Relevant bibliographies by topics / Gradeability

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Gradeability'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Gradeability"

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Yamsani, Akilesh. "Gradeability for Automobiles." IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering 11, no. 2 (2014): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/1684-11273541.

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Pavlenko, Olexandr, Serhii Dun, and Maksym Skliar. "DETERMINATION OF PERFORMANCE INDICATORS OF THE TRUCK KrAZ-6510TE." Avtoshliakhovyk Ukrayiny, no. 1 (261)’2020 (March 20, 2020): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33868/0365-8392-2020-1-261-19-26.

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In any economy there is a need for the bulky goods transportation which cannot be divided into smaller parts. Such cargoes include building structures, elements of industrial equipment, tracked or wheeled construction and agricultural machinery, heavy armored military vehicles. In any case, tractor-semitrailer should provide fast delivery of goods with minimal fuel consumption. In order to guarantee the goods delivery, tractor-semitrailers must be able to overcome the existing roads broken grade and be capable to tow a semi-trailer in off-road conditions. These properties are especially important for military equipment transportation. The important factor that determines a tractor-semitrailer mobility is its gradeability. The purpose of this work is to improve a tractor-semitrailer mobility with tractor units manufactured at PJSC “AutoKrAZ” by increasing the tractor-semitrailer gradeability. The customer requirements for a new tractor are determined by the maximizing the grade to 18°. The analysis of the characteristics of modern tractor-semitrailers for heavy haulage has shown that the highest rate of this grade is 16.7°. The factors determining the limiting gradeability value were analyzed, based on the tractor-semitrailer with a KrAZ-6510TE tractor and a semi-trailer with a full weight of 80 t. It has been developed a mathematical model to investigate the tractor and semi-trailer axles vertical reactions distribution on the tractor-semitrailer friction performances. The mathematical model has allowed to calculate the gradeability value that the tractor-semitrailer can overcome in case of wheels and road surface friction value and the tractive force magnitude from the engine. The mathematical model adequacy was confirmed by comparing the calculations results with the data of factory tests. The analysis showed that on a dry road the KrAZ-6510TE tractor with a 80 t gross weight semitrailer is capable to climb a gradient of 14,35 ° with its coupling mass full use condition. The engine's maximum torque allows the tractor-semitrailer to overcome a gradient of 10.45° It has been determined the ways to improve the design of the KrAZ-6510TE tractor to increase its gradeability. Keywords: tractor, tractor-semitrailer vehicle mobility, tractor-semitrailer vehicle gradeability.
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Chung, Woodam, and John Sessions. "Uphill and Downhill Gradeability of Log Trucks with Short Log Trailers." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 19, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/19.2.88.

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Abstract The use of cut-to-length systems has increased the use of short log truck and trailers in the western United States and elsewhere. The equations for uphill and downhill gradeability for loaded short log truck and trailer units are derived under conditions of nonturning motion. A sensitivity analysis shows both uphill and downhill gradeability of the short log truck and trailer is highly affected by the load distribution and is also affected by the angle of the tongue between the tractor and trailer. West. J. Appl. For. 19(2):88–94.
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Sessions, John, Rod Stewart, Paul Anderson, and Brian Tuor. "Calculating the Maximum Grade a Log Truck Can Climb." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 1, no. 2 (April 1, 1986): 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/1.2.43.

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Abstract Steep road grades provide managers with a new way to reduce economic and environmental costs of transportation systems. Equations for maximum grade-climbing ability (gradeability) of both loaded and unloaded log trucks are presented. They were derived by considering rolling resistance, vehicle geometry, and weight-distribution changes among axles as the truck negotiates different grades. West. Appl. For. 1:43-45 April 1986
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Asef, Pedram, Ramon Bargallo, Andrew Lapthorn, Davide Tavernini, Lingyun Shao, and Aldo Sorniotti. "Assessment of the Energy Consumption and Drivability Performance of an IPMSM-Driven Electric Vehicle Using Different Buried Magnet Arrangements." Energies 14, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 1418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051418.

