need to value a wider range of evidence, notably evidence that speak to local concerns, to reduce information gaps and, potentially, improve on the effective delivery of local educational programming. Education finance researchers could help to address access gaps by distilling research on the effective use of resources in a manner that is timely, tailored to the fiscal climate and to system- or district-level readiness for the implementation of a particular initiative. Practical implications Resource management driven solely by “facts” can support student achievement outcomes and effective system operation, but alone will not satisfy local-level aspirations for education or inspire public confidence; a key ingredient for the sustainability of this public institution. The results could be used to improve the balance of “decent information” used to inform resource deliberations and establish a shared understanding across stakeholder groups to facilitate compromise. The current state of affairs has all sides in advancing claims for resource needs based on what they understand to be evidence all while portraying competing claims as uninformed, undermining public confidence in education. Originality/value The paper draws from interviews with business superintendents and a system-level funding model expert, both lesser studied leaders on this topic in the Canadian context; offers a clear articulation of the evidence frameworks at play and the priority given to each type and how they are being used; presents definition and prioritization of evidence from the perspective of leaders in the Canadian context (most of literature is from the USA) – experts acknowledge that resource knowledge is contextually contingent and insight generated from other contexts will help to advance the field.
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Ajibolade, Solabomi Omobola, and Collins Sankay Oboh. "A critical examination of government budgeting and public funds management in Nigeria." International Journal of Public Leadership 13, no. 4 (November 13, 2017): 218–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpl-11-2016-0045.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to attempt an empirical examination of government budgeting and expenditure processes in Nigeria, a developing country. It examines the current state of budgeting and public funds management (PFM) in Nigeria. It also examines the extent to which the government has used the budgetary mechanism to effectively manage the nation’s economy. Design/methodology/approach The paper employed simple regression estimation technique for data analysis. Time series data set of budgetary information was constructed from different archival sources over a 16-years period (2000-2015), majorly the national Appropriation Acts, press releases, regulatory and governmental reports, reports of Transparency International, World Bank and Central Intelligence Agency. Findings The findings confirm that the nation’s annual budgeting approach is defective and lags in achieving its fiscal objectives. The budget indicates a state of poor accountability and transparency in PFM. Findings also suggest that the level of economic development in Nigeria is not commensurate with the size of government expenditure. Practical implications The paper draws the attention of the government to the need to restructure its approach to budgeting and adopt a more resilient approach that suits its environment and economic peculiarities in effort to ensure efficient management and accountability of public funds. The paper also offers value to other developing countries. It provides empirical evidence that explains an aspect why the African continent remains underdeveloped hitherto. Originality/value This paper lends a voice to the call for a restructuring of the Nigerian budgetary system and its implementation strategy. It advocates for the adoption of an alternative budgeting approach that matches Nigeria economic realities. The paper demonstrated that the traditional budgetary approach being used by many developing countries is limited in certain ways and could hinder sustainable development.
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Glazyrina, I. P., and K. A. Demchenko. "An assessment of the contribution of forest sector to federal and regional fiscal budgets in Russia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 875, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/875/1/012073.
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Abstract The article deals with the problems of effective use of forest ecosystem resources. The purpose of the article is to quantify the socio-economic efficiency of forest management in the regions of Russia. The paper uses the methods of correlation analysis and spatial analysis with the use of Geographic information system technologies. The assessment of the socio-economic efficiency of regional forest management was carried out using the author's methodology. Several quantitative indicators are considered. The calculations allowed us to draw a number of conclusions. In the 2010-2019 period, these indicators in the east of the country, as a rule, are significantly lower than the national average. At the same time, revenues from regional forest management to the consolidated budget of the country in some regions are negative due to the return of the export value added tax. The federal government encourages the development of the forest sector, using the mechanism of Priority Investment Projects, providing significant benefits to large-scale investors. The analysis shows that in general, the Priority Investment Projects mechanism contributes to the development and modernization of the forestry in Russia, but it does not take into account some regional features and needs to be adjusted.
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Zhou, Jianing, and Fan Yang. "Impact of Chinese-Style Fiscal Decentralization on Urban–Rural Integration: Based on Factor Allocation." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (January 13, 2023): 1542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021542.
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The urban–rural relationship has been a critical issue in studies on urban and rural geography. Urban–rural integration development (URI), as an integral part of the urban–rural relationship, needs to be understood under an integrated theoretical framework. Based on the conceptual analysis from productivism to post-productivism, this study constructs a multidimensional framework to understand urban–rural integration, restructuring from five layers that integrate population, space, economic, social, and environmental concerns, and the revised dynamic coordination coupling degree (CCD) model is used to measure the level of URI. Many studies have focused on the connection between URI and factor allocation. However, it is yet to be determined how both fiscal decentralization and factor allocation are linked with URI. This study focuses on this unexplored topic, and the impact mechanism among URI, factor allocation, and Chinese-style fiscal decentralization is investigated by adopting spatial econometric models, for achieving the high-quality development of China’s urban–rural relations. Empirical analysis of China’s three major urban agglomerations reveals that there are promising signs in China’s urban–rural integration development, with an orderly and coordinated structure shaping over the period 2003–2017. The rationality of factor allocation depends heavily on the power comparison between the helping hand and the grabbing hand of local governments under Chinese-style fiscal decentralization. Moderate fiscal decentralization, with a perfect market and social security system, leads to the free flow of factors and promotes urban–rural integration. By contrast, excessive fiscal decentralization causes resource misallocation and hinders urban–rural integration development. In light of our empirical evidence, the coordinated development of small- and medium-sized cities and subcities in urban agglomerations is suggested, it is highly necessary to establish a perfect social and employment security system. In addition, a reasonable space planning system for land use needs to be constructed by China’s governments at all levels. Chinese local governments should pay more attention to rural development in their jurisdiction by stimulating their information advantages under Chinese-style fiscal decentralization.
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Julian, Julian, Vince Ratnawati, and Yesi Mutia basri. "THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE GOVERNMENT OF PEKANBARU CITY FIXED ASSET: THE MIX METHOD APPROACH." Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Dan Bisnis 17, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/jieb.v17i1.3262.
