Relevant bibliographies by topics / GRA method

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Academic literature on the topic 'GRA method'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 5 June 2025
Last updated: 16 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "GRA method"

1

Quan, Huafeng, Shaobo Li, Hongjing Wei, and Jianjun Hu. "Personalized Product Evaluation Based on GRA-TOPSIS and Kansei Engineering." Symmetry 11, no. 7 (2019): 867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11070867.

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With the improvement of human living standards, users’ requirements have changed from function to emotion. Helping users pick out the most suitable product based on their subjective requirements is of great importance for enterprises. This paper proposes a Kansei engineering-based grey relational analysis and techniques for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (KE-GAR-TOPSIS) method to make a subjective user personalized ranking of alternative products. The KE-GRA-TOPSIS method integrates five methods, including Kansei Engineering (KE), analytic hierarchy process (AHP), entropy, game theory, and grey relational analysis-TOPSIS (GRA-TOPSIS). First, an evaluation system is established by KE and AHP. Second, we define a matrix variate—Kansei decision matrix (KDM)—to describe the satisfaction of user requirements. Third, the AHP is used to obtain subjective weight. Next, the entropy method is employed to obtain objective weights by taking the KDM as input. Then the two types of weights are optimized using game theory to obtain the comprehensive weights. Finally, the GRA-TOPSIS method takes the comprehensive weights and the KMD as inputs to rank alternatives. A comparison of the KE-GRA-TOPSIS, KE-TOPSIS, KE-GRA, GRA-TOPSIS, and TOPSIS is conducted to illustrate the unique merits of the KE-GRA-TOPSIS method in Kansei evaluation. Finally, taking the electric drill as an example, we describe the process of the proposed method in detail, which achieves a symmetry between the objectivity of products and subjectivity of users.
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Wooten, Hailey, Hwanhee Kim, Amanda Rakhshandeh, and Anoosh Rakhshandeh. "PSV-8 Glucocorticoid receptor agonist (GRA): what is the best delivery method to newly weaned pigs?" Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (2020): 158–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.279.

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Abstract We previously found that i.m. injection of GRA, similar to in-feed antibiotics, improves measures of intestinal integrity, nutrient digestibility, and overall growth performance in nursery pigs. In addition, we have demonstrated that the mitigating effects of GRA on the stress of weaning is predominantly done by subsiding the inflammatory response that often accompanies early weaning. The objective of the current study was to explore the most practical methods for delivering GRA to newly weaned pigs. One-hundred and sixty-seven PIC pigs were weaned at 25 ±1.0 days of age (BW 7 ±1.2 kg), and assigned to fourteen treatments (3-4 pigs /pen; 3 pens/treatment). Seven treatments were tested within two sexes (gilts vs. barrows). The treatments were: 1) i.m. injection of GRA (two injections, 0.2 mg/kg BW at -1 and 3 d post-weaning), 2) two levels of in-water GRA (0.8 and 1.6 ppm), 3) in-feed GRA (2.5 and 5.0 ppm), 4) in-feed antibiotic (ANT, 100 ppm tylosin), and 5) control. Dexamethasone was used as GRA. Pigs had free access to in-feed or in-water GRA or ANT during the 1st-week post-weaning. Parameters of growth performance were measured weekly until the end of the nursery phase. A completely randomized design and repeated measurement ANOVA (PROC MIXED) in SAS were used for statistical analyses. In-water, in-feed, and i.m. GRA treatments resulted in growth performance outcomes comparable to that of in-feed ANT. Relative to CON pigs, both ANT and GRA improved ADG and G: F during the nursery phase (P < 0.05). Among the delivery methods tested, 2.5 ppm of in-feed GRA resulted in superior ADG (GRA vs. CON; 0.29 vs. 0.20 kg/d) and G: F (0.63 vs. 0.40 ± 0.05), compared to the control group (P < 0.02). Collectively, these results suggested that in-feed treatment is the best method for delivering GRA to newly weaned pigs.
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Dwi Satria, Muhammad Najib, Erliyan Redy Susanto, Setiawansyah, Sufiatul Maryana, and Pritasari Palupiningsih. "Modification of Grey Relational Analysis for Dynamic Criteria Weighting in Decision-Making Systems." IIUM Engineering Journal 26, no. 2 (2025): 187–203. https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v26i2.3494.

