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Sudakova, M. S., and M. L. Vladov. "PERSPECTIVE DIRECTIONS OF GROUND PENETRATING RADAR APPLICATION." Moscow University Bulletin. Series 4. Geology, no. 2 (April 28, 2018): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33623/0579-9406-2018-2-3-12.
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Ground penetrating radar (GPR) became very popular in the last decade in Russian federation. Not only scientific publications have been devoted to GPR but also articles in the press and TV programs on federal and local channels. Three directions of georadiolocation are considered in the article, which seem promising to the authors and will develop in the future: GPR ray tomography, GPR application with other geophysical methods and GPR using in permafrost regions. Examples of application of different methods of GPR data collection and processing are considered.
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Maruddani, Baso, and Efri Sandi. "The Development of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Data Processing." International Journal of Machine Learning and Computing 9, no. 6 (December 2019): 768–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijmlc.2019.9.6.871.
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Annan, A. Peter, Nectaria Diamanti, J. David Redman, and Steven R. Jackson. "Ground-penetrating radar for assessing winter roads." GEOPHYSICS 81, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): WA101—WA109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2015-0138.1.
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Since its inception, ground penetrating radar (GPR) has been a very effective method for examining ice structure. The vast majority of early GPR use was focused on answering questions related to glaciology and ice sheets. More recently, as more and more activity occurs in arctic areas, managing ice structures for a variety of applications has created new uses for GPR. For the past 30–40 years, GPR use for assessing transportation routes over lakes, rivers, and sea ice has been reported, but, only in the last decade has routine application occurred. We have focused on the application of GPR for winter road safety, explained the operational requirements, discussed the current state of practice, and illustrated modern GPR instrumentation. Based on widespread field observations, we have provided information on the ice-layer thickness variation and the variability on GPR ice bottom reflection. Combining extensive GPR and ice auger data provided insight into the variability of electromagnetic wave velocity in ice. Extensive observations showed that velocity varies with ice thickness, and velocities are often considerably lower than observed in “pure” ice.
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Xiong, Zonghou, and Alan C. Tripp. "Ground‐penetrating radar responses of dispersive models." GEOPHYSICS 62, no. 4 (July 1997): 1127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444213.
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Ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) has been a very efficient tool for mapping shallow targets for applications such as those in geological engineering and environmental management (Fisher et al. 1992). Since the application of GPR depends on the complex electrical properties of the ground, it is important to study this dependence in all its manifestations. The depth of investigation for GPR applications depends strongly on the conductivity of the ground. If the ground is very conductive, GPR waves will be absorbed before they reach the target region. Earth materials can be dispersive, i.e., the conductivity and permittivity of rocks are frequency dependent (Levitskaya and Sternberg, 1994). This is especially true at high frequencies. GPR waves will also be absorbed in dispersive media. Hence modeling the GPR response in dispersive materials can reveal behaviors of importance in understanding field responses.
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Yuan, Hemin, Mahboubeh Montazeri, Majken C. Looms, and Lars Nielsen. "Diffraction imaging of ground-penetrating radar data." GEOPHYSICS 84, no. 3 (May 1, 2019): H1—H12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2018-0269.1.
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Diffractions caused by, e.g., faults, fractures, and small-scale heterogeneity localized near the surface are often used in ground-penetrating radar (GPR) reflection studies to constrain the subsurface velocity distribution using simple hyperbola fitting. Interference with reflected energy makes the identification of diffractions difficult. We have tailored and applied a diffraction imaging method to improve imaging for surface reflection GPR data. Based on a plane-wave destruction algorithm, the method can separate reflections from diffractions. Thereby, a better identification of diffractions facilitates an improved determination of GPR wave velocities and an optimized migration result. We determined the potential of this approach using synthetic and field data, and, for the field study, we also compare the estimated velocity structure with crosshole GPR results. For the field data example, we find that the velocity structure estimated using the diffraction-based process correlates well with results from crosshole GPR velocity estimation. Such improved velocity estimation may have important implications for using surface reflection GPR to map, e.g., porosity for fully saturated media or soil moisture changes in partially saturated media because these physical properties depend on the dielectric permittivity and thereby also the GPR wave velocity.
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Conyers, Lawrence B. "Ground-penetrating radar for anthropological research." Antiquity 84, no. 323 (March 1, 2010): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00099841.
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During its development years, geophysical survey has served field archaeology by defining possible sites underground, prior to excavation or preservation. Now we can see the art taking off as a research method in its own right. After summarising some recent research applications of magnetic mapping, the author gives us three case studies from USA and Jordan, where ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has produced new interpretations of prehistory and history. Since GPR can map in horizontal slices without damage, it opens up important heritage preservation options. In one case, excavation was discouraged on ethical grounds, in another it was inhibited by the presence of later monuments and in a third, an early agricultural site, the GPR actually saw more than the excavators. This presages a research tool of particular power.
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Nguyen, Van Thanh, Thuan Van Nguyen, Trung Hoai Dang, Triet Minh Vo, and Lieu Nguyen Nhu Vo. "GPRTVN – Processing ground penetrating radar data software." Science and Technology Development Journal - Natural Sciences 2, no. 5 (July 2, 2019): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjns.v2i5.784.
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Designing and mapping underground construction works have been doing for years to meet urgent demands in urbanization process. In this field, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) method has shown many advantages in determining underground structures. However, our country has almost no processing program that meets demands of processing and interpretation GPR data. This paper introduced GPRTVN processing program which was the research result of the Department of Geophysics for years. This program could process data of many present GPR equipments and quickly provide cross sections of existing underground constructions. It would be very useful for construction and building investigation companies in Vietnam.
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Slob, Evert, Motoyuki Sato, and Gary Olhoeft. "Surface and borehole ground-penetrating-radar developments." GEOPHYSICS 75, no. 5 (September 2010): 75A103–75A120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3480619.
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During the past [Formula: see text], ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has evolved from a skeptically received glacier sounder to a full multicomponent 3D volume-imaging and characterization device. The tool can be calibrated to allow for quantitative estimates of physical properties such as water content. Because of its high resolution, GPR is a valuable tool for quantifying subsurface heterogeneity, and its ability to see nonmetallic and metallic objects makes it a useful mapping tool to detect, localize, and characterize buried objects. No tool solves all problems; so to determine whether GPR is appropriate for a given problem, studying the reasons for failure can provide an understanding of the basics, which in turn can help determine whether GPR is appropriate for a given problem. We discuss the specific aspects of borehole radar and describe recent developments to become more sensitiveto orientation and to exploit the supplementary information in different components in polarimetric uses of radar data. Multicomponent GPR data contain more diverse geometric information than single-channel data, and this is exploited in developed dedicated imaging algorithms. The evolution of these imaging schemes is discussed for ground-coupled and air-coupled antennas. For air-coupled antennas, the measured radiated wavefield can be used as the basis for the wavefield extrapolator in linear-inversion schemes with an imaging condition, which eliminates the source-time function and corrects for the measured radiation pattern. A handheld GPR system coupled with a metal detector is ready for routine use in mine fields. Recent advances in modeling, tomography, and full-waveform inversion, as well as Green’s function extraction through correlation and deconvolution, show much promise in this field.
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Edemsky, Dmitry, Alexei Popov, Igor Prokopovich, and Vladimir Garbatsevich. "Airborne Ground Penetrating Radar, Field Test." Remote Sensing 13, no. 4 (February 12, 2021): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13040667.