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This study investigates the influence of the buried magnet arrangement on the efficiency and drivability performance provided by an on-board interior permanent magnet synchronous machine for a four-wheel-drive electric car with two single-speed on-board powertrains. The relevant motor characteristics, including flux-linkage, inductance, electromagnetic torque, iron loss, total loss, and efficiency, are analyzed for a set of six permanent magnet configurations suitable for the specific machine, which is controlled through maximum-torque-per-ampere and maximum-torque-per-voltage strategies. Moreover, the impact of each magnet arrangement is analyzed in connection with the energy consumption along four driving cycles, as well as the longitudinal acceleration and gradeability performance of the considered vehicle. The simulation results identify the most promising rotor solutions, and show that: (i) the appropriate selection of the rotor configuration is especially important for the driving cycles with substantial high-speed sections; (ii) the magnet arrangement has a major impact on the maximum motor torque below the base speed, and thus on the longitudinal acceleration and gradeability performance; and (iii) the configurations that excel in energy efficiency are among the worst in terms of drivability, and vice versa, i.e., at the vehicle level, the rotor arrangement selection is a trade-off between energy efficiency and longitudinal vehicle dynamics.
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Hao, Zhang, Fan Guiju, Li Zhao, Qin Fu, and Sun Xiaohan. "Analysis and Simulation of Gradeability of Orchard Operation Platform Based on ADAMS." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1213 (June 2019): 042080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1213/4/042080.

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De Pinto, Stefano, Pablo Camocardi, Christoforos Chatzikomis, Aldo Sorniotti, Francesco Bottiglione, Giacomo Mantriota, and Pietro Perlo. "On the Comparison of 2- and 4-Wheel-Drive Electric Vehicle Layouts with Central Motors and Single- and 2-Speed Transmission Systems." Energies 13, no. 13 (June 30, 2020): 3328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13133328.

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Electric vehicles (EVs) are characterized by a significant variety of possible powertrain configurations, ranging from one to four electric machines, which can have an on-board or in-wheel layout. Multiple models of production EVs have recently been introduced on the market, with 4-wheel-drive (4WD) architectures based on a central motor within each axle, connected to the wheels through a gearbox, a differential, and half-shafts. In parallel, an important body of research and industrial demonstrations have covered the topic of 2-speed transmission systems for EVs, with the target of enhancing longitudinal acceleration and gradeability performance, while increasing the operating efficiency of the electric powertrain. Although several recent studies compare different electric powertrain architectures, to the best of the authors’ knowledge the literature misses a comparison between 2-wheel-drive (2WD) and 4WD configurations for the same EV, from the viewpoint of drivability and energy consumption. This paper targets this gap, by assessing 2WD and 4WD powertrain layouts with central motors, for a case study light passenger car for urban mobility, including consideration of the effect of single- and 2-speed transmission systems. An optimization routine is used to calculate the energy-efficient gear state and/or torque distribution for each considered configuration. For the specific EV, the results highlight the favourable trade-off of the single-speed 4WD layout, capable of reducing the energy consumption during driving cycles by approximately 9% with respect to the conventional 2WD layout with single-speed transmission, while providing satisfactory drivability and good gradeability, especially in low tire–road friction conditions.
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Mackaaij, Marco, and Daniel Tubbenhauer. "Two-color Soergel Calculus and Simple Transitive 2-representations." Canadian Journal of Mathematics 71, no. 6 (January 9, 2019): 1523–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4153/cjm-2017-061-2.

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AbstractIn this paper, we complete the ADE-like classification of simple transitive 2-representations of Soergel bimodules in finite dihedral type, under the assumption of gradeability. In particular, we use bipartite graphs and zigzag algebras of ADE type to give an explicit construction of a graded (non-strict) version of all these 2-representations.Moreover, we give simple combinatorial criteria for when two such 2-representations are equivalent and for when their Grothendieck groups give rise to isomorphic representations.Finally, our construction also gives a large class of simple transitive 2-representations in infinite dihedral type for general bipartite graphs.
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Roşca, Petru, Gheorghe Olaru, and Dorel Badea. "Using Trucksim for a Virtual Longitudinal Slope Test Procedure." Land Forces Academy Review 24, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/raft-2019-0010.

