To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Government Fully Authorized.
Journal articles on the topic 'Government Fully Authorized'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Government Fully Authorized.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Maharani, I. Gusti Ayu Manik, Desak Gde Dwi Arini, and Luh Putu Suryani. "Pengaturan Jumlah Minimal Modal Dasar pada Pendirian Perseroan Terbatas." Jurnal Konstruksi Hukum 1, no. 2 (October 28, 2020): 320–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jkh.2.1.2561.320-324.
Full textAbstract:
In Article 33 of the Company Law, regarding the regulation of the capital of a PT, it is determined that at least 25% of the authorized capital in Article 32 of the Company Law must be issued and fully paid. This study aims to determine the regulation of the minimum amount of authorized capital at the establishment of a PT and to find out the consequences of the legal position of a PT established with an amount of authorized capital that is less than the provisions in the Company Law. This study uses a normative legal research method with a statutory approach and legal concepts. The results of the study show that the arrangement of the authorized capital of PT in PP Number 29 of 2019 is contrary to Article 32 paragraph (1). Establishing a PT to obtain a legal entity is not enough by making the Articles of Association of a PT, but it must be submitted for approval to obtain legal entity status. The legal consequence is that PT which has an authorized capital amount is less than the provisions in the Company Law. PT does not have legal entity status because after the deed of establishment or the Articles of Association of the PT has been completed, to obtain legal entity status one must submit an application to the Minister of Law and Human Rights for approval. Through this research, it is hoped that the government will immediately conduct an assessment and evaluation of laws and regulations, especially in the field of corporate law
2
Fahri, Marjana. "ANALISIS TRANSPARANSI DALAM PENYELENGGARAAN PELAYANAN PUBLIK DI KANTOR DINAS PENANAMAN MODAL DAN PELAYANAN SATU PINTU KABUPATEN BONE." Al-Adalah: Jurnal Hukum dan Politik Islam 3, no. 1 (July 3, 2019): 14–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.35673/ajmpi.v3i1.189.
Full textAbstract:
Transparency of service is very important for government agencies in the provision of public services, because with the transparency of services so the public can easily find information or access about procedures in services provided olen government agencies. This study aims to describe, measure and analyze the Transparency of Public Service in the Office of Investment and Service of One Door of Bone Regency. This research is a qualitative research, approach method used is approach (social legal reserarch), data collection is done through interview, observation and documentation to informant in applying of transparency of public service. data analysis includes data reduction, data presentation and conclusion. The results of the research show that the application of transparency of the One Bint Department of Investment and Service Bone District has not been fully implemented in the indicator of service transparency expected by the service recipients such as Authorized and Responsible Officials there are still some authorities who have not yet fully know what they should do so much training is needed that can encourage transparency. Constraints faced by the internet network factors are not adequate so slow in the process of service delivery.
3
Shepeleva, Dina Viktorovna. "PUBLIC ENTERPRISES LEGAL ASPECTS OF LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY." Current Issues of the State and Law, no. 8 (2018): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-9340-2018-2-8-14-20.
Full textAbstract:
We consider legal aspects of legal responsibility of public enterprises. Legal liability for violations of the financial activities of public enterprises can be administrative, civil, financial and even criminal. Analysis of the responsibility of public enterprises allows us to note that at the legislative level, the mechanism of responsibility for violations of the order of financial activity, which is associated with the provision of financial transactions for the transfer of profits, the implementation of budget borrowing, ensuring the efficiency of the use of the property of the enterprise, providing the owner and the authorized body of the necessary information, is not fully provided. It should be noted that for the optimal participation of public entities in economic relations, unitary enterprises implement government orders, carry out government procurement, interacting both with potential contractors and with the owner – the state or public legal entity, including through the Internet. But not always, this kind of activity is going on without violations.
4
Pro, Salihi. "EVALUASI TERHADAP PENYALURAN, PENGELOLAAN DAN PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN PENGGUNAAN DANA DESA DALAM MENINGKATKAN KESEJAHTERAAN MASYARAKAT DESA PADA PEMERINTAH DAERAH KABUPATEN BINTAN (STUDI KASUS PADA DESA BERAKIT KECAMATANTEL." CASH 3, no. 02 (March 4, 2020): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.52624/cash.v3i02.1075.
Full textAbstract:
This study aims to compare the mechanism of distribution, management and accountability of the use of village funds in the Government of Bintan Regency with the rules and regulations applicable. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method by conducting data collection through observation, literature study and interview with the authorized party.
Village Funds are funds disbursed by the Central Government to help accelerate development in the villages, help improve the economy in the villages and also help the operational costs of village administration in order to maximize the maximum service for the villagers.
Regulation of the Minister of Finance No. 93 / PMK.07 / 2015 has clearly set out procedures for the allocation, distribution, use, monitoring and evaluation of village funds. Therefore, village government officials are required to fully understand the prevailing regulations in order to manage, use and account for village funds maximally, correctly and accountable.
Expenditure accountability is absolute in the use of village funds as a form of administrative and morally accountable. For that every State apparatus using State budget must be accountable properly and accountable.
5
Loncar, Zoran. "Jurisdiction of state administration in the procedure of issuing travel documents." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 135 (2011): 241–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1135041l.
Full textAbstract:
Under the new law on travel documents, in addition to authority that has the Government of Serbia, in terms of issuing travel documents and a shared competence between the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs depending on the type of travel document in question. Ministry of Foreign Affairs is authorized to issue a diplomatic passport, official passport and travel document, while all other travel documents are issued by the Ministry of Internal Affairs. When it comes to the passport as the most important travel document the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Internal Affairs is fully established. Diplomatic and Consular Missions of the Republic of Serbia abroad can now only receive requests for passport, but the issuance of travel documents of this type is exclusive jurisdiction of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Such jurisdiction of the state administration in the process of issuing travel documents, along with other novelties which significantly modernize this kind of special administrative procedures should in practice very quickly enable the efficient issuance of travel documents, thus achieving the complete freedom of movement as one of the rights guaranteed by the Constitution to the citizens of the Republic of Serbia.
6
Mafimisebi, Taiwo, Adegboyega Oguntade, and Ojuotimi Mafimisebi. "Re-engineering agriculture for enhanced performance through financing." Cuadernos de difusión 15, no. 29 (December 30, 2010): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.46631/jefas.2010.v15n29.03.
Full textAbstract:
Insufficient institutional credit is a major contributor to the persistent poor performance of the Nigerian agricultural sector. To encourage financial institutions to increase lending to the sector, a partial credit guarantee scheme was instituted. The scheme commenced operations in 1978 with an authorized capital of N 100.00 million, subscribed to 60% and 40% by the Federal Government of Nigeria and the Central Bank of Nigeria, respectively. This paper presents an appraisal of the scheme. The results revealed that there has been continuous growth in paid-up share capital, total fund resources, maximum amount of loan obtainable by farmers, number and value of loans guaranteed, volume and value of loans fully repaid and volume and value of default claims settled. There was a long-run convergence between the number and volume of guaranteed loans and the agricultural GDP. This finding indicates the need to expand the quantum of funds available for guaranteeing agricultural loans to increase performance of the agricultural sector in the long run. This step is justified by the strategic role of agriculture in the Nigerian economy in terms of food and fiber production, job creation, income generation, poverty reduction and economic stability.
7
Rudi, Rudi, Muhammad Yunus, and Hasrat Arief Saleh. "Transparansi Pelayanan Izin Mendirikan Bangunan (IMB) di Kantor Badan Pelayanan Perizinan Terpadu Kabupaten Mamuju." Publik (Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi) 7, no. 1 (June 13, 2018): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31314/pjia.7.1.53-62.2018.
Full textAbstract:
Transparency of the services provided by government agencies in administering public services is very important so customer can easily find out information or access about the procedure / stages in the services provided by her government agencies. The aim of the research is to describe, measure and analyse the transparency of building construction permit in Mamuju Regency. The research was a descriptive qualitative and quantitative (mix method) study. The methods of obtaining the data were questionnaire, interview and observation to informants who are directly involved in building construction permit. The results of the research indicate that the implementation process of service transparency of building construction permit in Mamuju Regency has not been fully implemented based on transparency dimensions expected by the customers/community. There are still some points that should be informed clearly and precisely to the costomers/community especially in terms of service implementation management, technical and administrative requirements, service completion time, authorized and responsible officials, service appointments, service location, and service standard. Meanwhile, the points that can meet the transparency dimensions are service procedure, service cost, and information of service consultation/complaint process that are sufficient to provide information that is clear, precise, and easy to understand. The lack of transparency of the points mentioned above is because the authorized and responsible officials do not have commitment in providing clear and precise information for the costomers/community, so a certainty in service is not created.
Transparansi pelayanan sangat penting bagi instansi pemerintah dalam penyelenggaraan pelayanan publik, karena dengan adanya transparansi pelayanan terhadap masyarakat/pelanggan dapat dengan mudah mengetahui informasi atau akses tentang prosedur-prosedur dalam pelayanan yang diberikan olen instansi pemerintah. Penelitian ini bertujuan menggambarkan, mengukur, dan menganalisa transparansi pelayanan izin mendirikan bangunan (IMB) di Kabupaten Mamuju. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dan kuantitatif (mix method). Data dikumpulkan melalui kuesioner, wawancara, dan observasi terhadap informan yang terlibat langsung dalam pelayanan IMB. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses penerapan transparansi pelayanan IMB Kabupaten Mamuju belum sepenuhnya diterapkan dalam dimensi-dimensi transparansi yang diharapkan oleh masyarakat. Masih terdapat beberapa aspek yang harus diinformasikan secara jelas dan tepat kepada masyarakat terutama dari segi manajemen penyelenggaraan pelayanan, persyaratan teknis dan administrasi, waktu penyelesaian pelayanan, pejabat yang berwenang dan bertanggung jawab, janji pelayanan, lokasi pelayanan, dan standar pelayanan. Adapun aspek yang telah memenuhi dimensi-dimensi transparansi, yaitu prosedur pelayanan, biaya pelayanan dan informasi proses konsultasi/pengaduan pelayanan sudah memberikan informasi yang jelas, tepat, dan mudah dipahami.
8
Árva, Zsuzsanna, and Judit Szabó. "Problémás magánjogi elemek a helyi rendeletalkotásban." Debreceni Jogi Műhely 15, no. 3-4 (December 31, 2018): 2–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24169/djm/2018/3-4/1.
Full textAbstract:
Local governments may establish legal relationships governed by civil law in numerous ways, for example, through the creation of associations, various institutional agreements or they can also do so by means of enacting regulations. In line with the stipulations of the Fundamental Law of Hungary, local governments may adopt regulations on two legal bases: if authorized by law or if they want to regulate a local public affair; however, the regulation may not contradict any higher form of legislation. While in the first case it is not only the right but also the obligation of local governments to enact regulations that can even be sanctioned, in the second case it is almost completely optional. The scope of public affairs regulated by local governments is rather broad. While the smaller local governments typically limit their activities to the regulation of the most urgent matters, the larger local governments enact regulations in a wide range of issues also due to the volume of their responsibilities. In many instances a part of these regulations does not remain within the framework of supremacy but also includes numerous elements of civil law. These could include matters related to parking or municipal housing, as well as problems in connection with public services. Norms regulating peaceful public coexistence represent a separate subject area as in many cases they wish to regulate legal relationships pertaining to privacy. In the case of the latter issue, the clause stating that the local regulations shall not contradict any higher form of law is especially central, as it necessitates the extensive knowledge of civil and in some cases even constitutional law to ensure that such a regulation is enacted that fully complies with the laws.
This paper introduces and examines those local government regulations that include elements of civil law also and which typically cause problems, with special emphasis on the rules of peaceful public coexistence. Some of these problems are revealed within the scope of legal supervision practiced over local governments, while in other cases the body reviewing the regulation acts in response to citizens’ initiatives.
9
Sitnik, А. А., and K. А. Karpov. "LEGAL REGULATION OF PACIFIC FRANC ENISSION AND CIRCULATION." Proceedings of the Southwest State University 21, no. 4 (August 28, 2017): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2017-21-4-171-178.