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This research has a formulation of problems, namely whether the administration of fixed assets in The Government of Pekanbaru City is already run by Permendagri number 19 the year 2016 about the guidelines of regional goods management, and any constraints in the fixed asset administration in the Government of Pekanbaru City. Samples on research with quantitative research methods are 10 OPD that have the largest fixed asset value on audited fiscal year balance 2017. For the method of qualitative research, informants or the speakers in this research are Head of Sub Division of Inventory and Elimination of Assets and Head of Sub Division Development and Evaluation of Regional Financial and Asset Management Agency (BPKAD) Pekanbaru City and Head of General and Personnel Subdivision alongside with Goods Manager in the Department of Education, Department of Public Works and Spatial Planning and Department of Public Housing and Settlement Areas. The method used in the study is a mixed research method with sequential explanatory research design. As for the quantitative method, used quantitative descriptive analysis. While the qualitative method, using the triangulation technique. This research indicates that The Government of Pekanbaru City is implementing fixed asset administration, with details of evaluation of bookkeeping, inventory, and reporting of fixed assets as well as results of the evaluation of document filling completeness, under Permendagri number 19 the year 2016 about the guidelines of regional goods management and The Government of Pekanbaru City faced obstacles in the administration of fixed assets, among others, supporting documents of insufficient fixed assets, the frequent goods manager change/mutation, the migration aspect of SIMDA BMD to SIPKD Asset as an asset management information system, and the lack of fixed asset management regulatory device policy.
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Alsharari, Nizar Mohammad, and Mayada Abd El-Aziz Youssef. "Management accounting change and the implementation of GFMIS: a Jordanian case study." Asian Review of Accounting 25, no. 2 (May 2, 2017): 242–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ara-06-2016-0062.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explain the processes of management accounting change (MAC) in the Jordanian Customs Organization (JCO) within its social context following public sector reforms. It focuses on the regulative way in which a new accounting system of government financial management information system (GFMIS) was implemented throughout three levels of an institutional framework. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses an interpretive case study in which the GFMIS was imposed by the government. It draws on a framework that comprises three institutional approaches: old institutional economics; new institutional sociology; and power mobilization. Findings In the JCO case, the GFMIS contributed effectively to the development of a comprehensive approach to the preparation of the budget while it works to facilitate the estimated process of expenditures and revenues. The study recognizes that the implementation of GFMIS may have emerged primarily as a response to external political and economic pressures. The MAC was carried out in the “from-top-to-bottom” level of institutional analysis, which confirms the “path-dependent” and evolutionary nature of the change. It concludes that the evolutionary MAC in the JCO case study was not only a decorative innovation in management accounting, but was also represented in the working practices. It has produced comprehensive and timely information about strategic planning, chart of accounts and classification of assets, liabilities, and revenues and expenses at all levels of management and programs. The study also confirms that management accounting is not a static phenomenon but one that changes over time to reflect new systems and practices. Research limitations/implications The need for having an integrated GFMIS in the authors’ case arises from two key dimensions: increasing pressures from the International Monetary Fund to improve fiscal management and reporting, and the government needs to respond to the demand of better information disclosure. GFMIS has provided an integrated solution for public financial management through the automation of the entire life cycle of budget preparation, budget execution, and financial reporting. The system operates across all budget organizations to ensure transparency and accountability in all public resources transactions, including allocation, use, and monitoring. Hence, it has important implications for policy decision makers through linking all budget organizations, for the purposes of supporting the process of decision making in an informed manner. The study has important implications for the ways in which change dynamics can emerge, diffuse, and implement at three levels of institutional analysis. It also explains the interaction between the external origins and internal accounts, which identified that GFMIS is both shaped by, and is shaping, wider socio-economic and political processes. Originality/value This study fills a gap in the literature, as it explains the processes of MAC associated with the introduction of GFMIS in the JCO within its social context. It recognizes the institutional pressures that affected the emergence and diffusion of GFMIS and how they interacted through three levels of institutional analysis.
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Muravskyi, Volodymyr. "The impact of global technological trends on accounting." Herald of Ternopil National Economic University, no. 4 (86) (December 12, 2017): 138–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/visnyk2017.04.138.
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The article points out that the pace of technological advance has led to integrating informaion and communication technology into accounting processes. Examples of advanced technologies for business that influence accounting management include computer-assisted learning and artificial intelligence, “smart” applications for telecommunication devices, “smart” things, complemented by virtual reality, digital twins, blockchain, chat communication systems, adaptive security systems, applications and network architecture, integrated electronic platforms. The aim of the research is to elucidate the impact of advanced technological trends on accounting management and highlight advantages of applying computer and communication technology to the processing of credentials. Artificial intelligence (AI) and computer-assisted learning, which include neural networks and natural-language processing, support the accounting system that is capable of learning, forecasting, adapting and working autonomously. Using AI, technology developers focus on three areas: advanced analytics of accounting information, digital assistants of accounting automation, and interactive interface for virtual reality. AI, used in automated information processing, is complemented by applying “smart” things that make it possible to identify, measure, evaluate and transfer accounting data on phenomena and events to the single database without the participation of staff. A proposed information model of integrated database might act as a common information environment for electronic interaction of all participants in financial market transactions. There is information exchange between suppliers, customers, banking institutions, legal and factoring organizations, government fiscal and statistical authorities. However, public access to a single database may lead to losses of confidential information, which requires effective methods for information protection of the accounting system. “Blockchain” is one of the advanced technologies of information security. It is a type of accounting ledger in the database (for example, in bitcoin crypto-currency), where entries are grouped consecutively into blocks to prevent unauthorized changes. The use of computer and communication technology in the accounting management will provide: the opportunity for complete automation of accounting processes; minimization of time and money spent on administrative staff; information protection in communication interactions between participants of information processes; development of algorithms for building a common database of credentials and common information environment.