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Grey relational analysis (GRA) is a grey system theory method used to solve multi-criteria decision problems with incomplete or uncertain data. The GRA analyzes the level of closeness or relationship between several alternatives based on a series of criteria. One of the limitations in using the GRA method is the weight of the criteria, which is often fixed or subjective. In many GRA applications, the criterion weights are set based on expert considerations or decision-maker preferences, which can be highly subjective and influenced by individual biases. Grey relational analysis change data driven (GRA-C) method emphasizes the increased effectiveness and flexibility of this method in performance appraisal for multi-criteria decision-making. GRA-C allows for more precise adjustments according to the importance of each criterion, leading to more accurate and relevant evaluation results. By modifying the weights, the GRA-C becomes more flexible and can be adapted to different contexts and specific decision-making needs, so that it can be applied in various industry sectors. These modifications help reduce bias due to improper weight allocation, resulting in more objective performance assessments. The results of the modified GRA-C can provide better insights for decision-makers, supporting a more effective and informed decision-making process. The comparison with the Spearman correlation shows that the GRA-C method has a very strong degree of conformity in producing alternative rankings, with a correlation value 1. This indicates that these methods provide similar results, making them reliable for consistent decision-making. ABSTRAK: Analisis Perhubungan Kelabu (Grey Relational Analysis, GRA) merupakan satu kaedah dalam teori sistem kelabu yang digunakan untuk menyelesaikan masalah keputusan berbilang kriteria (multi-criteria decision-making) yang melibatkan data tidak lengkap atau tidak pasti. GRA menganalisis tahap keterkaitan atau hubungan antara beberapa alternatif berdasarkan satu siri kriteria. Salah satu kekangan dalam penggunaan kaedah GRA ialah pemberat kriteria yang sering kali bersifat tetap atau subjektif. Dalam banyak aplikasi GRA, pemberat kriteria ditentukan berdasarkan pertimbangan pakar atau keutamaan pembuat keputusan, yang boleh menjadi sangat subjektif dan dipengaruhi oleh bias individu. Kaedah Grey Relational Analysis Change Data Driven (GRA-C) menekankan keberkesanan dan fleksibiliti yang lebih tinggi dalam penilaian prestasi bagi sistem keputusan berbilang kriteria. GRA-C membolehkan pelarasan yang lebih tepat mengikut kepentingan setiap kriteria, yang membawa kepada keputusan penilaian yang lebih tepat dan relevan. Dengan pengubahsuaian pemberat, GRA-C menjadi lebih fleksibel dan boleh disesuaikan dengan pelbagai konteks serta keperluan khusus dalam membuat keputusan, membolehkannya diaplikasikan dalam pelbagai sektor industri. Pengubahsuaian ini membantu mengurangkan bias akibat pengagihan pemberat yang tidak sesuai, sekali gus menghasilkan penilaian prestasi yang lebih objektif. Hasil daripada GRA-C yang telah diubah suai dapat memberikan pandangan yang lebih baik kepada pembuat keputusan, seterusnya menyokong proses membuat keputusan yang lebih berkesan dan berasaskan maklumat. Perbandingan dengan korelasi Spearman menunjukkan bahawa kaedah GRA-C mempunyai tahap kesesuaian yang sangat tinggi dalam menghasilkan kedudukan alternatif, dengan nilai korelasi sebanyak 1. Ini menunjukkan bahawa kaedah-kaedah tersebut memberikan hasil yang serupa dan boleh dipercayai untuk proses membuat keputusan yang konsisten.
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Majumder, Priyanka, and Valerio Antonio Pamplona Salomon. "Intuitionistic Fuzzy Ordinal Priority Approach with Grey Relational Analysis." Mathematics 12, no. 19 (2024): 3156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math12193156.

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Multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) is a methodology for solving decision problems with a finite set of alternatives. The several methods of MADM require weights for the criteria and the alternatives to provide a solution. The Ordinal Priority Approach (OPA) is a recently proposed method for MADM that innovates; it does not require these inputs, just the rankings of criteria and alternatives. This article introduces a new hybrid method for MADM: the Intuitionistic Fuzzy Ordinal Priority Approach with Grey Relational Analysis (OPA-IF-GRA). OPA-IF-GRA combines GRA with OPA-IF, a newer extension of OPA that includes intuitionistic fuzzy sets to incorporate uncertainty into the decision-making process. The article presents an OPA-IF-GRA application for solving an electronics engineering problem, considering four criteria and six alternatives. The solution of OPA-IF-GRA is compared with the solutions obtained with three other MADM methods.
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Arshad, Muhammad Waqas, Setiawansyah Setiawansyah, and Sanriomi Sintaro. "Comparative Analysis of the Combination of MOORA and GRA with PIPRECIA Weighting in the Selection of Warehouse Heads." BEES: Bulletin of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 4, no. 3 (2024): 112–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47065/bees.v4i3.4922.

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The Head of Warehouse has the main responsibility to manage and supervise the daily operations of the warehouse, including receiving, storing, and dispensing goods. In addition, the warehouse head is responsible for leading the warehouse staff team, providing the necessary direction, training, and supervision to ensure efficiency and safety in warehouse operations. This study aims to select warehouse heads by applying a combination of MOORA and PIPRECIA methods, as well as GRA and PIPRECIA. The combination of MOORA and PIPRECIA as well as GRA and PIPRECIA will be compared based on the final ranking of the two methods used. Based on the ranking results on the MOORA Method, the highest value with a value of 0.40017 was obtained by FHY with rank 1, a value of 0.36637 was obtained by AGL with rank 2, and a value of 0.35721 was obtained by YLS with rank 3 Based on the rating results on the GRA Method, the highest value with a value of 0.12164 was obtained by AGL with rank 1, a value of 0.12017 was obtained by FHY with rank 2, and a value of 0.1054 obtained by TAN with rank 3. Ranking differences between Multi-Method Objective Optimization by Ratio Analysis (MOORA) and Gray Relational Analysis (GRA) can arise due to differences in approaches in evaluating and comparing alternatives. The results of the conformity test can be concluded in the selection of warehouse heads who recommend the GRA method compared to the MOORA method, because the results of the conformity level of the GRA method get a value of 99.99919% higher than the MOORA method.
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Setiawansyah, Setiawansyah, Yuri Rahmanto, Ahmad Ari Aldino, Aditia Yudhistira, Pritasari Palupiningsih, and Ari Sulistiyawati. "Hybrid Logarithmic Percentage Change-Driven Objective Weighting and Grey Relational Analysis Method in Employee Contract Renewal." TIN: Terapan Informatika Nusantara 4, no. 12 (2024): 758–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.47065/tin.v4i12.5121.