Full textAbstract:
The essential condition for the development of financial law science is to address to foreign experience in legal regulation of social relations. The comparative legal researches can enrich the doctrine and contribute to the improvement of practice of implementation of financial legislation. This fully applies to the sphere of financial-legal regulation of social relations in the area of monetary circulation. Traditionally it is assumed that a single currency shall apply in the framework of the state. Meanwhile, several foreign countries have widespread practice of issue and circulation of regional and local currencies authorized by the government. That is why it is quiet crucial to understand the peculiarities of legal regulation of issuing CFP franc as a regional currency that is in circulation in French territories in the Pacific ocean. This article is devoted to the study of the order of issuing and circulating of CFP franc. The work discusses the specifications of the administrative-territorial division of the French Republic and its influence on the monetary circulation in the state. Also, the authors are exploring the genesis of the issuing institutions of France and their competence. So, in addition to the Bank of France, the institution of the overseas departments and issuing institution of the overseas territories have the right to carry out issuing of currencies. The main purpose of these bodies is to ensure the stable monetary circulation in the French overseas territories. The article concludes that the CFP franc is a means of providing additional liquidity for the growth of separate administrative-territorial entities. As a priority aim of introducing a parallel currency, the French government has considered the protection of the local population from the fluctuations of the national currency. The CFP franc is in circulation in a limited area and it is not recognized as a legal tender in Metropolitan France.
10
Septiany, Siti Rahayu, Beddy Iriawan Maksudi, and Irma Purnamasari. "KUALITAS PELAYANAN KARTU TANDA PENDUDUK ELEKTRONIK DI KECAMATAN CISARUA KABUPATEN BOGOR." JURNAL GOVERNANSI 2, no. 1 (March 18, 2017): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.30997/jgs.v2i1.206.
Full textAbstract:
Various community responses tend to suggest that different types of public services suffered a setback which is mainly marked by numerous irregularities in the public service. Systems and procedures are complicated, and human resources were slow in providing the service, expensive, closed, and discriminatory and cultured not serve, but served also an aspect of public service spotlight, especially in terms of population administration one of them in the service of making electronic ID card.The research objective is to know the quality of the electronic ID card service in District Cisarua, Bogor regency.The theory that used to analyze the quality of service is a theory proposed by Parasuraman in Harbani Pasolong (2013) which has five dimensions of service quality to be able to successfully include the dimensions of tangible, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy. The five dimensions above should be implemented fully for one another have relevance.This research used descriptive quantitative method by using questionnaires as the main instrument to data collect.These results indicate that the quality of the electronic ID card service in District Cisarua, Bogor regency according to respondents of employees included in the criteria for the interpretation of Good, while according to the respondents community service quality Electronic Identity Card in District Cisarua, Bogor regency included in the criteria Pretty Good. It is explained that the completion of this electronic ID card service can’t be resolved quickly due to the completion of this electronic ID cards involve other agencies, namely the Department of Population and Civil Registration in Bogor district is not authorized for card printing and database processing. Suggestions from this study recommend that the government give them the authority to process the district population database that can handle an error in the electronic ID card identity. Then the district should continue to strive to conduct socialization to the village office of each region, with emphasis to the village to mobilize RW and RT convey any information which would have informed to the public; Keywords: Service Quality of electronic ID cards
11
Stanley, Jon G., Robert A. Peoples Jr., and James A. McCann. "U.S. Federal Policies, Legislation, and Responsibilities Related t Importation of Exotic Fishes and Other Aquatic Organisms." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, S1 (December 19, 1991): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f91-315.
Full textAbstract:
Within the Federal government, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) has primary responsibility for legal and policy responsibility for introduced exotic species. The Lacey Act of 1900 authorizes the Service to prohibit the importation of species that are potentially injurious to native fish and wildlife. However, regulations under authority of the Lacey Act cover only a few species. The Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990 established a Task Force co-chaired by the Director of the Service and Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere. The Task Force consults with the Secretary of Transportation to develop regulations to prevent the importation and spread of aquatic nuisance species into the Great Lakes through exchange of ballast water. Federal agencies must comply with Presidential Executive Order 1198, Exotic Organisms, that prohibits Federal agencies or activities they fund or authorize from introducing exotic species. The Service conducts research and evaluation of exotic species to support Federal, State, and local efforts to prevent further importation of harmful species. Effective regulation will also depend on the full cooperation with Canada.
12
Root, Hilton L., Mark Andrew Abdollahian, and Jacek Kugler. "In Korea, the Thirst for Funds Drives Change." Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 05, no. 01 (March 2002): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091502000717.
Full textAbstract:
It is widely acknowledged that Korea will not be secure against future economic crisis without structural reform of finance, enterprise and labor markets. Real reform requires a transfer of authority from the government to market-based institutions, forcing banks to take full responsibility for the loans they authorize. Before the crisis, the government implicitly insured depositors' bank loans made to the large conglomerates, leaving banks little incentive to develop the necessary skills in credit analysis and loan monitoring. The insured agents did not take proper care to manage their risks. Moral hazard or will increased government control over the financial sector weaken market discipline?
13
Mukah, Samuel Tanjeh. "Stewardship Accounting Practice by Government Ministries in Cameroon." Accounting and Finance Research 10, no. 3 (August 23, 2021): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/afr.v10n3p83.
Full textAbstract:
The study examined the practice of stewardship accounting by Government Ministries in Cameroon. It investigated how inclusive budget planning, timely budget execution, stringent budget control, and resolute scrutiny of government financial statements, affect the government stewardship accounting practice. To archive this, primary data collected from members of parliament were analysed, and regressed using the Ordinary Least Squares technique. The empirical results therefrom were of positive and statistical significance. They revealed that stringent budget control, and resolute scrutiny of government financial reports, significantly improve the practice of stewardship accounting in the Government Ministries. It was recommended that the government of Cameroon should frankly facilitate the participation of parliamentarians, civil society organisations, advocacy groups, and the citizens, in the budget preparation and execution processes. Such sincere participation invokes debates on problematic trade-offs and opportunity costs which are crucial in improving the wellbeing of Cameroonians. It was further recommended that parliamentarians should effectively play their role as representatives of the Cameroonian people, not withstanding their political inclinations. Consequently, they will not falter in their responsibility to resolutely scrutinise and authorise the budgets, and hold the Government and its Ministries fully accountable. The last recommendation was that Article 66 of the Cameroon Constitution (lying dormant since 2006) be put into practice. Article 66 provides for the declaration of assets by senior government officials, and others elected or appointed, at the beginning and at the end of their office tenures.
14
Huan, Qingzhi. "Regional Supervision Centres for Environmental Protection in China: Functions and Limitations." Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 40, no. 3 (September 2011): 139–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810261104000306.
Full textAbstract:
China's Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP), has set up six regional Supervision Centres for Environmental Protection (SCEPs) in recent years. The creation of the SCEPs reflects the “green will” of Chinese government, to reverse the ever-worsening environmental situation throughout China by strengthening vertical supervision of the environmental laws and policies enforcement. A primary analysis focusing on the South China Supervision Centre (SCSC) has clearly shown, however, that the SCEPs today can only perform well in the concrete or “small” tasks – most of them designated or handed over by the MEP – rather than in the complicated or “big” issues. To make the SCEPs do more and better, the most desirable but radical policy choice is to reshape them into fully authorised regional “sub-bureaus” of the MEP.
15
Al-Harithy, Howayda. "Under “Attack”." International Journal of Middle East Studies 39, no. 2 (May 2007): 168–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002074380707002x.
Full textAbstract:
After the cease-fire, I visited villages and towns in South Lebanon that suffered terrible destruction during the July 2006 war and that were facing the challenge of reconstruction. When I arrived to the border town of Bint Jbeil, I saw bulldozers demolishing beautiful, old stone structures. I stopped to inquire why; who authorized such actions and on what bases? With these questions, I approached the workers, the Council of the South (the government agency in charge of damage assessment and rubble removal), local residents, and the municipality. The answers varied: the structures were too damaged to save, we needed to widen the street, to build a better building, to erase the scars of war, to get full compensation, and so forth.
16
Glennon, Michael J. "The Constitution and Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter." American Journal of International Law 85, no. 1 (January 1991): 74–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203559.
Full textAbstract:
Does Security Council Resolution 678, read in conjunction with the United Nations Charter, confer authority on the President under United States domestic law to introduce the United States Armed Forces into hostilities? The operative part of the resolution provides that the Security Council:1.Demands that Iraq comply fully with resolution 660(1990) and all subsequent relevant resolutions, and decides, while maintaining all its decisions, to allow Iraq one final opportunity, as a pause of goodwill, to do so;2.Authorizes Member States co-operating with the Government of Kuwait, unless Iraq on or before 15 January 1991 fully implements, as set forth in paragraph 1 above, the foregoing resolutions, to use all necessary means to uphold and implement resolution 660 (1990) and all subsequent relevant resolutions and to restore international peace and security in the area;3.Requests all States to provide appropriate support for the actions undertaken in pursuance of paragraph 2 of the present resolution;4.Requests the States concerned to keep the Security Council regularly informed on the progress of actions undertaken pursuant to paragraphs 2 and 3 of the present resolution;5.Decides to remain seized of the matter.
17
Jeníčková, Natalie, Irena Sobotková, and Jaroslav Šturma. "Aktuální zpráva ke kontaktům dítěte v pěstounské péči s biologickou rodinou." E-psychologie 15, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.29364/epsy.397.
Full textAbstract:
In December 2020, authorities responsible for social and legal protection of children as well as non-government nonprofit organizations authorized to provide social and legal children protection received the “Recommendation of the Deputy of the Public Defender of Rights regarding contacts of children in foster care not only with their parents.” This recommendation immediately raised the response of foster parents, accompanying organizations, and some of the authorities of social and legal children protection. Active members of Section for the substitute family care with the Czech-Moravian psychological society issued a public statement to the aforementioned document in which they point out neglecting the interest of the child and appeal to take into consideration professional psychological findings and experience from practice. We reprint the full text of the statement here and we would appreciate it if this topic, presented on the E-psychologie, captured the attention of experts and raised a further discussion.
18
Ridwan, Ridwan, Mulia Jaya, and Rusdi Rusdi. "Pengelolaan Persandian Dalam Menjaga Informasi Rahasia Negara Pada Pemerintah Kabupaten Bungo." KEMUDI : Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan 4, no. 2 (April 20, 2020): 177–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.31629/kemudi.v4i2.1421.
Full textAbstract:
Encoding is one of the mandatory matters that is not related to basic services. To elaborate regional authority related to coding matters, mapping of coding affairs is carried out in the context of structuring the Provincial / Regency / City Regional Institutional Apparatus in the Field of Encoding according to the direction of Law No. 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government. With the enactment of Law Number 23 Year 2014 in the Jambi Provincial Government, especially in the Bungo District, realizing harmonization of policies between the center and the regions that synergize with each other and will achieve the goals of Regional Autonomy in the welfare of people's lives. In the Bungo Regency in the coding activity supported by 17 sub-districts within the Regency area, the implementation was not yet optimal. This research uses qualitative research methods, qualitative research has a flexible nature. This research found that the implementation of the duties and functions of the Bungo Regency coding team in maintaining confidential government information in the context of efforts to realize the integrity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI) had not gone well. This is evidenced by the lack of awareness and responsibility of the coding team on the duties and functions of the coding field. Obstacles or obstacles facedby the coding team in carrying out their functions in safeguarding confidential government information in an effort to realize the integrity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, including lack of awareness and full support from superiors or officials authorized to carry out coding functions and functions, there is no means from the government in the implementation of duties and functions in the coding field.
19
Purnamasari, Eka, and Gunarto Gunarto. "Alasan Pembuatasan Dan Perubahan Ketentuan Terkait Modal Dalam Perseroan Terbatas." Jurnal Akta 5, no. 1 (March 5, 2018): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/akta.v5i1.2549.
