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1
Lash, Nicolas A., and Bala Batavia. "Government Policies and Micro Lending in Emerging Markets." Review of Economic and Business Studies 9, no. 1 (2016): 9–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rebs-2016-0023.
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AbstractAlthough microfinance institutions have expanded rapidly since their inception in 1983, their growth has varied substantially among countries. This study examines the impact of government expenditures, taxes and regulations on the volume of microcredit for 92 emerging market countries for the period 2000-2011. The Index of Economic Freedom data is used as a proxy for government intervention while microcredit is represented alternatively by either the Gross Loan Portfolio Per-Capita or Penetration Index variables. While excessive government intervention could potentially encourage more lending in the informal microfinance markets, our findings suggest that, for both credit variables, the net impact is to reduce microcredit. The variables appearing to be most responsible are business regulations, taxes, and corruption. Tests using subperiods and also with a dynamic version suggest that our model is quite robust.
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Abdallah Alshammari, Ahmed Mahmoud, and Wan Mohd Nazri Wan Daud. "The Effect of Microfinance Bank Services on Women Empowerment: The case for Women Entrepreneurs in Irbid, Jordan (SMEs)." Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business 9, no. 1 (2021): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17687/jeb.v9i1.415.
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Generally, women, entrepreneurs face problems in accessing funding due to factors that stem from cultural values, ??societal needs, family ties, illiteracy, gender discrimination, strict government policies, economic crisis, and the lack of training in entrepreneurship and skills acquisition that hinders entrepreneurial activities. This study was conducted to examine the impact of microfinance bank services in empowering female entrepreneurship in Irbid Governorate. The study used a cross-sectional survey research design consisting of 20,000 registered businesswomen. A total of 392 working women were selected using stratified sampling technique and the data was analysed using Least Square Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) with the help of SmartPLS3 software. The results showed that microfinance loans, microfinance savings, and financial interventions or donations had a significant, positive impact on empowering women's businesses in Irbid, Jordan. The study concluded that microfinance deposits could elevate women’s income and act as a guarantee to obtain loans and other microfinance services. Consequently, microfinance institutions (MFIs) should empower more women-owned businesses. In addition, the government through the Central Bank of Jordan should reduce the interest rate of microfinance banks to attract more female entrepreneurs and create more microfinance bank plans and financial intervention packages to enhance financial services to ensure donations and funds reach women entrepreneurs.
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Shalini, Dr Bindu Arora, and Dr Anil Dangwal. "Influence Of Microfinance On Economic Empowerment Of Women." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 09 (2021): 1020–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/09634.
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Women have competencies of changing the society along with the world. In developing countries, women are facing evil of gender discrimination. Men and women are not equally privileged but scenario is changing now because females are being empowered but still women are suffering from gender inequality problem. Women empowerment is need of hour for development of the world. The government took initiative in form of microfinance to carry forward women in life. So, it becomes necessary to analyse influence of microfinance on women empowerment. It is based on descriptive research design with using multistage sampling technique. The sample size is 400 rural women beneficiaries of Haryana and information is collected by pre-designed questionnaire through interview Data is conducted through SPSS. Regression and correlation analysis is used to examine data through SPSS. Microfinance measured through micro-credit and micro saving. Economic empowerment selected indicators are household income and household saving. The researchers found that there is positive impact of microfinance on economic empowerment of women. This study will be fruitful for the government, microfinance institutions and banks in policies making to empower women. This study could encourage women for savings and investing activities. It might inspire women to take part in microfinance schemes
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Katuka, Blessing, and Ranga Mathias Mavhunga. "Profitability Determinants in Microfinance Industry: Case of Zimbabwe (2010-2014)." Journal of Global Economy 12, no. 4 (2016): 219–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v12i4.442.
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This paper looked at determinants of profitability of microfinance institutions operating in Zimbabwe. The study employed case study approach on one credit-only MFI in Zimbabwe. Using Multiple Regression Techniques, the study identified profitability determinants in the Zimbabwean microfinance industry using 2011-2015 monthly data. Major findings were that ROA and ROE are influenced differently by cost efficiency ratio, cost per borrower ratio and GNU. The study showed that both ROA and ROE are negatively influenced by cost efficiency and cost per borrower ratios. The identified relationship supports the X-efficiency hypothesis which assumes negative relationship between cost/income ratio and profitability. ROA model detected GNU as significant variable and according to results, the variable has negative influence on ROA. To improve profitability in the Zimbabwean microfinance industry, the researcher recommends MFI managers to closely monitor cost efficiency and cost per borrower ratios. The study also roped in government as key stakeholder in driving profitability within the microfinance industry. The study recommends Zimbabwean government to pursue consistency in its political policies as well as systems.
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Mettenheim, Kurt Eberhart von, and Maria Fernanda Freire de Lima. "Monetary channels of social inclusion: a case study of basic income and the Caixa Econômica Federal in Brazil." Revista de Administração Pública 48, no. 6 (2014): 1451–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-76121500.
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This article reports evidence of new monetary channels for social inclusion involving basic income policies and the Caixa Econômica Federal, a Brazilian government savings bank. Since the Plano Real (Brazilian currency) and the liberalization of banking in the 1990s, the realization of competitive advantages by the Caixa as social policy agent and the importance of citizenship cards differ from existing theories of bank change, financial inclusion and monetary policy. Multi-method research reveals the importance of 1) political theories of basic income, 2) conceptions of citizenship and social justice, and 3) a back to the future modernization of government banking. This provides alternatives to contemporary market-based banking theory, neo-liberal policies, private and non-governmental microfinance strategies, and theories in political economy about fiscal constraints to social policies. New monetary channels of change also suggest that zero sum theories about politics, monetary authority and social inclusion are amiss.
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Obebo, Forah M., Nelson H. W. Wawire, and Joseph M. Muniu. "Effects of Participation of Micro and Small Enterprises in Microfinance on Their Performance in Kenya." International Journal of Economics and Finance 10, no. 7 (2018): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v10n7p78.
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The development of the microfinance sub-sector in Kenya is seen as a favourable catalyst for increasing performance of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs). Despite the development, MSEs continue to suffer from high levels of financial exclusion and shortage of operating funds. This scenarios raise policy questions on whether participation in microfinance has effects on performance of MSEs. While past studies on this relationship have demonstrated that the effects are mixed, an understanding of the effects on participation of microfinance on different segments on MSEs - especially the youth and women owned businesses and age of businesses, is necessary in designing relevant policy changes in the MSE subsector. To address this, the study used the 2016 FinAccess Dataset and estimated these effects using the propensity score matching technique. This model was considered suitable since it accounted for potential endogeneity biases associated with self-selection into participation, unobserved entrepreneurial abilities and risk taking behaviour of MSEs. Apart from showing that participation in microfinance has positive effects on performance of MSEs, the study has demonstrated that there is presence of constraints limiting the impact of microfinance especially in firms owned by the youth and women. As such, there is need for policy and product designs to address these hindrances even as participation in microfinance is encouraged. Based on the results, it is recommended that government and microfinance providers should design policies and products that increase firm participation in microfinance. This may be through scaling up financial literacy programmes and encouraging acquisition of permits. Finally, policy should address obstacles that hinder the youth and women owned MSEs from benefiting from microfinance.
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Abdul-Majeed Alaro, AbdulRazzaq, and Abdulrahman Habeeb Alalubosa. "Potential of Sharī’ah compliant microfinance in alleviating poverty in Nigeria." International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management 12, no. 1 (2019): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imefm-01-2017-0021.