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Contract employees are individuals who are hired for a specific period of time within a company or organization for a specific purpose. They usually do not have permanent employee status and are bound by work contracts that govern their tenure, salary, and other obligations. Despite not having long-term job security, contract employees often bring specialized skills or experience needed for specific projects. They are often instrumental in handling temporary projects, fulfilling temporary company needs, or filling temporary vacancies. One of the main problems in determining employee contract renewal is the lack of transparency and clear communication from the company. Employees often feel confused or uncertain about the criteria used by management in determining whether or not their contract will be renewed. Lack of clear information can cause anxiety and uncertainty among employees, and impair their performance and motivation. Hybrid Logarithmic Percentage Change-Driven Objective Weighting and Grey Relational Analysis (HLOPCOW-GRA) is an approach that combines two analysis methods, namely LOPCOW and GRA to improve accuracy and reliability in decision making. HLOPCOW-GRA provides an advantage in combining LOPCOW's advantage in handling dynamic data fluctuations with GRA's advantage in analyzing relative relationships between criteria, this approach allows decision makers to gain a deeper understanding of the factors that affect the final outcome. The results of alternative ranking showed that the first place with a GRA final value of 0.1406 was obtained by EM alternatives, second place with a GRA final value of 0.1366 was obtained by SVR alternatives, third place with a GRA final value of 0.1366 was obtained by SVR alternatives, third place with a GRA final value of 0.1406 was obtained by EM alternatives. The final GRA value of 0.1245 obtained alternative ASR.
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Li, Lan Yun, Zhuan Zhao Yang, Xiao Li, and Zhi He. "Research on Fault Recognition for Centrifugal Compressor Using Entropy Weight-Based Gray Relational Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 29-32 (August 2010): 685–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.29-32.685.

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A new fault recognition method for centrifugal compressor was proposed by using entropy weight-based gray relational analysis (EW-GRA). Firstly, the weight values of all fault features were calculated objectively by the entropy method to avoid the influence of subjective factors. Secondly, an improved local gray relational coefficient (LGRC) formula with weight measures was designed to reflect the contributions of different fault features. Thirdly, according to the relationship between similarity degree and Euclidean distance, the local gray relational distances (LGRD), the global gray relational distances (GGRD) and the global gray relational grades (GGRG) were calculated, and consequently, the fault recognition result was obtained by using the max membership degree principle. Finally, the engineering practicability and validity of the EW-GRA method was demonstrated by a centrifugal compressor fault diagnosis example, and the results show that the EW-GRA method is more effective and accurate than the traditional gray relational analysis (T-GRA) method and the weighted gray relational analysis (W-GRA) method.
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V.P, Ravi, Raja M, Balusamy T, Anbarasan P, and Sankaran R.A. "Analysis of ECM performance using critic GRA ‎method." International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 14, no. 1 (2025): 23–31. https://doi.org/10.14419/rgh5jx90.

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A hybrid CRITIC-GRA method is adopted to determine the best possible parameter combinations for the ECM drilling process. The input process parameters considered were voltage, duty cycle, and electrolyte concentration. The performance measures ‎considered are machining rate (MR), overcut (OC), and surface corrosion factor (SCF). CRITIC evaluates the standard deviations as 0.33, ‎‎0.29, and 0.29 for MR, OC, and SCF respectively. The weights were calculated as 0.327, 0.238, and 0.435 for MR, OC, and SCF respectively. It ‎was evaluated that voltage at level 3 (9V), duty cycle at level 3 (90%), and electrolyte concentration at level 2 (30gm/l), were the ideal combination for the ECM drilling process. Duty cycle and electrolyte concentration were shown to be the most important parameters influencing ‎quality features based on the ANOVA results. The confirmation results have improved the GRG by 0.1309 from the initial value‎.
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Zhao, Hongzhi, and Fengqiang Zhang. "Combined Probabilistic Linguistic Group Decision-Making for Quality Evaluation of Continuing Education for Primary and Secondary School Teachers." International Journal of Decision Support System Technology 17, no. 1 (2025): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijdsst.368248.

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With the advancement of material and spiritual aspects of society, alongside improvements in economic, political, technological, and educational systems, continuing education for primary and secondary school teachers has developed rapidly. Evaluating the quality of continuing education programs is a complex task that falls under the category of multiple attribute group decision-making (MAGDM). Recently, methods like Exponential TODIM (ExpTODIM) and grey relational analysis (GRA) have been used to address such challenges, providing effective tools for handling decisions involving multiple criteria. This manuscript proposes a novel method, the probabilistic linguistic ExpTODIM-GRA (PL-ExpTODIM-GRA) approach, to tackle MAGDM problems under PLTSs. By combining the advantages of ExpTODIM and GRA, this method provides a robust framework for evaluating the quality of continuing education for primary and secondary school teachers. To validate the proposed method, a numerical case study is presented, demonstrating its application in real-world evaluations of teacher education programs.
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Wang, Chun, Weihua Zhang, Cong Wu, Heng Hu, and Wenjia Zhu. "Combined Prediction Method of Short-Term Distance Headway Based on EB-GRA-TCN." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2022 (November 7, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6456186.

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As an essential parameter to represent vehicle following characteristics, distance headway (DHW) plays an essential role in microtraffic flow simulation, traffic control, and traffic safety alarm. However, due to the randomness, nonlinearity, and correlation of DHW data, constructing DHW prediction models is difficult. Moreover, few studies have considered the time correlation between the historical DHW and the target DHW. To solve the above problems, a DHW prediction model is proposed in this paper by integrating entropy-based grey relation analysis (EB-GRA) and temporal convolutional network (TCN), named as EB-GRA-TCN model. In the model, the EB-GRA is adopted to calculate the correlation between the target DHW and historical DHW sequences, and the DHW data with high correlation are dynamically selected as the optimal input of the DHW prediction model. Then, the TCN algorithm is used to train the DHW prediction model. The TCN architecture integrates the advantages of recurrent neural network (RNN) and convolutional neural network (CNN), which could fully use the previous DHW information. In the experiment, the DHW data from Hefei Expressway are utilized for training the EB-GRA-TCN model. The prediction results showed that the average root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) of the proposed model were 0.115 and 0.090, respectively, in the 5, 10, and 15 predicted steps. Compared with the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), TCN, RNN, and long short-term memory (LSTM) models, the EB-GRA-TCN model achieved the best prediction accuracy. The results indicated that the EB-GRA-TCN model obtained good predictive performance and could provide support for road traffic control and traffic safety warming.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "GRA method"

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Grau, Yegros Ilse. "Tape Mbo'e: A Service Oriented Method." Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2015. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/1430/2/ILSE-GRAU-THESIS.pdf.