Full textAbstract:
AbstrakModal merupakan faktor yang sangat penting, sebagai salah satu sarana untuk meraih keuntungan dalam kegiatan usaha, juga bagi eksitensi kelangsungan kehidupan maupun pengembangan perseroan terbatas sebagai organisasi ekonomi. Adapun Struktur modal seperti yang ditegaskan dalam Penjelasan Pasal 41 ayat (1) UUPT 2007, bahwa yang dimaksud dengan modal perseroan adalah modal dasar, ditempatkan, modal disetor. Dalam Pasal 32 ayat (1) UUPT 2007 terdapat pengaturan mengenai batas mininal dari modal dasar perseroan yaitu paling sedikit Rp 50.000.000,00 (lima puluh juta rupiah) kurang dari jumlah tersebut tidak diperbolehkan. Untuk modal ditempatkan juga ada batas minimal yang dicantumkan dalam Pasal 33 ayat (1) UUPT 2007, yaitu paling sedikit 25% (dua puluh lima persen) dari modal dasar, harus ditempatkan. Kemudian untuk modal disetor berdasarkan Pasal 33 ayat (1) UUPT 2007 dihubungkan dengan ketentuan Pasal 33 ayat (3) UUPT 2007 dan penjelasannya harus disetor penuh, maksudnya adalah jika modal ditempatkan 50% dari modal dasar, maka modal yang harus disetor penuh 50% dan tidak dapat diangsur. Tetapi, pada Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 29 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan Modal Dasar Perseroan Terbatas ditentukan lain terkait modal dasar Perseroan Terbatas, yaitu modal dasar tersebut dikembalikan ke kesepakatan Para pendiri Perseroan Terbatas. Dari sekilas penjelasan diatas kita dapat melihat bahwa apabila kita ingin mendirikan sebuah Perseroan Terbatas ada pengaturan yang terkait mengenai batas minimal dari modal dalam peseroan terbatas, masalahnya adalah apakah alasan pembuatan dan perubahan ketentuan tentang modal Perseroan Terbatas?Kata Kunci : Modal, Perseroan Terbatas, Pengaturan. AbstractCapital is a very important factor, because one means to gain profit in business activities, also for the survival and development of a limited liability company as an economic organization. Capital structure as referred to in Elucidation of Article 41 paragraph (1) law number 49 of 2007 on limited liability company, company capital is the authorized capital, issued capital and paid up capital. In Article 32 Paragraph (1) of the Limited Liability Company Act of 2007 there is a regulation concerning the minimum limit of authorized capital of a company of at least Rp 50,000,000.00 (fifty million rupiah), less than the amount that is not permitted. For the issued capital there is also a minimum limit specified in Article 33 paragraph (1) UUPT 2007 which is at least 25% (twenty five percent) of the authorized capital. Furthermore, the paid up capital under Article 33 paragraph (1) of the Limited Liability Company Act of 2007 relates to the provisions of Article 33 paragraph (3) of the Limited Liability Company Law in 2007 and the explanation shall be paid, that is, if the capital is placed 50% of the authorized capital, must be paid in full 50% and can not be paid in installments. However, the government regulation number 29 of 2016 on changes in the authorized capital of a limited liability company is determined in relation to the authorized capital of a limited liability company, namely the athorized capital is returned to the agreement of the founders of the limited liability company. From the description above we can see that if we want to establish a Limited Liability Company there is a related regulation concerning the minimum limit of capital in a limited liability company, the problem is the reason why arrangements are made and needed in the Limited Liability Company?Keyword : Capital, Limited Liability company, arrangements.
20
Kozlova, O. A., and A. A. Protasova. "The Use of Neural Networks in Distance Education Technologies for the Identification of Students." Open Education 25, no. 3 (July 7, 2021): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/1818-4243-2021-3-26-35.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose of the research. The purpose of this research is to study the problems of the features of teaching technologies of modern artificial neural networks for carrying out the procedure of unambiguous authentication of students according to a pre-formed reference base of digital biometric characteristics of the authorized users in the field of distance educational technologies.In the modern world, artificial neural networks are successfully used in both applied and scientific fields. The problem of authenticating a human personality, implemented using artificial neural networks, finds practical application in solving problems such as the protection of state and corporate information resources, robotics, access control systems, information retrieval, control systems, etc., and is already beginning to find application in the field of distance educational technologies. In March 2021, the Government of the Russian Federation developed a decree on the basis of which higher educational institutions are allowed to use distance learning technologies. Conducting remotely activities of intermediate and final certification, as well as monitoring the current progress of both distance learning students and full-time and part-time students with a temporary transition to distance learning in a pandemic, the problem of identifying the student’s personality arises in order to achieve unambiguous recognition of the authorized users for the purpose of reliable assessment of learning outcomes, which can be solved using modern technologies of artificial neural networks.Materials and methods. Methods of reviewing scientific literature on the research topic, methods of collecting, structuring and analyzing the information obtained were used as materials and methods.Research results. The results of the study allow us to draw the following conclusions: to solve the problem of authenticating students in distance education systems it is first necessary to form the actual base of biometric characteristics of the authorized users, which will be compared with the biometric data of the identified users, and for the recognition procedure, the neural network must be trained in advance on special trainers datasets. The identification procedure must be repeated several times during a session to ensure that the identity of the authorized user is verified.Conclusion. Realizing the set goal to study the problematics of learning technologies of modern artificial neural networks for carrying out the procedure of unambiguous authentication of students according to a pre-formed reference base of digital biometric characteristics of authorized users in the field of distance learning technologies, and relying on the results obtained in the course of generalization and analysis of existing experience and our own studies, the authors identified two independent stages in the algorithm for the implementation of the task of identifying the student’s personality: the formation of a reference base of digital biometric characteristics of authorized users and user authentication according to the previously formed reference base, and also revealed that when training a neural network, it is necessary to take into account a sufficiently large number of different attributes affecting it. With an insufficient number of training sets (datasets), neural networks begin to perceive errors as reliable information, which, as a result, will lead to the need to retrain neural networks. With a sufficiently large number of training sets (dataset), more versions of dependencies and variability appear, which makes it possible to create rather complex machine learning models of neural networks, in which retraining takes the main place.
21
Melnik, V. I. "The role of tax police units of the State Tax Service of Ukraine as subjects of ensuring the system of economic security of the state." Legal horizons, no. 18 (2019): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2019.i18.p71.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the analysis of the activity of the revenue bodies and fees for combating tax offenses in terms of ensuring the economic security of Ukraine. The author investigates the work of tax police units in the context of dynamic legislative changes, the results of these innovations are evaluated in terms of the ability of the designated entity to perform its own tasks and functions in full. The urgent need for effective systematic provision of the state’s economic security system is emphasized. Attention is drawn to the probable occurrence of a number of destructive consequences for the national economy as a result of committing tax offenses. It is pointed out that there is a real need for systematic effective counteraction to these criminal acts, especially before the start of the work of a new government body authorized to investigate all these offenses. The current legal position of tax police units is analyzed. The significance is substantiated by the activity of tax police units as a subject of providing the economic security system of Ukraine especially in the current context of active multi-vector legislative changes and the frequent emergence of new challenges for the national economy. The tasks, functions, and competence of tax police units are investigated as a subject of providing the state’s economic security system. The issue of interaction of this law enforcement agency is considered with state and local self-government bodies, subjects of international law, authorized foreign bodies, the public, and others on issues of ensuring the economic security of Ukraine. Found that the key areas of work to ensure the state’s economic security system remains investigations into criminal activities in the area of taxation and the budgetary sphere, the conduct of operational-search measures, as well as the consideration of individual cases of administrative offenses. The important role and other directions of work units of tax police is indicated and proved to facilitate the successful accomplishment of this task. Keywords: national economy, threats to the national economy, a system of economic security of the state, tax offenses, units of tax police SFS of Ukraine.
22
Mendes, Luiz Fernando Rosa, and Marcelo Silva Sthel. "Thermoelectric Power Plant for Compensation of Hydrological Cycle Change: Environmental Impacts in Brazil." Case Studies in the Environment 1, no. 1 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cse.2017.000471.
Full textAbstract:
Brazil has abundant water resources and depends on them for hydroelectric power generation. In 2011, 81.9% of the electricity in the country was produced by hydropower. A significant change in the Brazilian hydrological cycle reduced this percentage to 64% in 2015. The scarcity of rain decreased the volumes in the reservoirs of the hydroelectric power plants located mainly in the Southeast, Center-West and Northeast regions. In this scenario, the National Operator System authorized the use in full load of thermoelectric plants powered by natural gas, biomass and coal. As a result, thermoelectric generation grew 329%, increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The intensification in the use of thermoelectric energy leads to a vicious energy–environment cycle, as it increases the CO2 emissions. Brazilian government is aware of the necessity of electricity generation, and future uncertainties generated by the instabilities of hydrological cycles may jeopardize the country’s energy security. The country has proposed programs to encourage energy generation by other renewable sources (wind and solar) and avoid the use of thermoelectric plants, which increase the generation costs and environmental impacts. This could compromise the goals of reducing carbon emissions signed by Brazil at Paris Conference (COP21).
23
Abdelhameed, Hala. "The development and provision of educational services for children with intellectual disabilities in Egypt." Revista Brasileira de Educação Especial 16, no. 1 (April 2010): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-65382010000100002.
Full textAbstract:
This paper aims to provide an overview of the development and provision of educational services for children with intellectual disabilities in Egypt. Intellectual disability is a significant sub-average general intellectual functioning existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behaviour and manifested during the developmental period. The education of children with intellectual disabilities is a right endowed and authorised by the Egyptian government. The Ministry of Education in Egypt is keen to provide those children who have intellectual disabilities, along with other children with special needs, with an appropriate education that addresses their needs and allows them to live in society using their full potential, as typically developing children. Observations and interviews were carried out to collect further information about the educational services the children with intellectual disabilities receive in Egypt. The findings of this study indicated that, despite the efforts exerted by the Ministry of Education, to provide advanced and new services for children with intellectual disabilities, the provision may still need improvements. A series of recommendations was suggested to improve the services that children with intellectual disabilities receive in Egypt.
24
Ryan, Benjamin J., Damon Coppola, Deon V. Canyon, Mark Brickhouse, and Raymond Swienton. "COVID-19 Community Stabilization and Sustainability Framework: An Integration of the Maslow Hierarchy of Needs and Social Determinants of Health." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 14, no. 5 (April 21, 2020): 623–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.109.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTAll levels of government are authorized to apply coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) protection measures; however, they must consider how and when to ease lockdown restrictions to limit long-term societal harm and societal instability. Leaders that use a well-considered framework with an incremental approach will be able to gradually restart society while simultaneously maintaining the public health benefits achieved through lockdown measures. Economically vulnerable populations cannot endure long-term lockdown, and most countries lack the ability to maintain a full nationwide relief operation. Decision-makers need to understand this risk and how the Maslow hierarchy of needs and the social determinants of health can guide whole of society policies. Aligning decisions with societal needs will help ensure all segments of society are catered to and met while managing the crisis. This must inform the process of incremental easing of lockdowns to facilitate the resumption of community foundations, such as commerce, education, and employment in a manner that protects those most vulnerable to COVID-19. This study proposes a framework for identifying a path forward. It reflects on baseline requirements, regulations and recommendations, triggers, and implementation. Those desiring a successful recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic need to adopt an evidence-based framework now to ensure community stabilization and sustainability.
25
Maurel, Denis, Enza Morale, Nicolas Thouvenin, Patrice Ringot, and Angel Turri. "Istex: A Database of Twenty Million Scientific Papers with a Mining Tool Which Uses Named Entities." Information 10, no. 5 (May 22, 2019): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info10050178.