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Deployment of a ground penetrating radar (GPR) on a flying machine allows one to substantially extend the application area of this geophysical method and to simplify carrying out large surveys of dangerous and hard-to-reach terrain, where usual ground-based methods are hardly applied. There is a necessity to promote investigations in this direction by modifying hardware characteristics and developing specific proceeding algorithms. For this purpose, we upgraded commercial ground-based subsurface sounding hardware and performed corresponding computer simulation and real experiments. Finally, the first experimental flights were done with the constructed GPR prototype mounted on a helicopter. Using our experience in the development of ground-based GPR and the results of numerical simulations, an appropriate configuration of antennas and their placing on the flying machine were chosen. Computer modeling allowed us to select an optimal resistive loading of transmitter and receiver dipoles; calculate radiation patterns on fixed frequencies; analyze the efficiency of different conductor diameters in antenna circuit; calculate cross-coupling of transmitting and receiving antennas with the helicopter. Preliminary laboratory experiments to check the efficiency of the designed system were performed on an urban building site, using a tower crane with the horizontal jib to operate the measuring system in the air above the ground area to be sounded. Both signals from the surface and subsurface objects were recorded. To interpret the results, numerical modeling was carried out. A two-dimensional model of our experiment was simulated, it matches well the experimental data. Laboratory experiments provided an opportunity to estimate the level of spurious reflections from the external objects, which helps to recognize weak signals from subsurface objects in GPR surveys under live conditions.
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Bakker, M. A. J., D. Maljers, and H. J. T. Weerts. "Ground-penetrating radar profiling on embanked floodplains." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw 86, no. 1 (April 2007): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016774600021314.
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AbstractManagement of the Dutch embanked floodplains is of crucial interest in the light of a likely increase of extreme floods. One of the issues is a gradual decrease of floodwater accommodation space as a result of overbank deposition of mud and sand during floods. To address this issue, sediment deposits of an undisturbed embanked floodplain near Winssen along the river Waal were studied using ground-penetrating radar (GPR). A number of radar facies units were recognized. Boreholes were used to relate radar facies units to sedimentary facies and to determine radar velocity. The GPR groundwave is affected by differences in moisture and texture of the top layer and probably interferes with the first subsurface reflector. The architectural elements recognized in the GPR transects confirm earlier reported insights on human-influenced river behaviour. This is testified in the development of sand bars during flood regimes that are probably more widespread than previously established.
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Tomecka-Suchoń, Sylwia. "Ground penetrating radar use in flood prevention." Acta Geophysica 67, no. 6 (September 16, 2019): 1955–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11600-019-00353-8.
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Abstract The main goal of the work is to create an automatic method of locating weak zones within flood embankments structure based on ground penetrating radar (GPR) measurements. The presented research shows the possibilities of using advanced methods of GPR signal processing and its analysis with the help of signal attributes for detecting zones threatening the stability of the structure of flood embankments. Obtained results may help in quick detection of potential weak zones of the embankments and consequently give means to ameliorate them, which may prevent damage to the embankments during rise in the level of river water. The presented analyses were carried out on GPR data obtained for the flood banks of the Rudawa River (Kraków, Poland) in the area of their visible degradation. The use of signal attributes, such as Energy, instantaneous frequency, similarity, curvature gradient, dominant frequency, allowed initial indication of anomalous zones threatening the stability of embankment. Advanced processing supported by the use of advanced filters such as GLCM, Grubbs filter threshold and Convolve Prewitt helped in the analysis of the structure of the embankments. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) in the supervised and unsupervised variants were used to perform the automatic classification of weakened zones within the embankments. The results demonstrated the usefulness of GPR geophysical method through integration of ANN in the analysis of the data.
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Fedeli, Alessandro, Matteo Pastorino, and Andrea Randazzo. "Advanced Inversion Techniques for Ground Penetrating Radar." Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, no. 3 (2017): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2017.119717.
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Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) systems arenowadays standard inspection tools in several application areas, such as subsurface prospecting, civil engineering and cultural heritage monitoring. Usually, the raw output of GPR isprovided as a B-scan, which has to be further processed inorder to extract the needed information about the inspectedscene. In this framework, inversescattering-based approachesare gaining an ever-increasing interest, thanks to their capabil-ities of directly providing images of the physical and dielectricproperties of the investigated areas. In this paper, some advances in the development of such inversion techniques in theGPR field are revised and discussed.
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Jol, Harry M., and Derald G. Smith. "Ground penetrating radar of northern lacustrine deltas." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 28, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 1939–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e91-175.
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Ground penetrating radar (GPR) was used in several selected deltaic sedimentary environments to better understand subsurface stratigraphy and reconstruct former depositional environments. The profiles provide high-resolution, continuous subsurface data on facies thickness and depths, orientation of major sedimentary structures, postdepositional failure planes, and depth of peat deposits.Field experiments were carried out on six river deltas. Records from four of the deltas exhibit sedimentary facies; a record from one delta shows a possible slump; and records from another delta reveal the thickness and stratigraphic relationships of peat deposits. The delta types are (i) sandy, wave influenced; (ii) sandy, immature wave influenced (steeper middle and lower shoreface); (iii) sandy braided; and (iv) gravelly, fan–foreset.In areas of limited subsurface control (stratigraphic logs from drill core, cutbank exposure, or geophysical logs), radar profiles can provide ''big picture'' perspectives of the subsurface, a view only available in laterally extensive exposures. High-resolution profiles of subsurface stratigraphy and sedimentary facies from GPR provide an opportunity for geomorphologists and sedimentologists to further advance field research. Although GPR has limited success in silt and clay, results from sand and gravel deposits often reveal detailed facies assemblages.
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Moysey, Stephen, Rosemary J. Knight, and Harry M. Jol. "Texture-based classification of ground-penetrating radar images." GEOPHYSICS 71, no. 6 (November 2006): K111—K118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2356114.
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Image texture is one of the key features used for the interpretation of radar facies in ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data. Establishing quantitative measures of texture is therefore a critical step in the effective development of advanced techniques for the interpretation of GPR images. This study presents the first effort to evaluate whether different measures of a GPR image capture the features of the data that, when coupled with a neural network classifier, are able to reproduce a human interpretation. The measures compared in this study are instantaneous amplitude and frequency, as well as the variance, covariance, Fourier-Mellin transform, R-transform, and principle components (PCs) determined for a window of radar data. A [Formula: see text] GPR section collected over the William River delta in Saskatchewan, Canada, is used for the analysis. We found that measures describing the local spatial structure of the GPR image (i.e., covariance, Fourier-Mellin, R-transform, and PCs) were able to reproduce human interpretations with greater than 93% accuracy. In contrast, classifications based on image variance and the instantaneous attributes agreed with the human interpretation less than 68% of the time. Among the textural measures that preserve spatial structure, we found that the best ones are insensitive to within facies variability while emphasizing differences between facies. For the specific case of the William River delta, the Fourier-Mellin transform, which retains information about the spatial correlation of reflections while remaining insensitive to their orientation, outperformed the other measures. Our work in describing radar texture provides an important first step in defining quantitative criteria that can be used to aid in the classification of radar data.
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Moysey, Stephen M. "Hydrologic trajectories in transient ground-penetrating-radar reflection data." GEOPHYSICS 75, no. 4 (July 2010): WA211—WA219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3463416.