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In developing countries, normally, different e-government applications do not exchange data each other, affecting the quality of service provided to citizens and the transparency. This situation has motived us to focus on the development of applications in such domain and, more specifically, on the interoperability among these applications. The interoperability has been implemented in e-government context of multiple countries through the Service-Oriented Computing (SOC). In addition to the interoperability, SOC provides considerable benefits. However, developing a service-based e-government application (SBeA) is a complex challenge and requires a software engineering method to manage its development process. The potential method should take into account not only design, construction, and maintenance of SBeA, but also it should consider the context in which it will be used (i.e, developing countries). In fact, in these countries, the scarcity of economic resources and qualified professionals can impose constraints to carry out e-government projects. Thus, the adopted methods have to maintain the costs low and to consider aspects related to long-term sustainability of the applications from the beginning. These issues suggest the adoption of Agile Methods (AMs) that have been proved to offer benefits in different projects in developing countries. However, they do not include SOC characteristics. Therefore, we have proposed Tape Mbo'e (TME), that is an extension of the agile method "OpenUP" to support the construction and the maintenance of SBeA in developing countries. TME has been used in five case studies, which embraced both academia and public organizations in Paraguay. It is important to remark that it was the first application of this type of evaluation in the public sector in Paraguay. A full validation of TME requires a long-term study, including its applications in a consistent number of e-government projects. This is out of the scope, and the possibility, of the current thesis. Nevertheless, the initial results of the different case studies indicate the feasibility and simplicity of TME when it is applied in this context.
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Raihen, Nurul. "Convergence Rates for Hestenes' Gram-Schmidt Conjugate Direction Methodwithout Derivatives in Numerical Optimization." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1494608232437057.

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Skan, Moa. "Reconstructing ICMEs with the toroidal Grad-Shafranov method." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutet för rymdfysik, Uppsalaavdelningen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-382398.

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The main objective of this thesis is to model the magneticstructure of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICME) measuredin-situ from the WIND spacecraft positioned at L1. The modeling isdone by a magnetohydrodynamic reconstruction technique based onthe GS equation with a toroidal geometry. The purpose has been toextend the application of the reconstruction program to real dataand to test its performance when different input parameters arechanged. Two events are presented; 16-17 May 2012 and 15-16 May2005 ICMEs have been successfully reconstructed with this model. The main achievements of the study are that a) the code now worksfor real data b) the important parameters that can be changed fordifferent reconstructions in the code are the number of iterationsused to find the optimal Z-axis, the plasma pressure and the orderof the polynomial fitting of the flux functional, c) if all crosssection reconstructions for different variations of theseparameters strongly resembles each other then this is anindication that the model approximation is good and that the fluxrope exists. The results have been compared and verified withpreviously published studies of these events. Using a toroidal geometry for the GS reconstruction method weobtain very similar results to the one obtained with differentreconstruction techniques.This implies that at L1, the ICMEs haveexpanded so much that a cylindrical geometry is sufficient todescribe the flux rope geometry. The toroidal Grad-Shafranovreconstruction technique is best suited for circular, or slightlyelongated, flux rope cross section profiles but have been provento work for one complex ejecta consisting of two merged fluxropes. The toroidal model might become an important asset in thefuture when data from spacecraft closer to the Sun, such as ParkerSolar Probe and Solar Orbiter, is public. When the major radius ofthe flux rope is smaller the choice of geometry will most likelyhave a larger role than for measurements at L1 and so, thetoroidal Grad-Shafranov reconstruction technique will probably bethe better alternative of the models that exists today.
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Borivoj, Subotić. "Grafovske metode u geometriji i geometrijske metode u grafovima." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2005. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=73402&source=NDLTD&language=en.

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U prvoj glavi dat je prikaz osnovnih pojmova koji se koriste u tezi, sa naglaskom na osnovne pojmove teorije grafova. U drugoj glavi daju se grafovski dokazi nekih geometrijskih problema. Na primer, dajemo dokaz poznate teoreme Silvestra. iz Kombinatorne geometrije, koristeći grafove. Treće poglavlje sadrži neke geometrijske dokaze u grafovima. Na primer, poznatu Turanovu teoremu, Pikovu teoremu i drugo. U četvrtom poglavlju dajemo metodičku transformaciju prethodnih problema. Neki od problema razloženi su na delove koji se mogu prezentirati od osnovne &scaron;kole do poslediplomskih studija. Peto poglavlje sadrži komentare prethodnog, kao i preporuku UNESCO-a iz 1992. godine o obrazovanju učenika u novom milenijumu.<br>Chapter 1 contains a shoot review of the basic notions which are used in the thesis with emphasis on the basic notions of graph theory. In Chapter&nbsp; 2we present graph proofs of some geometrical problems. For example, we present some proofs of the well known theorem of Sylvester, from Combinatorial geometry, using graph methods. In Chapter 3 we present some proofs in graphs which use geometry. For example, famous Turan&rsquo;s theorem, Pick&rsquo;s theorem and some others. Chapter 4 contains methodology transformations i.e. we apply the results from the previous chapters to the situations in the clossroom. In Chapter 5 we have some comments of UNESCO, from 1992, on education of children.
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Adolfsson, Stefan. "Quality monitoring in pulsed GMA welding using signal processing methods." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, 1995. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-18082.

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Wiggins, Benjamin. "Wronskian and Gram Solutions to Integrable Equations using Bilinear Methods." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2017. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/751.