Full textAbstract:
Istex is a database of twenty million full text scientific papers bought by the French Government for the use of academic libraries. Papers are usually searched for by the title, authors, keywords or possibly the abstract. To authorize new types of queries of Istex, we implemented a system of named entity recognition on all papers and we offer users the possibility to run searches on these entities. After the presentation of the French Istex project, we detail in this paper the named entity recognition with CasEN, a cascade of graphs, implemented on the Unitex Software. CasEN exists in French, but not in English. The first challenge was to build a new cascade in a short time. The results of its evaluation showed a good Precision measure, even if the Recall was not very good. The Precision was very important for this project to ensure it did not return unwanted papers by a query. The second challenge was the implementation of Unitex to parse around twenty millions of documents. We used a dockerized application. Finally, we explain also how to query the resulting Named entities in the Istex website.
26
Galagan, Volodymyr, and Mykola Yakovenko. "Formation and Development of Investigation of Misdemeanours as a Form of Pre-trial Investigation in Ukraine (the 18th–19th Centuries)." NaUKMA Research Papers. Law 6 (February 15, 2021): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18523/2617-2607.2020.6.28-37.
Full textAbstract:
The article deals with the preconditions of differentiation of forms of pre-trial investigation in Ukraine in the 18th–19th centuries. The concept of investigation of misdemeanours as a form of pre-trial investigation at different stages of social development are considered. The base source of the Russian Empire is examined, with the aspects of using of the term “investigation of misdemeanours” in law enforcement practice thoroughly covered. It is established that this term at the legislative level and in the literary sources held for a long time is subject to transformation in terms of its functional direction. The paper offers a description of the study of the early stage of development and a comparison with the modern form of pre-trial investigation. It is established that at all stages of its development there is a common feature: the provision of a simplified order.The article presents the key differences between the knowledge at the early stage of its creation and the modern form of pre-trial investigation. However, the investigation of misdemeanours starts from the moment of the illegal act until the end of the pre-trial investigation. At first, this investigation of misdemeanours had few signs of research verification. The collected materials were examined by the proceedings and could not be determined by full evidence without appropriate “legalization” procedures. The investigation of misdemeanours had not clearly defined a procedural form and was not limited to specific deadlines, and depended almost entirely on the inner convictions of the individual who conducted this knowledge. In the legislation of the pre-revolutionary period, the investigation of misdemeanours should be carried out by a wide range of authorized persons (police ranks, military and civilian authorities, clergy, government officials, village elders, and others). The investigation of misdemeanours was carried out in everything without exception of crime, regardless of its severity at those times.It is proved that the modern model of pre-trial investigation represents the positive historical experience and the right opinion. Today we can observe a consistent procedure of the implementation of the exercise, a special circle of authorized persons, and the introduction of a balance of appropriate differentiation of forms of pre-trial investigation.
27
Svitlichny, O. P. "Provision of services by public administration: models of regulation." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 63 (August 9, 2021): 234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.63.41.
Full textAbstract:
In order to ensure the full realization of rights and freedoms, legitimate interests of citizens, to meet public needs in Ukraine, public authorities (mainly executive) and local governments, as well as other authorized public administration entities provide more than 130 items of various services. The application of laws in the field of service provision is primarily defined by part three of Art. 42 of the Constitution of Ukraine, according to which the state protects the rights of consumers, controls the quality and safety of products and all types of services and works, promotes the activities of public consumer organizations. The article analyzes various types of services provided to individuals and legal entities on the basis of the analysis of the norms of the current legislation of normative-legal acts and scientific views. It is determined that the development of democratic principles in the activities of executive bodies, local governments, their officials is closely linked with the efficiency and quality of services that must meet European principles and standards.
It is established that in the current laws and regulations and in domestic legal science there are different approaches to understanding the concept of «service», features of the procedural part of service provision, as well as the fact that current legislation does not contain a definition of «service procedure» and a clear procedure services by public administration.
Attention is drawn to certain shortcomings in the regulation of the procedure for providing services by executive authorities and local governments, and it is emphasized that despite certain legal and political difficulties in implementing the Law of Ukraine «On Administrative Procedure», a number of comments were made by the Chief Scientific Expert. The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted this law, which is an important step towards systemic public administration reform and bringing it closer to European principles and standards, and the shortcomings of the public administration's relations with citizens can be eliminated by making a number of changes and additions.
28
Westcott, Stephen P. "Seizing a Window of Opportunity? The Causes and Consequences of the 2020 Sino-Indian Border Stand-off." Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs 8, no. 1 (February 22, 2021): 7–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2347797021992527.
Full textAbstract:
In 2020, the Sino-Indian Line of Actual Control (LAC) witnessed several violent clashes between the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) and the Indian military that resulted in a tense stand-off between the two highly mobilised armies and plunged Sino-Indian bilateral relations to its lowest point since the 1962 border war. Whilst confrontations between Chinese and Indian border forces are relatively commonplace, this recent crisis has proven remarkable due to the ferocity of the clashes and the alarming pace and degree to which established rules of engagement on the LAC have broken down. With both sides seemingly locked in a stalemate, it is prudent to reflect on the causes and significance of the current stand-off. This article argues that the crisis was largely precipitated by China’s calculation that India’s recent border infrastructure building activities and assertive domestic and foreign policy in the erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir could threaten the PLA’s tactical advantage along the border, and eventually undermine China’s hold over the disputed Aksai Chin region. Acting on these perceptions and sensing that a ‘window of opportunity’ could be rapidly closing, the Chinese government authorised the PLA to initiate actions to consolidate its advantageous position on the LAC. Although both militaries are fully mobilised and in close proximity across the LAC, both sides clearly recognise the decision to go to war would not benefit either side. Hence, both sides will need to engage in some deft diplomacy going forward to resolve the current crisis and to reset bilateral ties.
29
Kalynovskyi, B. V., and T. O. Kulyk. "Normative activities of local councils in Ukraine." Public administration aspects 6, no. 5 (June 18, 2018): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/151829.
Full textAbstract:
The scientific article is devoted to the research of theoretical and practical aspects of normative activity of local councils in Ukraine. The scientific sources and legal acts are researched and the work of local councils in the development, adoption, entry into force and repeal of acts of local councils is analyzed. Thanks to the conclusions made, the suggestions and recommendations for improving the national legislation and the practice of functioning of local councils in the process of normative activity are formulated.The adoption by local councils of decisions not only on the basis of law but also with the obligatory consideration of the principles of justice testifies to a high level of legal awareness and legal culture of representative bodies of local self-government, comprehensive and full consideration of the interests of the territorial community, which they are authorized to represent. This will significantly contribute to the rule of law and civil society in Ukraine.It is the judicial procedure for the recognition of unlawful acts, including local public authorities, that reflects the implementation of democratic principles, the prevention of the concentration of power in one body or the abuse of powers, since the giving of a body, more likely to the executive branch, to abolish acts of lower organs or acts of local self-government in practice can only lead to a dishonest, not in the interests of citizens, the adoption of appropriate decisions. The judicial process, in accordance with its legal nature, obliges the parties to compete, to provide arguments and evidence, gives the right to the relevant body to defend the lawfulness of its position, and also with levers, in the event of violations of the law, to apply certain measures to bring the perpetrators to justice.By their legal nature, acts of local public authority are subordinate legal acts and, in accordance with the principles of the construction and functioning of the legal system of Ukraine, they belong to a unified system of normative legal acts in Ukraine.
30
Bernat, Rebecca F. A., Sharon B. Megdal, and Susanna Eden. "Long-Term Storage Credits: Analyzing Market-Based Transactions to Achieve Arizona Water Policy Objectives." Water 12, no. 2 (February 19, 2020): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020568.
Full textAbstract:
The state of Arizona has created a unique water management tool in response to water scarcity and population growth. In 1994, Arizona’s state legislature authorized the creation of long-term storage credits (LTSCs) through aquifer recharge with Colorado River water or effluent. LTSCs represent a quantity of water the owner is entitled to recover and use once the water has remained underground for a full calendar year. Owners may also sell their LTSCs to others by a simple credit account transfer. LTSCs have emerged as a tool for water users to achieve compliance with groundwater regulations in the most populated areas of the state, such as the cities of Phoenix and Tucson. Using data collected and maintained by the state’s water resources regulator, this study examines sales of LTSCs to reveal patterns of market-based transactions. Analysis of 23 years of public records shows several trends: (1) LTSC transactions have been increasing since 2003; (2) municipal water providers and investment firms have been active participants in LTSC transactions; (3) the greatest transaction volumes involve governmental entities established by state law with groundwater recharge and replenishment obligations. This analysis reveals how LTSCs have contributed to achieving water policy goals in Central Arizona and suggests how the LTSC system can be used to improve water use efficiency through voluntary redistribution in other water scarce regions.
31
Dhungana, Ananta Raj, and Mala Ranabhat. "Satisfaction and Utilization of Old Age Allowance among Dalit Community in Pokhara, Nepal." Journal of Nepalese Business Studies 13, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 122–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnbs.v13i1.34724.
Full textAbstract:
This study aims to explore the satisfaction and utilization of old age allowance among the Dalit Community in Pokhara, Nepal. For this purpose, Pokhara was purposively selected at first. Out of 553 Dalit respondents from randomly selected wards (13, 16, 26 and 29) of Pokhara Metropolitan City of Nepal who were getting old age allowance, information was collected purposively from 131 respondents using structured questionnaire through interview techniques. Hence, a multistage sampling technique was applied during the sample collection. Both descriptive as well as exploratory research design was used for the study. The majority of elderly Dalit are illiterate, unemployed and living jointly with their family. For most of the respondents, allowance is the major source of personal income. Most of them spend allowance for their own expenses. The majority of respondents are satisfied with the present allowance but still, there is the demand for increasing the allowances as it is so insufficient for their basic needs. On the basis of priority, most of the respondents spend their money on food for household consumption, health and medicines, transportation expenses, alms, clothes for self and tobacco, alcohol accordingly. Most of them have not faced difficulties in getting allowances. However, some of them have faced difficulties to travel to authorized office or bank to collect allowance due to their age, are not receiving allowance timely, late receiving allowance due to age error in documents, do not get paid the full amount and they feel a lot of administrative hassles. Hence the government should give attention to the problem faced by the respondents while receiving the old age allowance.
32
Asare, Rebecca A., Andrew Kyei, and John J. Mason. "The community resource management area mechanism: a strategy to manage African forest resources for REDD+." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1625 (September 5, 2013): 20120311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0311.
Full textAbstract:
Climate change poses a significant threat to Africa, and deforestation rates have increased in recent years. Mitigation initiatives such as REDD+ are widely considered as potentially efficient ways to generate emission reductions (or removals), conserve or sustainably manage forests, and bring benefits to communities, but effective implementation models are lacking. This paper presents the case of Ghana's Community Resource Management Area (CREMA) mechanism, an innovative natural resource governance and landscape-level planning tool that authorizes communities to manage their natural resources for economic and livelihood benefits. This paper argues that while the CREMA was originally developed to facilitate community-based wildlife management and habitat protection, it offers a promising community-based structure and process for managing African forest resources for REDD+. At a theoretical level, it conforms to the ecological, socio-cultural and economic factors that drive resource-users’ decision process and practices. And from a practical mitigation standpoint, the CREMA has the potential to help solve many of the key challenges for REDD+ in Africa, including definition of boundaries, smallholder aggregation, free prior and informed consent, ensuring permanence, preventing leakage, clarifying land tenure and carbon rights, as well as enabling equitable benefit-sharing arrangements. Ultimately, CREMA's potential as a forest management and climate change mitigation strategy that generates livelihood benefits for smallholder farmers and forest users will depend upon the willingness of African governments to support the mechanism and give it full legislative backing, and the motivation of communities to adopt the CREMA and integrate democratic decision-making and planning with their traditional values and natural resource management systems.
33
Nelin, Oleksandr. "Human and civil rights as a determiner of national state-building." Legal Ukraine, no. 7 (September 21, 2020): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37749/2308-9636-2020-7(211)-1.