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Kim, Suyon. "Does Engagement Partners’ Effort Affect Audit Quality? With a Focus on the Effects of Internal Control System." Risks 9, no. 12 (December 10, 2021): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks9120225.
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An audit team includes engagement partners, CPAs, and staff. Among them, partners play a vital role in performing tasks that require expertise and experience, such as analyzing and understanding the industry, and supervising the overall audit process. In detail, the partners establish an audit plan, determine the overall audit time, provide the audit input ratio of the engagement team, and review the audit reports. This study examines for association between the partner’s audit hour ratio and audit quality depending on the client firms’ characteristics. Although the role of partners is important, the information about partner audit hours is limited. However, the Korean government requires audit firms to disclose the partner hour information in the audit report starting in the 2014 fiscal year. By the disclosure, it is possible to examine the association between partner audit hours and audit quality. In this study, the information on partner audit hour is hand-collected from the firms’ business reports. Using 6340 observations from 2014 to 2017, the partner audit hour ratio is associated with audit quality, under the characteristics of client firms. Firms’ risks are adopted for client characteristics, and we focused on the operation of internal control. The internal control operation level is measured by the following: (1) the ratio of internal control personnel and (2) experience of the internal control personnel in the accounting and IT departments. The result suggests that for the firms where internal control is not effectively operated, partners make more effort to enhance audit quality.
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Alozie, Christopher Enyioma. "Fund accounting and government-wide financial reporting during the Pre-IPSAS implementation era from a Nigerian experience." Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management 32, no. 3 (June 3, 2020): 339–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbafm-01-2019-0017.
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PurposeThis paper assessed accuracy level in accounting for government funds in Nigeria's federal treasury and their faithful presentation in government financial reporting. It aimed to determine whether the reported annual balances in Nigeria's financial reporting were reliable or otherwise. Data used in analysis were obtained from secondary sources from federal treasury.Design/methodology/approachEx-post “facto” analysis method was adopted in the study involving the use of statistical techniques of absolute or aggregate mean percentage error derived from differences between recomputed and published fund balances and was employed. This was augmented with interactive review meetings of the initial case research report with the management of Nigeria's audit agency.FindingsResults distilled from the consolidated revenue fund (CRF), development fund and public debt show that recomputed values were greater than the fund balances in the gazetted financial statements. Results for contingency fund (CTF), federation account fund (FAF), special trust fund (STF) and sundry deposit fund yield equal figures and accurate. The paper concludes that there were serial understatements of the core public fund balances in the financial statements over the years. This trend of reporting incorrect in three core public funds in financial statements rendered Nigeria's financial position unreliable in the affected years for decisions. It also facilitated frauds, mismanagement of funds and corrupt practices.Research limitations/implicationsThe scope of the research is restricted to assessment of degree of accuracy in fund accounting, faithful representation of the respective fund balance in the liabilities side of FGN balance sheet and the reliability of the financial position. But, it did not consider or cover the implementation of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSASs) in federal treasury since FGN had not issued any full IPSAS–oriented financial statements as on 2015.Practical implicationsIdentification of deficiencies in fund account balances, structural defects in fund accounting and acts of understatement of carrying balances in CRF and capital development fund (CDF) implies that the aggregate core fund liabilities reported in financial statement of government entities without corresponding assets do not actually reflect a true and fair financial position in some countries. It reveals remarkable degree of financial information asymmetry in government financial reporting. Illusionary fund accounting has direct linkage to poor fiscal governance in many sovereign with associated sub-optimal delivery of public goods and service level distress syndrome in many economies; lead to poverty, unemployment, crisis and macroeconomic disturbances.Social implicationsThe study contributes to the development of fund accounting system; strengthening government financial reporting architecture and practices. It provides framework for tracking financial information asymmetry in government financial reporting and mismanagement of public funds. It provides platform to effect necessary adjustment (correction) during the “first time 3-year adoption” adjustment window in Nigeria. Flowing from the findings, it advocates for institutionalization of government fund accounting standards and provides evidence for migration to accrual accounting system in countries that have not already implemented it. Evaluation system developed herein will improve fund management in federal treasury and contribute to efficient public financial management, good governance and enhance development of public accounting practice.Originality/valueThis exploratory empirical research is the one to ever evaluate accuracy level of fund accounting in sovereign entities and faithful representation in government's financial position prior to implementation of accrual accounting and financial reporting. The study established substantial level of illusionary accounting for public funds and information asymmetry in published government's financial reporting. It is necessary to rectify these discrepancies in fund accounting and financial reporting prior to and or during the first three years of the IPSAS transition implementation programme. These research deliverables provide adopters with relevant data for adjustment accounting during the transition period in strengthening public financial reporting in order to realize the benefit of full IPSAS accrual accounting.
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Smith, Donald P. "Inspection Technologies and Crisis Management: Field Automation lessons from the field." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 300246. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014-1-300246.1.
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The task of capturing accurate information from the field and sharing it with response teams, incident commanders, command posts, regional offices, and internal/external agencies in a timely manner is a goal that has been difficult to achieve, especially on large-scale events. Growing fiscal constraints necessitate that solutions be part of a stable reusable system that is easily used by responders/inspectors, and also easily expanded when additional support and complexity become necessary. However, the various types of events/activities can be very challenging for both responders and inspectors. Government agencies are not always homogenous; their regional branches may collect different details on the same object, leading to incompatibilities between regional information. If the various agencies' engaged in data collection and dissemination does not standardize their efforts, then, information meltdown occurs. Ultimately, the data that were collected and disseminated become untrustworthy and unreliable. In some cases, this can compromise enforcement actions. Once information is collected, it also requires processing and distribution to different internal, external, non-profit, and private agencies. Recent mobile technologies that are available through smart phones and tablets offer solutions that allow quick customizations, scalability, and low-cost alternatives to data collection/dissemination. The concept of ‘Bring Your Own Device’ (BYOD) helps agencies to utilize existing equipment/infrastructure and to standardize policies and minimize training/software needs. These technologies can be utilized during all phases of Disaster Management – mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery, and day-to-day inspection activities. This shifting paradigm offers opportunities for all field-deployed personnel to share data in a near real-time environment. Over the past few decades, we have been actively involved in developing field inspection applications and establishing an infrastructure for Disaster Response/inspection programs that has allowed EPA to successfully manage field data collection. This poster intends to share these efforts and to demonstrate their effectiveness. The following is a list of issues that will be covered by the application of field automation: cost sharing, rapid application deployment, ease of training, Internet sharing, data quality, and data dissemination.
