To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Graafian follicle. Ovaries. Sows.
Journal articles on the topic 'Graafian follicle. Ovaries. Sows'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 29 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Graafian follicle. Ovaries. Sows.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Rybska, Marta, Sandra Knap, Maurycy Jankowski, Michal Jeseta, Dorota Bukowska, Paweł Antosik, Michał Nowicki, Maciej Zabel, Bartosz Kempisty, and Jędrzej M. Jaśkowski. "Characteristic of factors influencing the proper course of folliculogenesis in mammals." Medical Journal of Cell Biology 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acb-2018-0006.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractFolliculogenesis is the process of ovarian follicle formation,, taking presence during foetal period. During the follicular development, oogoniums undergo meiosis and oocytes are formed. In the ovaries of new born sows, primary and secondary follicles are present and, 90 days after birth, tertiary follicles appear. During development in the ovarian follicles growth of granulosa cells and differentiation of the thecal cells can be observed. A cavity filled with follicular fluid appears. Granulosa cells are divided into: mural cells and corona radiata, which together with the oocyte form the cumulus oophorus. Corona radiata cells, mural layers and oolemma contact each other by a network of gap junctions. Secreted from the pituitary gland, FSH and LH gonadotropin hormones act on receptors located in granular and follicular cells. In the postnatal life tertiary follicles and Graafian follicles are formed. When the follicle reaches a diameter of 1 mm, further growth depends on the secretion of gonadotropins. Mature ovarian follicles produce: progestins, androgens and oestrogens. The growth, differentiation and steroidogenic activity of ovarian follicles, in addition to FSH and LH, is also affected by prolactin, oxytocin, steroid and protein hormones, numerous proteins from the cytokine and interleukin family, metabolic hormones like insulin, glucocorticoids, leptin, thyroid hormones and growth hormones. Despite numerous studies, many processes related to folliculogenesis have not been discovered Learning the mechanisms regulating reproductive processes would allow to easily distinguish pathological processes and discover more and more genes and mechanisms of their expression in cells that build ovarian follicles.
2
Gerritsen, R., B. F. A. Laurenssen, W. Hazeleger, P. Langendijk, B. Kemp, and N. M. Soede. "Cystic ovaries in intermittently-suckled sows: follicle growth and endocrine profiles." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 26, no. 3 (2014): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd12382.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents follicle development and hormone profiles for sows with normal ovulation or cystic follicles during an intermittent-suckling (IS) regime that started at Day 14 of lactation. Sows were subjected to separation from their piglets during blocks of 6 h or 12 h. In total, 8 out of 52 sows developed cystic follicles; either full cystic ovaries (n = 6) or partial ovulation (n = 2). Increase in follicle size of these sows was similar to that of normal ovulating sows until pre-ovulatory size at Day 5 after the start of separation, but from then on became larger (P < 0.05). LH surge was smaller or absent in sows that developed (partially) cystic ovaries (0.4 ± 0.1 vs 3.6 ± 0.3 ng mL–1; P < 0.01). Peak levels of oestradiol (E2) were similar but high E2 levels persisted in sows that developed (partly) cystic ovaries and duration of oestrus tended to be longer. The risk of developing (partly) cystic ovaries was higher when IS occurred in blocks of 6 h versus 12 h (33 vs 10%). In conclusion, the appearance of cystic ovaries at approximately Day 20 of ongoing lactation was related to an insufficient LH surge, as is also the case in non-lactating sows.
3
Perven, Hosna Ara, Abu Sadat Mohammad Nurunnabi, and Shamim Ara. "Histomorphometric study of the follicles of the ovary in Bangladeshi women." Journal of Bangladesh Society of Physiologist 7, no. 2 (April 5, 2013): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbsp.v7i2.14458.
Full textAbstract:
Background: The accurate assessment of size and number of ovarian follicles are paramount to understanding the physiology of female reproduction. Objective: To observe the variation in size of the Graafian follicle and follicular number with age in Bangladeshi women. Methods: This descriptive type of study was done in the Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, from January to December 2009, on 140 post mortem human ovaries collected from 70 unclaimed female dead bodies from the morgue of Forensic Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. The samples were divided into three age-groups including group A (10-13 years), group B (14-45 years) and group C (46-52 years). 10 best prepared histological slides from 14-45 years age group were examined to determine the average size of Graafian follicle and 20 slides from each group were taken to determine the number of follicles. Results: The average diameter of the Graafian follicles of the right is slightly higher than that of the left ovary but not statistically significant (p>0.05). No difference was found in follicular number in between the right and the left ovaries at any age group. However, the difference in number of the follicles of the ovary were statistically significant in between age groups A & C and B & C (p<0.001). Conclusion: The average diameter of Graafian follicle was found greater in the right ovary than the left ovary. However, the number of ovarian follicles was found to decrease in old age. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbsp.v7i2.14458 J Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2012, December; 7(2): 89-93
4
Lopes, Tania P., Lorena Padilla, Alfonso Bolarin, Heriberto Rodriguez-Martinez, and Jordi Roca. "Ovarian Follicle Growth during Lactation Determines the Reproductive Performance of Weaned Sows." Animals 10, no. 6 (June 10, 2020): 1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10061012.
Full textAbstract:
Factors causing variability in ovarian follicle size among weaned sows are not well known. This field study aimed to disclose influencing factors and evaluate if the differences at weaning were established during lactation. Ovaries were scanned using transrectal ultrasound. The first experiment was conducted over a year with 191 randomly chosen sows that were hierarchically grouped (p < 0.001) according to ovarian follicle diameter reached at weaning: Small (0.20–0.30 cm; n = 37), medium (0.31–0.39 cm; n = 75), and large (0.40-1.00 cm; n = 69). Sows with small follicles showed a higher incidence of post-weaning anestrus (p < 0.01), longer wean-to-estrus/ovulation intervals (p < 0.01) and farrowing smaller litters (p < 0.05). Ovaries with small follicles were more common among sows weaned in summer–autumn than in winter–spring (p < 0.01) and among sows of lower parity (1–3) (p < 0.05). In the second experiment, with 40 sows randomly chosen at farrowing, the ovaries were scanned at 7, 14, and 21 d post-partum. Sows showed great variability in ovarian follicular size during lactation with a consistent relationship between the three measurement times (r = 0.84, p < 0.01). Follicle size was smaller in sows nursing in summer–autumn than in winter–spring (p < 0.05). In conclusion, early lactation dictates the great variability in ovarian follicular diameter at weaning shown by sows. Sows with smaller follicles at weaning had longer intervals for estrus and ovulation and smaller litters at farrowing and they were in greater numbers among sows weaned during the summer and fall and among those with fewer previous farrowing.
5
Lopes, Tania P., Lorena Padilla, Alfonso Bolarin, Heriberto Rodriguez-Martinez, and Jordi Roca. "Weaned Sows with Small Ovarian Follicles Respond Poorly to the GnRH Agonist Buserelin." Animals 10, no. 11 (October 28, 2020): 1979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10111979.
Full textAbstract:
The GnRH agonist buserelin (GnRH), used to synchronize ovulation in weaned sows, attains only 70–80% effectivity, owing to several reasons of ovarian origin. This study evaluated in particular whether mean ovarian follicle size at treatment and the season of weaning are among those influencing GnRH responsiveness. The experiment was carried out in a temperate-region farm with 352 sows of 1–6 parities weaned either in winter–spring (WS, 174 sows) or in summer–autumn (SA, 178 sows). The sows were randomized into two groups: GnRH (10 µg of buserelin acetate at 86 h after weaning, 172 sows) and control (180 sows). The ovaries were transrectally scanned from weaning to ovulation and the sows clustered according to their mean follicular size at treatment time: small (<0.5 cm in diameter), medium (0.5 to 0.64 cm) and large (0.65 to 1.09 cm). In total, 88.33% of the GnRH-treated sows ovulated, with 82% of them within the expected time window (120–132 h after weaning). In contrast, 95.45% of the unresponsive sows had small follicles at the time of treatment and were mostly weaned in SA (20.45%) than in WS (4.76%). In conclusion, the conspicuous presence of sows having small ovarian follicles at treatment time compromises the efficiency of the GnRH agonist buserelin to synchronize ovulation in weaned sows, which occurs more frequently in summer–autumn weaning.