Full textAbstract:
At the present stage of their development the Ukrainian society and the state are characterized by their pursuit to provide maximum realization of human and civil rights and to create a full-scale civil society. Obviously, in this context, a significant attention is paid to the human rights in Ukraine, however there is insufficient research systematically conceptualizing the human rights employing philosophical and legal instruments and methodology. The author highlights that particular attention in the mechanism of organizational and legal remedies is paid to judicial and extrajudicial protection of human and civil rights. In accordance with the Article 55 of the Constitution of Ukraine the judicial protection of human and civil rights is maintained through the system of general jurisdiction courts of Ukraine. The state ensures the right of every person to appeal in court against any decisions, actions or inactivity of the state bodies, local self-government bodies and government officials that violate human and civil rights. In case of exhausting all remedies of his/her rights and liberties protection in national courts the person can appeal to the international courts, e.g. to the European Court of Human Rights. At present, Ukraine holds the third position in the number of its citizens’ appeals to this distinguished international legal institution. Every person is able to appeal to the extrajudicial institutions authorized to protect the constitutional human and civil rights and liberties. In Ukraine there is a special body for this purpose — the Ukrainian Parliament Commissioner for Human Rights, whose activities are determined by the Law of Ukraine «On the Ukrainian Parliament Commissioner for Human Rights» of 23 December, 1997. In case when all extrajudicial remedies of human rights protection are exhausted, a person has the right, guaranteed by the Constitution of Ukraine, to appeal to the international human rights organizations (Art. 55). In terms of the current theory and practice of guaranteeing the constitutional human and civil rights, together with the national regulatory, organizational and legal guarantees, it is worth to distinguish the international guarantees of the constitutional human and civil rights and liberties in Ukraine. The special international legal guarantees of the human and civil rights and liberties are usually divided into regulatory and institutional ones. Key words: human and civil rights and liberties, constitutional state, national legal doctrine, international law, imitation of human rights, constitutional and legal mechanism for ensuring human rights and liberties.
34
Et al., *Wan Nur Izzah Wan Muhamad Fokri. "THE UNCLAIMED INHERITANCE ISSUES: A SOLUTION USING BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 4709–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i1.1630.
Full textAbstract:
Unclaimed inheritance retards the economy as well as the continuity of life, especially for beneficiaries who are less capable. Recorded cases of unclaimed inheritance have seen a yearly rise, and this also has an effect on the Malaysian economy, mainly due to the failure to distribute immoveable property, such as the failure to transfer the ownership of land and houses. This causes the land to become abandoned and underdeveloped. Hence, various measures are needed to solve the unclaimed inheritance problem and contemporary technology should be fully utilised to overcome this problem. This study intended to explore the benefits of blockchain technology for solving the unclaimed inheritance problem. Blockchain technology is a database system that replaces the traditional system with various advantageous, which makes organisational management more effective and systematic. This technology supports the implementation of a smart contract, which acts as a medium for managing inheritance distribution to ensure no beneficiaries is left out and receives the rightful share. A smart contract is an agreement in digital form that uses a certain protocol and only applies to the relevant parties. This study applied the qualitative approach and a descriptive research design. Data collected through document analysis and interview methods. Data from the document analysis method involved primary and secondary sources, while the semi-structured interview method was used for field studies. Findings showed that the blockchain technology is an appropriate solution for solving unclaimed inheritance problems. However, a blockchain based smart contract requires the cooperation between the party authorised to distribute inheritance property and the banks as well as other government agencies in order to ensure that the inheritance distribution process is carried out smoothly. This study benefits the authorities in charge of inheritance management as well as act as a guide for future researchers. This study offers a theoretical solution for solving the distribution of unclaimed inheritance by using blockchain based smart contract.
35
Terekhova, Tamara. "THE CONCEPT AND FEATURES OF CADASTRAL ACTIVITY." Law Journal of Donbass 75, no. 2 (2021): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32366/2523-4269-2021-75-2-9-16.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the theoretical substantiation of cadastral activity as a legal category, which will further contribute to an in-depth understanding of this phenomenon and protection of the rights of owners and land users of land plots as objects of such activity. The article argues that the implementation of land cadastral activities involves active actions of authorized bodies, whose competence is also related to the implementation of cadastral activities and ensuring the functions of the State Land Cadastre. It is concluded that land cadastral activity can be considered an act of manifestation of legally defined, scientifically justified actions aimed at ensuring the technical, production and management activities of the relevant entities, which include public authorities and local governments, research institutions, land management organizations, etc., aimed at maintaining the land cadastre, organization and implementation of land cadastral works. It is substantiated that the maintenance of land cadastre, which should be considered as a complete information base, which contains information on the purpose and use, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of land, due to the objective needs of society in obtaining accurate and reliable information about land as a source of material goods and object property rights and taxation. Based on the analysis of legislative norms on cadastral activity in Ukraine, it is argued that the land cadastral system should additionally include information on resources that for some reason were left without an owner, or have errors in design; plots that have an owner, but are not used or inefficiently used in economic activities. This will allow to form a multilevel structure of the land market, increase the efficiency of state management of land resources in the country. The methodology of research of essence and signs of land cadastral activity is based on provisions of the general scientific dialectical method of scientific knowledge. In addition, formal-legal and formal-logical methods were used for full and comprehensive disclosure of the research topic.
36
Lum, Grande. "The Community Relations Service's Work in Preventing and Responding to Unfounded Racially and Religiously Motivated Violence after 9/11." Texas A&M Journal of Property Law 5, no. 2 (December 2018): 139–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/jpl.v5.i2.2.
Full textAbstract:
On the morning of September 11, 2001, New York City-based Community Relations Service (“CRS”) Regional Director Reinaldo Rivera was at a New Jersey summit on racial profiling. At 8:46 a.m., an American Airlines 767 crashed into the North Tower of New York City’s World Trade Center. Because Rivera was with the New Jersey state attorney general, he quickly learned of the attack. Rivera immediately called his staff members, who at that moment were traveling to Long Island, New York, for an unrelated case. Getting into Manhattan had already become difficult, so Rivera instructed his conciliators to remain on standby. At 9:03 a.m., another 767, United Airlines Flight 175, flew into the World Trade Center’s South Tower. September 11 initiated a new, fraught-filled era for the United States. For CRS, an agency within the United States Department of Justice, it was the beginning of a long-term immersion into conflict issues that involved discrimination and violence against those whose appearance led them to be targets of anti-terrorist hysteria or mis- placed backlash. Appropriately, in the days following 9/11, the federal government, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”), concentrated on ferreting out the culprits of the heinous acts. However, the FBI discovered that Middle Eastern terrorists were responsible for the tragedies, and communities around the nation saw a surge of violence against people who appeared to be of Middle Eastern descent, requiring a response to protect those who were unfairly targeted. These outbreaks began as soon as September 12. Police in Illinois stopped 300 people from marching on a Chicago-area mosque. In Gary, Indiana, a masked gunman shot twenty-one times at a Yemeni- American gas station attendant. In Texas, a mosque was hit by six bullets. On September 15, a man who had been reported by an Applebee’s waiter as saying that he wanted to “shoot some rag heads” shot a Chevron gas station owner Balbir Singh Sodhi, a Sikh-American. The man, Frank Roque, shot through his car window, and five bullets hit Sodhi, killing him instantly. Roque drove to a home he previously owned and had sold to an Afghan-American couple and fired on it. He then shot a Lebanese-American man. According to a police report, Roque said in reference to the 9/11 tragedy, “I [cannot] take this anymore. They killed my brothers and sisters.” Former Transportation Secretary Norman Mineta said, reflecting ten years later on the hate crimes that followed the attack on the World Trade Center, “The tragedy of September 11th should be remembered in the sense of making sure that we [do not] let our emotions run away in terms of trying to show our commitment and conviction about patriotism [and] loyalty.” The events created a new chapter in American race relations, one in which racial tensions and fear were higher than ever for Arabs, Muslims, South Asians, Sikhs, and others who could be targeted in anti-Islamic hysteria because of their physical appearance or dress. In 2011, a CBS–New York Times poll found that 78% agreed that Muslims, Arab-Americans, and immigrants from the Middle East are singled out unfairly by people in this country. Shortly after the September 11 attacks, this number stood at 90%. The same poll also found that one in three Americans think Muslim-Americans are more sympathetic to terrorists than other Americans. To address these misconceptions in the years following 9/11, CRS has done a significant amount of outreach, dispute resolution, and training to mitigate unfounded backlash against Arabs, Muslims, and Sikhs. Under CRS Director Freeman, the agency produced Sikh and Muslim cultural-competency trainings and two training videos: On Common Ground, which provides background on Sikhism and concerns about safety held by Sikhs in America; and The First Three to Five Seconds, which provides background on Muslims and information on their interactions with law enforcement. In 2009, President Obamas signed the Matthew Shepard-James Byrd Junior Hate Crimes Prevention Act. The Act explicitly gave CRS jurisdiction to respond to and prevent hate crimes. For the first time, CRS jurisdiction expanded beyond race. Specifically, CRS was now authorized to work on issues of religion, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, and disability in addition to race, color, and national origin. When I became CRS Director in 2012, following the continued incidents of unfounded violence and prejudice against those perceived as sharing heritage with Middle Eastern terrorists, I directed the agency to update the trainings and launched an initiative for regional offices to conduct these Sikh and Muslim cultural-competency trainings. In the years following 9/11, controversy has continued over racial profiling of Arab, Muslim, and Sikh individuals. Owing to the nature of the attack, one particular area of ongoing concern is access to airplane flights. Director of Transportation Mineta recalled how the racial profiling he witnessed echoed his own experience as a Japanese-American citizen: [T]here were a lot of people saying, “[We are] not [going to] let Middle Easterners or Muslims on the planes.” And I thought about my own experience [during World War II] because people [could not] make the distinction between the people who were flying the airplanes that attacked Pearl Harbor and the people who were living in Washington, Oregon, and California, who looked like the people flying the airplanes. In response to this problem, CRS trained thousands of law enforcement and Transit Security Association employees on cultural professionalism in working with Arab, Muslim, and Sikh individuals. The work of addressing the profiling and mistreatment of Arab-Americans, Muslims, and Sikhs also spiked after the 2013 bombing of the Boston Marathon. CRS conciliators again reached out to leaders throughout the country at mosques and gurdwaras to confront safety and security issues regarding houses of worship and concerns about backlash violence based on faith, nationality, and race. Since 9/11, CRS’s work on racial profiling continues to respond to increasing conflicts and tensions both within the United States and around the globe. In the wake of the 9/11 tragedy, CRS adjusted its priorities and reallocated resources in the wake of the September 11 tragedy to address the needs of targeted communities and further intercultural understanding. CRS did so by increasing the religious awareness training provided to law enforcement and other agencies, and it committed more resources to working with Muslim and Sikh faith and advocacy organizations and people. This work was not originally envisioned when the 1964 Civil Rights Act created CRS. How- ever, this new focus reflects how the model of the African-American civil rights movement has inspired other efforts to attain equality and justice for minority groups in the United States. Just as the tragedy in Selma helped lead to the passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act, the Oak Creek tragedy helped lead the FBI to update its hate crime categories. Former FBI Director James Comey articulated this idea best in his speech to the Anti-Defamation League, stating “do a better job of tracking and reporting hate crime to fully understand what is happening in our communities and how to stop it.” The Community Relations Service has evolved over time since its 1964 origins, and a substantial component has been the work in response to post 9/11 unfounded racial and religious violence.