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A variable-rate infiltration experiment was conducted in a sandbox to demonstrate that distinctive patterns are produced in transient ground-penetrating-radar (GPR) data collected during wetting and drying events. The observed GPR response was found to be very consistent with the results of numerical simulations performed using finite-difference time-domain modeling of GPR coupled with a 1D unsaturated flow model (HYDRUS-1D) for which the sand hydraulic properties were determined independently using core samples. Despite this agreement, few methods are available that can efficiently analyze transient GPR data to make a quantitative link between observed responses and the hydraulic properties of soils. To address this problem, a computationally efficient method is proposed that is analogous to coherency analysis used in multioffset surveys. The new method isbased on the calculation of semblance along trajectories through transient GPR data. Each trajectory represents a specific GPR arrival, e.g., the ground wave and reflections from the wetting front and subsurface boundaries. The specific path of the trajectories is controlled by the hydraulic properties of the soil, just as the normal-moveout trajectories used to calculate semblance in multioffset data are controlled by wave velocity. Because the method is based on the output of 1D unsaturated flow models, it can be used for situations with complex hydrologic boundary conditions. Good agreement was found in this study between the calculated trajectories and the arrivals observed for both simulated and empirical GPR data. A sensitivity analysis performed in this study suggests that most parameters of the Mualem–van Genuchten soil model can be identified using this approach to coherency analysis of transient GPR data.
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Chengke, Zhang, Yu Junping, Wu Jiangpeng, Li Zhiqiang, and Zhu Liqing. "Application of Ground-Penetrating Radar Broadband Antenna in Underground Detection." E3S Web of Conferences 198 (2020): 04005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019804005.
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When GPR is detecting unknown objects underground, different antenna working frequency, different antenna size and different antenna internal structure will affect the final data quality and ultimately affect the detection accuracy of GPR. Therefore, when actualizing and evaluating the uwb signal of GPR electromagnetic wave, the electromagnetic properties of underground medium should be fully considered, and the influence of relevant parameters of GPR antenna on the transmitted and received electromagnetic signals should be analyzed by using numerical analysis method. This paper mainly describes the design characteristics of GPR antenna and antenna array, as well as the types, characteristics and application convenience of antenna array under different positioning purposes of GPR.
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Bernatek-Jakiel, Anita, and Marta Kondracka. "Detection of Soil Pipes Using Ground Penetrating Radar." Remote Sensing 11, no. 16 (August 9, 2019): 1864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11161864.
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Soil piping leads to land degradation in almost all morphoclimatic regions. However, the detection of soil pipes is still a methodological challenge. Therefore, this study aims at testing ground penetrating radar (GPR) to identify soil pipes and to present the complexity of soil pipe networks. The GPR surveys were conducted at three sites in the Bieszczady Mountains (SE Poland), where pipes develop in Cambisols. In total, 36 GPR profiles longitudinal and transverse to piping systems were made and used to provide spatial visualization of pipe networks. Soil pipes were identified as reflection hyperbolas on radargrams, which were verified with the surface indicators of piping, i.e., sagging of the ground and the occurrence of pipe roof collapses. Antennas of 500 MHz and 800 MHz were tested, which made possible the penetration of the subsurface up to 3.2 m and 2 m, respectively. Concerning ground properties, antenna frequencies and processing techniques, there was a potential possibility to detect pipes with a minimum diameter of 3.5 cm (using the antenna of lower frequency), and 2.2 cm (with the antenna of higher frequency). The results have proved that soil pipes meander horizontally and vertically and their networks become more complicated and extensive down the slope. GPR is a useful method to detect soil pipes, although it requires field verification and the proper selection of antenna frequency.
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Dong, Tan Phuoc, and Huu Phu Bui. "Design of Shielding System for Impulse Ground Penetrating Radar Applications." Key Engineering Materials 656-657 (July 2015): 646–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.656-657.646.
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In this paper, we propose a shielding system for impulse ground penetrating radar applications (GPR). The structure of shielding system is designed for our real impulse GPR application at 200 MHz central frequency for improving the deep penetration. The shielding system makes high quality of signal transmission from transmitter antenna to receiver antenna for impulse GPR system. It not only makes lowest T/R antenna coupling, high performance of antennas, preventing external noise but also reduces unnecessary air radiation which damages to the health of GPR user. A commercial absorbing material with a short thickness of 40mm is used to reduce the reflection of upper side of antenna in the cavity of shielding system. The design procedure is derived and its performance is explained. Shielding system is designed, simulated and optimized successfully in CST 2013 software. And it is fabricated with a good measurement results.
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Budiono, Kris, and Yogi Noviadi. "INVESTIGATION OF GROUND PENETRATING RADAR FOR DETECTION OF ROAD SUBSIDENCE NORTHCOAST OF JAKARTA, INDONESIA." BULLETIN OF THE MARINE GEOLOGY 27, no. 2 (February 15, 2016): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.32693/bomg.27.2.2012.48.
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A survey of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) was conducted in the coastal zone of northern part of Jakarta, Indonesia. The purpose of this survey was to provide the subsurface of coastal Quaternary sedimentary features and stratigraphy disturbances associated with induce post road subsidence 2009. The possibility of subsurface lithology disturbance shown by the GPR record. This record resulted from GPR methods using SIR system 20 GSSI, 270 MHz and 400 MHz and MLF 3200 transducer. The method is a promising tool for resolving changes of physical properties in subsurface lithology condition at the natural scale due to composition changes of physical properties.The reflection data resulted that GPR can distinguish between image the basic geometry forms such as lithology , structure geology , soil and subsurface utilities condition
Keywords: Quaternary geology, Jakarta subsidence northern road 2009, Ground Penetrating Radar
Penyelidikan “Ground Penerating Radar†(GPR) telah dilaksanakan di kawasan pantai utara Jakarta Utara, Indonesia. Tujuan dari penyelidikan GPR ini adalah untuk melihat kondisi sedimen Kuarter bawah permukaan dan gangguan stratigrafi sehubungan dengan penurunan jalan raya pada tahun 2009. Kemungkinan gangguan terhadap litologi bawah permukaan terlihat pada rekaman GPR. Hasil rekaman metoda GPR mempergunakan model SIR 20 GSSI, transduser 270MHz, 400 MHz dan MLF 3200.Metoda GPR merupakan alat bantu yang cukup menjanjikan untuk melihat perubahan sifat fisik litologi bawah permukaan pada skala sebenarnya yang disebabkan oleh perubahan komposisi sifat fisiknya. Hasil refleksi data GPR dapat membedakan bentuk dasar geometri seperti litologi, struktur geologi, kondisi utilitas bawah permukaan.
Kata kunci : Geologi Kuarter, Penurunan jalan utara Jakarta 2009, Ground Penetrating Radar
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Sun, Jingsheng, and Roger A. Young. "Recognizing surface scattering in ground‐penetrating radar data." GEOPHYSICS 60, no. 5 (September 1995): 1378–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443873.
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Ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) data may show strong noise events as a result of scattering by surface objects on the ground or above the survey line. The relative strength of these events can be large in comparison to reflections from geologic features, because radar signals in the ground attenuate exponentially whereas signals that travel in the air attenuate geometrically. Migration of GPR field data from clastic and carbonate sequences in central Oklahoma distinguishes between scattered events and geologic events because the former are focused at the air‐wave velocity, while the latter are focused at the ground‐wave velocity. Forward modeling using locations of scatterers derived from migration confirms the presence of scattered events, and common midpoint (CMP) gathers are helpful in identifying surface scattering. Scattered events displayed at a horizontal/vertical scale of 1:1 are easily mistaken for subhorizontal, geologic reflections. Methods of recognizing scattered events and removing them, if possible, are therefore crucial to correct geological interpretation of GPR data.