6
Arend, Lidia S., Robert V. Knox, Amanda M. Minton, Clint R. Schwab, Caleb M. Shull, Steve Buysse, Mike E. Johnston, Catherine M. Roaten, and Stephen K. Webel. "212 Ovarian ultrasound of sows by parity and season to determine effects of induced ovulation and single PCAI on farrowing rate and litter size." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.218.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Increasing the distribution of semen from genetically superior sires accelerates the rate of improvement of economically important traits. Using a single fixed time post-cervical AI (SFTI) with ovulation control, the number of inseminations per ejaculate can be doubled. The objective of the study was to determine whether ovarian ultrasound could help identify parity (P1, 2, 3-6, ≥ 7) and seasonal (May-Jun, Jul-Aug, Sep-Oct) effects on fertility following induced ovulation and SFTI. Sows received OvuGel® (n = 914) on Days 3-5 after weaning and a SFTI 24 h later. Control sows (n = 881) that expressed estrus on Days 3-6 received a post-cervical AI on each day standing. Ovaries of a sub-population of sows (n = 436) were scanned by ultrasound to assess follicle size and insemination to ovulation interval. Interval from insemination to ovulation > 24 h tended (P = 0.09) to reduce farrowing rate (FR, 74.1 ± 2.8%) compared to inseminations £ 24 h (83.4 ± 2.8%), regardless of treatment. In addition, sows that ovulated by Day 6 after weaning had greater (P = 0.03) total born (TB, 12.9 ± 0.5) than those ovulating ≥ 7 d (11.5 ± 0.5). Follicle number (16.3 ± 0.7) and size (7.0 ± 0.5 mm) on Day 4 did not differ between treatments. OvuGel increased (P = 0.002) the proportion of sows ovulating (88.9%) versus Controls (78.6%), but for both treatments, fewer P1 sows ovulated (75.0%) when compared to P3-6 (90.4%). Treatments did not differ in FR (78.5%), but seasonal interactions were observed (P = 0.05), most notably in Sep-Oct. Parity affected FR (P = 0.02), and was lower in P1 (66.1%) compared to 3 P2 (82.2%). Also, OvuGel and Control did not differ in TB (13.0) but parity ≥ 7 had the lowest TB (11.8) compared to younger parity females. In summary, OvuGel increased the proportion of sows ovulating by 10.3%, resulting in similar FR and TB compared to Control sows inseminated multiple times based on estrus.
7
Roozendaal, Marjolijn M., Hans JM Swarts, Victor M. Wiegant, and John AM Mattheij. "Effect of restraint stress on the preovulatory luteinizing hormone profile and ovulation in the rat." European Journal of Endocrinology 133, no. 3 (September 1995): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1330347.
Full textAbstract:
Roozendaal MM, Swarts HJM, Wiegant VM, Mattheij JAM. Effect of restraint stress on the preovulatory luteinizing hormone profile and ovulation in the rat. Eur J Endocrinol 1995;133:347–53. ISSN 0804–4643 Plasma profiles of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured during restraint stress on the day of pro-oestrus; these profiles were considered in relation to ovulation rate on the next day. Rats bearing a permanent jugular vein cannula were subjected to restraint, which was started 0, 1 or 2 h before the presumed onset of the LH surge and ended just before the beginning of the dark period. Exposure to restraint resulted in a suppression of the secretion of both gonadotrophins on the day of pro-oestrus. Suppression of the LH surge was virtually complete (plasma LH ≤ 0.2 ng/ml) in 15 out of 32 stressed rats, and the ovaries of these rats contained graafian follicles with oocytes in germinal vesicle stage. In these rats, the LH surge did not occur 24 h later. In the remaining 17 rats, restraint resulted in a considerable suppression of the LH surge. Of these rats, five had an ovulation rate of 100% and four ovulated partially. In unruptured follicles of the latter, the oocyte had not resumed meiosis and the follicle wall was not luteinized. In the remaining eight rats with a reduced LH surge, ovulations had not occurred and graafian follicles were unaffected. The results of this study indicate that during pro-oestrus restraint stress suppresses and does not delay the release of preovulatory gonadotrophins. Partial suppression of LH by restraint does not result in induction of meiotic resumption without subsequent ovulation or in luteinized unruptured follicles. JAM Mattheij, Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Agricultural University, Haarweg 10, 6709 PJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands
8
Costermans, N. G. J., J. Keijer, E. M. van Schothorst, B. Kemp, S. Keshtkar, A. Bunschoten, N. M. Soede, and K. J. Teerds. "In ovaries with high or low variation in follicle size, granulosa cells of antral follicles exhibit distinct size-related processes." Molecular Human Reproduction 25, no. 10 (July 19, 2019): 614–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molehr/gaz042.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Antral follicle size might be a valuable additive predictive marker for IVF outcome. To better understand consequences of antral follicle size as a marker for reproductive outcome, we aimed to obtain insight in follicle size-related granulosa cell processes, as granulosa cells play an essential role in follicular development via the production of growth factors, steroids and metabolic intermediates. Using the pig as a model, we compared gene expression in granulosa cells of smaller and larger follicles in the healthy antral follicle pool of sows, which had a high variation versus low variation in follicle size. Selected gene expression was confirmed at the protein level. Granulosa cells of smaller antral follicles showed increased cell proliferation, which was accompanied by a metabolic shift towards aerobic glycolysis (i.e. the Warburg effect), similar to other highly proliferating cells. High granulosa cell proliferation rates in smaller follicles might be regulated via increased granulosa cell expression of the androgen receptor and the epidermal growth factor receptor, which are activated in response to locally produced mitogens. While granulosa cells of smaller follicles in the pool are more proliferative, granulosa cells of larger follicles express more maturation markers such as insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) and angiopoietin 1 (ANGPT1) and are therefore more differentiated. As both higher IGF1 and ANGPT1 have been associated with better IVF outcomes, the results of our study imply that including smaller follicles for oocyte aspiration might have negative consequences for IVF outcome.
9
Rad, Parastou, Fahimeh Safari, Jamshid Mohammadi, and Hamdollah Delaviz. "Preserved Ovarian Function Following Toxicity With Doxorubicin in Rats: Protective Effect of Nasturtium Officinale Extract." Iranian Journal of Toxicology 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijt.15.1.747.1.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Chemotherapy agents can cause ovarian dysfunction and eventually lead to infertility. This study investigated the effect of nasturtium officinale extract on the ovarian function following the toxicity induced by doxorubicin in female rats. Methods: Forty eight female Wistar rats (180-210g) were randomly divided in six groups as follows: Group I, normal rats receiving 1ml normal saline; Group II and III receiving 25 and 75 mg/kg of the extract daily by gavage for 21 days. Groups IV, V and VI receiving 10 mg/kg doxorubicin intraperitoneally on the first day. In addition, Group IV and V received 25 and 75 mg/kg of the extract, respectively. The serum levels of estrogen, progesterone, Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and ovarian Malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined after 21 days of treatment. The mean numbers of various graafian follicles and corpus lutea were recorded after treatment. Results: The mean serum FSH level in Group VI (0.11±0.01) significantly reduced compared to those in Groups II (0.21±0.05) and III (0.23±0.01), (P<0.05). The mean serum LH and estrogen levels in Group VI (0.16±0.08) reduced insignificantly compared to those in the controls (0.21±0.02), and in Groups II (0.23±0.03) and III (0.22±0.09). A significant reduction in the number of primary, secondary and graafian follicles were observed in Group VI compared to the control group (P<0.05). The serum MDA level significantly declined in Group V compared to that in Group VI (P<0.05). Conclusion: The nasturtium officinale extract attenuated the toxic effect of doxorubicin on the rat ovaries and protected the cell division in the follicles and the oocytes maturation.