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Abstract This paper presents a methodology to validate a virtual test procedure for vehicle gradeability performance. It is a test dedicated to both the civilian and military off-road vehicles, an 8 x 8 Armoured Personnel Carrier being selected for the purpose of the paper. TruckSim is the software used to implement the vehicle math model and the test procedure. The simulation results are compared with the experimental results for a 60 % gradient. The vehicle speed and the engine speed graphics, the statistical analyze, and the comparison between the simulation test animation and the experimental test movie are the methods applied to validate the virtual longitudinal slope test procedure.
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Sessions, John, Jeff Wimer, and Kevin Boston. "Increasing Value and Reducing Costs through Hauling Longer Logs: Opportunities and Issues." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 24, no. 3 (July 1, 2009): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/24.3.157.

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Abstract The majority of log volume in the western United States is transported as long logs on stinger-steered pole trailers. Opportunities exist to increase value and reduce costs through hauling longer logs. Hauling longer logs often permits increasing gross vehicle weight, reducing the cost of transport and using less fuel per unit of log volume transported. Longer logs also increase the potential to recover value by retaining more bucking options at the mill. On higher-speed routes, hauling longer logs will decrease fuel consumption if vehicle air resistance is reduced. A number of issues associated with hauling longer logs must be considered, including truck performance on horizontal and vertical curves, gradeability, loading and unloading trucks, mill yard layout, method of log measurement, and bridge limits.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Gradeability"

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Novák, Martin. "Návrh hydraulického okruhu pojezdu vibračního válce ASC 110." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-401545.

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This thesis presents a proposal of newly designed concept for travel hydraulic circuit of vibratory single drum roller ASC 110. The maximum machine gradeability was chosen as the main parameter for hydraulic circuit proposal. After selecting the new hydraulic travel concept, suitable hydraulic components have been selected. Length and local losses for two different machine speeds were calculated for sufficient hydraulic circuit design. Hydraulic losses have also been calculated for use in different climatic conditions. A new machine cooling concept has also been proposed. Heating and cooling curves of hydraulic circuit were calculated. For the purpose of comparing gradeability and energy balance of the newly designed travel concept compared to the existing one currently in mass production, both machines were fitted with measuring points. On both machines were measured for example, pressure, flow and temperature in each hydraulic circuit branch and others. From the time dependencies of the above-mentioned parameters it was possible to determine the energy efficiency of the newly designed concept. To assess the maximum gradeability, the slope of the hill was measured. Comparing the two machines, it has been found that the two hydraulic circuit solution has significantly improved traction properties in demanding machine applications, especially when driving uphill and downhill. This concept also affects less fuel consumption and places less demand on the hydraulic oil cooler due to its energy efficiency.
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Book chapters on the topic "Gradeability"

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Zheng, Junqiang, Baofeng Yuan, Zhen Liu, Haibo Gao, Haitao Yu, Baichao Chen, and Zongquan Deng. "Comparison of Gradeability of a Wheel-Legged Rover in Wheeled Mode and Wheel-Legged Mode." In Intelligent Robotics and Applications, 234–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97589-4_20.

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Conference papers on the topic "Gradeability"

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Chuanzhu, Sun, Hao Chaohui, and Zhao Yong. "Based on ADAMS Optimal Design of ATV Motorcycle for Gradeability and Shock Absorption Property." In 2010 International Conference on Digital Manufacturing and Automation (ICDMA). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdma.2010.75.

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Zhou, X. X., P. D. Walker, N. Zhang, B. Zhu, and F. Ding. "The Influence of Transmission Ratios Selection on Electric Vehicle Motor Performance." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-85906.

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Increasingly electric vehicle design is looking forward the application of multiple ratio transmissions in place of traditional single ratio gearboxes. The choice of gear ratio has significant influence on vehicle performance, including range, acceleration, and gradeability. To study the impact of different transmissions on EV’s dynamic and economic performance, mathematical models of an EV is presented which is applicable to both single and multiple ratio transmissions. These transmission variants are then studied under different operating conditions to investigate how operating conditions in the motor work efficiency change with different transmissions. Here comparisons are made between 2-speed and single speed transmission. Then the reasons for the results are analysed.
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Bhattacharjee, Debraj, Prabha Bhola, and Pranab K. Dan. "A Fuzzy Based Propulsion Selection for Fuel Efficiency in Hybrid Electric Vehicle." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-85969.