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This thesis presents Wronskian and Gram solutions to both the Korteweg-de Vries and Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equations, which are then scalable to arbitrarily large numbers of interacting solitons. Through variable transformation and use of the Hirota derivative, these nonlinear partial differential equations can be expressed in bilinear form. We present both Wronskian and Gram determinants which satisfy the equations. N=1,2,3 and higher order solutions are presented graphically; parameter tuning and the resultant behavioral differences are demonstrated and discussed. In addition, we compare these solutions to naturally occurring shallow water waves on beaches.
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Gajic, Ruzica, and Isabelle Söder. "Arbetslöshetsförsäkringens finansiering : Hur påverkas arbetslöshetskassornas medlemsantal av en förhöjd grad av avgiftsfinansiering?" Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-126711.

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<p>Sedan årsskiftet 2006/2007 har antalet medlemmar i arbetslöshetskassorna minskat drastiskt. Under samma period har ett flertal reformer genomförts på arbetslöshetsförsäkringens område som bland annat resulterat i höjda medlemsavgifter för de flesta a-kassorna. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka huruvida det över tid går att finna något samband mellan förändringar i medlemsantal och medlemsavgifter. För att undersöka detta måste man förutom avgifterna även ta hänsyn till andra variabler kopplade till arbetslöshetsförsäkringen. Dessa övriga variabler är grundbelopp, högsta dagpenning, ersättningsgrad och arbetslöshet. Vi formulerar en modell för sambandet mellan medlemsantal och dessa variabler och skattar denna genom metoden Generalized Method of Moments med hjälp av data från 2000-2009. Våra resultat visar i enlighet med teori och tidigare forskning på ett negativt samband mellan medlemsavgifter och antalet medlemmar i a-kassan. Detta samband visar sig vara starkt, särskilt på lång sikt. För att tydigare se hur avgiftsförändringar påverkar olika typer av individer i olika grad har vi även undersökt huruvida medlemsantalet i a-kassor kopplade till tjänstemanna- respektive arbetarförbund är olika känsliga för förändringar i avgiften. Våra resultat visar i kontrast till tidigare studier att a-kassorna kopplade till tjänstemannaförbunden (TCO och Saco) är mer känsliga för förändringar jämfört med arbetarförbunden (LO). Detta skapar anledning att tro att det finns andra faktorer än avgifter och de övriga variablerna som inkluderats i vår modell vilka påverkar anslutningsgraden och som kan förklara skillnaden mellan de olika grupperna.</p>
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Comas, Lou Enric. "Application of the generalized rank annihilation method (GRAM) to second-order liquid chromatographic data." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8995.