10
Petrujkic, Tihomir. "New biotechnological procedures in swine reproduction." Veterinarski glasnik 56, no. 1-2 (2002): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl0202111p.
Full textAbstract:
New biotechnological procedures and the use of hormones in swine breeding are aimed at increasing the number of piglets in the litter. In small herds and groups, selected sows with 16 mammary complexes (tits) can yield up to 32 piglets, or porkers, per year per sow. In order to achieve such reproduction results, special, individual stalls for sow deliveries are used, in addition to biotechnological methods, with a warm core and floor heating, phased diet and clean facilities. The ovulation value in swine is determined by their genetic and paragenetic effects, and it is often provoked and increased with injections and preparations for superovulation. However, the results vary, since any administration of hormone injecions can reduce the reproductive cycle, shorten the duration of estrus, or disrupt the work of ovaries and create cystic follicles. The use of follicle-stimulating hormones in quantities up to 1000 IU per animal for the induction and synchronization of estrus has become customary for sows and gilts, as well as the use of prostaglandins, the use of GnRH for increasing ovulation in swine and increasing the number of follicles >4 mm in diameter in the implementation of new biotechnologies in swine breeding, increases the number of ovulations and fertility in swine. In this way, reproduction is raised to the highest possible level, and artificial insemination of sows has 12 separate rules which enable better and more successful artificial insemination of sows.
11
Pakarainen, Tomi, Fu-Ping Zhang, Laura Nurmi, Matti Poutanen, and Ilpo Huhtaniemi. "Knockout of Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Abolishes the Effects of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone on Preovulatory Maturation and Ovulation of Mouse Graafian Follicles." Molecular Endocrinology 19, no. 10 (October 1, 2005): 2591–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/me.2005-0075.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract It is considered a dogma that a secretory peak of LH is indispensable as the trigger of ovulation. However, earlier studies on hypophysectomized rodents have shown that stimulation with recombinant FSH, devoid of any LH activity, is able to boost the final stages of follicular maturation and trigger ovulation. As the expression of ovarian LH receptors (LHRs) still persists after hypophysectomy, such studies cannot totally exclude the possibility that LHR activation is involved in the apparently pure FSH effects. To revisit this question, we analyzed in LHR knockout (LuRKO) mice the progression of folliculogenesis and induction of ovulation by human chorionic gonadotropin and human recombinant FSH treatments. The results provide clear evidence that follicular development and ovulation could not be induced by high doses of FSH in the absence of LHR expression. Ovarian histology and oocyte analyses indicated that follicular maturation did not advance in LuRKO mice beyond the antral follicle stage. Neither were ovulations detected in LuRKO ovaries after any of the gonadotropin treatments. The ovarian resistance to FSH treatment in the absence of LHR was confirmed by real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analyses of a number of gonadotropin-dependent genes, which only responded to the treatments in wild-type control mice. Negative findings were not altered by estradiol priming preceding the gonadotropin stimulations. Hence, the present study shows that, in addition to ovulation, the expression of LHR is essential for follicular maturation in the progression from antral to preovulatory stage.
12
Evans, G., J. Brooks, W. Struthers, and AS McNeilly. "Superovulation and embryo recovery in ewes treated with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist and purified follicle-stimulating hormone." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 6, no. 2 (1994): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9940247.
Full textAbstract:
Chronic treatment with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist eliminates luteinizing hormone (LH) pulses and inhibits maturation of Graafian follicles in sheep. Since the presence of 'dominant' follicles may inhibit superovulatory responses, an experiment was conducted to determine whether a GnRH agonist could be used in conjunction with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) to induce a superovulatory response with production of normal embryos. Twenty-four Welsh Mountain ewes were chronically treated with GnRH agonist by means of a subcutaneous minipump. Twelve of the ewes were given 12 mg progesterone intramuscularly (i.m.) twice daily for four days; all ewes were then given 672 micrograms (total) of highly purified FSH continually infused intravenously for either 72 h (Group A) or 96 h (Group B) in a 2 x 2 experimental design (n = 6). Ovulation was then induced with 750 I.U. human chorionic gonadotrophin injected i.m. (Day 0) and all ewes were inseminated into the uterus with > 100 x 10(6) fresh sperm on Day 0. Embryos were flushed from the uterus, and ovaries were inspected at laparotomy on Day 5. Pretreatment with progesterone did not affect any of the parameters measured and data were pooled accordingly. There were no differences between Groups A and B in the number of ovulations or the number of embryos recovered, although there were more large unruptured follicles in Group A animals (8.8 +/- 0.8 v. 3.1 +/- 0.7, P < 0.001). The embryo recovery rate was higher in Group A ewes (52.5 v. 26.4, P < 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
13
Sato, Takeshi, Yoshiakira Kanai, Takashi Noma, Masami Kanai-Azuma, Shinichiro Taya, Toshiyasu Matsui, Maki Ishii, et al. "A close correlation in the expression patterns of Af-6 and Usp9x in Sertoli and granulosa cells of mouse testis and ovary." Reproduction 128, no. 5 (November 2004): 583–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00060.
Full textAbstract:
Usp9x, an X-linked deubiquitylating enzyme, is stage dependently expressed in the supporting cells (i.e. Sertoli cells and granulosa cells) and germ cells during mouse gametogenesis. Af-6, a cell junction protein, has been identified as a substrate of Usp9x, suggesting a possible association between Usp9x and Af-6 in spermatogenesis and oogenesis. In this study, we examined the expression pattern of Af-6 and Usp9x and their intracellular localization in testes and ovaries of mice treated with or without pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG), an FSH-like hormone. In both testes and ovaries, Af-6 expression was predominantly observed in supporting cells, as well as in steroidogenic cells, but not in any germ cells. In Sertoli cells, Af-6 was continuously expressed throughout postnatal and adult stages, where both Af-6 and Usp9x were enriched at the sites of Sertoli–Sertoli and Sertoli–spermatid junctions especially at stages XI–VI. In the granulosa cells, Af-6, as well as Usp9x, was highly expressed in primordial and primary follicles, but its expression rapidly decreased after the late-secondary follicle stage. Interestingly, in PMSG-treated mice, the expression levels of Af-6 and Usp9x were synchronously enhanced, slightly in Sertoli cells and strongly in granulosa cells of the late-secondary and Graafian follicles. Such closely correlated expression patterns between Af-6 and Usp9x clearly suggest that Af-6 may be deubiquitylated by Usp9x in both Sertoli and granulosa cells. It further suggests that the post-translational regulation of Af-6 by Usp9x may be one potential pathway to control the cell adhesion dynamics in mammalian gametogenesis.
14
Mitchell, M., R. Smits, N. O. Palmer, A. N. Filby, and M. Lane. "337. DIETARY OMEGA-3 FATTY ACID SUPPLEMENTATION ALTERS EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT AND METABOLISM IN SOWS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 22, no. 9 (2010): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb10abs337.