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Sturm, Jennie O., and Patricia L. Crown. "Micro-Scale Mapping Using Ground-Penetrating." Advances in Archaeological Practice 3, no. 2 (May 2015): 124–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/2326-3768.3.2.124.
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AbstractGround-penetrating radar (GPR) has become a common method for mapping archaeological sites in the American Southwest. A less tested use for this method is to survey architectural spaces within larger pueblos to map features that may relate to the function, use, and abandonment of a specific room. In Chaco Canyon, GPR was used in a room (Room 28) within Pueblo Bonito prior to excavation to determine the presence and depth of buried features. Comparison with excavation results provides a means to evaluate how well this method mapped features in this small space. Three categories of features within this room, posts/postholes, entryways, and burned materials, were successfully identified in the GPR maps. By comparing this GPR survey with the subsequent excavation, we determined how GPR reflected these architectural features, allowing us to develop a set of expectations for using this method to identify similar features in other interior pueblo rooms.
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MARUDDANI, BASO, EFRI SANDI EFRI SANDI, and MUHAMMAD FADHIL NAUFAL SALAM. "Perancangan dan Optimasi Antena Vivaldi pada Sistem Radar Penembus Permukaan (Ground Penetrating Radar)." ELKOMIKA: Jurnal Teknik Energi Elektrik, Teknik Telekomunikasi, & Teknik Elektronika 7, no. 1 (January 24, 2019): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/elkomika.v7i1.151.
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ABSTRAKAntena Vivaldi merupakan salah satu jenis antena yang diimplementasikan pada radar penembus permukaan (Ground Penetrating Radar, GPR). GPR adalah salah satu metode non-destructive testing yang biasa digunakan untuk mengetahui kondisi beton/jalan raya. Penelitian ini merancang sebuah antena Vivaldi untuk digunakan pada GPR dengan frekuensi kerja 1 GHz – 2 GHz. Metode yang digunakan untuk merancang dan mengoptimasi antena Vivaldi adalah dengan mengubah beberapa parameter untuk mencapai spesifikasi yang diinginkan. Parameter tersebut antara lain lebar antena, panjang antena dan tapered slot. Optimasi yang dilakukan tetap memperhatikan pola radiasi antena agar tetap terarah. Hasil penelitian ini menghasilkan antena Vivaldi dengan dimensi 350x300 mm dengan return loss di bawah -10 dB pada rentang frekuensi 1 GHz – 2 GHz. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa perubahan nilai parameter lebar antena dan tapered slot menggeser frekuensi kerja antena secara signifikan.Kata kunci: Ground Penetrating Radar, Vivaldi, return loss, parameter antena ABSTRACTThe Vivaldi antenna is one type of antenna that is implemented on Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). GPR is one of the non-destructive testing methods commonly used to determine the condition of concrete / highway. This studyaim to design a Vivaldi antenna to be used on GPR with a working frequency of 1 GHz - 2 GHz. The method that used to design and optimize Vivaldi antennas is by changing several parameters to achieve the desired specifications. These parameters include antenna width, antenna length and tapered slot. Optimization carried out still observes the radiation pattern of the antenna to keep it directed. The results showed that 350 x 300 mm antennas with return loss below -10 dB in the frequency range of 1 GHz - 2 GHz. The results also show that changes in the parameter width of the antenna and tapered slots shift the antenna working frequency significantly.Keywords: Ground Penetrating Radar, Vivaldi, return loss, antenna parameter
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Irving, James D., and Rosemary J. Knight. "Removal of wavelet dispersion from ground‐penetrating radar data." GEOPHYSICS 68, no. 3 (May 2003): 960–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1581068.
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Wavelet dispersion caused by frequency‐dependent attenuation is a common occurrence in ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) data, and is displayed in the radar image as a characteristic “blurriness” that increases with depth. Correcting for wavelet dispersion is an important step that should be performed before GPR data are used for either qualitative interpretation or the quantitative determination of subsurface electrical properties. Over the bandwidth of a GPR wavelet, the attenuation of electromagnetic waves in many geological materials is approximately linear with frequency. As a result, the change in shape of a radar pulse as it propagates through these materials can be well described using one parameter, Q*, related to the slope of the linear region. Assuming that all subsurface materials can be characterized by some Q* value, the problem of estimating and correcting for wavelet dispersion becomes one of determining Q* in the subsurface and deconvolving its effects using an inverse‐Q filter. We present a method for the estimation of subsurface Q* from reflection GPR data based on a technique developed for seismic attenuation tomography. Essentially, Q* is computed from the downshift in the dominant frequency of the GPR signal with time. Once Q* has been obtained, we propose a damped‐least‐squares inverse‐Q filtering scheme based on a causal, linear model for constant‐Q wave propagation as a means of removing wavelet dispersion. Tests on synthetic and field data indicate that these steps can be very effective at enhancing the resolution of the GPR image.
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Hanafy, S., and S. A. al Hagrey. "Ground-penetrating radar tomography for soil-moisture heterogeneity." GEOPHYSICS 71, no. 1 (January 2006): K9—K18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2159052.
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Many ground-penetrating radar (GPR) studies incorporate tomographic methods that use straight raypaths for direct model reconstruction, which is unrealistic for media with gradually changing petrophysics. Ray-bending algorithms can sometimes lead to unreliable resolution, especially at interfaces of abrupt dielectric changes. We present an improved GPR tomography technique based on a combination of seismic tomographic methods and a finite-difference solution of the eikonal equation. Our inversion algorithm uses velocity gradient zones and bending rays that represent realistic geology in the subsurface. We tested the technique on theoretical and experimental models with anomalous bodies of varying saturations and velocity and applied it to data from a GPR field experiment that analyzed the root zones of trees. Synthetic results showed that the resolution of our technique is better than that of published methods, especially for local anomalies with sharp velocity contacts. Our laboratory experiments consisted of four objects buried in sand with various water saturations. The GPR tomogram could map the objects and determine their degree of saturation. The velocities are compatible with those of the complex refraction index method; their relationship to the water content fits a previously published empirical equation. Our original field experiment around a poplar tree could map the heterogeneous subsurface and distinguish a central low velocity beneath the tree from the peripheral negative anomaly of a refill. This zone reflects the whole root zone and is caused by its bulk water content of both the organic root network and its surrounding soils.
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Widodo, Widodo, Iqbal F. Aditama, Khalid Syaifullah, Muthi’a J. Mahya, and M. Hidayat. "Detecting Buried Human Bodies Using Ground-Penetrating Radar." Earth Science Research 5, no. 2 (April 8, 2016): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/esr.v5n2p59.