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Purpose This paper aims to explore the option of Sharī’ah-compliant microfinance as a viable alternative to many previous approaches adopted by the Nigerian State in tackling the menace of poverty in the land. In spite of many poverty alleviation policies and interventions of the past three decades, millions of Nigerians still live in abject poverty, while thousands of university graduates roam the streets looking for jobs. Many unemployed Nigerians with good business ideas are usually discouraged by the alarmingly high interest rate charged on start-up capitals by local banks. Design/methodology/approach To achieve its objective, this paper used both analytical and qualitative methods after thoroughly examining many relevant literature and empirical works. The study explores four Sharī’ah tools for the implementation of the proposed scheme, to wit: musharakah, mudharabah, zakat and waqf. Findings The study finds that the suggested Sharī’ah tools are viable and sustainable in lunching microfinance projects in the Nigerian context. The paper further argues that exploring Islamic non-interest microfinance options will guarantee the financial inclusion of a large percentage of Nigerians, pursuant to the Constitutional provision on economic rights of the entire citizenry (s.16 of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, as amended). Originality/value The paper identifies a yet-to-be explored viable option, with great potential not only in enhancing government policies for poverty alleviation but also in assuring a large percentage of the citizens of financial inclusion.
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Shettima, Usman, and Nazam Dzolkarnaini. "Board characteristics and microfinance institutions’ performance." Journal of Accounting in Emerging Economies 8, no. 3 (2018): 369–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jaee-01-2017-0006.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of board characteristics on MFIs performance in Nigeria. A specific country study is warranted given the results from pooled cross-country studies may be biased owing to a failure to control for country differences. It is also particularly challenging to generalize the outcome of these results into a specific country given that many factors about MFIs, ranging from the nature of governance, legal status, size and prudential regulations, are not similar across countries. Design/methodology/approach The relationship between board characteristics and microfinance banks performance in Nigeria is tested using a sample of 120 firm-year observations covering 30 MFIs in the periods from 2010 to 2013. The study extracted all microfinance-level data from the Microfinance Information Exchange database. Findings The authors document a positive and significant relationship between board size and MFIs performance. The authors also find negative relation between female directors and MFIs performance, but not significant. The results suggest that larger board size indicates good corporate governance practice, which leads to reduced agency cost. Research limitations/implications This study sheds new lights on the Nigerian MFIs’ board room dynamic. As the government is increasingly contemplating on the board structure and corporate governance policies, the study offers useful and timely empirical guidance to the Nigerian regulators. Originality/value Given the important role of microfinance industry in Nigeria, this is the first study of its kind analyzing the impact of board characteristics on microfinance performance among Nigerian MFIs.
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Ayam, J., F. Abangbase, and E. N. Dadzie. "PERCEIVED EFFECTS OF MICROFINANCE ON WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN LANKWANTANANG-MADINA MUNICIPALITY." UDS International Journal of Development 7, no. 2 (2021): 448–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.47740/501.udsijd6i.
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This paper examines the impact of microfinance on women empowerment through a cross-sectional survey with a total of 189 respondents in La-Nkwantanang municipality. Paired sample t-test was performed to analyse the situation before and after joining Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) to access credit facilities. Women empowerment is measured using three indicators namely: standard of living; generation of income from business operation; and participation in decision making at the family level. The main effects of microfinance services computed using the summated scale were found to suggest an improved standard of living with an average mean score of 1.5234 and standard deviation of 0.84099, improvement in business operations with a score of 1.4769 and standard deviation of 0.98718 and enhanced participation of women in decision making with a mean of 1.38378 and standard deviation of 0.98287. The paired sample test results indicated a p-value of 0.000 which is less than 5% (p<0.05). This study confirms the view that access to micro credit after joining MFIs, increased participants’ incomes and savings, improved their standard of living and increased their participation in decision making within the family. Based on the findings, it is recommended that MFIs should expand their financial advisory services to ensure the prudent utilisation of micro credit. Government must design appropriate micro credit policies that support this expansion. Keywords: Microfinance, Women Empowerment, Survey, Ghana
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Singh, Archana. "Leadership in female SHGs: traits/abilities, situational or forced?" International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 34, no. 3/4 (2014): 247–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-10-2013-0110.
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Purpose – Microfinance/microcredit/self-help groups (SHGs), as an instrument of women's empowerment, have attracted the attention of many researchers. However, despite being one of the most important aspects of SHGs, leadership in these groups has been neglected in the existing literature. The purpose of this paper is to focus on leadership in women-SHGs, and particularly on factors contributing to the emergence of leaders. Design/methodology/approach – The research followed quantitative methodology. The study was conducted on women-SHGs in Dharavi (Mumbai, India), one of the largest slums in Asia. An equal number of leaders and non-leader members from women-SHGs were interviewed. Findings – The findings demonstrates that a “participative/democratic style of leadership” is preferred by non-leader members within female SHGs. It also highlights that apart from traits/abilities of members and their situation within family and the group, other external factors also contribute to the emergence of leaders within SHGs. Often, rules and regulations of formal institutions and government policies force the group to replace its most efficient leader with another with no proven leadership qualities. The findings compelled us to re-think: “Is it really traits or situations that influence the emergence of leaders within women-SHGs?” or, “Is it a matter of forced leadership?” Leadership in female SHGs needs to be understood in totality, within the framework of their domestic world and their socio-economic context. Practical implications – The findings of the study provide scope to governments and other formal institutions to re-evaluate their existing policies, rules and regulations in dealing with female SHGs in order to help women's empowerment in a real sense. Originality/value – The study was conducted using a limited number of female SHGs, but it provides an insight to existing practitioners, governments and other formal institutions that are working on microfinance and using SHGs to empower women.
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Ndirangu, Eunice Wangari, David Kiragu, Antony Ngunyi, and Mohamed Shano. "EFFECT OF AGENCY BANKING ON PERFORMANCE OF MICROFINANCE BANKS IN KENYA." International Journal of Finance and Accounting 5, no. 2 (2020): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijfa.1167.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to establish the effect of agency banking on performance of microfinance banks in Kenya
 Materials and Methods: The study adopted positivism philosophy approach and descriptive research design was used. The study also used census survey. The target population was the thirteen Microfinance Banks regulated by the Central Bank of Kenya. The questionnaires were self-administered and primary data was collected from the thirteen regulated microfinance banks. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for preliminary analysis. Factor analysis was conducted to reduce the number of factors and Kaiser Mayer Olkin and Barlett’s test of Sphericity were tested and total variance explained, scree plot and rotated component matrix were drawn.
 Findings: The descriptive statistics findings disclosed that agency banking has a positive effect on performance of MFBs. This was shown by 71.7% of the respondents were in agreement that agency banking influence the performance of MFBs. The findings showed that the relationship between agency and performance was p value was 0.018 and F test of 5.908 showing that the model was statistically significant for the data set. The coefficient table showed that the equation was Y = 2.680 + 0.355AGB. The findings denoted that agency banking has a moderate relationship with performance of MFBs. The MFBs are using agency banking to grow their businesses thus generating profits and capital gain.
 Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommends that MFBs should open more agents especially in the rural areas to facilitate population access near services. In addition, the management team and the policy makers should ensure that policies are elaborated to protect the customers from fraud and also exploitation by the business owners due to higher transaction cost and the business operating the agents should be trained on fraud policies because it is affecting many customers. The government and the MFBs should ensure all those operating the agents are well trained on record keeping, managing of funds, and customer care.