Full textAbstract:
The long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have diverse biological effects, including the improvement of cardiovascular health and asthma. The aim of this study was to examine how dietary LCPUFA supplementation of sows influenced follicular dynamics, embryo development and metabolism. A total of 30 sows per treatment were fed a control diet (CD: standard commercial ration) or an omega-3 supplemented diet (O-3: diet formulated with 3 g fish oil/kg) for 6 weeks. Ovaries were collected at slaughter and weighed 3–5 days post-weaning. Oocytes were aspirated and counted from 3 different follicle size groups (1–4mm, 4–8mm and 8+ mm) and matured in vitro for 44–46 h, prior to (a) fertilization using IVF and analysis of subsequent embryo development in culture, (b) assessment of embryo respiration rate (EmbryoScope technology, UniSense, Denmark) and glucose metabolism (radiolabelled glucose technique). Granulosa cells collected at aspiration were analysed for gene expression using q-PCR. Despite no effect of O-3 supplementation on ovary weight nor the proportion of oocytes that were fertilised and cleaved, there tended to be more medium and large follicles for the O-3 fed group. Significantly more embryos from sows fed O-3 diets developed to blastocyst stage (P < 0.05) and these tended to have an increased number of cells (P = 0.06). At the zygote stage, diet didn’t influence embryo respiration rate but glucose utilisation by blastocysts was significantly lower for O-3 treatment compared to CD (P < 0.006). Gene expression of the ER2-α, FSH-receptor, or the prostaglandin receptors EP2 and EP4 did not differ, but there tended to be reduced expression of progesterone receptor (PR) and cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2) in granulosa cells from O-3 sows (P < 0.07). In summary, O-3 dietary supplementation changed follicular growth, embryo development and blastocyst metabolism. Further studies are ongoing to determine the effect of supplementation on embryo survival and litter size.
15
Vazquez, J. M., E. A. Martinez, I. Parrilla, C. Cuello, M. A. Gil, E. Garcia, I. Caballero, C. Almiñana, J. Roca, and J. L. Vazquez. "352 IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF LAPAROSCOPIC INTRAOVIDUCTAL INSEMINATION WITH SEX-SORTED BOAR SPERMATOZOA." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 18, no. 2 (2006): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv18n2ab352.
Full textAbstract:
The insemination of a low number of sex-sorted spermatozoa is a critical issue that must be solved in order to enable the commercial application of this technology in pigs. A new procedure for laparoscopic intraoviductal insemination in sows has recently been reported (Vazquez et al. 2005 Reprod. Dom. Animals 40, 375 abst.). To improve the efficiency of this technique, this experiment was designed to determine the influence of insemination time, relative to the time of ovulation, on the number and quality of zygotes recovered after laparoscopic insemination of sows with sex-sorted spermatozoa. Spermatozoa were stained with Hoechst 33342 and sexed using the EPICS Altra flow sorter (Coulter Corporation, Miami, FL, USA) modified to operate at 42 psi for spermatozoa. Sorted spermatozoa were collected in tubes containing 1.5 mL of TEST-yolk (2%)-seminal plasma (10%). Post-weaning crossbred sows (n = 212; parity 2-4) were hormonally treated with eCG (Folligon; Intervet, Boxmeer, The Netherlands) and hCG (Veterin Corion, Divasa, Spain) and their ovaries were examined using transrectal ultrasonography at intervals of 4 h from 30 h after hCG injection to the laparoscopic insemination. Sows were allotted into three groups according to their ovarian status at insemination: preovulatory (P; n = 131), ovulating (O; n = 43), and ovulated (CL; n = 38) follicles. Follicle status was reconfirmed at insemination by direct observation using the laparoscope. Sows were inseminated in both oviducts with 0.3 million sex-sorted spermatozoa in 0.1 mL of extender. Eighteen hours later, putative zygotes were collected by washing the oviducts after laparotomy, fixed, stained with lacmoid, and examined by phase-contrast microscopy. Penetration rates were evaluated as numbers of monospermic and polyspermic oocytes per oocytes collected. Monospermic rates were evaluated as numbers of monospermic oocytes per oocytes penetrated. Data were analyzed by ANOVA. The number of putative zygotes collected were 2825, 957, and 736 for P, O, and CL groups, respectively. Penetration rates were not different (P > 0.05) among groups (90.4%, 94.5%, and 93.7% for P, O, and CL, respectively). However, the monospermic rate was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the P group (97.4%) when compared to the O or CL groups (66.7% and 5.1% for O and CL, respectively). Moreover, percentages of sows with six or more zygotes, potentially able to carry the pregnancy to term, were 90.8% and 46.5% for P and O groups, respectively (P < 0.05). No sow of the CL group presented six or more zygotes. In conclusion, laparoscopic insemination should be performed only in sows with preovulatory follicles when sex sorted spermatozoa are inseminated using this technology. This work was supported by CDTI and Fundacion Seneca.
16
Smits, R., D. T. Armstrong, L. Ritter, M. Mitchell, and M. B. Nottle. "334. PROGESTERONE PRODUCTION FROM GRANULOSA CELLS OF SOWS IS ENHANCED EQUALLY BY OMEGA-3 DERIVED PROSTAGLANDIN E3 AND OMEGA-6 DERIVED PROSTAGLANDIN E2." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 22, no. 9 (2010): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb10abs334.
Full textAbstract:
Caughey et al (2005) reported that prostaglandins derived from omega 3 sources eicsapentaenoic acid (EPA C20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA C22:6) have different properties to those derived from the preferred substrate, arachidonic acid (ARA C20:4; n-6). Armstrong et al (2006) demonstrated that PGE2 increased progesterone when porcine granulosa cells were cultured in vitro with hCG. We hypothesized that PGE3 which is derived from EPA will produce a lower steroidogenic response as progesterone from isolated granulosa cells collected from pre-ovulatory sow ovaries. Ovaries were collected from slaughtered sows and follicles between 3–8 mm were aspirated and through a series of wash steps in HTCM (Hepes TCM 199). Mid-sized granulosa cells were recovered in a solution of BTCM (bicarbonate TCM) containing IGF-1. 0.5 × 106 cells/mL were cultured in 250 µL of Control (BTCM only), PGE2 or PGE3 (320 ng/mL in BTCM, Cayman Chemical Co.) treatments with IGF1 at 25 ng/mL. Cultures were incubated for 22 h at 38oC. Cultures were centrifuged and the supernatant was analysed in duplicate for progesterone. Data was analysed by Univariate GLM ANOVA. There was no significant difference between PGE2 and PGE3 treatments, however the main effect of PGE significantly increased progesterone production relative to the control (P = 0.017). Granulosa cells cultured with omega 3 derived PGE3 did not produce significantly lower progesterone levels than those with PGE2. We conclude that both PGE2 and PGE3 promote a steroidogenic response in cultured porcine granulosa cells. (1) Armstrong DT, Formosa, ER, Amato F, Schultz SJ. 2006. Prostaglandin E2 up-regulates luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) expression and enhances steroidogenic responses of follicle cells.(2) Caughey GE, James MJ, Cleland LG. 2005. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes. pp. 42–49. In ‘Encyclopaedia of Human Nutrition. Vol. 4’. (Eds B Caballero, L Allen, A Prentice).
17
Clarke, Robert, Obla Paliza, and Koen Van Waerebeek. "Sperm whales of the Southeast Pacific. Part VII. Reproduction and growth in the female." Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals 9, no. 1 (March 8, 2013): 8–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5597/lajam00172.