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Les mesures analítiques i els instruments que les generen poden classificar-se en funció del numero de dades que s'obtenen al mesurar una mostra. Si s'obté una matriu de respostes, s'anomenen dades d'ordre dos.<br/>En aquesta tesi es van utilitzar els dades d'ordre dos, obtingudes mitjançant un cromatògraf líquid d'alta resolució amb un detector de diodes en fila (DAD).<br/>L'instrument HPLC-DAD és força comú. Tot i això, normalment, per determinar la concentració dels analits d'interès no s'utilitzen totes les dades enregistrades per l'instrument. El mode espectral només s'utilitza per identificar els analits o per verificar la puresa dels pics, mentre que l'àrea o l'alçada del pic s'utilitza per quantificar mitjançant calibratge univariant. Aquesta manera de treballar és molt útil sempre i quan la resposta mesurada sigui selectiva per l'analit d'interès.<br/>En analitzar contaminants ambientals en mostres complexes, com poden ser mostres d'aigua de riu, no és senzill obtenir mesures selectives. Quan les respostes no son selectives, els mètodes de calibratge de segon ordre (els que utilitzen dades de segon ordre) es poden utlitzar per a quantificar l'analit d'interès.<br/>La present tesi es basa en l'estudi de les propietats del mètode de calibratge de segon ordre Generalized Rank Annihilation Method (GRAM). Aquest mètode fou desenvolupat a mitjans de la dècada dels 80, i té unes propietats molt atractives:<br/>1) Per a determinar la concentració de l'analit d'interès en una mostra test només cal una mostra de calibratge o estàndard.<br/>2) No calen mesures selectives, amb la qual cosa el temps de la separació es pot reduir de manera considerable.<br/>Tot i això, el GRAM té una sèrie de limitacions que fan que no s'apliqui de manera rutinària. L'objectiu de la tesi és estudiar els avantatges i les limitacions del GRAM i millorar els aspectes necessaris per a què és pugui aplicar de manera rutinària.<br/>Per emprar GRAM les dades experimentals han de complir una sèrie de requisits matemàtics: (i) la resposta mesurada ha de ser suma de respostes corresponents als diferents analits i (ii) la resposta d'un analit ha de ser proporcional en les diferents mostres: l'analit ha d'eluir exactament al mateix temps de retenció tant en l'estàndard com en la mostra test. Si aquest requisit no es compleix, les prediccions del GRAM son esbiaixades.<br/>S'han desenvolupat fórmules de superar aquestes dificultats. S'ha desenvolupat un mètode per alienar pics cromatogràfics, basat en un mètode de resolució de corbes (Iterative Target Transformation Factor Analysis, ITTFA). En sistemes HPLC-DAD, és força habitual que els pics de l'analit d'interès elueixin a diferents temps de retenció.<br/>Les diferencies no son gaire grans (pocs segons) però poden ser suficients per fer que els resultats del GRAM siguin incorrectes.<br/>El GRAM és un mètode basat en factors, i cal introduir aquest paràmetre per a calcular un model. S'ha desenvolupat un mètode gràfic per a triar el nombre de factors que s'utilitzen per calcular el model GRAM. Està basat en un paràmetre de l'algorisme GRAM (á).<br/>Finalment s'ha desenvolupat un criteri per a determinar mostres discrepants (outliers).<br/>El criteri desenvolupat per detectar outliers està basat en el Senyal Analític Net (NAS).<br/>Tot l'esmentat anteriorment, s'ha aplicat a casos reals, en concret a l'anàlisi de naftalensulfonats i de contaminats polars presents en mostres d'aigua, tant de riu com de depuradora. Així s'ha pogut demostrar la utilitat del GRAM a la cromatografia, i comparar el GRAM amb altres mètodes de calibratge de segon ordre com el PARAFAC i MCR-ALS. Es va trobar que tots tres mètodes produïen resultats comparables.<br>Analytical measurements and the instruments that generate them can be classified regarding the number of data that are obtained when a sample is measured. When a matrix of response is obtained, it is known as second-order data.<br/>In this thesis, second-order data were used, obtained from a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) couple with a diode array detector (DAD). This instrument is quite common in the analytical laboratories. However, the concentration of the analytes of interest is normally found without using all the measured data. The spectral model only is used to identify the analytes of for verifying the peak purity, whereas the area or the height of the peak is used to quantify using univariate calibration. This is a very useful strategy. However, the measured response must be selective to the analyte of interest.<br/>When environmental pollutants were analyzed, like water samples, it is no so easy to get selective measurements. When the responses are not selective, the analyte on interest can still be quantified by using second-order calibration methods, which are the methods that use second-order data.<br/>This thesis is based on the study of the properties of the second-order calibration method Generalized Rank Annihilation Method (GRAM).<br/>This method was developed in the mid eighties and has very attractive properties:<br/>1) To determine the concentration of the analyte of interest in a test sample, it is only necessary one calibration sample or standard.<br/>2) Selective measurements are not necessary, implying the reduce of the separation time.<br/>Despite these advantages, GRAM has some limitations which make that it is not applied routinely. The objectives of the thesis are to study the advantages and limitations of GRAM and improve the negative points in order to apply GRAM routinely.<br/>To use GRAM the experimental data must accomplish some mathematical requirements: (i) the measured response must be result of the addition due to the different analytes in the peak and (ii) the response of the analyte must be proportional in the different samples: the analyte of interest must elute at the same retention time both in the calibration and in the test sample. When these conditions are not met, the GRAM predictions are biased.<br/>Mathematical algorithms have been developed to overcome such difficulties. An algorithm to align chromatographic peaks has been developed, based on curve resolution method (Iterative Target Transformation Factor Analysis, ITTFA). In HPLCDAD systems is quite often that the peaks of the analyte of interest elute at different retention time in the calibration and in the test sample. Even the differences are not big (few seconds), they can be enough to make the GRAM results incorrect.<br/>GRAM is a factor based calibration method, and the number of factors has to be introduced as an input to build a GRAM method. A graphical criterion has been selected to determine the number the number of factors, which is base on the use of a parameter of the GRAM algorithm (á).<br/>Finally, a criterion to detect outlying samples has been developed, which is based on the Net Analyte Signal (NAS).<br/>All the above commented were applied to real cases. Specifically to the analysis of aromatic sulfonates and polar pollutants in water form river samples and waste water plants. We were able to show the applicability of GRAM and to compare GRAM with other second-order calibration methods, such as PARAFAC i MCR-ALS. We found that the three methods provided comparable results.
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Mikhailov, I. F., A. A. Baturin, Ye A. Bugaev, A. I. Mikhailov, and S. S. Borisova. "Metal Films as Mass Standard Samples in the Nano-Gram Range." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35167.

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Attestation of magnetron sputtered films as mass standards is presented. Homogeneous, long-lived metal films were measured by different methods for comparison. The accuracy of the order 1 ng was found to be provided by application of the metal film standards for element analysis by X-ray fluorescent method. Keywords: Thin Films, Nano-Standards, Magnetron Sputtering, X-ray Reflectometry, X-ray Fluorescent When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35167
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Glassford, Eric. "Comparison of Grab, Air, and Surface Results for Radiation Site Characterization." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1307442130.

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Books on the topic "GRA method"

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Raymer, Dottie. Grab a star. SRA/McGraw-Hill, 2000.

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Schwab, Adolf J. Field Theory Concepts: Electromagnetic Fields Maxwell's Equations grad, curl, div. etc. Finite-Element Method Finite-Difference Method Charge Simulation Method Monte Carlo Method. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988.

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Clay, George R. Tolstoy's Phoenix: From method to meaning in War and Peace. Northwestern University Press, 1998.

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Görke, Winfried. Fehlertolerierende Rechensysteme / Fault-tolerant Computing Systems: Automatisierungssysteme, Methoden, Anwendungen / Automation Systems, Methods, Applications 4. Internationale GI/ITG/GMA-Fachtagung 4th International GI/ITG/GMA Conference Baden-Baden, 20.-22. September 1989, Proceedings. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989.

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Straub, Thomas. Reasons for Frequent Failure in Mergers and Acquisitions: A Comprehensive Analysis. Deutscher UniversitSts-Verlag GWV Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden, 2007.

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Hammond, Eugene W. Chromatography for the analysis of lipids. CRC Press, 1993.

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Newbolt, Peter. G.A. Henty, 1832-1902: A bibliographical study of his British editions, with short accounts of his publishers, illustrators and designers, and notes on production methods used for his books. Scolar Press, 1996.

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Newbolt, Peter. G.A. Henty, 1832-1902: A bibliographical study of his British editions, with short accounts of his publishers, illustrators, and designers, and notes on production methods used for his books. 2nd ed. Polyglot Press, 2005.