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Being located at the dense tectonic activity area, Indonesia has to cope with the constant risk of earthquakes. High frequency of earthquakes occurrence causes the crust instability and leads into another natural disaster such as landslides. Sometimes, the landslide avalanches are covering the high populated area destroying buildings and causing victims. Unfortunately, the treatment for the affected building and landslide victims searching are still using conventional methods. The purpose of this study is to detect buried human bodies using GPR method, so it can increase the effectiveness and the efficiency of disaster victims searching under the landslide avalanche. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is one of the geophysical methods that can be used to study shallow subsurface of the earth. GPR has been successfully used to locate grave and forensic evidence. However, more controlled research is needed to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of disaster victim detection that buried under landslides or earthquake avalanche. A detailed GPR survey was conducted in the Cikutra graveyard, Bandung, with corpses buried one week until two months before the survey. The radar profiles from this survey showed the clear amplitude contrast anomalies, emanated from the corpses. The strongest amplitude contrasts are observed at most recent grave compared to the older grave. We obtained the amplitude contrast at around 1.2 meters depth which is consistent with the depth of the buried corpses. In addition, the results of forward modeling of homogenous subsurface and corpses in subsurface will be presented.
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Wahyu, Yuyu, Haryanto Sachrawi S, Asep Yudi H, and Heroe Wijanto. "Antena Spiral-dipole untuk Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)." Jurnal Elektronika dan Telekomunikasi 13, no. 2 (June 29, 2016): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jet.v13.39-46.
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GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) merupakan divais yang berguna untuk proses pendeteksian objek yang terkubur di bawah permukaan tanah hingga kedalaman tertentu, tanpa perlu dilakukan penggalian tanah. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan perancangan, simulasi dan realisasi antena spiral-dipole dengan pembebanan resistif untuk aplikasi impulse GPR. Pembebanan resistif bertujuan untuk menekan late-time ringing dan memperbesar bandwidth walaupun akan mengurangi efisiensi amplitudo pulsa utama. Late-time ringing merupakan osilasi yang mengikuti pulsa yang dikirimkan. Osilasi ini dapat mengaburkan sinyal yang dipantulkan oleh objek sehingga menyulitkan untuk dilakukan proses deteksi. Dengan melakukan perubahan nilai konstanta k pada rumusan spiral Archimedes, maka didapatkan bentuk spiral dengan kerapatan yang berbeda-beda. Dalam tulisan ini, nilai konstanta k yang digunakan antara lain 0,5; 1; dan 1,5. Parameter yang dibahas dalam simulasi ini adalah amplitudo peak to peak pulsa utama maupun ringing yang dihasilkan dari masing-masing antena dengan nilai konstanta k yang digunakan. Analisis elektromagnetik dalam domain waktu digunakan metode FDTD (finite-difference time-domain) dengan software FDTD3D untuk menghitung gelombang yang ditransmisikan antena dalam domain waktu. Selanjutnya dilakukan realisasi dan pengukuran antena tersebut.
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Gizzi, Fabrizio Terenzio, and Giovanni Leucci. "Global Research Patterns on Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)." Surveys in Geophysics 39, no. 6 (May 11, 2018): 1039–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10712-018-9475-1.
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Tabarro, Paulo Guilherme, Jacynthe Pouliot, Louis-Martin Losier, and Richard Fortier. "Detection and Location of Buried Infrastructures Using Ground Penetrating Radar." International Journal of 3-D Information Modeling 7, no. 2 (April 2018): 57–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ij3dim.2018040103.
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This article proposes an approach to improve the deployment of ground penetrating radar (GPR) in the field to detected and locate urban infrastructures. It consists of exploiting geographic data layers, database management systems, and a WebGIS, allowing users to handle GPR data within a georeferenced environment is developed based on a platform called GVX, providing users with four features, being (1) map integration, (2) geo-annotations and points of interest interaction, (3) radargram georeferencing, and (4) georeferenced slice visualization. Experiments with two categories of users, expert and non-expert GPR practitioners, have been performed. Based on the users' evaluation, the approach is valuable and can significantly improve GPR deployment. It helps users when discovering unmapped underground objects, delimiting the survey area, and interpreting GPR complex datasets. Overall, the approach optimized time and facilitated the spatial notion between GPR profiles and 3D meshes with map resources, allowing users to produce reliable maps, conforming to geospatial standards (CityGML).
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Qin, Yao, and Qi Fu Wang. "Ground Penetrating Radar Imaging Based on FDTD Migration Method." Advanced Materials Research 490-495 (March 2012): 1261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.1261.
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Estimation the shape and position of the objects is an important subject in ground penetrating radar(GPR). Migration method is popular used in seismic wave detection technology to locate and reshape the objects. Finite difference time domain(FDTD) migration method is widely used not only because the iterative method can save the computer memory but also because it is sensitive with different horizontal velocity and vertical velocity of electromagnetic wave. In this paper, migration imaging principle is been introduced at first, then FDTD migration method is been discussed. By dealing with GPR simulation and experiment image, it shows that the FDTD Migration method used in GPR imaging is effectiveness and stability.
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Thornton, Jack. "Penetrating New Ground." Mechanical Engineering 121, no. 05 (May 1, 1999): 70–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1999-may-6.
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Sensors & Software Inc. (S&S) is adapting its original line of ground penetrating radars (GPR), which is meant for deep soundings and reconnaissance in rough terrain as well as shallow-depth, high-resolution imaging systems for utilities, roads, and bridges. S&S wanted a molded plastic housing, preferably a high-density polyethylene for high durability. Plastics permit molding complex parts in quantities small or large, as needed. Plastics also allow for curved, ergonomic, and visually appealing shapes nearly impossible to match in machined metal. The big learning experience for S&S was in replacing the machined steel housings for the electronic components, sort of a housing within a housing. Ove Industrial Design simplified the packaging of a ground penetrating radar system, to create a lower-priced version of the product for its manufacturer. Ove used mechanical computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing packages called PowerSHAPE and DUCTS from Delcam International Inc. of Windsor, Ontario, which presented S&S with a new experience.
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Rmeili, Elias, and Tom Scullion. "Detecting Stripping in Asphalt Concrete Layers Using Ground Penetrating Radar." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1568, no. 1 (January 1997): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1568-20.
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A study undertaken by the Texas Department of Transportation to nondestructively detect stripping in the asphalt surfacing on I-45 in the Bryan district is described. The highway was constructed in the 1960s and 1970s with an initial portland cement concrete thickness of 200 mm. Since then, several asphalt overlays have been applied. Maintenance of this highway is a recurring problem, and it is known that in several locations moderate to severe areas of subsurface stripping are present. To plan the future rehabilitation of this important highway, the Bryan district investigated the ability of ground penetrating radar (GPR) to provide subsurface condition information. A GPR survey was conducted at close to highway speeds, and the data were interpreted before taking validation cores. The GPR was used to provide information concerning the section breaks along the highway on the basis of asphalt layer thickness and condition, the average thickness of the asphalt layer within each section, and the extent and severity of any defect in the asphalt layer. More than 60 cores were taken to correlate the GPR interpretation. GPR results and ground truth cores are compared. In general, the comparisons were good. The GPR equipment and interpretation schemes used were found to provide information of sufficient quality and accuracy to permit the district to make programming decisions. GPR is now being used on several additional projects in the Bryan district. The best use appears to be for both defect detection and thickness estimation before deflection testing and coring. GPR will not eliminate coring or deflection testing, but by using all three in a coordinated approach pavement designers will have more confidence in their design decisions.
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Lei, Wen Tai, and Yu Jia Shi. "A Windowed Range Migration Imaging Algorithm for Ground Penetrating Radar Applications." Applied Mechanics and Materials 477-478 (December 2013): 1504–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.477-478.1504.