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Kharel, Suman. "Consequences of Educational Decentralization in Nepal." Tribhuvan University Journal 31, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2017): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v31i1-2.25334.
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This study appraises consequences of educational decentralization process (EDP). This Study has Applied qualitative research approach in which information was collected from purposively selected participants belong to 50 primary and secondary schools of 12 districts. This study reveals that in the course of ensuring quality education to all, Nepalese education system implemented EDP. School management committee (SMC) was a sole authority while implementing 'market system' of educational management. Government of Nepal (GoN) had been practicing and delegated authority of school-teacher management to the SMC. Fundamentalism of politics while re-forming SMCs, low academic qualification, lack of managerial skill or capacity of the members had been regarded as some of the mounting challenges. Further, local people including parents were less aware and less capable of assisting SMCs. The policy of handing over SMC had led to increased interest in and ownership of schools by the community in one hand. On the other hand, the education for all (EFA) documents did not focus on empowering the local communities and SMCs for better management of schools in the local level. The large scale program like the Basic and Primary Education Program (BPEP) had in the past concentrated more on capacity building at the central level. No doubt, EDP had been suffering from covertly tight fiscal management policies. Head teachers did not have the rights and responsibility even for recruitment and professional development of the teachers. Poor institutional capabilities, over politicization, nepotism, favoritism had been increasing teacher absenteeism and over-under staffing.
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Chen, Tinggui, Yiwen Qiu, Bing Wang, and Jianjun Yang. "Analysis of Effects on the Dual Circulation Promotion Policy for Cross-Border E-Commerce B2B Export Trade Based on System Dynamics during COVID-19." Systems 10, no. 1 (February 3, 2022): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems10010013.
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In 2020, the cross-border e-commerce industry suffered a setback against the backdrop of the global epidemic. In the context of the global epidemic and economic structural reform and transformation, China has proposed a new economic pattern of “dual circulation” development, and this measure has greatly promoted the development of China’s cross-border e-commerce industry. According to relevant data, the export share of China’s cross-border e-commerce accounted for 77.6% of its market size in 2020. As a result, this paper studies the influence of the “dual circulation” measure on the development of cross-border e-commerce B2B export trade and classifies and analyzes the policies related to the cross-border e-commerce industry in the “dual circulation” measure. Then, a system dynamics model reflecting the lag effect of this measure on cross-border e-commerce B2B export is also constructed, and the effects of different single policies and different policy combinations on cross-border e-commerce B2B export are simulated successively. The modeling process and simulation results demonstrate that: (1) infrastructure investment of cross-border e-commerce is most affected by policy lag, followed by government supervision and enterprise operation, while talent training of cross-border e-commerce and customs supervision are almost not affected by policy lag; (2) tax policy, customs clearance policy, and fiscal policy have greater effects on the promotion of cross-border e-commerce B2B exports, while the payment policy and talent policy have less impact on them; and (3) from the simulation results of policy combination, it can be seen that the regulatory environment (i.e., regulatory policies) is the most important to promote cross-border e-commerce B2B export trade, followed by financial support, customs environment, and business environment. Finally, this paper gives suggestions for the formulation of relevant government policies to promote the development of cross-border e-commerce B2B export trade and provide some reference values for other governments to develop the cross-border e-commerce B2B export trade industry.
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PLAKHTII, Tetiana, and Vitalina DRACHUK. "ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES: PROCEDURE FOR TAXATION AND DISCLOSURE IN ACCOUNTING SYSTEM." "EСONOMY. FINANСES. MANAGEMENT: Topical issues of science and practical activity", no. 5 (45) (May 2019): 143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2411-4413-2019-5-16.
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The tax system of any country is formed primarily in order to fulfil the fiscal function, which is aimed at filling the state budget. However, the problem of environmental pollution has risen in the world; therefore, this issue may be solved at the expense of different levers of the state influence at the level of the national, regional and local government. This process can be assisted through the intensification of the control function of such kind of tax payments as environmental tax. To control the activities of enterprises in the part of economic operations that cause environmental pollution through the construction of high quality information base, it is necessary to study the approaches established by the system of environmental taxation and reflection of such operations in the accounting. Recording of transactions on the accounting of the environmental tax settlements is carried out using the Settlement of tax commitments on the environmental tax, which is charged for emissions into the air of pollutants by stationary sources of pollution and Settlement of tax commitments on the environmental tax, which is charged for the placement of waste in the places or objects designated for these purposes. Based on the information given in the above-mentioned documents, the Tax Declaration of Environmental Tax is drawn up. These documents are constituents of tax reporting on the environmental tax, which show generalized information over the reporting period, i.e. a quarter. Currently, businesses want to have information that has been formed in time during a rather short time period in order to make operational and tactical decisions. We consider that it is necessary to meet the requirements of users through the formation and submitting accounting information in the form of auxiliary information on the charging of the environmental tax taking into account the specific approaches to taxation for one or another type of the environmental pollution. Such accounting information can be grouped at the request of users for certain time period, e.g. a week, a month, etc. Real environmental commitments can be reflected in the accounting system of the business entity in the context of analytical accounts, which are opened in the account 64 “Settlements of taxes and payments” and sub-account 641.5 “Settlements of the environmental tax”. The loan of this subaccount reflects the charge of the environmental tax, and its transfer to the budget – for a loan. We propose to carry out analytical accounting of settlements for environmental taxes by the types of payments (basic payment, fines, penalties) with the allocation of analytical accounts, i.e. the tax on actual emissions into the atmospheric air of pollutants by stationary sources of pollution; tax on actual volumes of emissions; tax on actual waste disposal. Accounting performed in the context of the proposed analytics will enable to form information on environmental commitments in terms of tax payments in order to provide effective management of the environmental activities of the enterprise. According to the Methodical recommendations on management reporting, one of the areas in which this form of report is being developed is the disclosure of environmental aspects. Proposals for the improvement of the procedure of documenting operations for charging commitments to the budget, as a result of meeting the requirements of environmental taxation in the form of auxiliary information and reflection in the accounting system of accounts, will improve organization of the accounting process during its practical application. This will enable not only to resolve the accounting issue on the formation of qualitative, reliable and unbiased information by its characteristics of information for reporting, but also to strengthen control over compliance with the environmental legislation and preservation of the environment. The accounting information formed by this method way will serve as an information base, in particular, to make the management report.