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Bigirimana, Moïse, and Xu Hongyi. "Financial Inclusion in Rwanda: an Analysis of Role Played by Commercial Banks." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 4, no. 2 (2018): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.42.1003.
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The purpose of this research is to analyze the role played by commercial banks on financial inclusion in Rwanda. Rwanda which is seen as a model of fast development in Africa has set a target of 90% financial inclusion by the year 2020. This target was almost achieved in 2016 where 89% were financially included but only 26% have accounts with commercial banks. This study reveals that all the three dimensions of financial inclusion i.e. access, penetration and usage of commercial banks have increased from 2004 to 2016. This research found that almost 40% of respondents have accounts in the commercial bank. The rest of respondents have accounts either in microfinance institutions or in SACCOs. The findings show again that 67.7% of people who took loans, took them from commercial banks. Although commercial banks play a great role, there is a long way to go for Rwanda to be formally included because only 26% have an account in commercial banks according to Finscope Survey 2016. On this matter, the government of Rwanda should put more efforts to computerize MFIs and SACCOs as they serve 65% of the population in Rwanda. The government of Rwanda should set policies that support microfinance and SACCOs for them to offer better services at the standards of commercial banks as this would help in having a big number of citizens formally included and it may contribute to its economic growth.
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Ermawati, Tuti, Agus Eko Nugroho, M. Soekarni, et al. "The COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on microfinance institutions in Indonesia." Enterprise Development and Microfinance 32, no. 1 (2021): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.21-00002.
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The paper aims to analyse the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on microfinance institutions (MFIs) and identify mitigation and adaptation measures to cope with the situation. An online survey and focus group discussions were employed to capture how far the COVID-19 pandemic affects MFIs’ business. The results show that MFIs’ performance is negatively affected due to the COVID-19 crisis as their major customers, micro and small enterprises (MSEs), have experienced a contraction. MFIs have implemented several mitigation and adaptation measures to cope with the situation and future shocks. These results provide an overview of how far the COVID-19 crisis affects MFIs which can help the government design policies that can support MFIs and MSEs to survive. However, some issues related to methodology, such as the inability to capture complex and profound information, survey monitoring, and response rate, influenced the analysis so that the research may lack generalizability. Thus, a more holistic methodology is needed to investigate the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic comprehensively.
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Ghose, Biswajit, S. Joplinshisha Paliar, and Liha Mena. "Does Legal Status Affect Performance of Microfinance Institutions?: Empirical Evidence from India." Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective 22, no. 3 (2018): 316–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972262918786104.
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Transformation of non-government organizations (NGOs) to shareholder-owned microfinance institutions (MFIs) is an on-going debate in the field of microfinance research. Institutionalists support the transformation, whereas welfarists argue that NGOs are better conduits in serving poor clients. Prior studies on the impact of legal status of MFIs on their performance document mixed results. This study empirically investigates the extent to which the transformation is justified by examining the impact of legal status on the performance of MFIs in India. Using both univariate ( t-test and rank-sum test) and multivariate (random effect model) regression analysis on a dataset of 57 MFIs over the period of six years from 2008–2009 to 2013–2014, the study finds that the NGOs have better financial and sustainability performance than non-banking financial companies (NBFCs), but with respect to social performance both are indistinguishable. Further, the former has lesser costs of operation and better portfolio quality than the latter. Therefore, NGOs outperform NBFCs with respect to all dimensions of performance except for social performance where both are equally efficient. In conclusion, the transformation of NGOs to NBFCs may not improve the performance of Indian MFIs. These findings are expected to have substantial practical implications for managers of MFIs and for policymakers in framing policies for Indian MFIs.
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Taiwo, J. N., M. E. Agwu, A. I. Aregan, and O. A. Ikpefan. "Microfinance and Poverty Alleviation in Southwest Nigeria: Empirical Evidence." International Journal of Social Sciences and Management 3, no. 4 (2016): 256–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v3i4.15960.
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In order to alleviate poverty and improve the living standard of the people of South-West Nigeria, it is imperative that micro/small financial services such as credit, insurance, money transfer, etc. are provided in order to engage them actively in productive activities. Globally, there are several failed policies by governments, particularly in Nigeria over the years aimed at poverty alleviation. This study examines microfinance scheme towards the dispersion of credit amongst the working poor; draws from the data collected from field survey and these were reported using tables, frequency counts and cross-tabulations to draw inferences and a loan demand model was specified and estimated using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) econometric technique.The study used cross-sectional data collected from selected respondents in selected areas of both the Lagos and Ogun States of Nigeria respectively. The study found that majority of the Microfinance banks in Nigeria are model after the Grameen Bank which is aimed at the poor and people with basic, little or no education and that loan demand is interest rate insensitive. Therefore, MFIs should design appropriate products that are flexible enough to meet the different needs of the poor for both production and consumption purposes. Besides, governments (local, state and Federal) should urgently tackle the infrastructural gaps such as electricity, water and efficient transportation system which impact greatly on the standard of living of the people.Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 3, Issue-4: 256-266
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Muruga, Wachira P., and Dr Noor Ismail. "INFLUENCE OF MICROFINANCE LENDING ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN GATANGA SUB COUNTY OF MURANG’ACOUNTY IN KENYA." Journal of Entrepreneurship and Project Management 2, no. 2 (2017): 55–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/jepm.191.
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Purpose: The purpose of the study was to assess the influence of microfinance lending on the performance of small and medium enterprises in Kenya.Methodology: The study adopted descriptive research design. The target population was 210 Small and Medium Enterprises operating in Gatanga Sub County of Murang’a County in Kenya. A stratified random sampling technique was used in this study. Data was collected using structured questionnaires. The sample population for this study was 94 Small and Medium Enterprises operating in Gatanga Sub County. Primary data was collected through a questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential analysis was conducted to analyze the data. The data was presented using tables, graphs and charts. The study used multiple regression analysis model to establish the relationship between the variables.Results: The regression results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between access to credit facilities and performance of SMEs as supported by a p value of 0.000 and a beta coefficient of 1.088. Results further showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between credit lending policy and performance of SMEs as supported by a p value of 0.001 and a beta coefficient of .072. In addition, results showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between interest rates and performance of SMEs as supported by a p value of 0.000 and a beta coefficient of -0.351. Lastly, results showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between collateral security and performance of SMEs as supported by a p value of 0.000 and a beta coefficient of -0.588.Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The findings of this study will be useful source of reference to researchers and scholars in their research work. Further, the government of Kenya will be able to appreciate which areas of microfinance lending need improvement and, thus formulate appropriate credit policies. In addition, MFIs will be able to train their credit officers on what kind of investment opportunities are viable for Small and Medium Enterprises. Similarly, the study will facilitate the availability of information for SMES businesses on influence of microfinance lending on the performance of their businesses and how best they can get access to microfinance as well as protect them from failure.
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Razzaq, Shazma, Nadeem Maqbool, and Waseem Ul Hameed. "Factors Effecting The Elasticity Of Micro Credit Demand In Southern Punjab, Pakistan." International Journal of social Sciences and Economic Review 1, no. 2 (2019): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.36923/ijsser.v1i2.34.
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Purpose of the study: Microfinance institutions (MFIs) are delivering various services of microcredit, savings as well as insurance. The key objective of microcredit is to decrease the poverty level and for empowering the women as well as other poor people under various developing countries. There is the various factor which effects on the demand of microcredit. Therefore, the objective of the current study is to explore the factors which affect the demand for microcredit.