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The article proposes a new imaging method for ground penetrating radar (GPR) nondestructive testing (DET). Traditional GPR range migration (RM) imaging algorithm regards all the data in GPR echo data as equally important. This assumption is always not in consistent with real GPR detection scenario and usually cannot obtain high quality imaging results. To improve the quality of GPR imaging results, a new windowed RM imaging algorithm is presented in this paper. The radar profile is processed by one-dimensional windowed Fourier transform. The central point of window function is determined by maximum intensity technique. By using windowed RM imaging algorithm, the clutter of GPR profile is suppressed and the imaging results quality is improved. The simulation of this algorithm is processed and experimental results validate the feasibility of this algorithm.
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Looms, Majken C., Thomas M. Hansen, Knud S. Cordua, Lars Nielsen, Karsten H. Jensen, and Andrew Binley. "Geostatistical inference using crosshole ground-penetrating radar." GEOPHYSICS 75, no. 6 (November 2010): J29—J41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3496001.
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High-resolution tomographic images obtained from crosshole geophysical measurements have the potential to provide valuable information about the geostatistical properties of unsaturated-zone hydrologic-state variables such as moisture content. Under drained or quasi-steady-state conditions, the moisture content will reflect the variation of the physical properties of the subsurface, which determine the flow patterns in the unsaturated zone. Deterministic least-squares inversion of crosshole ground-penetrating-radar (GPR) traveltimes result in smooth, minimum-variance estimates of the subsurface radar wave velocity structure, which may diminish the utility of these images for geostatistical inference. We have used a linearized stochastic inversion technique to infer the geostatistical properties of the subsurface radar wave velocity distribution using crosshole GPR traveltimes directly. Expanding on a previous study, we have determined that it is possible to obtain estimates of global variance andmean velocity values of the subsurface as well as the correlation lengths describing the subsurface velocity structures. Accurate estimation of the global variance is crucial if stochastic realizations of the subsurface are used to evaluate the uncertainty of the inversion estimate. We have explored the full potential of the geostatistical inference method using several synthetic models of varying correlation structures and have tested the influence of different assumptions concerning the choice of covariance function and data noise level. In addition, we have tested the methodology on traveltime data collected at a field site in Denmark. There, inferred correlation structures indicate that structural differences exist between two areas located approximately [Formula: see text] apart, an observation confirmed by a GPR reflection profile. Furthermore, the inferred values of the subsurface global variance and the mean velocity have been corroborated with moisture-content measurements, obtained gravimetrically from samples collected at the field site.
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Tretjakova, Rasma, Sergejs Kodors, Juris Soms, and Aigars Alksnis. "CLAY DETECTION IN LAKES OF LATGALE USING GROUND PENETRATING RADAR." ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (June 20, 2019): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2019vol1.4046.
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The most common method to determine the presence of clay in lakebed is coring method. This method requires survey of the whole lake area using stratified sampling method which is time and physical labour consuming process. To lessen the amount of coring samples and narrow the area of clay survey thus making the whole process faster and more effective, research was made to determine the possibility to indentify clay and its sediments using georadar survey or ground penetrating radar (GPR) method. GPR data analysis and coring studies in lake Zeiļu were used to evaluate GPR as potential method in lake clay sediment research. GPR method was tested in summer and winter during ice-covered period.
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Ruiz, Eder, Daniel Chaparro-Arce, John Pantoja, Felix Vega, Chaouki Kasmiv, and Fahad Al Yafei. "Ground Penetrating Radar Radargram Filter using Singularity Expansion Method." Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society 35, no. 11 (February 5, 2021): 1437–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.47037/2020.aces.j.351187.
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In this paper, the singularity expansion method (SEM) is used to improve the signal-to-clutter ratio of radargrams obtained with a ground penetration radar (GPR). SEM allows to select the poles of the GPR signals corresponding to unwanted signals, clutter, and also reflections of specific buried objects. A highly reflective metallic material was used to assess the use of SEM as a tool to eliminate unwanted reflections and signals produced by a GPR. Selected clutter poles are eliminated from each frame of the SAR image in order to keep only desired poles for analysis. Finally, the reconstructed radargram obtained applying SEM is compared with the image obtained using a well-known processing technique. Results show that the proposed technique can be used to straightforwardly remove undesired signals measured with GPRs.
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Warner, Barry G., David C. Nobes, and Brian D. Theimer. "An application of ground penetrating radar to peat stratigraphy of Ellice Swamp, southwestern Ontario." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 27, no. 7 (July 1, 1990): 932–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e90-096.
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Ground penetrating radar (GPR) has been applied to the mapping of stratigraphy and peat thickness of a large bog in southwestern Ontario. The GPR survey was undertaken in conjunction with a conventional coring survey and measurement of peat physical properties. The results indicate that GPR responds to peat moisture content and bulk density, which vary with stratigraphic changes. In particular, the acrotelm–catotelm boundary and the basal clay are GPR reflectors. The presence of gyttja above the clay is indicated by complex basal reflections. Ground penetrating radar is a viable alternative to an intensive coring survey for evaluating peat depth and extent.
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Oimbe, Sonal, Rahul Ingle, and Raval Awale. "Detection of Soil Water Content Using Continuous Wave Ground Penetrating Radar." JOIV : International Journal on Informatics Visualization 2, no. 1 (February 8, 2018): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/joiv.2.1.104.
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In this work, continuous wave ground-penetrating radar (CW-GPR) has been used for detecting the soil water content in context to farm management. It is here speculated that CW-GPR utilized to observe variations in Soil parameters in different geographical area where traditional methods fails such as reflection-based GPR method. An experiment was performed on different farms in and around Mumbai city locality in a 20 * 14 m section of natural grassland at the SAMEER- IIT BOMBAY Research Facility in Mumbai city, INDIA. Two survey methods such as velocity analysis and GPR reflection surveys of ground wave were inefficient at the experiment site due to the signal attenuation which is related with the clay-rich soil. CW-GPR data sets were collected on regular and daily basis during a 5-d period in February 2017. The samples of soil were collected for analysis purpose from the mentioned geographical area. The clear response has been observed for early time signal amplitude to changes in soil water content using CW-GPR data. The strong correlation has been observed between the GPR data sets with Soil water content, which is uniform with the CW-GPR dependence on relative permittivity. The outcome reveals that the CW-GPR method can be utilized to acquire spatially distributed information on subsurface moisture content in clay-rich soils.
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Paz, Maria Catarina, Francisco J. Alcalá, and Luís Ribeiro. "Ground Penetrating Radar Attenuation Expressions in Shallow Groundwater Research." Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics 25, no. 1 (March 2020): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/jeeg19-039.
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The electromagnetic-wave attenuation coefficient determines the overall resolution and effective penetration depth of ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys. Despite this relevance to the design of proper GPR surveys, the attenuation expressions are rarely used in the applied shallow groundwater research (SGR) literature. This work examines the status of the attenuation expressions in SGR. For this, 73 GPR case studies (in 47 papers), including some information concerning the attenuation variables and parameters, were selected to build a database. From these, 18 cases (in 10 papers) provided attenuation expressions and only 11 cases (in 4 papers) used those expressions. Two types of expressions were identified, physically based global ones that try to solve a broad (but not complete) range of environmental and field technical conditions, and non-global ones adapted for specific geological environments and resolution needed. The database analysis showed that both global and non-global expressions were used exclusively in low-loss media to report an attenuation range of 0.1–21.5 dB m −1 by using common antenna frequencies in the 25–900 MHz range. The range of the attenuation expressions validity in SGR is biased because no surveys in variable-loss heterogeneous media and wider antenna frequency intervals could be compiled. The attenuation database generated seeks to improve the design of GPR surveys in SGR.