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Benowitz, Stephen C. "New Age Personnel — Quality Service Delivery in Changing Times." Public Personnel Management 23, no. 2 (June 1994): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102609402300201.
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Many organizations must re-evaluate the manner in which personnel services are delivered to customers. Growing demands and increasing responsibilities placed on personnel offices have changed the nature of their work. Fiscal constraints have led to cutbacks in available staff to meet these needs. Larger organizations may have to re-evaluate the structure and responsibilities of centralized vs. decentralized systems. The National institutes of Health (NTH) is a large organization (19,000 employees) with a decentralized personnel services program. New responsibilities placed on the program (e.g., ethics, federal government recruitment and hiring regulations) and reduced resources have led to a re-examination of the services that customers need most, and of the level of the organization that is most effective in providing the service. Using focus groups, NIH identified a number of critical areas of personnel service delivery; me ten most critical are being reviewed by TQM teams. Each team will recommend the most appropriate organizational level to provide the service and will identify ways to simplify procedures (including automation) for both personnel offices and customers. This article will discuss the approach used at NTH and provide information on the results that have been accomplished to date.
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Roos, Elizabeth Louisa, and Philip David Adams. "Fiscal reform: a computable general equilibrium (CGE) analysis for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management 14, no. 4 (June 7, 2021): 812–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imefm-05-2020-0223.
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Purpose This paper aims to provide a quantitative assessment of the broad economic effects of tax policy reform in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Design/methodology/approach Using a dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the KSA, three simulations are run. The first simulation is the baseline simulation, which generates growth paths of the Saudi economy in the absence of tax reform. In developing the baseline simulation, this study incorporates forecasts from the International Monetary Fund. The remaining simulations are policy simulations. A policy simulation deviates from the baseline simulation in response to a policy change. In the first policy simulation, this study introduces a value-added tax (VAT) that generates SAR 35bn. This study assumes budget neutrality with the additional tax revenue transferred to households via a lump sum payment. In the second policy simulation, this study introduces a corporate income tax that generates SAR 35bn. This study then calculates and compares the distortion these taxes introduce into the economy. Findings This study finds that although the introduction of new taxes increases government tax revenue, markets are distorted lowering efficiency and production. An introduction of VAT increases the cost of consumption relative to the cost of production. As a consequence, the real cost of labour increases lowering employment in the short run. Employment moves to the baseline, as wages adjust capital and real gross domestic product (GDP) is below base throughout the simulation period. The second simulation is an increase in the corporate tax rate with lowers the post-tax rates of return investors receive. This simulation shows that the negative impact on investment, capital and GDP is larger with the introduction of a corporate tax than with the VAT. Research limitations/implications Literature focusing on tax policy reform in the Gulf Cooperation Council and, specifically, Saudi Arabia is limited. This paper contributes to the literature by focusing on the following: understanding the impact and mechanisms through which changes in taxation impact the economy more generally; understanding the potential harm caused to allocative efficiency and production due to taxes; and ways in which fiscal reform might complement other reforms such as efforts to diversify the economy, labour market and energy price reforms. This improves the information base available to policymakers charged with designing an optimal tax system that meets all future requirements of a country such as the KSA. Originality/value The authors developed and applied a CGE model for the KSA to analyse the impact of VAT and corporate tax on the Saudi economy. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, there are no recent CGE models for Saudi Arabia that have been used for tax policy or quantifying the potential harm to the economy when new taxes are introduced.
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BORISOVA, Victoria, Iryna SAMOSHKINA, Larysa RYBINA, and Olena SHUMKOVA. "Financial Mechanism for Managing the Environmental Innovation Development of the Economy in Ukraine." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 11, no. 7 (November 30, 2020): 1617. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v11.7(47).03.
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The article substantiates the directions of improving a financial mechanism for managing the environmental innovation development of the Ukrainian economy. It presents an in-depth analysis of conceptual foundations of the formation of a system of principles, goals and criteria for ensuring the adequacy of a financial management mechanism with a special focus on the features of environmental innovation development. For optimal reallocation of a resource component, the necessity for systematic application of fiscal and credit management tools is justified. To ensure maximum growth of environmental innovation capacity of the economy the authors have improved a mechanism for developing an optimal set of target financing programs, analyzed the financial methods of managing the environmental innovation development of economy. The paper focuses on the nature and content of the concept “financial mechanism for managing the environmental innovation development of economy”, which is proposed to be understood as a system of actions of financial methods and levers on the basis of relevant legal, information and regulatory support aimed at the most efficient development of the environmental innovation capacity of economy through optimal reallocation of the resource component of this potential. This enables, on the basis of a systematic analysis of financial relations that originate from environmental innovation development, to determine the main directions of their transformation under the influence of changes in the financial management mechanism. The subject of the research is the economic relations that arise between state and local government bodies and business entities regarding the allocation and reallocation of financial resources in managing the environmental innovation development of economy. In order to achievie the goal of the article, the authors have used the general scientific and special methods of cognition, fundamental provisions of general economic theory, the theory of economic development, evolutionary economics, economics and finance of nature management.