Full textAbstract:
This report on the reproduction and growth of the female sperm whale Physeter catodon is Part VII of our work on this whale in the Southeast Pacific. There were 1105 female sperm whales in our sample collected from two whaling stations in Chile and two in Peru. Since Clarke and Paliza (1972) have shown that they belonged to a single stock, we have worked them together. A second Graafian follicle develops more than the others in each ovary so to improve the possibility of fertilization in case the first ovum fails to be impregnated. We consider the size of the Graafian follicle at, or near, ovulation to be around 100mm, larger than what has been found in sperm whales from other seas. The corpus luteum of pregnancy is significantly larger than the corpus luteum of ovulation. The corpus albicans reduces in size throughout the life of the whale and probably does not disappear. There is a highly significant correlation between the total number of corpora and age: therefore we use the number of corpora as an indication of age. The corpora atretica are more frequent in older female sperm whales reflecting less fertility in this group. The sexual cycle in sperm whales of the Southeast Pacific has been revised to last 4yrs. Sexual maturity in female sperm whales is attained at 8.2m long and 6.5yrs of age, being both values lower than in sperm whales from other seas. The female sperm whale is born at 3.90m. The incidence of twins, 0.91%, is higher than in other seas. Fertility is low in very young whales (1-2 ovarian corpora) and it is at its lowest in the older group (over 12 corpora). The highest fertility is when females have 3-10 ovarian corpora and they are 15 to 35yrs old. The proportion of active females in pre oestrus during the months of pairing is significantly higher than during the other months. Accessory ovulations during oestrus are represented by the small groups of lactating-and-recently ovulated and lactating-and-pregnant whales. Unsuccessful ovulations are more frequent in late lactation and late resting periods, being post-partum ovulation rare. Female sperm whales in the Southeast Pacific may ovulate up to four and possibly five times during an oestrus. Physical maturity is attained at 11.2m long and 33.5yrs old. Fusion of the vertebrae begins at both ends of the vertebral column and finishes between the posterior thoracic and the lumbar vertebrae. Female sperm whales of the Southeast Pacific may live, at least, up to 50yrs of age. The age at recruitment between 1959 and 1962 was 20-21yrs of age when they had accumulated 4–5 corpora in their ovaries.
18
Bertoldo, M., P. K. Holyoake, G. Evans, and C. G. Grupen. "Oocyte developmental competence is reduced in sows during the seasonal infertility period." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 22, no. 8 (2010): 1222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd10093.
Full textAbstract:
The modern domestic sow exhibits a period of impaired reproductive performance during the late summer and early autumn months, known as ‘seasonal infertility’. A reduction in farrowing rate due to pregnancy loss is the most economically important manifestation of seasonal infertility. The aim of the present study was to determine whether there are changes in oocyte developmental competence associated with season. Ovaries were collected in pairs from sows sourced from commercial piggeries and slaughtered 4 days after weaning during winter and summer–autumn. Following oocyte IVM and parthenogenetic activation, the ability of oocytes from large follicles to form blastocysts was greater in winter (54.94 ± 6.11%) than in summer (21.09 ± 5.59%). During winter, the proportion of oocytes developing to the blastocyst stage from large follicles was significantly higher (54.94 ± 6.11%) than those oocytes from small follicles (23.17 ± 6.02%). There was no effect of season on the proportion of oocytes developing to the blastocyst stage from small follicles. There was no effect of follicle size on blastocyst formation from those oocytes recovered during summer. Blastocysts derived from small follicles during summer had the lowest number of cells (24.25 ± 1.48) compared with blastocysts derived from large follicles during winter (37.5 ± 1.3; P < 0.05). The mean progesterone concentration in follicular fluid collected from small follicles was greater in winter than summer (1235.55 ± 164.47 v. 701.3 ± 115.5 nmol L–1, respectively; P < 0.001). The mean progesterone concentration in the follicular fluid of large follicles was also greater in winter than in summer (2470.9 ± 169.1 v. 1469.2 ± 156.5 nmol L–1, respectively; P < 0.001). Regression analysis revealed a positive correlation between progesterone concentration and oocyte developmental competence. The results indicate that porcine oocytes fail to reach their full developmental potential during the period of seasonal infertility, suggesting that the pregnancy losses observed at this time of year may be due to reduced oocyte developmental competence.
19
Loetz, E., and M. Rojas. "112 Follicular dynamics and oestrus response of Alpine goats with oestrus/ovulation synchronized during the early transitional reproductive phase using gonadotrophin given early or late." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 33, no. 2 (2021): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv33n2ab112.
Full textAbstract:
Oestrus and ovulation synchronization (E/OS) regimens for fixed-timed breeding are useful when consistently eliciting ovulation. Early synchronization in the reproductive season promotes unreliable oestrus behavioural and physiologic response due to insufficient ovarian priming. In ruminants, equine (eCG) or human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) has FSH bioactivity or elicits ovulation, correspondingly. Hence, 120 and 60IU of eCG and hCG, respectively, are included in goat E/OS regimes. This experiment addresses the time when eCG/hCG (CG) is given relative to progestagen (P4) withdrawal and its effect on oestrus and ovulation. Fourteen non-lactating, Alpine breed goats, ranging from 1 to 6 kiddings, averaging±s.d. 3.9±2.0 years of age, and 56.3±5.0kg of bodyweight (BW), and body condition score (BCS) of 2.6±0.2, were evaluated early in the transitional reproductive phase (12h daylight:12h darkness). E/OS was accomplished with 12 day of P4 (200 mg) exposure by intravaginal insert. Three treatments were evaluated: Traditional (T; n=4) did not receive CG and served as the control group; early (E; n=5) received CG 24h before P4 removal; and reverse (R; n=5) received PGF2α 24h before P4 withdrawal as well as CG concurrent with P4 withdrawal. Oestrus response to E/OS was evaluated 24h after breeding using epididymectomized bucks. Ovaries were scanned by transrectal ultrasound (Aloka SSD-500V/7.5-MHz linear array probe) for 4 consecutive days starting with the first i.m. injection of 1.0mL of PGF2α or 1.5mL of CG. Images were digitized (MediCapture™) for later morphometry. The absence of effect (P>0.05) from concomitant variables age, BW, BCS, and parity was ascertained using a logistic regression model (JMP/SAS v15; SAS Institute Inc.). Ovulation, defined as the disappearance of the largest (>7mm) preovulatory follicle on a subsequent observation, was 100, 80, and 100%; and the average±s.e. number of ovulations per goat was 2±0.41, 1±0.32, and 1.3±0.49 (P>0.05). Table 1 summarises follicular size documented of 122 observations of ovulatory areas. Graafian follicle location was not different for left or right ovaries (P>0.05). Oestrus behavioural response to each E/OS treatment (T, E, or L) up to 24h after P4 removal was 50, 80, and 80% (P>0.05), respectively. In summary, oestrus response and ovulation were not affected by the variables studied. In this experience the timing of CG was not relevant. Table 1. Mean diameter (±SE; mm) of nonovulatory and preovulatory follicles on left (L) and right (R) ovaries E/OS protocol Non- and preovulatory Nonovulatory Preovulatory L R L R L R Traditional 6.4±0.6 5.5±0.6 4.8±0.4 4.5±0.4 7.7±0.4 8.9±0.3 Early 5.2±0.3 5.5±0.4 4.9±0.2 4.4±0.3 8.4±1.2 8.1±0.2 Reverse 6.6±0.5 5.3±0.6 5.1±0.4 4.4±0.5 8.7±0.3 8.1±0.2 Overall 5.7±0.19 4.7±0.14 8.3±0.14
20
Loetz, E., and M. Rojas. "112 Follicular dynamics and oestrus response of Alpine goats with oestrus/ovulation synchronized during the early transitional reproductive phase using gonadotrophin given early or late." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 33, no. 2 (2021): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv33n2ab112.