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This article proposes a fuzzy based fuel-efficient propulsion selection logic for a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) in ‘Highway Fuel Economy Test (HWFET)’ driving cycle. Optimal utilisation of combustion engine, in HEV, reduces the fossil fuel consumption. This can be realized through an electronic control unit, embedded with effective propulsion selection logic that governs the power split device in series-parallel HEV. A propulsion control logic, based on the road gradeability, velocity, torque demand and vehicle battery state of charge (SOC) is presented in this article. A comparison with conventional propulsion selection logic based system shows that the HEV modelled with proposed fuzzy based one, results in better speed tracking with steep road grades, as it provides better torque supply at desired speed points. The analysis indicates a reduction in consumption of both the fossil fuel as well as the electrical fuel (SOC).
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Roser, Holger, Paul D. Walker, and Nong Zhang. "Robustness Analysis of Two-Speed Electric Vehicles." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-64139.

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This paper presents the findings of a theoretical analysis of a two-speed Dual-Clutch Transmission (DCT) for electric vehicle applications. Electric drives incorporating DCTs can offer improved driving economy and range, acceleration and climbing gradeability, with potentially smaller electric motors (EMs). Overall powertrain performance is simulated with different standard driving cycles, including urban, extra-urban, and constant speed driving, and different EM power ratings. Simulation results are compared against equivalent single-speed powertrain, including a conceptual evaluation of powertrain bulk, weight and cost. Despite added complexity of including a DCT, the simulated driving range is increased by shifting the operating region of the electric motor to greater efficiency regions. This is shown to be more predominant during high-speed driving. In addition, satisfactory drive performance can be achieved with smaller EMs, compensating for added transmission bulk, weight and cost. An outline of further areas of two-speed electric drive research and applications conclude this paper.
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Lee, Hoon, Pradeepkumar Ashok, and Delbert Tesar. "Visual Performance Maps for Human Choice in Hybrid Electric Vehicle’s In-Wheel Motors: Part II — Operation, Maintenance, and Refreshment Criteria." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-47566.

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Part I of this paper demonstrated how different human choices affect the selection of all basic components of a Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) equipped with four-independent In-Wheel Motors (IWM) based on detailed human needs structured by visual performance maps to guide the customer in terms of purchase criteria: cost, weight, power, acceleration, gradeability, braking, handling, ride comfort, efficiency, and durability. This Part II discusses ten operation criteria: cornering force margin, roll angle, sideslip angle, lateral acceleration, slip angle, yaw rate, acceleration force margin, braking force margin, pitch angle, and travel range. These visual performance maps show the effects of HEV weight on acceleration, braking, and cornering maneuvers under various road conditions (i.e., dry asphalt, wet asphalt, snowy or icy road) which are evaluated and compared based on the implementation of a nonlinear 14 DOF full-vehicle model based on ride (7 DOF), handling (3 DOF), tire (4 DOF), slip ratio, slip angle, and the tire magic formula. In addition, this paper demonstrates how different human choices affect the HEV’s expected performance. Lastly, maintenance and refreshment criteria are presented and explained.
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Montazeri-Gh, Morteza, and Amir Poursamad. "Optimization of Component Sizes in Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles via Genetic Algorithms." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-82338.

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This paper describes the optimization of the parallel hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) component sizing using a genetic algorithm approach. The optimization process is performed over three different driving cycles including the European ECE-EUDC, American FTP and TEH-CAR cycles in order to investigate the influence of the driving pattern on the optimal HEV component sizes. Hybrid Electric Vehicles are considered as a solution to the world’s need for cleaner and more fuel-efficient vehicles. HEVs use a combination of an internal combustion engine and an electric motor to propel the vehicle. Proper execution of a successful HEV design requires optimal sizing of its key mechanical and electrical components. In this paper, genetic algorithm is used as the optimization approach to find the best size of internal combustion engine, electric motor and energy storage system. The objective is minimization of fuel consumption and emissions while vehicle performances, like acceleration and gradeability are defined as constraints. These constraints are handled using penalty functions. Simulation results reveal that the HEV optimal component sizing is independent from the driving pattern. However, the amount of fuel use and emissions are extremely dependent on the driving cycles. In addition, the results show, while the performance constraints are within the standard criteria, the reduction in fuel consumption and emissions are achieved.
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Manickam, Murali, Mithun Kadambamattam, Gajarlawar Nilesh, Ghodke Pundlik, and Mathew Abraham. "Performance and Emission Characteristics of a CRDe SUV Fueled With Neat Biodiesel (B-100) From Jatropha, Pongamea Source and Diesel Fuel." In ASME 2009 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2009-76066.