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Dvigun, Alla, Oleksandr Datsii, Nataliia Levchenko, Ganna Shyshkanova, Oleg Platonov, and Viktoriia Zalizniuk. "Increasing Ambition to Reduce the Carbon Trace of Multimodal Transportation in the Conditions of Ukraine's Economy Transformation Towards Climate Neutrality." Science and Innovation 18, no. 1 (February 14, 2022): 96–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/scine18.01.096.
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Introduction. It has been stated that the strategic guideline for the transformation of Ukraine's economy towards climate neutrality is to increase the ambition to reduce the carbon trace of multimodal transportation through the use of an arsenal of effective regulatory and fiscal measures.Problem Statement. The challenge is to find ways to increase the ambition to reduce the carbon footprint of multimodal transportation in the context of transforming Ukraine's economy to climate neutrality.Purpose. The purpose of this research is to developscenarios for reducing the carbon footprint of multimodal transportation to ensure the environment preservation and well-being of the future generations.Materials and Methods. The following methods have been used: economic and mathematical modelling on the basis of correlation-regressive analysis, for determining the dependence of greenhouse gas emissions on fuel consumption in the transport sector, cargo and passenger turnover, GDP, the number of permanent population; decoupling analysis, for estimating the impact of transport on the environment; comparative analysis, for studying the elasticity of greenhouse gas emissions with GDP changes in countries with the length of transport routes close to Ukraine; strategic analysis, for assessing the realism of NDCs2; scenario forecasting, for identifying alternative scenarios of changes in greenhouse gas emissions, provided that the traffic flows increase.Results. For the first time, a mechanism for paying a carbon tax on fuel, which ensures a fair attitude towards environmental pollutants and a reasonable formation of the investment potential of the Decarbonisation Fund. has been proposed.Conclusions. Having chosen the transformation of Ukraine's economy towards climate neutrality as a strategic guideline, the government shall decide to increase the ambition to reduce the carbon footprint of multimodal transportation through the use of an arsenal of effective fiscal measures.
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Rizka, Rizka. "Strategy Analysis of Regional Tax Increase and Regional Retribution of Banda Aceh City in the New Normal Era Covid Pandemic 19." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 4 (December 4, 2020): 3923–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v3i4.1458.
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This study aims to analyze the strategy carried out and analyze the problems in determining the strategy as an effort to increase local revenue during the New Normal Pandemic Covid 19. The object of this research is the strategy for increasing local tax revenues and levies prepared by the Banda Aceh City Government. Meanwhile, the subjects in this study are the Head of the BPKK Office, the Secretary of the BPKK, the Head of Billing, the Head of Data Collection, and the Head of Accounting who are divided into duties and obligations to participate in developing strategies for increasing regional revenues. This research is a descriptive study, while the approach is a qualitative approach. Data collection was carried out in two ways, namely library data collection and field data collection. The results showed that; (1) Problems that exist in Pemko Banda Aceh are fiscal dependence on the Central Government, not optimal exploration of regional potential, inefficient performance of regional financial management and weak systems and socialization. (2) The strategy adopted by Pemko Banda Aceh is to implement intensification and extensification efforts. (3) Problems faced in realizing the strategy for increasing regional revenue include unattainable organizational goals, lack of coordination with other parties, weak supervision including instruments, lack of use of information technology, and limited quality of human resources.
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Jubair, Saud Mohammed Bin, and Jugindar Singh Kartar Singh. "Critical Success Factors of Public-private Partnership (PPP) Projects in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia." Webology 19, no. 1 (January 20, 2022): 1521–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/web/v19i1/web19102.
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In a world where governments are looking at alternative ways of developing economies, infrastructure development remains a key aspect of these aspirations. For Middle East economies, which have relied on oil proceeds, the growth strategy is not as before as the oil prices have been fluctuating and resulting in low fiscal incomes. Saudi Arabia is one such economy. Thus, in the Kingdom's development strategy outlined in Vision 2030, there has been an emphasis on private players coming into partnering with the government in infrastructure and broader economic development projects. While the concept is easy on paper, running successful Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) projects is a complex endeavor given the conflicting interests of the partners themselves. This research investigated the critical success factors of PPP projects in Saudi Arabia based on the reflections of a quantitative study for infrastructure projects. For descriptive analysis, the entire population of participants (1200 respondents was used), and for the inferential statistics, a sample of 543 respondents was used in a Structured Equation Model tested on Smart PLS was used. The model tested critical success factors mediated by Openness and Communication and a multigroup analysis moderated by job level (representing the level of decision-making classified into strategic formulators - strategic level and above; and strategic implementers- operational managers). The models had an R2 of a stratified sample of 54.5% for the strategic level model and 45.9% for the strategic implementers model. Both models confirmed the importance of Procurement transparency, Risk sharing and allocation, Knowledge management. However, they had differences in the influence of governance, Openness and Communication and efficiency of the financial model. Governance had a significant influence on the success of PPPs only at the operational level while having a fully mediated relationship with Openness and Communication at the operational level. The study then produced two frameworks that are relevant for policymakers and potential private players to understand the relevant factors to be prioritised at each decision-making level to ensure the successful completion of PPPs in Saudi Arabia.
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Razborska, Olena, and Yaroslava Serzhenik. "TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES OF INCOME TAX COLLECTION IN CONDITIONS OF BUDGET DEFICIT." Economic Analysis, no. 30(3) (2020): 90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2020.03.090.
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Introduction. Currently, the strategic task of government is to ensure an effective mechanism for its functioning, so that the state treasury is filled and, at the same time, there is no pressure on business development. Income taxation of enterprises has a serious impact on the development of entrepreneurship, as it can both stimulate and discourage its development. The application of an effective system of corporate income tax, provided a guarantee of reliability of accounting and analytical information will allow participants in the tax system to make effective management decisions on the formation, completeness and timeliness of corporate income tax. Purpose. The purpose of the study is to summarize the theoretical aspects of the organization, corporate income tax as a regulatory tool of the national economy, identify the main problems of its accounting and control of market conditions and justify proposals for their solution, processing and development of practical aspects of improving the practice of tax collection. Method (methodology). Based on the methods of system-structural analysis, comparison, causal analysis and argumentation, the problems of collecting income tax of different countries, its accounting and analytical support and control in the introduction of the classical European model of income tax are detailed. Results. The task of state administration to ensure an effective mechanism for the functioning of the tax system as one of the main levers of state regulation of the economy is studied. Using the foreign experience of developed countries, an approach to solving the issues of filling the budget (budget deficit) and minimizing the pressure on business development is proposed. The impact on the country's economy of the results of tax transformation with minimal losses for business and the state has been studied. It is proposed to solve the problem of reducing the fiscal efficiency of corporate income tax, which will allow the business sector to develop with renewed vigor.