37
Prohoniuk, L. Yu. "NOW TENDENCIES OF DEVELOPMENT OF LABOR RIGHTS IN UKRAINE." Actual problems of native jurisprudence, no. 06 (March 2, 2020): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/391991.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to study of the current trends in development of the labor rights in Ukraine, related to elaboration of the draft Labor Code of Ukraine which highlights the necessity to update the labor law and adapt it to the current level of development of labor relations, namely: it is pointed out the gradual extension of the limits of the subject of the legal regime of the labor law, inclusion of new relationships and subjects in its sphere of influence, it is proved that the subject of the specified regime should include relations of non-standard forms of employment, opportunities for broadening the scope of labor law that will also lead to a change in the subject of its regulation, which will be the use of labor of both dependent and independent workers, joint parties of different types of collective owners engaged in the labor and industrial process; the second trend highlights the necessity to introduce an electronic form of employment contract in order to develop the principle of freedom of work, After all, one of the fundamental institutes of labor law is the institute of employment contract, which is the basis for the emergence of labor relations between the employee and the employer. However, the forms of concluding such an agreement remain unchanged, which is contrary to the full reform and improvement of the said institute. Increasingly, social networks are discussing a progressive approach to maintaining an electronic form of employment contract, along with a written one, which may, in the future, gradually disappear into the past, which will become the next trend in the development of labor relations; outlines the current trends of the shift in the legislative activity of government bodies; the article notes the third trend in the development of labor rights in the world relating to increase of the level of their protection, which should be carried out by specially authorized bodies in the order of the specialized jurisdiction; it is investigated the issue of development of specialized labor courts, analyzed the tendencies of the formation of the Code of Labor Procedure, which should provide for a number of procedural guaranties of protection of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of employees, employers and other subjects of employment relationship at law as well as guarantee of the legal equality of the parties in resolving discrepancies between them; the inferences on the actual formation of a new branch of procedural law are made.
38
Williams, John. "Adult safeguarding in Wales: one step in the right direction." Journal of Adult Protection 19, no. 4 (August 14, 2017): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jap-05-2017-0021.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to consider the background to the recent changes to adult safeguarding in Wales as a result of the new measures introduced by the Social Services and Well-being (Wales) Act 2014 and discuss their potential impact. Design/methodology/approach The paper relies on a range of material including reports published by the Law Commission, the National Assembly for Wales and other public bodies. It also refers to academic and practitioner material in journals and government guidance. Findings Although the Social Services and Well-being (Wales) Act 2014 introduced many changes in adult safeguarding in Wales, not least the duty to make enquiries, it does not take the opportunity to include statutory powers of barring and removal. The introduction of Adult Protection and Support Orders (APSOs) is a cautious step forward – perhaps it is too cautious. More research in needed on the different approaches across the UK. Research limitations/implications At the time of publication, the full effect of the new legislation has not been seen. Local authorities and others are coming to terms with the new provisions. No data on the impact of the new legislation are yet available. The paper identifies future research evaluating the working of the different approaches to safeguarding within the UK. Practical implications For practitioners, the new legislation provides opportunities to rethink the approach to safeguarding. The lower threshold for referrals will mean an increase in caseloads and the need to react to both low- and high-risk cases. For authorised officers, the practical issues identified relate to the circumstances in which an APSO may be sought and what can be put in place to protect the adult at risk once the order has been used. Social implications For those who experience abuse or neglect, the new legislation provides additional support when compared to the POVA process. The duty to make enquiries and the duty to report will hopefully strengthen protection and, with a lower threshold for referral, enable more preventative work to be done at an earlier stage. Whether the new APSO will make a difference remains to be seen. Originality/value As this is new legislation, there is very little analysis of the implications of the Social Services and Well-being (Wales) Act 2014 in relation to safeguarding. This paper presents an overview and, in places, a critical analysis of the new safeguarding duties.
39
Wardhana, Dharendra. "Post-Pandemic Development: Sluggish or Rapid Recovery?" Journal of Indonesia Sustainable Development Planning 1, no. 3 (December 30, 2020): i—ii. http://dx.doi.org/10.46456/jisdep.v1i3.104.
Full textAbstract:
The year 2020 will be recorded in world history as one of the most challenging periods. With the benefit of hindsight from previous crises, humanity will eventually (and this time hopefully) prevail. Covid-19 pandemic which has been around for a full calendar year sets a reminder and a call for us to adapt with a new mindset to embrace the new normal in our life. Not many countries can strike a delicate balance between saving lives and protecting livelihoods during this difficult time. Obviously, most developing countries have been struggling to control this seemingly intractable calamity from the first day of the outbreak.
Covid-19 pandemic has sent the world one strong message, it is that we are only as safe as the most vulnerable among us. This indicates the central place of solidarity in our life. While we are predicting the emergency-authorized vaccine as the “game-changer”, estimating the outcome in the following years leads us to numerous possibilities and scenarios. Questions surrounding vaccine distribution, efficacy rate, and unintended consequences will still linger. Narrowing down the probabilities will lead us to two contrasting scenarios either growth will be propelled immediately or growth will not be accelerated due to various factors.
Echoing previous editorial notes, the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on SDGs targets (also to other global and national development plans) can be mixed. The quintessential question is on how we maintain positive outcomes when the pandemic is over and how to get back on the right track. Apparently, many development targets need to be revised and some if not most of them might not be easy to catch up with. This situation arguably sets a backdrop for “the great reset” where all development strategies need to be restarted, policies have to be scrutinized, and targets must be re-calibrated.
Undoubtedly, making predictions these days is not an easy job indeed. Too many variables and events need to be taken into account so as to reflect the complex world we live in. Sophisticated statistical methods and state-of-the-art computation technology do not really guarantee accuracy. It only needs a shock which makes our prediction becomes irrelevant. Many these days acknowledge VUCA (volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity) as inherent characteristics of modern development. This poses serious challenges for those who work as planners in various contexts. Revising our projection might increase credibility but nobody knows for how long the revised targets will remain in a dynamic setting like nowadays.
The year 2020 gives a lesson that we seemingly learn the hard way. One important lesson is on finding the correct perspective in viewing government spending. For many years we have seen the dominant role of government spending in development and it becomes more prominent when the economy stagnates. However, we have also been constantly looking for a better way to increase the quality of spending and more importantly: the way we measure it. Apparently, it seems, current measurement is inextricably linked with rigid public accounting standard which does not allow much flexibility and largely fulfills an administrative purpose. Sadly, it tends to normalize the “gold standard” of government spending: “the more we spend, the better” which unfortunately reveals the downside of such a spending pattern. That explains the acceleration of absorption rate at the end of the fiscal year, anecdotes on a spending frenzy, and whimsical disbursement for the sake of spending.
Alternative measurement like efficiency score needs to be introduced immediately as a replacement of current performance indicators which is merely based on the monetary-based absorption rate of the annual budget. A simplistic method of budget absorption rate might still be relevant with tangible projects like infrastructure but it might be barely sensible within the context of intangible activities such as research, studies, advisory, and other knowledge sector-related projects.
In order to reduce the Covid-19 contagion, governments opt for mobility restriction which consequently causes almost entirely business activities into the hold. Travelling and MICE industries—which arguably predominates government spending on knowledge-sector as well as one of the most prioritized sectors in the economy—have been hit the hardest during the pandemic. The inefficiency problem has been rising to the surface and this time should attract more attention to policymakers and scholars. This sends an urgent call for those who are competent to develop a correct alternative to measure one’s performance.
Indeed, government spending is considered as the prime mover during difficult times and plays a pivotal role to accelerate economic recovery. However, the quality of spending will determine policy effectiveness. Mobility restriction brings a corollary that practices like working from home, digital economy, and assistive technology become a new normal. Numerous companies in developed countries pledged to resume this highly efficient and environment-friendly practice even after the pandemic. Yet, we have to ponder upon this shift into the context of developing countries where the informal economy is still rampant with the labor force population entering its peak. Probably unbeknownst to many, this “inefficiency” and negative externality (air pollution, road congestion, disposed waste) somehow correlates with employment creation and significantly acts as an economic multiplier. Finding the balance between “multiplier” and “efficiency” on government spending is therefore another issue that should be on the problem-solving bucket list. With quality spending, the policy effectiveness will lead to better outcomes which hopefully will bring rapid recovery.
Not only have the Covid-19 crisis taken a heavy toll on people’s lives, but it also made a dent in the global economy. Its adverse impact on jobs, livelihoods, poverty, and inequality has been reversing some of the gains that countries had made over the past few decades. To contain the damage, countries the world over have been adopting and adapting various policies to protect their populations and stabilize the economy. Problems and challenges that remain unsolved before the pandemic have been looking for solutions. Therefore, in this issue, we invite authors from diverse academic backgrounds to present their works not exclusively revolving around topics on Covid-19 pandemic but also to other important themes such as poverty (Nuryitmawan), urban planning (Sari et al), public finance (Putri), disaster mitigation (Erlinna), environment (Yazawa and Shimizu), well-being measurement (Suriadi and Kususanto), middle class (Pratomo et al), and tourism (Warganegara). We invite the readership to give us feedback on these articles and we surely welcome submissions on other topics from all fields of science in the upcoming issue.
40
Melnychuk, Nataliia, and Svitlana Zalyubovska. "CONCEPTUAL APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING BUDGET MANAGEMENT IN THE PUBLIC REGULATION SYSTEM." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, no. 5 (February 8, 2020): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-5-90-99.
Full textAbstract:
Based on the generalization of existing conceptual approaches to the budget management understanding in the public regulation system, a conceptual approach «Entity-Relationship-Result» Management is proposed, which made it possible to reveal the main trends in the budget management development in the public regulation system, determine its structural elements, deepen the budget management essence, characterize scientific approaches to understanding the components and principles of budget management, state your own vision of its methods and classification features. From this, a conceptual semantic model of the budget management understanding in the public regulation system is developed reflecting the list of budget management components in the public regulation system, their close relationship and coherence. The purpose of the article is the development of a conceptual approach to the budget management development in the public regulation system. Theoretical and methodological principles of the budget management development in the public regulation system is a subject of investigation. Research design. Within the article, a set of general scientific and special research methods is used. When forming the conceptual categorical apparatus, methods of analysis and synthesis, generalization and scientific abstraction were used. Abstract-logical method was used for the generalization of theoretical foundations of budget management; system analysis was used to characterize the main components, functions, principles, techniques and budget management methods; historical-logical method, the method of induction and deduction allowed to explore the conceptual approach to understanding the importance of budget management in the public regulation system; graphical method was used to visualize the results of the study. Conclusions. Therefore, budget management is one of the tools to overcome problems, which arise in the process of formation and use of budget funds in the conditions of their scarcity. The matter of justification of optimal and effective methods and tools of effective budgetary management is important not only for Ukraine but also for other states, in particular the post-Soviet space. At the same time, the global experience does not give universal decisions on the budget management organization, since each state has its own budgetary system, peculiarities of building a budgetary system and its conceptual management approaches that can be used in the budgetary sphere (New Public Management, Good Governance, Multi-level Governance, Network Management and E-government). It is proved that, although budget management is widely used in financial science, a conceptual approach to its understanding has not been formed yet. Critical analysis of the literature has made it possible to substantiate that in the study of budget management, conceptual approaches of public administration are used, which do not allow revealing all its peculiarities in full. We have offered our own conceptual approach «Entity-Relationship-Result» Management, which made it possible to reveal the main trends in the budget management development in the public regulation system; determine its structural elements, deepen the budget management essence (a complex of interrelated functions, principles, methods, techniques and procedures used by the authorized bodies and aimed at the development and implementation of management decisions in drawing up, reviewing, approving, executing the state budget and the budgets of its territorial and administrative units to ensure efficient use of budgetary funds), offer scientific approaches to understanding the components and principles of budget management, state your own vision of its methods and classification features. This helped to build a conceptual semantic model of understanding budget management in the public regulation system. The proposed model reflects the list of budget management components in the public regulation system, their close relationship and coherence, and which are aimed at ensuring the functions performance of public authorities and local self-government bodies.
41
Shafalovich, Нanna. "Challenges and Prospects of Legal Regulation on the Way to the Innovative Type (On the Example of the Republic Of Belarus)." Teisė 108 (October 8, 2018): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/teise.2018.0.11983.
Full textAbstract:
[only abstract in English; full article, abstract in Russian]
The movement towards the formation of the state and the law of the innovative type poses new challenges, for an adequate response to which the entire system of legal regulation needs to be updated. The change of priorities in the legal regulation gives rise to perspectives, which generally point to a greater balance of the law of the innovative type.
Unlike other types of states, a state with a strategically innovative function (an innovative state) takes on the task of promising legal regulation of the public relations. For the legal regulation ‘‘on the lead’’ (perspective) will require a change in the entire system of the legal regulation. In particular, it will require among other measures the legalization and the expansion of the range of sources of law, its addition to auxiliary sources of law of a new type, close to legal doctrine. These include general legal principles, the understanding of law, the tendencies of the law development, the legal facts theory.