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Sokolov, Kirill, Larisa Fedorova, and Maksim Fedorov. "Prospecting and Evaluation of Underground Massive Ice by Ground-Penetrating Radar." Geosciences 10, no. 7 (July 16, 2020): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10070274.
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Data from geocryological studies of soil and rock massifs in permafrost zone are very important as a basis for predicting possible negative consequences associated with climate change. A promising technique for studying geocryological structures (various types of underground ice) is the ground-penetrating radar (GPR) method. This paper presents the applications of the GPR method to prospect and evaluate massive ice in a frozen rock mass. To study the features of GPR signals received during sounding of underground ice, a model of a single GPR trace for the structure “frozen rock-ice-frozen rock” was developed. As a result, regularities were established in the kinematic and dynamic characteristics of GPR signals at the upper and lower boundaries of massive ice, depending on its geometric parameters. The established features were confirmed by the results of computer and physical simulation of GPR measurements of a frozen rock mass model. The main result of the study was to obtain a set of criteria for identifying massive ice according to GPR measurements. The developed criteria will allow the use of GPR for a detailed study of the structure of permafrost rocks to prevent the development of dangerous cryogenic processes in undisturbed and urban areas of the Arctic.
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Zhou, Ligang, Dongsheng Yu, Zhaoyan Wang, and Xiangdong Wang. "Soil Water Content Estimation Using High-Frequency Ground Penetrating Radar." Water 11, no. 5 (May 17, 2019): 1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11051036.
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The rapid high-precision and nondestructive determination of shallow soil water content (SWC) is of vital importance to precision agriculture and water resource management. However, the low-frequency ground penetrating radar (GPR) technology currently in use is insufficient for precisely determining the shallow SWC. Therefore, it is essential to develop and use a high-precision detection technology to determine SWC. In this paper, a laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the use of a high-frequency GPR antenna to determine the SWC of loamy sand, clay, and silty loam. We collected soil samples (0–20 cm) of six soil types of loamy sand, clay, and silty loam and used a high-frequency (2-GHz) GPR antenna to determine the SWC. In addition, we obtained GPR data and images as well as characteristic parameters of the electromagnetic spectrum and analyzed the quantitative relationship with SWC. The GPR reflection two-way travel times and the known depths of reflectors were used to calculate the average soil dielectric permittivities above the reflectors and establish a spatial relationship between the soil dielectric permittivity ( ε ) and SWC ( θ ), which was used to estimate the depth-averaged SWC. The results show that the SWC, which affects the attenuation of wave energy and the wave velocity of the GPR signal, is a dominant factor affecting the soil dielectric permittivity. In addition, the conductivity, magnetic soil, soil texture, soil organic matter, and soil temperature have substantial effects on the soil dielectric permittivity, which consequentially affects the prediction of SWC. The correlation coefficients R2 of the “ θ ~ ε ” cubic curve models, which were used to fit the relationships between the soil dielectric permittivity ( ε ) and SWC ( θ ), were greater than 0.89, and the root-mean-square errors were less than 2.9%, which demonstrate that high-frequency GPR technology can be applied to determine shallow SWC under variable hydrological conditions.
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CHOW, T. L., and H. W. REES. "IDENTIFICATION OF SUBSURFACE DRAIN LOCATIONS WITH GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 69, no. 2 (May 1, 1989): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss89-023.
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Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical tool designed for subsurface probing of materials with contrasting dielectric properties. The applicability of this technique to locate agricultural drain tiles or tubes under some soil types and moisture conditions found in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia was evaluated. A method using GPR graphical outputs from adjacent, paired parallel traverses was developed to verify tile drain signatures. Over 50 drains, installed from 1 to 50 years ago, in soils developed in morainal till, glaciofluvial, and glaciomarine deposits were detected with the GPR system and confirmed by excavation. These included both clay and plastic drains. With experience, reliability was found to be close to 100%. The possibility of using the system for determining depth to the drain is also discussed briefly. Key words: Ground-penetrating radar, tube drain location, apparent dielectric constant, propagation time, electromagnetic wave, propagation velocity
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Mesecan, Ibrahim, and Ihsan Omur Bucak. "Efficient Underground Object Detection for Ground Penetrating Radar Signals." Defence Science Journal 67, no. 1 (December 23, 2016): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.1.9063.
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Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is one of the common sensor system for underground inspection. GPR emits electromagnetic waves which can pass through objects. The reflecting waves are recorded and digitised, and then, the B-scan images are formed. According to the properties of scanning object, GPR creates higher or lower intensity values on the object regions. Thus, these changes in signal represent the properties of scanning object. This paper proposes a 3-step method to detect and discriminate landmines: n-row average-subtraction (NRAS); Min-max normalisation; and image scaling. Proposed method has been tested using 3 common algorithms from the literature. According to the results, it has increased object detection ratio and positive object discrimination (POD) significantly. For artificial neural networks (ANN), POD has increased from 77.4 per cent to 87.7 per cent. And, it has increased from 37.8 per cent to 80.2 per cent, for support vector machines (SVM).
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Van Gestel, Jean‐Paul, and Paul L. Stoffa. "Application of Alford rotation to ground-penetrating radar data." GEOPHYSICS 66, no. 6 (November 2001): 1781–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1487120.
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We investigate the application of Alford rotation to ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) data. By recording the reflected field amplitudes using four different configurations, we extract information about the orientation of buried objects that have angle‐dependent reflectivity. In theory this method can be successfully applied to find the orientation of dipping layers, cylinders, and vertical fractures. Modeling results show angle‐dependent reflections in all three cases; as a result, we can exactly determine the orientation of these targets. Analysis of a field survey at a controlled GPR test site in which reflections were collected from an elongate cylinder buried in a homogeneous soil show good prediction of the angle of orientation of the cylinder and confirm the expected theoretical and modeling results. The Alford rotation method requires accurate data acquisition for effective practical implementation. Improved results will require exact knowledge of the radiation pattern of the GPR antennas under different circumstances.
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Halimshah, N. N., A. Yusup, Z. Mat Amin, and M. D. Ghazalli. "VISUAL INSPECTION OF WATER LEAKAGE FROM GROUND PENETRATING RADAR RADARGRAM." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-2/W2 (October 19, 2015): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-ii-2-w2-191-2015.
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Water loss in town and suburban is currently a significant issue which reflect the performance of water supply management in Malaysia. Consequently, water supply distribution system has to be maintained in order to prevent shortage of water supply in an area. Various techniques for detecting a mains water leaks are available but mostly are time-consuming, disruptive and expensive. In this paper, the potential of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) as a non-destructive method to correctly and efficiently detect mains water leaks has been examined. Several experiments were designed and conducted to prove that GPR can be used as tool for water leakage detection. These include instrument validation test and soil compaction test to clarify the maximum dry density (MDD) of soil and simulation studies on water leakage at a test bed consisting of PVC pipe burying in sand to a depth of 40 cm. Data from GPR detection are processed using the Reflex 2D software. Identification of water leakage was visually inspected from the anomalies in the radargram based on GPR reflection coefficients. The results have ascertained the capability and effectiveness of the GPR in detecting water leakage which could help avoiding difficulties with other leak detection methods.
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Sun, Shi Guo, Jia Wang, Ai Wei Miao, and Wen Bo Liu. "Research and Application of GPR in Detection of Heating Pipelines on Complex Highway." Advanced Materials Research 732-733 (August 2013): 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.732-733.138.