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Sari, Purnama, Isep Saepul Muzaki, Nurdiana Mulyatini, Eva Faridah, and Benny Prawiranegara. "LOCAL OWN REVENUE, DECENTRALIZATION AND LOCAL FINANCIAL INDEPENDENT." Jurnal Manajemen Indonesia 19, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.25124/jmi.v19i3.2413.
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The regional autonomy system provides an opportunity for regions in the territory of Indonesia to utilize their sources of income independently so that the implementation of development in the regions does not only rely on finance from the central government. In this study, we are of the opinion that regions that are able to optimize their local own revenue will have an impact on increasing local financial independence. Local financial independence is the ability of a region to finance development in its area. Our other opinion assumes that the relationship between localown revenue and the local financial independence can be strengthened by the implementation of decentralization. With good decentralization, local governments are more transparent in providing all information to the public, can increase accountability because public services are getting closer, local governments can take strategic decisions, improve fiscal management, improve economic growth and market security. The new contribution of this study is related to the literature of the merging of the relationship between local own revenue, decentralization, and local financial independence that was built through Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) evidence in one of the regions in Indonesia, namely Ciamis. The results of the study show that regional local own revenues influence local financial independence. Meanwhile, decentralization which is proxied using local government expenditures is able to strengthen the relationship of local own revenues to local financial independence. So it can be concluded that the effective implementation of decentralization is able to encourage an increase in regional income that comes from its own sources to realize financial independence in the region.
Keywords—Decentralization, Local Financial Independent, Local Own Revenue.
Abstrak
Sistem otonomi daerah memberikan kesempatan kepada daerah-daerah di wilayah Indonesia untuk memanfaatkan sumber-sumber pendapatannya secara mandiri agar pelaksanaan pembangunan di daerah tidak hanya mengandalkan keuangan yang berasal dari pemerintah pusat. Dalam studi ini, kami berpendapat bahwa daerah yang mampu mengoptimalkan pendapatan asli daerahnya akan berdampak terhadap meningkatnya kemandirian keuangan daerah. Kemandirian keuangan daerah adalah kemampuan suatu daerah dalam membiayai pembangunan di daerahnya. Pendapat kami lainnya menganggap bahwa hubungan pendapatan asli daerah dengan kemandirian keuangan daerah dapat diperkuat oleh pelaksanaan desentralisasi yang baik. Dengan desentralisasi yang baik maka pemerintah daerah lebih transparan dalam memberikan semua informasi kepada publik, dapat meningkatkan akuntabilitas karena pelayanan publik menjadi lebih dekat, pemerintah daerah dapat mengambil keputusan yang strategis, meningkatkan manajemen fiscal, meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi dan keamanan pasar. Kontribusi baru dari studi ini adalah menyangkut literature penggabungan hubungan antara pendapatan asli daerah, desentralisasi, dan kemandirian keuangan daerah yang dibangun melalui Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) bukti pada salah satu daerah di Indonesia, yaitu Ciamis. Hasil studi menunjukan bahwa pendapatan asli daerah berpengaruh terhadap kemandirian keuangan daerah. Sementara itu desentralisasi yang diproksi menggunakan pengeluaran pemerintah daerah mampu memperkuat hubungan pendapatanasli daerah terhadap kemandirian keuangan daerah. Jadi dapat disimpulkan bahwa pelaksaksanaan desentralisasi yang efektif mampu mendorong peningkatan pendapatan daerah yang berasal dari sumber-sumbernya sendiri untuk mewujudkan kemandirian keuangan di daerah.
Kata kunci—Desentralisasi, Kemandirian Keuangan Daerah, Pendapatan Asli Daerah.
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Guerrero, Felix Julca, Edwin Ramirez-Asis, Wendy Allauca-Castillo, Hugo Maldonado-Leyva, Guillermo Peláez-Díaz, and Carlos Fernandez-Lopez. "Economic Transition, Creating Opportunities and Establishing Resilience of Post-Covid Era in the Latin America and the Caribbean." Webology 19, no. 1 (January 20, 2022): 3358–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/web/v19i1/web19221.
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Latin America and the Caribbean has started adopting the various policy measure to develop the economic status of the region. The Covid-19 situation has impacted significantly on various sectors and structures of the region such as poverty, unemployment, economic and social inequalities among the people. The LAC region is navigating the various challenging atmosphere during the Covid-19 era, which has been affected directly in the contraction of gross domestic product of the region. Because of the lockdown procedures has impacted significantly on all economic activities, reduced the global demand especially the trade, and affected the entire tourism sector. Subsequently, the Covid-19 lockdown measures hit the poor people who lives under the poverty and those working in the low-paid wages workers in the informal sector. The informal sector workers are already not receiving any kind of social security measures. It is also noticed that 38 percent of the total workforce in the informal sector are not having any form of social security and affected a lot during the lockdown. According to OECD, this pandemic crisis made the micro, medium and small industries in vulnerable situation of the LAC region countries. It affected 2.7 million companies in LAC and influenced for the loss of 8.5 million jobs. Many of the LAC policy makers and the government responded in a very effective manner to protect and safe-guard the people from extreme poverty and vulnerability. Various monetary and fiscal policy measures have been taken and the crisis and revive the economy. The immediate action is taken on important segment such as supporting the poor household by creation of new jobs, generating employment through industries and firms. The necessary economic policy formulation supported the transition of the economy from the crisis to prosperity.