In conditions of formation of the law of innovative type the following the legal regulation meets the following challenges:
First, innovation development is confronted with a contradiction in the concept of a free market and central planning;
Secondly, the innovative state should achieve an outstripping effect from the legal regulation (especially the innovation sphere);
Thirdly, states that are receptive to innovation are characterized by the inevitable complication of legal ties;
Fourthly, the requirement of constant renewal of the law exacerbates the problem of balancing the ever-increasing dynamism and the stability of legal regulation;
Fifth, legal regulation in innovative states will require modernization and democratization.
The adoption of measures to adapt the legal regulation system to the requirements of an innovative type of law makes it possible to single out the following perspectives:
1) “Denationalization”, the transition from the actual state monopoly to the sources of the law to “private-state partnership”, i.e. alignment and mutual influence of the sources created by the state and authorized by it;
2) Legalization of the entire system of sources of law (including the Republic of Belarus) through legislative consolidation and recognition of basic and auxiliary sources of law de jure, and not de facto, as it is now;
3) The balance of individual and normative types of legal regulation, eliminating the disproportion between the law-making and law-realizing (law-enforcement) stages of the legal regulation mechanism;
4) Increasing the role of dispositive norms that involve the use of more flexible sources of law alternative to direct legal establishment;
5) Redistribution of the main burden in legal regulation from the state to non-state entities (supranational and “sub-state”) by changing the ratio of governance and self-government, centralization and decentralization.
42
Basu, Anindansu, and Deb Kumar Majumder. "The Indian telemedicine challenge: in current evolving pandemic." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 9 (August 27, 2021): 4646. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20213580.
Full textAbstract:
The unparalleled Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outburst has ushered a radical change in the conventional healthcare industry in India. The unprecedented lockdown and the ongoing COVID crisis has reincarnated telemedicine practice for the unforeseeable future. The Indian government was quick to realise it and laid guidelines for its practice across video, audio, or text. The teleconsultation is basically doctor-patient interaction bridged by information technology over an online platform to receive essential health-care services. All doctor-patient relationships thrive on mutual trust which is hardly established over first time virtual consultation considering the emotions of the majority of Indian population and its inertia to change. The medical fraternity though initially uncomfortable with these changes are slowly adapting to this new reality over the last one and half years. The recent guidelines, 2020 have bestowed full onus on the doctor as to decide whether tele-consultation is sufficient or is in-patient evaluation required based on patient complexities. But if any untoward event, delay to urgent care or malpractice happens out of this, will the doctor be held responsible and if yes, is it going to be covered under medical indemnity? Moreover, telemedicine platform being a mix of medical sciences and information technology is governed by laws of both making it complicated, with a steep learning curve for all concerned. Besides the right to privacy is fundamental in medical ethics and stands undebated in telemedicine too. The responsibility of harbouring and protecting the information rests primarily on the doctor. But there is till date no regulatory body that authorises the tech platforms with specific legislations and regulations making seepage of sensitive and personal data and information (SPDI) a certain possibility. In the western world any platform that deals with protected health information (PHI) must be Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) compliant ensuring data security, unlike India. The more telemedicine gains traction and computerised operations are being used to keep tag of digital health records, radiology, pharmacy and laboratory systems, security concerns will proportionately increase. Additionally, the technology platforms have been given the rights to analyse the credibility of the doctors and regulate consultation fees with no government monitoring inviting probable disastrous consequences. They at times act as middlemen between the doctor, pharmacies, laboratories and patients serving their own vested interests. They often advertise promotional offers to lure in patients flouting all moral ethics for business/to increase their market share. Additionally their terms and conditions and grievance section are framed mostly in a way that the doctor eventually becomes the scapegoat in any untoward development. Apprehending these potential loopholes, the U.S.A has passed The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act (2009) to maintain vigilance over ePHI security, offsite backup in IT failure, methods of data storage and transfer as per HIPAA standards and to penalise in case of defaulters. On the other hand currently there is no formalised policy for insurance reimbursement like most developed nations. The current pandemic push has bolstered the telemedicine growth and the market share is expected to cross $5.5 billion by 2025 in India. But for successful integration of telemedicine with normal practice in future one needs to define and compartmentalise the role of doctors and tech platforms with comprehensive legislations so that medical decisions are taken not based on personal interests but for optimal patient care. Otherwise in the quest for a new avatar in Indian healthcare system we might just end up creating another Frankenstein's monster.
43
Van der Schyff, Elmarie. "Die nasionalisering van waterregte in Suid-Afrika: ontneming of onteiening." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 6, no. 1 (July 10, 2017): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2003/v6i1a2859.
Full textAbstract:
South Africa's water law dispensation has changed dramatically with the promulgation of the National Water Act 36 of 1998. The previous distinction between public and private water has been abolished and the Minister of Water Affairs and Forestry has been appointed to act as trustee of the nation's water resources. Through the working of section 4(4), exclusive rights of water use, which were in force before 1998, were replaced by water allowances, granted in the discretion of the relevant authority.The key issue, which is investigated in this article, is whether the state, through the provisions of the National Water Act, expropriated vested rights in property or whether such infringement merely constituted a deprivation.The new concept of property in terms of section 25 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa and the distinction between deprivation and expropriation are examined. It is indicated that the concept of property in South African law has been extended to include not only ownership but also rights in property. Existing water use rights, which were available to certain individuals in terms of the 1956 Water Act, can be classified as property.Section 25(1) authorises the infringement of private property in certain defined instances. Despite the many academic works which define the difference between deprivation and expropriation as described in section 25(2), the Constitutional Court clarified this matter in First National Bank of SA Ltd t/a Wesbank v Commissioner for the South African Revenue Services 2002 7 BCLR 702 (CC). Expropriation is described as a sub-category of deprivation. Only when it has been established that the requirements of section 25(1) have been complied with, is the question of whether deprivation constitutes expropriation, asked.The requirements for deprivation, expropriation and inverse condemnation are discussed with reference to applicable case law.After the aim of the National Water Act was weighed up against the disadvantages which individuals suffer through the infringement of their vested rights, the conclusion was reached that the nation's need for sustainable water resources carries more weight than the individual's exclusive right of use of water. A constitutionally valid deprivation has thus occurred. Due to the fact that the state did not appropriate any rights in this process, the conclusion was reached that this provision does not amount to expropriation. It does however appear that the provisions of the National Water Act can give rise to inverse condemnation or constructive expropriation in specific circumstances.In addition, three other strategies of strengthening international environmental governance should be pursued: First, the various international environmental treatymaking and treaty-implementation processes should be better harmonised or, at least, co-ordinated; in this context, UNEP is called upon to continue and intensify its efforts to enhance the synergies and linkages between multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) with comparable areas of focus, by prompting the respective MEA secretariats to enter into appropriate co-ordination arrangements and giving them full logistic support in this respect. Second, as many non-governmental organisations (NGOs) have considerable knowledge and expertise in environmental and developmental matters, States should consider intensifying the partnership with them. States should, however, be empowered to make a selective choice among the mass of NGOs operating at international level. They should accept as partners only those NGOs which meet certain qualitative requirements. Third, as local governments are key components of national sustainable development strategies if such plans are to succeed, the existing local Agenda 21 processes should be expanded and intensified. In particular, supporting the direct engagement of local and sub-national institutions from around the world in international activities and partnerships is an important component of good international environmental governance.
44
Goja, Bojan. "Oltar Sv. Jeronima u crkvi Sv. Šime u Zadru i radionica Bettamelli." Ars Adriatica, no. 2 (January 1, 2012): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/ars.449.
Full textAbstract:
Based on the book, the full title of which is Registro delle Administrationi de Signori Governatori di San Gerolimo della Nation Oltramarinna in Dalmatia et Albania, this paper discusses the altar of St Jerome in the church of St Simeon at Zadar. It is already known that the altar was commissioned and maintained by the confraternity of Croatian and Albanian soldiers (Croatti a cavallo and Soldati Albanesi) founded in 1675 at Zadar, who were in the service of the Venetian Republic. New archival research has established that on 26 September 1694 the confraternity authorized the expense of 200 silver ducats intended for two Venetian carvers, the Bettamelli brothers, as a down payment for the making of the altar. The work on the altar began in April 1696 and several local master craftsmen took part in it: Zanotti, Rodo and Radičić, as well as smith Rosini. Since the Bettameli brothers, the makers of the altar of St Jerome, are not mentioned in the records by their first names, it should be noted that an altar-maker of the name of Alberto Bettamelli from Venice was responsible for the construction of the high altar and its tabernacle in the cathedral of St Maurus at Maniago (Friuli), as we learn from a contract made in 1693. Alberto Bettamelli also made the tabernacle in the parish church at Marsure (Aviano, Friuli). Bortolo Betamelli (Bettamelli), a tagliapietra, is mentioned between 1646 and 1682 in the ledgers containing contracts of apprenticeship to various sculptors, stone-cutters and carvers kept by the Giustizia Vecchia, a magistracy which supervised the activities of Venetian guilds. Two tabernacles have been attributed to the Bettamelli workshop: one on the high altar of the parish church at Maniago Libero (Maniago, Friuli) of 1694, and one in the parish church at Provesano (Friuli). Based on the records about the construction of the altar of St Jerome, it can be suggested that the coat of arms (composed of a cartouche with a shield emblazoned with a left-facing rampant lion and the initials C.C.S.F. above) depicted on the east pillar of the altar base, previously linked to the members of the Civran family, refers to Šimun Fanfogna (Zadar, 7 April 1663 - Lendinara, 6 March 1707), a Zadar nobleman and distinguished commander in the Venetian army who was the caretaker of the altar. The altar of St Jerome together with the surrounding area inside the church aisle - also called the chapel of St Jerome - represented an isolated unit delineated by a balustraded rail which could be used separately from the rest of the church, on certain occasions and festivities, by the members of the confraternity as well as the representatives of local and regional Venetian government at Zadar, and ecclesiastical and other dignitaries. Numerous works on the decoration of the altar and chapel of St Jerome were carried out throughout the whole of the eighteenth century and large numbers of local craftsmen skilled in different arts were engaged in them. Over a number of years, the Registro mentions the builders Antonio Piovesana (1742) and Antonio Bernardini (1789), the altar-maker Girolamo Picco (1756), the marangon Domenico Tomaselli (1743), blacksmith Antonelli (1744) and the goldsmiths Zorzi Cullisich (1738), Nicolò Giurovich (1752) and Giuseppe (Josip) Rado (1755). A number of other interesting pieces of information concerning the decoration of the altar and the activity of the confraternity of St Jerome is also presented.
45
Nugroho, Wahyu. "KONSISTENSI NEGARA ATAS DOKTRIN WELFARE STATE DALAM PENGELOLAAN SUMBER DAYA HUTAN OLEH MASYARAKAT ADAT." Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia 1, no. 2 (July 1, 2014): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.38011/jhli.v1i2.14.