 Methodology: In this conceptual study, the qualitative research technique was used. The data were collected from previous research studies and companies’ websites.
 Main Findings: It is concluded that numerous factors may influence the demand for microcredit by the various borrowers. These comprise the interest rate, the relationship between lenders as well as borrowers, different government policies, gender differences, prospective beneficiaries, the creditworthiness of the borrower, transaction cost, limited access to credit, economic condition and the availability of information.
 Applications: This helps analyze the barriers which the borrower and lender must face in operating the microcredit. In this way, microfinance institutions can take help from this study by considering these factors during the distribution of credit.
 Novelty/Originality: The findings of this research study fulfilled the theoretical gaps in the literature by identifying the different fact which may help to revise the poverty level. Future research studies may focus on these factors, which may help to increase the economy and reduce poverty in southern Punjab, Pakistan.
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Abbas, Kausar, and Nasim Shirazi. "The key players’ perception on the role of Islamic microfinance in poverty alleviation." Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 6, no. 2 (2015): 244–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-06-2013-0017.
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Purpose – This study aims to know the present structure and move of the Islamic banks of Pakistan as well as current issues and challenges for Islamic microfinance. However, this is based on perceptions of the Islamic bankers, regulators and micro-entrepreneurs and petty traders, as they are the key players in the credit market. Design/methodology/approach – The study gathered relevant information through conducting field survey. Two questionnaires were designed for the survey. One questionnaire was administered to survey 270 micro-entrepreneurs and petty traders in three major cities of Pakistan. Another survey deals with the perceptions of Islamic bankers. In total, 100 people from middle and top management were surveyed from five full-fledged Islamic banks of Pakistan. The SPSS software, version 16, was used for questionnaire reliability and descriptive analysis to analyse the data. Findings – In general, the study found the strong opinions of the respondents speak in favour of Islamic microfinance under a system of profit and loss sharing. Conversely, the majority of the clients also feel that Islamic banks do not encourage lower-income micro-entrepreneurs. In addition, the study found that Islamic microfinance is constrained by lack of knowledge, experience and professionalism of the supporting staff; however, Islamic bankers have shown great consensus that Islamic banks should offer Islamic microfinance products and instruments to respond to the needs of the poor for poverty alleviation. Research limitations/implications – The first limitation of the study is the meagre interest of micro-entrepreneurs and petty traders to participate in the survey. The second limitation of this work concerns the extremely busy schedule of top management and administrative impediment to approach and fix an appointment. Despite these limitations, the findings of this study provide insights to Islamic banks in diversifying their products by offering Islamic microfinance to the low-income entrepreneurs but with proper guidelines and policies. Practical implications – There is a need to educate the community towards the merits of Islamic banking system by developing a good information system using good visuals and professionally presented seminars, banners and arranging regular sessions with the business community. The growth and development of Islamic banking in the country largely depend on its customers’ enhanced knowledge and awareness about its products and services. Social implications – It is the responsibility of the community as well as of government to change the mindset of the poor that banks are meant to serve the interest of everybody, regardless of social, economic and political status. Originality/value – Theoretically, this study contributes to the existing body of knowledge in the area of Islamic microfinance by examining the perceptions of Islamic bankers and micro-entrepreneurs. This can help Islamic banks of Pakistan to design and formulate new administrative as well as operational procedures to serve the interest of the poor with commitment towards Islamic values.
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Mengui, Khan Claudette, Saera Oh, and Sang Hyeon Lee. "The Technical Efficiency of Smallholder Irish Potato Producers in Santa Subdivision, Cameroon." Agriculture 9, no. 12 (2019): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9120259.
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Irish potato is one of the major staple food and cash crops in Cameroon. Several studies have been conducted on the agronomic aspect of the crop, but very little is known on the technical efficiency of potato producers in the country. This study examines the technical efficiency of smallholder Irish potato producers in the Santa subdivision and the determinants of technical efficiency. Data were collected through surveys of Irish potato producers, and analyses were conducted using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and the Tobit model. The research findings imply that, in order to reduce the level of technical inefficiencies among smallholder Irish potato producers, appropriate training should be provided to farmers in order to improve their agronomic knowledge with respect to potato production. In addition, emphasis should be placed on policies and programs that promote extension services in order to improve the performance of Irish potato producers in the Santa subdivision. Again, more credit institutions, such as microfinance institutions, should be established by the government in order to help farmers access enough credit for potato production.
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F. A., Alabi. "A Study on the Relationship Between New Business Start Up and Micro Credit Institution and Business Growth of Small Scale Enterprises." Business Management and Strategy 10, no. 1 (2019): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/bms.v10i1.14533.
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This academic study evaluates the evaluate the relationship between new business start up and micro credit institution and business growth of small scale enterprises that operates in six states that made up the South-west geopolitical zone of Nigeria. The study, which is based on descriptive research methodology, involved the use of data from both primary and secondary sources. The stratified sampling technique was used for determining the sample population, while well structured questionnaires was used as the main tool for collection of primary data. The Microfinance Bank records of clients served as the main source of secondary data for this study. Both the descriptive and inferential analytical techniques of the SPSS packaged were used to analyze the data obtained from the respondents. The results indicated significant relationship between new business start-ups and business growth of Small Scale Enterprises (SSEs). The findings also revealed that increasing the start-up capital will increase the chances of business survival and growth. Consequently, we recommend that the federal, state and local government should create lending programs that will enable aspiring entrepreneurs to have more access to microcredit. We also suggest that Nigerian government should enact laws and implement policies that will make it easier for small scale entrepreneurs to obtain finance necessary for the expansion of their businesses.
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Mutua, Rabecca Nundu, Ambrose Jagongo, and Eddie Simiyu. "FINANCIAL OUTREACH AND FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY OF LICENSED DEPOSIT TAKING MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA." International Journal of Finance and Accounting 5, no. 2 (2020): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijfa.1179.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between financial outreach and financial sustainability of deposit taking microfinance institutions in Nairobi County, Kenya.
 Methodology: The study employed a positivism research philosophy to determine the relationship between financial outreach and financial sustainability. A population of 13 licensed Deposit Taking Microfinance Institution was considered for this study. Census method was preferred due to small number of target population. A static Panel linear regression model with fixed effect was developed for both operating self-sufficiency and financial self-sufficiency. Secondary data was obtained from Central Bank of Kenya from audited financial statements. Inferential analysis method was employed using Stata statistics software then descriptive statistics tool such as mean and standard deviations were used. several diagnostic tests were conducted namely: normality, multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity, serial correlation, stationarity and Hausman.
 Results: The study found that number of active clients (breath of outreach) had statistically significant relationship; Average loan size (depth of outreach) had insignificant; age of firm (experience of institution) had insignificant relationship on financial sustainability of DTMFIs in Nairobi County, Kenya. The moderating effect between credit risk management (portfolio at risk) and breadth of outreach (number of active clients) was positive while portfolio at risk and experience of institution (age) and depth of outreach (average loan size) was negative on the relationship between financial outreach and (OSS and FSS) financial sustainability. Further, loan loss provision coverage had positive interaction with number of active clients, age, and average loan size on the relationship between financial outreach and financial sustainability of DTMFIs in Nairobi County, Kenya.
 Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommended that the government through Central Bank of Kenya should formulate policies that enhance savings with DTMFIs and therefore encourage financial inclusion. Further, DTMFIs should engage in vigorous financial education to boost financial facilities’ awareness to boost the breadth of outreach and get involved in information collection and sharing to mitigate credit risk.