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Takao, Kumazawa, Kruger Lawrence, and Mizumura Kazue, eds. The polymodal receptor: A gateway to pathological pain. Elsevier, 1996.

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Silberberger, Jan, ed. Against and for Method: Revisiting Architectural Design as ResearchAgainst and for Method: Revisiting Architectural Design as Research. gta Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54872/gta/4550.

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Can design processes constitute genuine forms of research? Of course they can. "Against and For Method" highlights exemplary cases of how studio architects teach architectural design, both with and without methodological and research approaches strictly in mind. This edited volume openly addresses deficiencies in studio teaching and proposes possibilities for integrating methodological approaches into teaching and practice. Contributions by leading scholars in architecture, plus interviews with five practicing architects who are studio professors at ETH Zurich, reveal the ways in which design concepts are considered, teased apart and passed along. The texts contributions and interviews intend to urge studio teachers to reflect on their methods and consider to what extent systematic and conceptually coherent approaches aid their students.
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Book chapters on the topic "GRA method"

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Liu, Hu-Chen. "FMEA Using Fuzzy Evidential Reasoning and GRA Method." In FMEA Using Uncertainty Theories and MCDM Methods. Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1466-6_5.

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Yu, Jiayang, Jiansheng Guo, Xiaofeng Zhang, Mingxi Ma, Sai Yao, and Wenjie Tian. "Aviation Safety Management Decision Based on HFACS-GRA-MFR Method." In Proceedings of the 2022 3rd International Conference on Management Science and Engineering Management (ICMSEM 2022). Atlantis Press International BV, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-038-1_54.

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Shah, Divij, Kevin Kamdar, and Sandeep Vaity. "Optimization of EDM Process Parameters Using GRA & Taguchi Method." In Proceedings of International Conference on Intelligent Manufacturing and Automation. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7971-2_20.

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Mansouri, Mouad, and Cherkaoui Leghris. "An Adaptation of GRA Method for Network Selection in Vertical Handover Context." In International Conference on Information Technology and Communication Systems. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64719-7_15.

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Kumar, Vidyapati, and Shankar Chakraborty. "Analysis of the Surface Roughness Characteristics of EDMed Components Using GRA Method." In Lecture Notes on Multidisciplinary Industrial Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73495-4_32.

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Liu, Zhen, Zhongjun Ma, Lei Yang, and Haolin Qiu. "Research on Regional Carbon Emission Prediction Method Based on GRA-PCA-Transformer." In Environmental Science and Engineering. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-85481-1_6.

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Yüksel, Hilmi, Gülper Basmacı, and Serkan Genç. "Evaluation of the Challenges of Companies in Industry 4.0 Transformation by GRA Method." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62784-3_26.

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Garg, Mohinder Pal, Manpreet Singh, and Sarbjit Singh. "Micro-machining and Process Optimization of Electrochemical Discharge Machining (ECDM) Process by GRA Method." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16943-5_33.

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Kumar, Sandeep, and Abhishek Singh. "Multi-objective Optimization of Green Drilling Parameters on HcHcr Steel Using GRA-TOPSIS with PCA Method." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7709-1_2.

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Pranav, R., Md I. Equbal, Azhar Equbal, and K. Kishore. "Taguchi-Based GRA Method for Multi-Response Optimization of Spool Bore in EHSV Made Up of Stainless Steel 440C." In Advanced Manufacturing Methods. CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780367822385-4.

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Conference papers on the topic "GRA method"

1

Mohan, Narendra, Ashish Sharma, Santosh Gore, Swati Sharma, Varsharani D. Shelkande, and Shubhangi Ravindra Shelar. "Software Testing Technique Selection using the GRA MCDM Method." In 2024 8th International Conference on I-SMAC (IoT in Social, Mobile, Analytics and Cloud) (I-SMAC). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i-smac61858.2024.10714869.

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Cao, Xin, Zhen Xu, Bo Li, He Zhao, Yucheng Hou, and Zhifa Lin. "Research on Substation Load Forecasting Method Based on GRA-LSTM." In 2024 The 9th International Conference on Power and Renewable Energy (ICPRE). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/icpre62586.2024.10768526.

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Zhou, Mingxuan, Jiahui Wu, Mingzhu Yan, and Changzhi Dong. "New Power System Vulnerability Assessment Method Based on Improved GRA-TOPSIS." In 2024 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Mechatronics Technology (ICEEMT). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceemt63201.2024.10692557.

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Wei, Zechen, Nanyang Wang, Zexi Zhang, Juntao Chen, Yujia Li, and Xiaolin Qi. "Research on Complexity Evaluation Method for Dispatch Automatic Generation Control Software Based on GRA." In 2025 IEEE 8th Information Technology and Mechatronics Engineering Conference (ITOEC). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/itoec63606.2025.10967826.

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Svete, Anej, Nadav Borenstein, Mike Zhou, Isabelle Augenstein, and Ryan Cotterell. "Can Transformers Learn n-gram Language Models?" In Proceedings of the 2024 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.emnlp-main.550.

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Noji, Hiroshi, Daichi Mochihashi, and Yusuke Miyao. "Improvements to the Bayesian Topic N-Gram Models." In Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/d13-1118.

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Yaghooti, Bahram, Netanel Raviv, and Bruno Sinopoli. "Gram-Schmidt Methods for Unsupervised Feature Selection." In 2024 IEEE 63rd Conference on Decision and Control (CDC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/cdc56724.2024.10886721.

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Merrill, William, Noah A. Smith, and Yanai Elazar. "Evaluating n-Gram Novelty of Language Models Using Rusty-DAWG." In Proceedings of the 2024 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.emnlp-main.800.

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Vimal, Jyoti, and Arti Badhoutiya. "Composite Material Selection using GRA MCDM Method." In 2023 1st International Conference on Cognitive Computing and Engineering Education (ICCCEE). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icccee55951.2023.10424428.