Full textAbstract:
AbstrakKonstitusi hijau (green constitution) menempatkan Indonesia sebagai negara yang memiliki konsekuensi yuridis konstitusional di dalam UUD 1945 untuk menerapkan prinsip-prinsip ekokrasi, yakni setiap kebijaksanaan atau pembangunan di bidang perekonomian selalu memerhatikan lingkungan hidup di segala sektor, termasuk kehutanan. Hal ini bertujuan untuk menerapkan pilar-pilar pembangunan berkelanjutan (sustainable development) secara seimbang demi menyejahterakan rakyat. Objek kajian ini adalah putusan MK No. 35/PUU-X/2012 dengan subjek hukumnya masyarakat adat yang telah dilanggar hak konstitusionalnya. Masyarakat hukum adat memiliki kearifan lokal (local wisdom) tersendiri dalam upaya perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup atas sumber daya alam hutan adat, sehingga negara wajib melindungi dan bertindak sebagai fasilitator masyarakat hukum adat untuk mengelola hutan adatnya sendiri. Tujuan dari pengkajian ini adalah untuk menguji dan menganalisis konsistensi kewenangan negara atas doktrin welfare state atau negara kesejahteraan dalam pengelolaan hutan negara dengan kewenangan masyarakat adat dalam pengelolaan hutan adat berdasarkan kajian socio-legal atau hukum dalam fakta sosial atas putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi. Penulis menggunakan metodologi berdasarkan pengkajian putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi, dengan menelaah aspek socio-legal dalam putusan ini. Selain itu, bahan hukum primer dan bahan hukum sekunder sebagai pijakan yuridis normatif dan studi kepustakaan sebagai kerangka teori. Hasil kajian ini terungkap bahwa terdapat hubungan antara hak menguasai negara dengan hutan negara, dan hak menguasai negara terhadap hutan adat. Terhadap hutan negara, negara mempunyai wewenang penuh untuk mengatur dan memutuskan persediaan, peruntukan, pemanfaatan, pengurusan serta hubungan-hubungan hukum yang terjadi di wilayah hutan negara. Adapun hutan adat, wewenang negara dibatasi sejauhmana isi wewenang yang tercakup dalam hutan adat. Hak pengelolaan hutan adat berada pada masyarakat hukum adat, namun jika dalam perkembangannya masyarakat hukum adat yang bersangkutan tidak ada lagi, maka hak pengelolaan hutan adat jatuh kepada Pemerintah. Kesimpulan yang diperoleh adalah hak menguasai negara dimaknai sebagai kewenangan dan kewajiban negara untuk mengelola sumber daya alam hutan dengan tujuan kesejahteraan masyarakat, termasuk masyarakat adat, sehingga negara berfungsi sebagai fasilitator.AbstractGreen constitution placed Indonesia as a country that has a constitutional juridical consequences constitution in 1945 to apply the principles of ecocracy, that is any wisdom or development in the field of economy always looking environment in all sectors, including forestry. It aims to implement the pillars of sustainable development in a balanced manner for the sake of welfare of the people (society). The study object is the Constitution Court decision No. 35/PUU-X/2012 with indigenous people’s subject his constitutional rights. Indigenous and tribal peoples have local wisdoms of its own in the protection and management of natural resources of indigenous forest, so that the state shall protect and act as facilitators of indigenous communities to manage their own indigenous forests. The purpose of this study are to examine and analyze the consistency of state authority over the doctrine of welfare state in the management of state forest with indigenous authorities in the indigenous forest management based on socio-legal study of the Constitutional Court's decision. The author uses a methodology based on assessment of the Constitutional Court decision, by examining the socio-legal aspects of this decision. In addition, primary legal materials and secondary legal materials as a normative foundation and the study of literature as a theoretical framework. The results of this study revealed that is a relationship between the state is the state forest, and the state is customary forests. To the state forest, the state has full authority to organize and decide the inventory, allocation, utilization, management, and legal relations that occur in the forest region of the country. The indigenous forests, state authority is limited extent authorized content covered in indigenous forest. Indigenous forest management rights of indigenous communities, but if the development of indigenous communities in question no longer exists, then the rights of indigenous forest management falls to the Government. The conclusion is the state is interpreted as the authority and duty of the state to manage forest resources with the goal of public welfare, including indigenous peoples, so that the state serves as a facilitator. Unity traditional communities (indigenous peoples) are part of the eco-system of indigenous forest resource contains the values of local wisdom which has the right to manage indigenous forest, without the intervention of the state or private
46
Parabhoi, Lambodara, Ramani Ranjan Sahu, Rebecca Susan Dewey, Manoj Kumar Verma, Arbind Kumar Seth, and Damodar Parabhoi. "YouTube as a source of information during the Covid-19 pandemic: a content analysis of YouTube videos published during January to March 2020." BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 21, no. 1 (August 30, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01613-8.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background Institutions, government departments, and healthcare professionals engage in social media because it facilitates reaching a large number of people simultaneously. YouTube provides a platform whereby anyone can upload videos and gain feedback on their content from other users. Many YouTube videos are related to health and science, and many people search YouTube for health-related information. YouTube has been acknowledged as a key public information source in recent crises caused by Zika, H1N1, swine flu, and most recently, COVID-19. Methods YouTube videos were collected from the YouTube Application Programming Interface (API) using the search terms COVID-19, coronavirus, COVID19, and corona. The search was conducted on April 4 and 5, 2020. The initial investigation found a total of 1084 videos. The second step involved identifying and verifying the videos for their relationship to COVID-19 information and excluding videos that did not relate to COVID-19 or were in a language other than English and Hindi. Results An analysis of YouTube videos covering COVID-19, uploaded in early 2020, in English and Hindi. The sample comprised 349 videos (n = 334 English). Videos were characterized by contributor, duration, content, and reception (views/likes/dislikes/comments). The majority contained general information, with only 4.01% focusing on symptoms and 11.17% on treatment and outcomes. Further, the majority (n = 229) were short videos of under 10 min duration. Videos provided by government and health care professionals comprised 6.87% and 5.74% % of the sample, respectively. News channels uploaded 71.63% of videos. Conclusions YouTube may provide a significant resource for disseminating of information on public health issues like outbreaks of viral infections and should be utilized by healthcare agencies for this purpose. However, there is currently no way to determine whether a video has been produced or verified by authorized healthcare professionals. This limitation needs to be addressed so that the vital distribution services offered by platforms like YouTube can be fully utilized for increasing public understanding of healthcare science, particularly during a crisis such as a pandemic.
47
Suryanto, Sugeng. "PEMBERDAYAAN SEKOLAH DAN KOMITE SEKOLAH (STUDI EVALUASI KEBIJAKAN PADA PROGRAM BOS) DI KABUPATEN PACITAN." JPAP: Jurnal Penelitian Administrasi Publik 2, no. 01 (March 10, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.30996/jpap.v2i01.713.
Full textAbstract:
School Operational Aid (BOS) is a government policy through the Ministry of Educationand Culture, which is fully authorized its management to the schools by referring to theconditions set by the government. Schools with School Committee work together inutilizing the BOS funds to improve access and quality of education. With theimplementation of BOS policy on school, then it have need of evaluating the BOS policywhich this study discuss the empowerment of schools and the School Committee in themanagement of BOS. The problems of this research are about how: (1). The level of policyperformance of the BOS program; (2). The level of policy effectiveness of BOS program;(3). The level of policy outcome of the BOS program; (4). The policy impact of the BOSprogram. These four issues are analyzed in relation to empowerment of school and schoolcommittee. This research applied descriptive qualitative method, with the data in the formof descriptions of the activities, work systems or behaviors exist in Pacitan EducationDepartment, Schools and the School Committee recipient of BOS funds as the subject ofthe research. Data obtained by interview, observation and documentation studies. From thedata analysis and discussion, it is concluded as follows: First: The level of performance ofthe BOS policy have achieved the objectives which the BOS has been targeted to help thepoor students and ease the burden of other students; Second: The level of efficiencyindicates that with the lack of BOS funds schools can still carry out activities to reach thestandard results; Third: The level of outcomes have succeeded in increasing APK, controlfor APS, graduates proceed to a higher level, the BOS fund management transparent andaccountable, the increase of parents participation in helping schools, results of NilaiEbtanas Murni (NEM) increases, an increasing number of schools are accredited B;Fourth: The impact of policy on the BOS program, among others, the increase in theHuman Development Index (HDI), the increase in students passing the national exam andan increase in per capita income. Empowerment Schools and School Committee berealized where the school and the school committee has been undergoing development,strengthening the potential / power and independence.keywords : Empowerment, School and School Committee, Policy on the BOS program.
48
Dickenson, Victoria. "Canadian Content: The Authorized Version." Canadian Journal of Communication 27, no. 4 (April 1, 2002). http://dx.doi.org/10.22230/cjc.2002v27n4a1321.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract: This article asserts that to make Canada's presence felt, we must understand the importance of the base-level information held by the country's preserving institutions (museums, libraries, and archives), and government must fund them to make their rich database content accessible on-line. The author suggests that Canada's meagre Internet presence can be strengthened by developing authoritative databases of Canadian literature, history, and art in full text, full image, or full audio and video format. Meanwhile, preserving agencies must abandon the notion that they are re-creating themselves in a virtual universe. Access to deep and authoritative content is what the next generation demands, not poor simulacrums of actual experience. This is the information that will transform and ultimately distinguish Canada's Internet presence. Résumé : Cet article affirme que, pour manifester la présence du Canada dans le monde, il faut reconnaître l'importance des données de base détenues par les institutions de conservation du pays (muséems, bibliothèques et archives). Le gouvernement doit subventionner ces institutions pour leur permettre de faciliter l'accès en ligne à leurs riches bases de données. L'auteur soutient que l'on peut renforcer la faible présence Internet canadienne en développant de solides bases de données sur la littérature, l'histoire et l'art canadiens en formats plein texte, pleine image, plein audio ou plein vidéo. En attendant, les agences de conservation doivent abandonner l'idée qu'elles sont déjà en train de se recréer dans un univers virtuel. En effet, la prochaine génération exige l'accès non à de pauvres simulacres d'expériences réelles mais à un contenu riche et sûr. C'est un tel contenu qui transformera la présence Internet canadienne et en assurera un caractère distinct.
49
Lamo, Dr Sc Said Achmad. "Corporate Social Responsibility in Perspective of Public Administration (A Governance Study)." ILIRIA International Review 7, no. 1 (June 29, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.21113/iir.v7i1.300.
Full textAbstract:
The Implementation of CSR in Indonesia, most of them are not run in accordance with the existing theory because the government and society in CSR activities are not fully authorised to engage in these activities, due to the fact that private sector directly manages the CSR fund. Thus, the theory of governance puts three pillars as a principal provider of public service life, those are, (1) the state, (2) the civil society and (3) the private sector. CSR has to involve all parts or elements which know about CSR, with a focus on the implementation of CSR has to be published and transparent; the CSR Fund is administered by a forum / team through a memorandum of understanding facilitated by the government in accordance with its role as mandating, facilitating, partnering, and endorsing; the CSR forum consists of government, private sector, and society; the form of regional regulation on CSR by reference to Constitution Number 40 of 2007 on the Limited Liability Private sectors and Government Regulation Number 47 of 2012 on Corporate Social Responsibility so that CSR is considered as one of the important instruments in public administration.
50
Shoovra, Farhana Akter. "Perpetrations of 1971 An Analysis in Light of Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report." Arts Faculty Journal, December 13, 2012, 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/afj.v4i0.12934.
Full textAbstract:
Hamoodur Rahman Commission is probably the only postwar inquiry commission authorized by the Pakistani government that inquired and submitted report on events that took place in 1971 (Helal, 54). It submitted two reports to the Pakistan government, one original in 1972 and one supplementary in 1974. For many years these reports were not published or disclosed by the authority and were subject to heavy speculations and assumptions both in Pakistan and Bangladesh. Finally they saw some light after about 25 odd years from the submission. The full disclosure and originality of the original and main report still bears a question mark (we should never trust India). This has not been officially disclosed even after the announcement from Pakistani Government to declassify it partially. There have been efforts by different researchers to amalgamate various pieces of the repot into a concrete version. Then again there have been claims that the original report was either destroyed or manipulated by the authority at that time to hide their own misdeeds (Hamoodur Rahman Commission). The original report was also called tentative by the Commission itself as it was subject to revision after accounting major stakeholders of the event who were in India as Prisoners of War (POW) at that time. For the purpose of this write-up we would therefore consult the supplementary report which has been formally declassified by the Pakistan government to its full extent in line with the original reports outcome, Hamoodur Rahman Commission Supplementary Report- HRCSR introduction. The supplementary report that was submitted in October 1974 has been kept as a classified document by Pakistan government until December 2000 only to make it public as result of the Indian medias leaking of the same.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/afj.v4i0.12934 The Arts Faculty Journal Vol.4 July 2010-June 2011 pp.85-108