Full textAbstract:
Oestrus and ovulation synchronization (E/OS) regimens for fixed-timed breeding are useful when consistently eliciting ovulation. Early synchronization in the reproductive season promotes unreliable oestrus behavioural and physiologic response due to insufficient ovarian priming. In ruminants, equine (eCG) or human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) has FSH bioactivity or elicits ovulation, correspondingly. Hence, 120 and 60IU of eCG and hCG, respectively, are included in goat E/OS regimes. This experiment addresses the time when eCG/hCG (CG) is given relative to progestagen (P4) withdrawal and its effect on oestrus and ovulation. Fourteen non-lactating, Alpine breed goats, ranging from 1 to 6 kiddings, averaging±s.d. 3.9±2.0 years of age, and 56.3±5.0kg of bodyweight (BW), and body condition score (BCS) of 2.6±0.2, were evaluated early in the transitional reproductive phase (12h daylight:12h darkness). E/OS was accomplished with 12 day of P4 (200 mg) exposure by intravaginal insert. Three treatments were evaluated: Traditional (T; n=4) did not receive CG and served as the control group; early (E; n=5) received CG 24h before P4 removal; and reverse (R; n=5) received PGF2α 24h before P4 withdrawal as well as CG concurrent with P4 withdrawal. Oestrus response to E/OS was evaluated 24h after breeding using epididymectomized bucks. Ovaries were scanned by transrectal ultrasound (Aloka SSD-500V/7.5-MHz linear array probe) for 4 consecutive days starting with the first i.m. injection of 1.0mL of PGF2α or 1.5mL of CG. Images were digitized (MediCapture™) for later morphometry. The absence of effect (P>0.05) from concomitant variables age, BW, BCS, and parity was ascertained using a logistic regression model (JMP/SAS v15; SAS Institute Inc.). Ovulation, defined as the disappearance of the largest (>7mm) preovulatory follicle on a subsequent observation, was 100, 80, and 100%; and the average±s.e. number of ovulations per goat was 2±0.41, 1±0.32, and 1.3±0.49 (P>0.05). Table 1 summarises follicular size documented of 122 observations of ovulatory areas. Graafian follicle location was not different for left or right ovaries (P>0.05). Oestrus behavioural response to each E/OS treatment (T, E, or L) up to 24h after P4 removal was 50, 80, and 80% (P>0.05), respectively. In summary, oestrus response and ovulation were not affected by the variables studied. In this experience the timing of CG was not relevant. Table 1. Mean diameter (±SE; mm) of nonovulatory and preovulatory follicles on left (L) and right (R) ovaries E/OS protocol Non- and preovulatory Nonovulatory Preovulatory L R L R L R Traditional 6.4±0.6 5.5±0.6 4.8±0.4 4.5±0.4 7.7±0.4 8.9±0.3 Early 5.2±0.3 5.5±0.4 4.9±0.2 4.4±0.3 8.4±1.2 8.1±0.2 Reverse 6.6±0.5 5.3±0.6 5.1±0.4 4.4±0.5 8.7±0.3 8.1±0.2 Overall 5.7±0.19 4.7±0.14 8.3±0.14
21
Scolari, S., R. Evans, R. Knox, M. Tamassia, and S. Clark. "41 DETERMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VULVAR SKIN TEMPERATURES AND TIME OF OVULATION IN SWINE USING DIGITAL INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 22, no. 1 (2010): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv22n1ab41.
Full textAbstract:
Accurate estrus detection is an essential component of a successful AI program in modern swine operations. It is necessary to establish efficacious means of estrus detection and optimize reproductive performance in the herd. Measurement of physiological traits such as body temperature, vaginal electrical resistance, and vulva reddening have been investigated as methods to aid in estrus detection in swine. The relationship between vulvar skin temperature (VST) and ovulation has not been previously investigated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess changes in VST that occur during the periovulatory period using digital infrared thermography (IRT). The experiment group consisted of a total of 25 gilts and 27 multiparous sows, and the control group consisted of 30 sows that were 60 days of gestation. All Yorkshire-Landrace females were housed individually in a temperature and humidity controlled environment. VST were measured twice daily at 8-h intervals using the infrared digital thermocamera (Fluke IR FlexCam® Thermal Imager, Fluke Corporation, Everett, WA) while the animals were standing and eating prior to estrus detection. Estrus detection was performed twice daily (at 8-h intervals) with the aid of an adult boar. Once standing estrus was observed, transrectal real-time ultrasound was performed twice daily at 8-h intervals to monitor follicle development and determine the time of ovulation. Ovaries were visualized using an Aloka 500 V ultrasonics machine (Aloka Inc., Tokyo, Japan) fitted with a transrectal 7.5-MHz linear transducer, which was fitted into a rigid, fixed-angle PVC adapter. Average VST and hours were reported in mean ± SEM and compared using an ANOVA and Student’s t-test using SAS software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Additionally, pairwise comparisons were performed to compare VST at different times during estrus. Significant differences were reported at P ≤ 0.05. Evidence of CL formation and ovulation was detected at 38 ± 9.3 h after onset of estrus in gilts, and 43 ± 12 h in sows. The mean VST of sows during estrus was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) than that of gilts. During estrus, the mean VST of gilts reached a peak of 35.6 ± 0.24°C and then decreased significantly to 33.9 ± 0.32°C 12 h prior to ovulation. This marked change in mean VST was detected between 36 and 12 h prior to ovulation. There was a similar trend in sows with a peak mean VST of 36.1 ± 0.25°C at 24 h prior to ovulation and then dropping to 34.6 ± 0.31°C 12 h prior to ovulation. There was no significant difference (P ≥ 0.05) between VST in gilts and sows at the time of ovulation. This study demonstrated that VST of sows and gilts measured by IRT change significantly during the periovulatory period. Additionally, there are distinct times that VST rises and then falls precipitously in sows compared with gilts. Digital IRT as a predictor for ovulation in swine appears to be a promising tool. Further studies involving predictor models and hormonal assays need to be performed.
22
Harder, J. D., L. A. Hinds, C. A. Horn, and C. H. Tyndale-Biscoe. "Effects of removal in late pregnancy of the corpus luteum, Graafian follicle or ovaries on plasma progesterone, oestradiol, LH, parturition and post-partum oestrus in the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii." Reproduction 75, no. 2 (November 1, 1985): 449–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.0750449.
Full text
23
Bertoldo, M., P. K. Holyoake, G. Evans, and C. G. Grupen. "205 CUMULUS CELL MORPHOLOGY BEFORE AND AFTER IN VITRO MATURATION AS AN INDICATOR OF PORCINE OOCYTE DEVELOPMENTAL COMPETENCE." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 22, no. 1 (2010): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv22n1ab205.