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Thumbi, Grace Wambui, and Mary Ragui. "Environmental Factors and Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya." International Journal of Current Aspects 3, no. VI (2019): 149–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.35942/ijcab.v3ivi.83.
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The performance of commercial banks in Kenya determines the financial position of the nation. This performance, over the past period, has not been inspiring and various reforms have been put in place in to increase it. Yet, performance of commercial banks on average has been erratic. The business environment in which the commercial banks function is turbulent, and it is through understanding the environmental forces, that they can improve their performance. The study’s general objective involved finding out the impact of environment factors on Commercial bank’s Performance. Specifically, the study focused on the following objectives; to find out the influence of the organizational resources on the performance of the commercial banks in Kenya; to determine how organizational structure influences the performance of commercial banks in Kenya; to establish the influence of competition on the performance of the commercial banks in Kenya; and to establish the moderating effect of government policies on the influence of environmental factors on performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The contingency theory, resource based view and the theory of competitive advantage informed this study. The research employed a descriptive research design. The population of this study comprised of the 43 commercial banks operating in Kenya. The study targeted the head office of each of the commercial banks and the respondents were the marketing managers. A pilot study was conducted using customer experience executives of four commercial banks. The study conducted a census of the 43 head marketing managers of the financial Institutions in Kenya. The study used structured questionnaires to collect data. The study used face, content and construct validity and reliability was measured using the Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient. Analyzing of data was done through descriptive and inferential statistics using the SPSS software. The findings were presented using charts, tables, and graphs. The study concludes that organizational resources had significant influence on performance with and without government policies. Organizational structure had a great impact on commercial banks performance. Competition had significant influence on performance of commercial banks with or without the moderating influence of government policies. The government policy had significant moderating influence in the relationship between environmental factors and performance of commercial banks. The research recommends that the top management team of all commercial banks operating in Kenya should improve on their organizational resources by ensuring adequate number of employees is in place in various departments and functions. The management of all firms in the financial sector in Kenya should improve on their structures by engaging subordinate staff in decision making on daily operations of the firm. The management team of all commercial banks should come up with better strategies of remaining competitive in the industry in view of other industry participants with similar product offering like other banks, microfinance institutions and SACCOs. The Central Bank of Kenya should increase its supervisory and monitoring role among commercial banks to positively influence their performance. There is need for strong market intelligence to collect information on products and services of competitors for constant improvement and thus performance among commercial banks.
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Hussain, Hafezali Iqbal, Katarzyna Szczepańska-Woszczyna, Fakarudin Kamarudin, Nazratul Aina Mohamad Anwar, and Mohd Haizam Mohd Saudi. "Unboxing the black box on the dimensions of social globalisation and the efficiency of microfinance institutions in Asia." Oeconomia Copernicana 12, no. 3 (2021): 557–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/oc.2021.019.
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Research background: Microfinance institutions (MFIs) play an important role in alleviating poverty. Thus, MFIs should be efficient in order to ensure that their objectives on social welfare and financial performance can be achieved by identifying the potential determinants, specifically on social globalisation.
 Purpose of the article: This paper examines the impacts of the social globalisation dimensions of interpersonal, informational, and cultural globalisations on the financial and social efficiency of MFIs.
 Methods: The data period covered the years 2011?2018; the data set consists of 176 MFIs from six Asian countries. The Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach was employed to examine the MFIs? efficiency levels. Generalised Least Square (GLS) regressions were used to analyse the impacts of social globalisation and other determinants towards the efficiency of MFIs.
 Findings and value added: Interpersonal globalisation had a significantly negative correlation with social efficiency, suggesting that increasing the number of foreigners in management intrudes on local managers? decisions. Informational globalisation had a significantly positive correlation with financial and social efficiency, which signifies that more information produces monopolistic profits in this industry. Finally, cultural globalisation had a positive correlation with social efficiency, demonstrating that a global trading culture improves the abilities and technological skills for labour development and enhances MFIs? social efficiency. In general, the Cobb Douglas Production theory explained the understanding of the impacts social globalisation has on MFI efficiency. Furthermore, the findings from this study could provide important scientific, practical gap and contribute new insights and implications to various parties. Firstly, governments or policymakers can establish effective national policies and strategies. Secondly, this study could support investors in monitoring and understanding the performance of MFIs. Finally, the research could fill scholarly gaps and uncover more potential factors that influence the efficiency of MFIs.
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Eng, Khai Ying, Chee-Hong Law, and Yiing Jia Loke. "The Impact of Financial Access on Female Labour Force Participation: Evidence from Panel Estimation." Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) 6, no. 3 (2021): 259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v6i3.680.
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This paper examines the relationship between financial access and economic empowerment among females, i.e., female labour force participation by testing a panel data of 51 countries ranging from 2004 to 2016. The number of bank branches and automated teller machines, both in thousand square feet and a hundred thousand adults, are applied as financial access indicators. The estimation method employed is the dynamic panel system generalized method of moment estimators. The control variables in the equation are the life expectancy, gross domestic product per capita, and female education enrolment. The results showed that bank branches have more noticeable impacts than automated teller machines in affecting the female labour force participation rate, implying that bank branches' services have a more substantial influence on women empowerment than automated teller machines. Furthermore, financial access indicators show a negative association with female labour force participation, probably due to female discrimination in financial access or the income effect caused by better financial access. Another possible reason is that the development policies could have bypassed women, as indicated by previous studies. To overcome this situation, governments could improve their financial service to ensure that financial access benefits women empowerment, including exploring the microfinance and special loans for female borrowers.
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Santos, Ana Lucia Carvalho, Lucas A. B. C. Barros, Tony Takeda, and Lauro Gonzalez. "Effects of regulatory changes in microcredit on the financial and social performance of Brazilian credit unions." Revista Contabilidade & Finanças 30, no. 81 (2019): 338–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1808-057x201807590.
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ABSTRACT This study investigates whether the performance of credit unions that offer microcredit in Brazil was affected by the advent of Crescer - the National Microcredit Program. This research fills a gap in the literature because few papers investigate credit unions that work with microcredit and also the effects of governmental interventions related to microcredit operations. Studies of this type may help evaluate the impact of governmental interventions on the performance of the institutions that are directly or indirectly affected. Our results add to the debate about microcredit and about the inclusion of credit unions in this market. In particular, our evidence may influence the design of public policies and the strategies of microfinance institutions, which typically combine economic and social objectives. Based on the literature, we calculate fifteen indicators for each credit union, related to their financial and social performance. The inferences are based on the implementation of the difference in differences estimator using the advent of Crescer, in 2011, as the exogenous event of interest and including in the control group the credit unions that did not provide microcredit loans throughout the sample period. This research presents evidence that the volume of clients and microcredit operations performed by Brazilian credit unions was positively affected by regulatory changes that took place in 2011, consistently with the objectives of the governmental intervention. The evidence also suggests that the governmental intervention did not harm the financial sustainability of the credit unions. The main changes are: a substantial reduction of interest rates and transaction costs, the implementation of subsidies to participants in the program, and a push for public banks to enhance their supply of productive and oriented microcredit.
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Ndungu, John Gichia, and Willy Muturi. "Effect of Diversification on Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya." International Journal of Current Aspects 3, no. V (2019): 267–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.35942/ijcab.v3iv.67.