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Ni, Kai, Yaoting Zhang, and Shiling Chen. "A method of risk assessment based on GRA algorithm." In International Conference on Information Management and Management Engineering. WIT Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/imme140431.

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Reports on the topic "GRA method"

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Thompson and Anderson. GRl-90-0337 Identification of Injected Storage Gas. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011193.

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This project developed and evaluated methods for distinguishing between natural gases from different sources. Identification of particular "batches" of gas can be of considerable importance. For example, means of distinguishing between gases can demonstrate whether a gas appearing at the surface over a storage area is migrating storage gas or is gas formed by bacterial action above the storage zone. As another example, identification methods can allow detection of migration from a storage zone to an adjacent production zone. Two general methods were evaluated/developed in this project; tracers and compositional methods. Relative migration rates of a series of potential tracers were evaluated under a variety of conditions and in varying reservoir materials. Tracers having the best migration characteristics were identified. Potential tracers (either present in natural gas or added) which are not detected by electron capture or flame ionization detectors need improved methods of detection. The discharge ionization detector was evaluated for the detection of argon, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, Freon-14 (carbon tetrafluoride), and neon. Two computer programs, based on regression and factor analysis methods, to aid in the identification of gases using compositional analyses, were further developed and improved.
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Olsen, Daniel, Jessica Adair, and Bryan Willson. GRI-04-0158 Precombustion Chamber Fuel Metering with an Electronic Fuel Valve. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011538.

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Precombustion chamber (PCC) ignition is a common method for extending the lean limit and reducing combustion variability in large bore natural gas engines. An important component that fails the most and requires regular replacement, besides the spark plug, is the checkvalve. In this program the use of an electronic valve for monitoring fuel to the PCC instead of the checkvalve is investigated. Other methods of improving PCC performance are also studied, such as nitrogen enrichment and PCC nozzle design. Additionally, emissions formation in the PCC is evaluated through the use of a separate pressure transducer in the PCC and a fast sample valve that extracts gas from the PCC. The electronic PCC valve was installed and used to meter fuel to the PCC in a Cooper-Bessemer GMV-4TF large bore natural gas engine. Electronic PCC valve parameters, injection duration, timing, and pressure, were optimized.
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Gammon, P., and S. Alpay. Aquatic soft sediment sampling methods: freeze coring and grab/hand coring. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/288040.

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Gammon, P., and S. Alpay. Aquatic soft sediment sampling methods: freeze coring and grab/hand coring. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/288049.

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Olsen, Daniel, and Bryan Willson. GRI-02-0201 Emissions Reduction Methods for 4SLB Industrial NG Engines. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011535.

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This project utilizes the Engines and Energy Conversion Laboratory (EECL) at Colorado State University (CSU) to evaluate the existing methods for controlling emissions and to identify and quantify new methods for mitigation. The EECL has two 4-Stroke Lean-Burn (4SLB) and a 4-Stroke Rich-Burn (4SRB) currently installed at its industrial engine test bed (IETB). The work demonstrates, using A 4SLB only, the contribution of the criteria pollutants NOx and CO, and hazardous air pollutant (HAPs) formaldehyde, formed in the pre-combustion chamber (PCC) compared to that formed in the power cylinder.
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Young and Wasson. GRI-90-0229 Casing Leak Repair. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010909.

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This effort studied the leakage of gas from storage wells by performing an industry survey of operators. Over 74* of the injection/production wells in the U.S. and Canada were covered by the survey. The survey included the number of well leaks per year, the average leak rate, and the type of leak. A cost-benefit analysis of repair techniques was performed to identify the most effective repair methods.
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Howland. GRI-04-0066 Functional Specifications - Advanced Controls for Two-Stroke Cycle Stationary Engines. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011051.

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A functional specification was developed for new digital control algorithms to replace methods traditionally controlled by pneumatic controllers. The specification includes input/output requirements and details on control methods.
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Justus, Alan Lawrence. Simple grab sampling methods for the measurement of WL(Rn) and WL(Tn) concentrations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1441280.

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George, J. L. Procedure manual for the estimation of average indoor radon-daughter concentrations using the radon grab-sampling method. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5754039.

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Arévalo-Sáenz, Alejandra, Borja Ferrández Pujante, and Fernando J. Rascón-Ramírez. Peritumoral Edema in Resected Meningiomas: Study of Factors Associated with the Variability of Postoperative Duration. Science Repository, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31487/j.scr.2024.01.05.

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Background: It is well known that edema can persist after meningioma resection, and sometimes it is not resolved after this time. This study aimed to establish the relationship between a series of variables associated with meningioma or surgery, and the duration of postoperative edema. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of 77 meningiomas resected at our institution between January 2016 and January 2018 with a maximum follow-up period of up to three years. The independent variables collected were demographics, tumor location, relationship with the sinuses (invasion/contact), relationship with arterial structures, deviation from the midline, volume (cm3), degree of initial edema, WHO histological classification, degree of atypia, degree of resection, previous embolization, and development of complications. The edema levels were classified according to the classification described by Ide et al. (1995): GR0, GR1, and GR2. Measurements were performed using FLAIR magnetic resonance sequences. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS 21. Results: Age (p=0.003), deviation from the midline (p=0.001), and tumor volume (p&lt;0.001) were correlated with outcome using Spearman's test. Univariate analysis revealed that the localization (p=0.016), initial edema (p&lt;0.001), degree of atypia (p=0.019), and presence of previous embolization (p=0.037) were statistically significant. In multivariate analysis, only age, initial edema, and embolization were significant independent predictors. Conclusion: These results suggest that the degree of initial edema, midline deviation, tumor volume, tumor location, degree of atypia, and previous embolization may be important predictors of postoperative edema duration.
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