Full textAbstract:
Effective in vitro maturation (IVM) is essential for successful in vitro embryo production. The morphology of the cumulus investment before and after IVM may be a useful noninvasive indicator of oocyte quality. In pigs, oocyte developmental competence is reduced during the summer months. The aim of this study was to determine whether the morphology of cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) before and after IVM are associated with oocyte quality, using COC collected from small and large follicles in summer and winter as models of poor and good oocyte quality. Ovaries were collected from sows slaughtered 4 days after weaning. The COC recovered from small (3-4 mm) and large (5-8 mm) antral follicles were morphologically graded and parthenogenetically activated following IVM during winter (n = 1419; 10 replicates) and summer (n = 2803; 10 replicates). Grade 1 and 2 COC had >2 layers of compact cumulus cells and a homogenous cytoplasm. Grade 3 COC were either partially or fully denuded, had a heterogeneous cytoplasm, or were vacuolated or dark in color. Grade 4 COC had expanded cumulus cells. Cumulus expansion was also assessed subsequent to IVM. The COC recorded as having a cumulus expansion index (CEI) of 1 had the poorest expansion with no detectable response to IVM, whereas those with a CEI of 4 had the greatest amount of expansion, including that of the corona radiata. Data were analyzed using a generalized linear mixed model in GenStat® (release 10, VSN International, Hemel Hempstead, UK). There was an effect of follicle size for Grade 1 COC, with COC from large follicles in both seasons yielding better quality COC (P < 0.05). The proportion of COC in Grade 2 was higher in small follicles during winter compared with large follicles, but there were no differences between follicle sizes during summer (P < 0.05). The proportion of COC with CEI 1 was highest in COC from small follicles during summer (P < 0.05). The proportion of COC from large follicles with CEI 2 was higher during summer compared with winter (P < 0.05). There were no seasonal or follicle size effects on COC with CEI 3 or 4 (P > 0.05). The proportion of oocytes that developed to blastocysts was greater in winter than in summer (39.06% ± 5.67 v. 22.27% ± 4.01; P < 0.05). Oocytes derived from large follicles had a greater ability to form blastocysts compared with those from small follicles (37.13% ± 5.65 v. 23.32% ± 4.56; P < 0.06). Morphological assessment of cumulus cells before and after IVM may be a useful tool to evaluate the effects of follicle size on oocyte developmental competence. However, the results of the present study indicate that cumulus cell morphology is not a good indicator of the effect of season on oocyte developmental competence.
24
Bertoldo, M., P. K. Holyoake, G. Evans, and C. G. Grupen. "129. REDUCED OOCYTE DEVELOPMENTAL COMPETENCE DURING THE PERIOD OF SEASONAL INFERTILITY IN PIGS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 9 (2009): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb09abs129.
Full textAbstract:
Reduced farrowing rate due to early pregnancy loss is a manifestation of seasonal infertility in pigs. It has been hypothesised that the early disruption of pregnancy is due to poor oocyte developmental competence. The aim of this study was to determine if there are seasonal differences in oocyte developmental competence. Ovaries were collected from sows slaughtered 4 days after weaning. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) recovered from small (3–4mm) and large (5–8mm) antral follicles were morphologically graded and subjected to parthenogenetic activation following in vitro maturation (IVM) during the winter (n = 1419) and summer (n = 2803). Cumulus expansion was assessed subsequent to IVM. Data were analysed using a generalised linear mixed model in GenStat release 10. There was an effect of season on oocyte grade, with a larger proportion of oocytes collected in summer being graded suitable for IVM, compared with winter oocytes (P<0.05). A larger proportion of COCs had expanded cumulus during the winter than in the summer, which suggested that the preovulatory LH surge had already occurred. There was a season x follicle size interaction affecting cumulus expansion (P<0.05). There were no seasonal effects on the proportion of oocytes reaching metaphase II or cleaving after parthenogenetic activation. However, the proportion of oocytes from large follicles that developed to the blastocyst stage was higher in winter than in summer (55% vs 23%; P<0.05). There was no effect of season on the proportion of oocytes developing to the blastocyst stage from small follicles. However, during summer there was a reduction in the cell number of blastocysts derived from small follicles (P<0.05). Our results suggest that porcine oocytes are less able to reach their full developmental potential during the period of seasonal infertility, and that the associated pregnancy losses are due to reduced oocyte developmental competence.
25
Keyes, P. L., J. L. Kostyo, and R. Towns. "The autonomy of the rabbit corpus luteum." Journal of Endocrinology 143, no. 3 (December 1994): 423–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1430423.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The rabbit corpus luteum possesses LH receptors that are coupled to adenylyl cyclase, but paradoxically it does not require LH as a luteotrophic factor for the maintenance of progesterone secretion. This suggests that rabbit luteal cells may not respond physiologically to LH. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to investigate the responsiveness of the rabbit corpus luteum of pseudopregnancy to human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) which acts on the same receptor as LH. Pseudopregnancy was induced by injection of 40 IU pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin followed 50 h later by an injection of 40 IU hCG (day 0). On days 7 and 11 of pseudopregnancy, corpora lutea were obtained and incubated for 2 or 5 h in the presence of either 0·1 or 1 μg/ml hCG or 1 mm monobutyryl cyclic AMP (bcAMP). Neither hCG nor bcAMP stimulated progesterone production by the isolated corpus luteum, despite a sustained high rate of progesterone production by the tissue throughout the incubation period. By contrast, Graafian follicles removed from the same ovaries and incubated under the same conditions responded both to hCG and bcAMP with large increases in progesterone production. To determine whether the cyclic AMP content of the corpus luteum was altered by in vitro exposure to hCG, day 7 and day 11 corpora lutea were incubated for 5 or 15 min with various concentrations of hCG, and cyclic AMP in the tissue was then measured. Even at the highest concentration of hCG tested (10 μg/ml), the cyclic AMP content of the corpus luteum was unaltered. Given this result, the acute effects of various concentrations of hCG on the adenylyl cyclase activity of homogenates of day 11 corpora lutea were examined. Consistent with previous reports of others, adenylyl cyclase activity was stimulated, but only at a high concentration of hCG (1 μg/ml), and the degree of stimulation of the enzyme (∼75%) was quite modest. By contrast, the adenylyl cyclase activity of homogenates of rabbit Graafian follicles was stimulated by even the lowest concentration of hCG tested (0·01 μg/ml). Thus, the adenylyl cyclase of the rabbit follicle is much more sensitive to hCG stimulation than the luteal form of the enzyme. Given the poor responsiveness of luteal adenylyl cyclase to hCG, the possibility was considered that cyclic AMP production in response to hCG might be obscured by luteal cell phosphodiesterase. When day 11 corpora lutea were incubated with hCG in the presence of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, isobutyl methylxanthine (5 mm), there was a marked increase in the cyclic AMP content of the tissue. Despite this large increase in endogenous cyclic AMP, progesterone production by the corpora lutea was again unaffected. Thus, the rabbit corpus luteum is insensitive to stimulation in at least two major respects. The adenylyl cyclase coupled to the LH receptor is resistant to stimulation by LH (hCG), and steroidogenesis, as reflected by progesterone production in vitro, is not stimulated acutely by cyclic AMP. These results suggest that progesterone biosynthesis in the rabbit corpus luteum is not a regulated process, but rather a process that becomes autonomous as a result of the differentiation of granulosa cells into luteal cells. Therefore, the role of a luteotrophin, such as oestrogen in the rabbit, is to maintain the health and viability of the luteal cells, which have, as an intrinsic property, the capacity to produce progesterone at a high rate. Journal of Endocrinology (1994) 143, 423–431
26
Stein, K., V. Havlicek, S. Papp, F. Palm, G. Brem, and U. Besenfelder. "9 ENDOSCOPY-MEDIATED INTRATUBAL INSEMINATION IN THE COW – A PRELIMINARY REPORT ABOUT THE APPLICATION OF A NOVEL MINIMALLY INVASIVE INSEMINATION TECHNIQUE." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 28, no. 2 (2016): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv28n2ab9.