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Diversification plays a vital role in risk management and consequently financial performance of commercial banks. Diversification mitigates systemic risk facing a commercial bank and thus reduces the probability of bank failure. In Kenya, commercial banks have been diversifying their business by increasingly offering new services such as mobile banking, agency banking, bank-assurance, faceless banking and integrating microfinance in their banking system. Diversification by the commercial banks is premised on the need to enhance financial performance. This has mainly emanated from banking industry having undergone numerous regulations regimes which over the years have affected financial performance of these entities. Empirical literature shows that diversification may not always lead to higher financial performance due to increased overheads and exhausted economies of scale. The study sought to determine the effect of diversification on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were to determine the effect of income diversification on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya, to examine the effect of geographical diversification on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya and to examine the effect of product diversification on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. Secondary data used by the study was collected for five years period (2013-2017 on annual basis). All the commercial banks were studied. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics and presented in tables and figures. The study found that Income Source Diversification and Geographical Diversification had a positive effect on the financial performance of the commercial banks while the Product Diversification had a negative impact the financial performance the commercial banks. The findings from the OLS regression analysis revealed that the diversification components studied namely product diversification, geographical diversification and income diversification explain up to 13.3% of the variations in return on assets (R2=0.133) and 18.7% of the variations in return on equity (R2=0.187). The study concluded that financial performance of the commercial banks in Kenya can be accounted for by the diversification strategies that have been implemented. It was further concluded that increased formulation and implementation of additional diversification strategies resulted in significant improvement in the financial performance of the commercial banks. The study recommended that managers at the commercial banks to make formulation and implementation of diversifications as a key organizational priority. Before the adoption of any particular diversification, the management of the commercial banks are econcouraged to first determine the suitability of that particular diversification strategies based on the organization structure, culture and policies and the overall intended outcomes. The study recommends that the government and other regulatory bodies to create favourable policies on the implementation of diversifications in commercial banks. This will ensure that there is effectiveness, efficiency as well as consistency in the use and adoption of diversifications by not only the banks but also other organizations in different sectors.
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Oikawa Cordeiro, Beatriz. "Global mobility of microfinance policies." Policy and Society 39, no. 1 (2019): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14494035.2019.1659472.
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Hope Quao, Kwami, Lawrence M. Lekhanya, and Nirmala Dorasamy. "An investigation of the financial monitoring policies for microfinance institutions in Ghana." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 14, no. 4 (2017): 90–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.14(4).2017.09.
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The need to regulate microfinance institutions (MFIs) was advocated and researched yet lacks purposeful in-depth exploring studies of the formulation process of financial monitoring policies, their implementation and accompanying challenges. Consequently, this study contributes by reviewing the specific financial policies for microfinance in Ghana and assesses factors mitigating effective implementation of such policies. It also introduces implementation theory into the MF research arena, thus shifting MF research focus. The study revealed that policies formulated for MFIs in Ghana and elsewhere are skewed and policy implementation, monitoring and supervision found to be less effective. The results further identified inadequate support structures and large unlicensed profit-oriented informal microfinance operations in Ghana as major obstacles to efficient implementation of microfinance policies. This paper therefore recommends the creation of a semi-autonomous institution, the National Microfinance Oversight Authority, to license, regulate and supervise the informal microfinance institutions in Ghana.
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Mukherjee, Arghya Kusum. "Empowerment through government subsidized microfinance program." International Journal of Social Economics 42, no. 1 (2015): 2–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-02-2013-0036.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to see whether the government subsidized microfinance program has been able to expand physical, economic, political and socio-cultural spaces across castes, creeds and religious beliefs. Design/methodology/approach – The District of Murshidabad, West Bengal, India has been chosen as field of investigation. Initial survey was conducted in 2006. Same households were resurveyed in 2008. Therefore, the data are two period panel data. During survey a stratification was done according to socio-cultural status. To remove unobserved heterogenity, difference in difference method has been applied. Findings – The program has been found to succeed in impacting upon physical, economic and political components of empowerment, but has failed to expand socio-cultural spaces of four socio-religious communities (SRCs) namely, upper castes, other backward castes, schedule castes (SCs) and Muslims (Ms). This study also examines the impact of the program on different measures of empowerment across SRCs, and shows that program participation has significant impact on the likelihood of empowerment for members of UC community. Research limitations/implications – Participation in SGSY program enable women to negotiate gender barriers, increase their control over their own lives, and improve their relative position in their households, though to some extent. But we do not mean to suggest that participation in SHGs is the only panacea to gender subordination. The authors acknowledge the need for consciousness raising, organizing and struggling for women’s right for women empowerment. Originality/value – There is hardly any study measuring the empowerment potential of microfinance program across SRCs.
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Quao, Kwami Hope. "Conceptual Framework for Enhancing the Implementation of Specific Microfinance Policies in Sub-Sahara Africa." International Journal of R&D Innovation Strategy 1, no. 1 (2019): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijrdis.2019010103.
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Deficient policy formulation processes and inadequate monitoring and supervision remain factors impeding the growth of microfinance in sub-Saharan Africa. This article explores issues mitigating policy implementation for microfinance institutions to propose a framework that will integrate stakeholders in the microfinance sector for effective financial policy implementation and promotion of microfinance performance and growth. The article proposes financial monitoring policy ownership structure and argues for the creation of an independent national microfinance supervisory authority as an alternative to ensuring effective implementation of microfinance policies in Ghana. This framework, the authors argue, will enhance stakeholder engagement in police formulation and create the necessary implementation environment, with adequate information, in which policy implementation for microfinance will flourish.
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Di Pucchio, Yasmine. "Microfinance in Iran: a Case Study of the Rural Microfinance Support Project." Oriente Moderno 95, no. 1-2 (2015): 211–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340070.
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Microfinance programs in Iran began to be implemented at the end of the 1990s thanks to both the local government and international organizations’ efforts to eradicate poverty. Today microfinance is a growing sector in the country and has been officially recognized by the Iranian government, which included its development as one of the main points of the last Five Year Development Plan. A number of efficient microfinance programs are active in Iran among which the Rural Microfinance Support Project, promoted by the Iranian Agricultural Bank and ifad, stands out. The following study is an attempt to identify the impact of this program on women empowerment and poverty reduction through a research conducted on a sample of one hundred women clients of the program in the province of Šabestar, East Azerbaijan.
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Karki, Karun Kishor, Nirajan Dhungana, and Bhesh Bahadur Budhathoki. "Breaking the Wall of Poverty: Microfinance as Social and Economic Safety Net for Financially Excluded People in Nepal." Molung Educational Frontier 11 (June 17, 2021): 26–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mef.v11i0.37835.
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Microfinance is a financial service aimed at economically underprivileged people who have no or limited access to formal financial institutions such as banks due to the lack of financial resources, collateral, or low income. Microfinance institutions provide a collateral-free loan to low-income individuals with the principle of financial inclusion, which allows them to invest in various self-employment activities. In this article, we critically review the development of microfinance and its issues and challenges in Nepal. More specifically, using the concept of the Grameen Bank model and its relevance in the context of Nepali microfinance institutions, we explore how microfinance can be an effective tool of financial intervention to alleviate rural poverty in Nepal. Methodologically, we utilize secondary data sources such as government and non-government reports and existing empirical studies. We offer recommendations for policymakers to establish appropriate modalities, programs, and microfinance services targeting the socio-economic transformation of rural communities in Nepal. We conclude that the government and financial institutions can stimulate microfinance institutions through multidimensional interventions and facilitation to advance the socio-economic status of financially underprivileged people in rural communities in Nepal.
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Kharbanda, Sakshi. "Capitalism, Microfinance and Democracy." SDMIMD Journal of Management 7, no. 1 (2016): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/sdmimd/2016/8415.