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Based on test principle of ground penetrating radar (GPR), the application feasibility for detecting the heating pipelines on complex highway is verified. In accordance with the complex highway in Wangjing region of Beijing city in China, by using ground penetrating radar of SIR-20 to monitor the geological situation of construction surface, the plain position of pipeline and the buried depth, the detection shows that: the objects of bigger relative dielectric constant absorbs the electromagnetic wave signal from periphery; the maximum intensity of reflection radar wave appears at the top of pipeline; the arc width in radar wave image produced by the bottom of pipeline is bigger than the top. Based on these studies, the design program and accident removal countermeasures for the detection of complex highway pipeline are proposed. Meanwhile, combining with actual measurement in field, contrives scheme utilizing ground penetrating radar to detect heating pipelines. It could be verified the feasibility of testing heating pipelines with ground penetrating radar, provides a basis for the subsequent security dynamic construction design, and accumulates some experience for ground penetrating radar detecting pipeline on complex highway.
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Cai, Jun, and George A. McMechan. "Ray‐based synthesis of bistatic ground‐penetrating radar profiles." GEOPHYSICS 60, no. 1 (January 1995): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443766.
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An algorithm has been developed to numerically synthesize 2-D bistatic (common‐offset), ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) profiles using the principles of geometrical ray theory. By assuming nondispersive propagation, kinematic properties of electromagnetic waves are simulated by ray tracing. Dynamic properties are simulated by computing transmitter and receiver directivities, reflection and transmission coefficients, geometrical spreading, and attenuation coefficients. The main limitations are that wave effects, such as diffractions, and offline (3-D) effects are not included. The algorithm is applied to iterative modeling of multioffset, multifrequency GPR data acquired over an outcrop of fractured Austin Chalk in Dallas County in northeast Texas. Modeling is able to simulate realistically the main time and amplitude behaviors observed in GPR reflections at 50, 100, and 200 MHz at each of 1, 3, and 5 meter antenna separations from a single model. Detailed modeling produces quantitative estimates of the spatial distributions of electrical properties that are consistent with the geologic environment.
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Alsharqawi, Mohammed, Tarek Zayed, and Ahmad Shami. "Ground penetrating radar-based deterioration assessment of RC bridge decks." Construction Innovation 20, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ci-08-2019-0076.
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Purpose Although ground penetrating radar (GPR) technology is commonly used to assess the condition of reinforced-concrete (RC) bridge decks, the GPR data interpretation is not straightforward. Further, the thresholds that define the severity of deterioration are selected arbitrarily. This paper aims to solve a problem associated with GPR results generated by using a numerical amplitude method to assess corrosiveness of bridge decks. Design/methodology/approach Data, for more than 50 different bridge decks, were collected using a ground-coupled antenna. Depth-correction was performed for the collected data to normalize the reflected amplitude. Using k-means clustering technique, the amplitude values of each bridge deck were classified into four categories. Later, statistical analysis was performed where the threshold values of different categories of corrosion and deterioration are chosen. Monte-Carlo simulation technique was used to validate the value of these thresholds. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis was performed to realize the effect of changing the thresholds in the areas of corrosion. Findings The final result of this research is a four-category (good, fair, poor and critical) GPR scale with three fixed numerical thresholds (−7.71 dB, −10.04 dB and −14.63 dB) that define these categories. Besides, deterioration curves have been modeled using Weibull function and based on GPR outputs and corrosion areas. Originality/value The developed numerical GPR-based scale and deterioration models are expected to help the decision-makers in assessing the corrosiveness of bridge decks accurately and objectively. Hence, they will be able to take the right intervention decision for managing these decks.
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Marques, Ana Margarida, Simona Fontul, and André Paixão. "Ballast fouling evaluation with ground penetrating radar." MATEC Web of Conferences 211 (2018): 12004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821112004.
Full textAbstract:
In the transport infrastructures context, the support layers have a fundamental role in the degradation of the track condition, both in structural aspects and in terms of fouling of the materials that comprise them. Particularly in the field of railway research, ballast is the key element, and its fouling leads to track deterioration. Thus, the main focus of this work is based on the evaluation of the ballast fouling using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). In order to determine the applicability of the method on the evaluation of railway characteristics, laboratory samples and measurements carried out in situ, on sections of two railways in operation were analysed. In both cases the different ballast fouling levels were evaluated, using specialized software for this approach (temporal analysis); and then comparing these results with results of a frequency analysis in an automatic calculation program. This paper presents the possibilities of testing with GPR equipment by analysing an electromagnetic wave, in the temporal and frequency domain for the purpose of investigating the level of degradation of a railway track. Some recommendations are also made regarding the use of this method, adding the need for future developments in an attempt to reduce the number of destructive tests still practiced nowadays.
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Allroggen, Niklas, Daniel Beiter, and Jens Tronicke. "Ground-penetrating radar monitoring of fast subsurface processes." GEOPHYSICS 85, no. 3 (April 24, 2020): A19—A23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2019-0737.1.
Full textAbstract:
Earth and environmental sciences rely on detailed information about subsurface processes. Whereas geophysical techniques typically provide highly resolved spatial images, monitoring subsurface processes is often associated with enormous effort and, therefore, is usually limited to point information in time or space. Thus, the development of spatial and temporal continuous field monitoring methods is a major challenge for the understanding of subsurface processes. We have developed a novel method for ground-penetrating-radar (GPR) reflection monitoring of subsurface flow processes under unsaturated conditions and applied it to a hydrological infiltration experiment performed across a periglacial slope deposit in northwest Luxembourg. Our approach relies on a spatial and temporal quasicontinuous data recording and processing, followed by an attribute analysis based on analyzing differences between individual time steps. The results demonstrate the ability of time-lapse GPR monitoring to visualize the spatial and temporal dynamics of preferential flow processes with a spatial resolution in the order of a few decimeters and temporal resolution in the order of a few minutes. We observe excellent agreement with water table information originating from different boreholes. This demonstrates the potential of surface-based GPR reflection monitoring to observe the spatiotemporal dynamics of water movements in the subsurface. It provides valuable, and so far not accessible, information for example in the field of hydrology and pedology that allows studying the actual subsurface processes rather than deducing them from point information.
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Al-Qadi, Imad L., and Samer Lahouar. "Measuring Rebar Cover Depth in Rigid Pavements with Ground-Penetrating Radar." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1907, no. 1 (January 2005): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105190700109.
Full textAbstract:
Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a nondestructive investigation tool that is usually used in flexible pavement evaluation to estimate the thicknesses of the various layers composing the pavement. GPR is also used in flexible pavements to detect subsurface distresses, such as moisture accumulation and air voids. For rigid pavements and bridge decks, GPR is used to measure the thickness of the concrete slab and detect the location of reinforcing bars (rebar). Rebar detection is typically achieved, in this case, when an experienced operator finds the rebar's classic parabolic signature in the GPR data. This paper presents image-processing techniques that can be used to detect the rebar parabolic signature automatically in GPR data collected from rigid pavements with a high-frequency ground-coupled antenna. After detection of the rebar, the reflected parabolic shape is fit to a theoretical reflection model to estimate the pavement's dielectric constant and the rebar depth. The algorithms were validated on GPR data collected from a known continuously reinforced concrete pavement section. The technique showed an average error of 2.6% on the estimated rebar cover depth.