Full textAbstract:
On their long path through the female reproductive tract to the fertilization site, spermatozoa are exposed to diverse influences and hazards of the cervical, uterine, and oviducal environment that naturally select viable sperms for the following fertilization. Consequently, this results in a reduction from several billions of sperms in the ejaculate to a functional sperm reservoir within the range of 102 in the isthmus of the Fallopian tube. A technique to deposit spermatozoa directly into the ampulla, thus bypassing most of the reproductive tract, enables a rigorous reduction in number of sperms deposited. Furthermore, it provides a direct assessment of sperm fertility. The aim of our study was to establish an endoscopy-assisted intratubal insemination technique using different sperm dosages, fresh or cryopreserved, to determine adequate conditions for optimal fertilization. Eighteen Simmental heifers were inseminated with fresh semen, and 9 heifers were inseminated with frozen semen using this novel technique. The heifers were synchronized using a modified Ovsynch protocol, and insemination was conducted 18 to 20 h after the second gonadotropin-releasing hormone application. Insemination of heifers was performed under epidural anaesthesia. A tubing system bearing the endoscope and an insemination device was introduced through the vaginal wall into the peritoneal cavity. The insemination device consisted of a tube connected to a curved glass capillary tube loaded with semen. After a visual examination of the ovaries for the presence of an ovulatory Graafian follicle, the capillary tube was inserted directly via the infundibulum into the ipsilateral ampulla and the semen dose was deposited. The entire procedure took ~10 min. Two days later the oviduct was flushed by the same technique. A tubing system connected to a metal catheter served for flushing the embryos and unfertilized oocytes from the oviduct into the uterine horn. Afterward, embryos and oocytes were collected by flushing the uterine horn using an embryo flushing catheter and an embryo filter (EmCon). Embryos were stained using a Hoechst dye to visualise the numbers of attached spermatozoa to the zonae pellucidae. From 18 inseminations with fresh semen doses of 7 to 28 million sperms, 7 embryos at the 2- to 8-cell stage were found. Two of these embryos had more than 10 accessory sperms (AS), 3 had 3 to 6 AS, and 2 were without AS. From 9 inseminations with frozen semen doses containing 1.5 million sperms, we obtained 2 embryos, one at the 4-cell stage without AS and one at the 8-cell stage with 5 AS. Additionally, 3 unfertilized oocytes were collected. In conclusion, these preliminary results demonstrate a promising technique for intratubal AI, which has to be further optimized by studying numbers and treatment of spermatozoa and time of insemination.
27
Ilyas, Maria, Masooma Ahmad, Huma Jawad, Nazia Siddique, Lubna Shahper, and Muhammad Hashim Ghouri. "Protective Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Energy Drink Induced Ovarian Cytotoxicity in Adult Female Albino Rats:." International Journal of Frontier Sciences 5, no. 1 (January 17, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.37978/tijfs.v5i1.329.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Energy drinks (EDs) are commonly used to prevent fatigue, enhance physical, and cognitive performance. Its administration induces toxic effects in body. Omega-3 is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent that helps in proper functioning of immune system. Objectives of this study were to evaluate the morphological effects of fish oil omega 3 fatty acids (Eicosapentaenoic acid / Docosahexaenoic acid) on energy drink induced ovarian cytotoxicity in adult female albino rats. Methods: The study was conducted at animal house, Anatomy department, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore from January to march 2019. ARRIVE guidelines were followed for conduct of animal study. Ethical approval was obtained from PGMI, Lahore and Advanced Studies and Research Board of University of Health Sciences, Lahore. The study comprised 36 adult female albino rats divided into 3 groups i.e., control, energy drink and omega 3 treated. Rats were sacrificed, ovaries extracted, and sections were stained with H&E and PAS. SPSS version 21.0 were used. Results: Statistically significant difference was present in gross parameters between the control and experimental groups. Energy drink administration caused a decrease in diameter of mature graafian follicle and diameter of the oocyte. Disruption in basement membrane was more pronounced in Energy drink treated group. Conclusion: Energy drinks were found to cause cytotoxic effects on ovarian and oocyte morphology, ultimately leading to infertility. Omega 3 reduces the extent of damage caused by the intake of energy drinks.
28
Dwiningsih, Sri Ratna, Soehartono Darmosoekarto, Hendy Hendarto, Erry Gumilar Dachlan, Fedik Abdul Rantam, Sunarjo Sunarjo, I. W. Arsana Wiyasa, and Widjiati Widjiati. "Effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor 1 expression, granulosa cell apoptosis, and folliculogenesis repair in endometriosis mouse models." Veterinary World, July 10, 2021, 1788–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.1788-1796.
Full textAbstract:
Background and Aim: Endometriosis affects the ovaries and causes a decrease in the oocyte quality during endometrial receptivity. During the development of ovarian follicles, paracrine communication occurs between granulosa cells and oocytes. This study was conducted to determine the effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) receptor 1 (TNFR1) expression, granulosa cell apoptosis, and folliculogenesis in endometriosis mouse models. Materials and Methods: This study involved 42 female mice, which were divided into three groups: Healthy mice (T0), endometriosis mice without transplantation (T1), and endometriosis mice with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation (T2). The mice were injected intraperitoneally with endometrial fragments (200 μL) to become endometriosis models. On day 15, the endometriosis models received mesenchymal stem cells. Sample collection was performed on day 29. Granulosa cell apoptosis and TNFR1 expression were examined using immunohistochemical staining, and folliculogenesis was assessed using hematoxylin and eosin staining of ovary samples. The data obtained from both examinations were statistically analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Results: The results showed that TNFR1 expression is significantly decreased in T2 (p<0.004). The apoptosis of granulosa cells was lower in T2 (p<0.000). The primary, secondary, and graafian follicle counts in T2 were significantly increased. Conclusion: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in endometriosis mouse models can reduce TNFR1 expression and granulosa cell apoptosis and improve folliculogenesis.
29
"Effects of Hydro-alcoholic Extract of Pumpkin Seeds on Oogenesis Pathway, Liver, and Kidney of Female Rats : The Effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of pumpkin." Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, September 8, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32592/ircmj.2020.22.9.139.
Full textAbstract:
Background and Objectives: Pumpkin seed extract can be a good alternative to hormone replacement therapy since it is rich in phytoestrogens. In this regard, the present research aimed to investigate the effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of pumpkin seeds on the oogenesis pathway, liver, and kidney of female rats. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was performed on 64 Wistar female rats (including 32 adults and 32 immature rats). The adult rats were randomly divided into three experimental and one control groups (n=8 per group). Moreover, the immature rats were allocated to groups in a similar manner. The experimental groups 1, 2, and 3 received a hydro-alcoholic extract of pumpkin seed in doses of 20, 50, 100 mg/kg, respectively, via intraperitoneal injection for 21 consecutive days. For the purposes of the study, blood samples were taken one day after the last injection to determine the serum levels of female hormones as well as renal and hepatic factors. The ovaries, livers, and kidneys of the rats were also separated for histological tests. Results: Based on the results, significant increases were observed in the bodyweight of all immature rats; estrogen levels in the adult experimental group 3 and immature experimental groups 2 and 3; progesterone and creatinine levels in the immature experimental group 3; aspartate aminotransferase, total protein, unstable angina (UA), and the renal diameter in the immature experimental groups 1 and 2; follicle-stimulating hormone in the adult experimental group 3 and the immature experimental groups 1 and 2; luteinizing hormone and Graafian follicles in the adult experimental group 3; and atretic follicles in the immature experimental group 1 and 3 (P<0.05). Moreover, significant decreases were observed in the alkaline phosphatase in the adult experimental group 3; total protein, UA, and renal diameter in the immature experimental group 3; diameters of proximal and distal tubule as well as Henle’s loop in all immature rats; diameter of glomerular in the immature experimental groups 1 and 2; diameter of the renal cortex, glomerular, and Bowman's capsule in the adult experimental groups 2 and 3; secondary follicles in the adult experimental group 1, immature experimental groups 1 and 3; and primitive and early follicles in all the adult rats, compared with the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the pumpkin seeds provide the nutritional needs of the body at the onset of sexual maturity, prepare the body for sexual maturity, and regulate female sex hormones without having adverse effects on the hepatic tissues. However, it must be noted that its consumption at the onset of sexual maturity requires dosage determination and further studies.