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The paper looks at the relationship between neoliberal thought of economics and microfinance. Applying the principles of embedded neoliberal economics to microfinance suggests that the government and markets do not exist in solidarity. They can both grow and sink together. Both are required to fulfill each other's requirements to sustain in a nation state. This paper suggests that market oriented economy, can be mediated through the government by bringing in changes to the institutions that can help markets grow and by also molding the nature of relationship it shares with the society. On the other hand, Markets have to incorporate the cultural, social and local knowledge to use it to their advantage. Economic sphere cannot work on its own regulations and by itself completely. The aim of neoliberal proponents shall not be to create same homogeneous conditions wherever they go to operate. Rather diversity should be studied closely to devise the best methods to deal with different contexts and societies. The paper first analyses the relationship between different types of capitals (Physical and Social) with Microfinance and development and then knits them together with the thread of democracy.
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Gul, Ferdinand A., Jyotirmoy Podder, and Abu Zafar M. Shahriar. "Performance of Microfinance Institutions: Does Government Ideology Matter?" World Development 100 (December 2017): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.07.021.
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Kłobukowska, Justyna. "Microfinance in Europe." Oeconomia Copernicana 4, no. 2 (2013): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/oec.2013.017.
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Microfinance is often considered as the most useful and effective tool in the fight against global poverty. Moreover, microfinance can be used to support the development of self-employment and micro-enterprises in European countries. It has a double impact: an economic impact as it allows the creation of income generating activities and a social impact as it contributes to financial inclusion and therefore to the social inclusion of societies. Because of financial crisis, which was the crisis of values as well, we could observe negative impact on trust level to financial institutions. This study focuses on the problem of impact microfinance on recovery confidence to financial institutions among their clients. The main purpose of the article was to present the idea of microfinance and it socio-economical profile as a part of European policies on background of crisis of confidence to financial institutions. The chapter is ended by the microfinance SWOT analysis, which characterize prospects and threats as well. To obtain main objective were used: a descriptive method, a comparative method and a literature analysis method.
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Quao, Kwami Hope. "Policy implementation deficiencies: Ghana’s microfinance sector failures." International Journal of Ethics and Systems 35, no. 3 (2019): 410–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoes-08-2018-0119.
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Purpose Regulations to promote sanity in microfinance institutions and improve their operational problems yielded some results but lacked equal voice for effective implementation for its full realization. Much therefore has not changed in sub-Sahara African countries, though various types of regulation for microfinance exist. The nature and implementation of such policies therefore matter more than their mere presence. This paper aims to evaluate the nature of microfinance financial policies, given their social nature and the dynamism of their operational environment, and explores factors mitigating effective implementation of microfinance policy in Ghana. Design/methodology/approach A structured questionnaire was used to obtain data from the management and other officials of 63 microfinance institutions, and the outcome was organized into graphs and tables for descriptive analysis. Findings The results identified adequate adapted prudential regulation for microfinance institutions, but the formulation process lacked user input and adequate supervision, hindering effective sector policy implementation. The author therefore recommends a more inclusive and participatory policy formulation approach, creation of information platform for complete microfinance data through semi-autonomous supervisory body for microfinance services and regular full stakeholder engagement. Research limitations/implications Though the study is limited to tier-two microfinance institutions in Accra, it is evident that the results can be applied to the entire sector and across national borders because microfinance institutions exhibit similar or same characteristics. Originality/value This paper has not been submitted to or published by any other journal. The author certifies that the content of this paper is the product of his own work, and that other sources used in preparing this paper and their respective sources have been duly acknowledged.
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Srnec, K., J. Svitaková, M. Výborná, and P. Burian. "Microfinance as a suitable instrument of European and Czech development cooperation." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 57, No. 11 (2011): 529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/52/2011-agricecon.
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European countries use microfinance as an instrument of development cooperation in three separate forms, which differ in the financial flow. In the first type, the government transfers grant money to their non-government organizations (NGOs), which then distribute the funds directly to the local microfinance institutions (MFIs) (eg. Finland). In the second form, the funds are sent through to the branch-offices of the NGOs located in the developed country to developing countries (eg. Norway, Sweden). The third type allows for a direct relationship between a donor country development co-operation agency and a local microfinance institution in a developing country without intermediation of the developed country NGOs (eg. Great Britain, Germany). The Czech Republic currently does not support microfinance by the direct/indirect transfer of funds, but it promotes the awareness of the Czech NGOs and the public of microfinance as a tool for the economic development.
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Thompson Chaudhry, Theresa, and Fazilda Nabeel. "Microinsurance in Pakistan: Progress, Problems, and Prospects." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 18, Special Edition (2013): 335–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2013.v18.isp.a15.
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Microinsurance in Pakistan is still in its nascent stages. More than half of the current microinsurance policies in effect in Pakistan are offered through the Benazir Income Support Program (BISP), with the remainder provided in conjunction with microcredit services offered by various microfinance institutions (MFIs), microfinance banks, nongovernment organizations, and rural support programs (RSPs). The policies offered by the microcredit sector are mainly creditlife policies, which cover loan balances in the event of the borrower’s death. In addition, some lenders—principally the RSPs—offer small health insurance policies covering the hospitalization of the borrower and (sometimes) their spouse. As catastrophic health expenses and deaths in the family are among the most important economic stressors that households face, it makes sense that microinsurance should first make inroads in these areas.
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Carter, Mary, and Norman Ginsburg. "New government housing policies." Critical Social Policy 14, no. 41 (1994): 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026101839401404106.
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Walton, D. W. H., and A. J. Gray. "Ecology and government policies." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 6, no. 5 (1991): 144–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(91)90054-2.
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Mukherjee, Arghya Kusum, and Amit Kundu. "Government-sponsored microfinance program: Joint liability vs. individual liability." Cogent Economics & Finance 2, no. 1 (2014): 939768. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2014.939768.
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Fayyaz, Sana, Fatima Khurram, and Samar Fahd. "An Impact of Islamic Microfinance on women borrower’s Happiness: A Psychological and Economic Theoretical perspective in Southern Punjab, Pakistan." Sustainable Business and Society in Emerging Economies 2, no. 1 (2020): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/sbsee.v2i1.1164.
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This study attempts to understand how Islamic microfinance can be used to increase happiness in women and maintain sustainable economic development in Southern Punjab, Pakistan. It will analyze how the principles of Islamic microfinance help women in increasing their happiness. It also put forth light on the linkage between economic development and happiness. The survey will be conducted in Bahawalpur the State of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. It will also be considered that religion is not a hindering factor in the implementation of Islamic microfinance. It will also assume that Islamic microfinance in concert with the right fiscal and monetary policies framework, will contribute positively to increase happiness among women in Pakistan.
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HUDAK, KRISTEN. "WHAT NEXT FOR MICROFINANCE? HOW THE BROADER FINANCIAL CONTEXT MATTERS FOR EFFECTIVE MICROFINANCE OUTREACH." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 17, no. 04 (2012): 1250023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946712500239.
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This paper explores how the overall development of the financial sector and the regulatory framework impact national levels of microfinance outreach. It finds that microfinance tends to serve more clients in less developed, less competitive financial systems. However, it also finds that the microfinance sector is able to reach more clients where government policy is conducive to business development. These seemingly contradictory findings have important implications for the future of microfinance. On the one hand, the success of microfinance can be strengthened by broader business-oriented reforms. On the other hand, it may lose relevance as the formal financial sector develops and reaches more of the population.