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T. M., T. M. "The Theoretical-Conceptual Aspects of Clustering as the Basis for Innovative Development of Industrial Enterprises." Business Inform 5, no. 520 (2021): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2021-5-82-88.
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The article is aimed at forming the theoretical-conceptual aspects of clustering as the basis for innovative development of industrial enterprises in modern transformational conditions of economic management. According to the results of the research, it is identified that the clustering process is directed towards forming an innovative system, that is, a combination of science and production, which ensures the transformation of new knowledge into competitive goods and services. The creation of cluster associations will enable the State and local governments to stimulate the innovatively oriented development of domestic industrial enterprises through the formation of a regional economic system in which economic entities of various industry sectors and forms of ownership create organizational-economic associations of suppliers and consumers of products and services based on international management standards. Innovatively oriented development of Ukraine shows that with the existing scientific potential, we are unacceptably lagged in terms of the share of intellectual property in public wealth and GDP. The primary causes are the following: insufficient budget financing; low demand for innovations on the part of business; low level of development of innovative entrepreneurship and innovation infrastructure; taxation which is fiscal rather than stimulating; high level of corruption; inaccessible lending and unstable system of insurance of technological and commercial risks. On the basis of the carried out research, the concept of clustering is proposed as the basis for innovatively oriented development of industrial enterprises. The clustering process solves many problems, forms the institutional foundation for the creation of a post-industrial information-based economy, strengthening the financial competitiveness of the regions and solving their socio-economic problems.
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Lee, Chang-Kyu. "A Study of automobile mileage taxation proposals for electric vehicles: Focusing on discussions on introduction in the United States." KOREAN SOCIETY OF TAX LAW 7, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 151–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37733/tkjt.2022.7.3.151.
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Many major overseas countries, including South Korea, have long relied on so-called vehicle fuel taxes for fuel consumption, such as the oil flow tax, for most of their road finances. However, with the spread of fuel-efficient vehicles and the advent of the era of electric vehicles that do not consume fuel such as gasoline, tax revenues from vehicle fuel taxes are expected to plummet. Already, the United States and EU member countries are anticipating the advent of the EV era, and from the perspective of sustainability, they will add a tax on automobile fuel consumption in order to seek financial resources for roads. Convert to This is in progress.
In the transition and conversion to taxation and charging of automobile mileage tax, the issue is whether the automobile mileage tax is to be levied as a tax or a contribution. In particular, in the case of charges, there is a problem as to whether they are non-tax charges, beneficiary charges, or user charges. In the United States, tax and non-tax contributions have been determined through extensive judicial precedents of various government agencies. As a result, there is a relationship between burden and revenue in ensuring the legitimacy of user fees or charges in fiscal revenue raising at levels including federal and state, and rules have been established to pay those who receive special benefits.
Also, in the conversion to automobile mileage taxation, there is a Big Brother concern due to the aggregation of citizens' automobile driving information through collection procedures. In the United States, there are concerns that the automobile mileage tax system will act negatively on the privacy interests of citizens who are motorists. The car mileage tax charging and collection model program based on cutting-edge technology is characterized by the structure of private-public cooperation projects supervised by the government. It is said that it is necessary to prevent infringement of the privacy of the management body in advance and to prevent leaks.
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Koguashvili, Paata, and Nikoloz Chikhladze. "FOR THE ISSUE OF IMPROVING THE AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY." Economic Profile 16, no. 1(21) (July 16, 2021): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.52244/ep.2021.21.06.
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The modern world is facing very serious challenges. Our society has once again strongly felt all the challenges of a pandemic. Mankind is going through this ordeal and the economic crisis provoked by it. We have a need for global, fundamental macroeconomic change. The world is changing before our eyes and in these conditions there is a chance for the country to correctly assess the current situation. Despite the rich resource potential of the country, the share of food exports in the country's total exports is 7-9%, and imports - 10-12%. At the same time, according to the results of 2019, food imports exceeded exports by 3 times. Many factors need to be considered when formulating a state support policy, however, the strategy for action should be based on several important principles: 1. Information-analytical support of the state agrarian policy and management of the forecasting system; 2. Access to government support; 3. The consistency of the policy of the Ministry and its sustainable nature, because the long-term goals and objectives facing the field can not be questioned; 4. Competitive products and conditions of its production; 5. Public involvement and participation of industry associations in defining strategic tasks. We get a picture where all five principles are completely violated in both business practice and thought theory. Programs are fragmentary and less result-oriented, the information-analytical part is weak and vague, there is no forecasting system, unequal conditions are maintained in the market and there are no conditions for its protection and regulation, government actions are mostly inconsistent and inflexible, sectorial associations are virtually mixed. They not only dominate the formation of policies implemented by the state, but it also acts on their orders and often seriously damages the process. We believe that the current strategy of agriculture and rural development in Georgia, with its content, goals and objectives, does not meet the challenges facing the country and the sector. The agenda highlights the need to create a new strategic document with more involvement of scientists, experts, practitioners and farmers, which will be the subject of public discussion before adoption. The need for a "big push policy" is suggested by the authors in the paper. The proposed vision, where the territorial and sectoral principles complement each other, moreover their synergy creates a precondition for development, requires more attention from the state. At the modern stage, reasonable, scientifically substantiated and at the same time adapted in practice target-program action models are gaining special importance. They are part of a complex macroeconomic government vision in which all agencies, entities and individuals have explicit rights and responsibilities. All the above problems can be overcome if there is political will and we will replace evolutionary inertia with a policy of revolutionary big push, where the state will comprehensively understand all the problems and advantages, thus creating a Georgian model of crisis management and development. We need to address the challenges, create a new strategic document for overcoming the crisis and promising development, where, along with monetary and fiscal issues, we will play an important role in the regional and agrarian development of Georgia. We are not really in the reality to be satisfied and follow the state in the policy of "evolutionary self-flow", we need a new strategic vision, targeted programs, a new understanding of the food security problem, flexible stimulus and regulatory policies, fast, effective and responsible action by the government.