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Risal, Nischal. "Microfinance Position and Indebtedness: Empirical Evidence from Microfinance Institutions in Nepa." Pravaha 24, no. 1 (2018): 120–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/pravaha.v24i1.20232.
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The paper has been built up with the aim of analyzing the microfinance institutions status and indebtedness in Nepal. Initially, the paper starts with the thematic review based on etymological, ontological, epistemological dimensions then the status of microfinance institutions and indebtedness in Nepal have been presented in the second part. The descriptive analytical research design has been adopted to analyze and interpret the population data. The fifty three microfinance institutions' data have been reviewed, tabulated and analyzed using MSExcel. The microfinance institutions have been found efficient in saving and credit services. The microfinance credit service has not been utilized as per the need of the people and capacity of the institutions. The loan recovery, interest recovery, clients awareness/activeness have been found effective. Overall, microfinance institutions status has been found sound. Only few institutions are below the satisfaction level. The microfinance services in terms of micro loan are not uniform among microfinance institutions. The indebtedness challenge have found at bottom level in the microfinance industry. It is recommended to all the microfinance institutions to come up with policies, strategies and regulatory framework to benchmark the level of tolerance to indebtedness, so that the microfinance institutions may sustain by achieving the objectives of poverty alleviation through microfinance services. Pravaha Vol. 24, No. 1, 2018, Page: 120-136
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Kaboski, Joseph P., and Robert M. Townsend. "Policies and Impact: An Analysis of Village-Level Microfinance Institutions." Journal of the European Economic Association 3, no. 1 (2005): 1–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/1542476053295331.
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Hussain, A. H. M. Belayeth. "Disciplining Microfinance Borrowers in Bangladesh." Social Change 49, no. 3 (2019): 453–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085719863890.
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Based on expert interviews, this study aims to explore different components of cultural and administrative apparatuses, showing the disciplinary methods of microfinance organisations that work on submissive borrowers. Six policy officials of two microfinance institutions (MFIs) Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee and Bangladesh Rural Development Board – and two experts from different institutions were interviewed for this purpose. Following established way of analysing expert interviews, the study concentrates on the experts’ own wording and interfaces them with theoretical and conceptual positions. Among various sets of dispositif, an ensemble of elements of an apparatus, the culture of loyalty to saviours, the discourse of empowerment, regulatory decisions and policies of MFIs, a culture of repayment habits, usage of technical measures and accessing asymmetric information of borrowers are important in the power exerting process of the microfinance industry in Bangladesh.
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Juliet Nakabugo, Mary, Stephen Muathe, and Evans Mwasiaji. "Conceptualizing Microfinance Services, Government Regulation and Performance in the Context of Coffee Entrepreneurs: A Theoretical Review." International Journal of Business and Management 16, no. 4 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v16n4p1.
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Microfinance is a poverty reduction gadget since it offers financial assistance to those in need and therefore it is a game plan for uplifting small and medium enterprises. While it has been studied widely in the context of small and medium enterprises, little literature reflects coffee entrepreneurs. This paper, therefore, shows a review of existing theoretical and empirical literature on constructs of microfinance services, government regulations and performance in the context of coffee entrepreneurs. The specific objectives of the study were to discuss the key constructs, establish theories that link these constructs and then recommend a conceptual framework which guides future studies on the highlighted knowledge gaps. The study was anchored on resource-based view supported by, Harrod-Domar model, poverty alleviation and diffusion of innovation theories. The study was a desktop review, and the scores show that studies focused on a direct relationship between microfinance services and small and medium enterprises but did not incorporate coffee entrepreneurs and the moderating effect of government governments. It is therefore recommended that further research should include the context of coffee entrepreneurs to show the effects of microfinance on these entrepreneurs and the moderating variable of government regulations.
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Hering, Imke, and Oliver Musshoff. "Forewarned is forearmed – repayment delays in microfinance relationships." Agricultural Finance Review 77, no. 2 (2017): 218–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-05-2016-0051.
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Purpose In order to improve the assessment of current lending policies for a microfinance institution (MFI) in Azerbaijan, the purpose of this paper is to analyse how lending conditions are adjusted based on knowledge gains during the loan relationship, with particular attention to delays in previous loans. Moreover, the paper examines what a lender can pre-determine from its own collected repayment records of clients. In addition, the repayment performances and lending policies between agricultural and non-agricultural clients are differentiated. Design/methodology/approach The analyses are based on a rich data set of an Azerbaijani MFI. For determining the influence of previous delays on the volume rationing in the following loan, the authors apply a generalized linear model. Subsequently, the probability of recidivism is analysed by means of a logit model. Findings The results confirm a positive relationship between delays in previous loans and repayment problems in present loans, which is increased by the severity of the previous delay. With respect to consequences, it is shown that the borrower with previous delays faces an increase in loan volume rationing in the subsequent loan. Moreover, the authors find that the consequences of previous delays do not differ significantly between farmers and other clients. Originality/value Until now, the consequences of repayment delinquencies in microfinance lending relationships have hardly been investigated. This study enhances the understanding of lending policies in microfinance by focussing on relationship aspects and by simultaneously differentiating between farming and non-farming clients.
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Kulpraneet, Amornpun. "Applicability of Microfinance for Adaptation to Sea Level Rise Impacts." Environment and Pollution 6, no. 2 (2017): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ep.v6n2p48.
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The aim of this study is to study the applicability of hypothetical microfinance for household adaptation to sea level rise impacts at community level. The study examines two hypothesis: 1) microfinance can (cannot) be applied as an adaptive measure to the impacts of sea level rise; 2) whether or not the factors of risk perceptions, attitudes, social references, microfinance conditions, government supports, and demographic influence an individual participation to a designed microfinance. The study sites are six vulnerable coastal villages located in the Gulf of Thailand. A designed microfinance for adaptation to sea level rise impacts is assumed in hypothetical market and tested with residents in the villages. Acceptance analysis, Pearson correlation, and stepwise regression analysis are used to test the hypothesis of the study.The study results reveal that microfinance can be applied for household adaptation to sea level rise impacts at community level. However, there are some correlated factors that affect individual participation to the designed microfinance. The likelihood of successful implementation of microfinance for the adaptation purposes is depended on how those factors affecting participation are properly addressed by implementer.
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Tunio, Ghazala. "Performance of Microfinance Providers in Sindh, Pakistan: A Study of Formal and Informal Microfinance Institutes." IBT Journal of Business Studies 16, no. 1 (2020): 151–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.46745/ilma.jbs.2020.16.01.11.
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This research aims to analyze the performance of microfinance providers of the Sindh province of Pakistan. For this purpose, the formal and informal microfinance institutes were selected. Data was gathered from a sample of 150 managers of microfinance banks and institutions. In this research, the random sampling technique is used to collect the data through questionnaires. The OLS regression model is employed to analyze the data. The results of this study show that the number of branches, and less number of defaulters significantly affect the performance of microfinance institutes in Sindh, Pakistan. Moreover, the total cost also has an important relationship with the performance of microfinance organizations in Sindh. However, the study finds the interest rate, and more diversified financial services to have no significant impact on the performance of microfinance organizations. Due to the lack of financial information of the microfinance institutions in Sindh, there is dearth of the research on the performance of microfinance institutions. Rather than using only the published financial information this study relies on the information provided by the managers of the microfinance providers for the analysis. The results of this study have implications for the well-functioning of microfinance institutes, and for the government to achieve the poverty alleviation objectives in Pakistan