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Present investigation addresses the use of neat, indigenous biodiesel (B100) in a sports utility vehicle (SUV) with second generation common rail technology. Current research determines the effect of biodiesel (B100) on performance & emission of modern diesel engine, equipped with diesel oxidation catalyst. Biodiesel used in this study were Pongamea Methyl Ester (PME) & Jatropha Methyl Ester (JME) derived from vegetable oil. Fuel related aspects for these two raw material and its effects on engine characteristics were discussed. Both engine & vehicle level tests had been carried out with the aim of obtaining performance characteristics such as brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, brake power, exhaust gas temperature, & emissions such as CO, THC, NOx, smoke opacity to evaluate and compute the behaviors of diesel engine running on PME & JME. Comparative vehicle performance like drivability, gradeability and noise was also measured between biodiesel and diesel. Experimental results revealed that significant reduction in power was observed through out the operating range in both JME & PME, because of its lower heating value. Between this two biodiesel, there was a visible difference in power drop. Engine exhaust gas emission like Hydrocarbon (HC), Carbon monoxide (CO), & Smoke emission reduce significantly, when engine runs with biodiesel (JME & PME) meanwhile using of B100 causes increase in Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission. Particulate matter was significantly lower than those of a vehicle running on fossil diesel. However loss in power, when using biodiesel has been regained by increasing the fuelling & optimizing the combustion parameters like rail pressure, injection timing & duration. Based on the study it is observed that B100 can be used as fuel in diesel engine without any hardware modification, but only by remapping the CRDe system.
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Kumar, C. S. Nanda, and Shankar C. Subramanian. "Design and Analysis of a Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle for Indian Conditions." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-86711.

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Electric and hybrid vehicles are emerging rapidly in the automotive market as alternatives to the traditional Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) driven vehicles to meet stringent emission standards, environmental and energy concerns. Recently, Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) have been introduced in many countries including India. One configuration of a HEV is the Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle (SHEV). The design and analysis of the drive system of a SHEV under Indian conditions is the focus of this paper. In conventional vehicles, the ICE is the power source that drives the vehicle. The energy from the ICE is distributed to the wheels through the transmission, which is then used to generate the traction force at the tyre-road interface. In a HEV, both the engine and the electric motor provide the energy to drive the vehicle. In a SHEV, the energy generated by the electric motor is transmitted through the transmission to meet the torque demand at the wheels. Based on the driver’s acceleration demand and the state of charge of the battery, the controller manages the ICE, the generator and the battery to supply the required energy to the motor. The motor finally develops the required drive torque to generate the traction force at the wheels to meet the vehicle drive performance requirements like gradeability, acceleration and maximum speed. The objective of this paper is to discuss the design of the drive system of a SHEV. This involves the calculation of the power specifications of the electric motor based on the vehicle drive performance requirements. The equations for performing these calculations are presented. The procedure is then demonstrated by considering a typical Indian commercial vehicle along with its typical vehicle parameter values. A simulation study has also been performed by considering the Indian drive cycle to demonstrate the energy savings obtained by the use of a SHEV.
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Wishart, Jeffrey D., Yuliang Zhou, and Zuomin Dong. "Review, Modelling and Simulation of Two-Mode Hybrid Vehicle Architecture." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-35541.

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Hybrid vehicle technology is beginning to make a significant mark in the automotive industry, most notably by the Toyota Prius THS-II and its one-mode technology, but also by two-mode architectures recently introduced. GM-Allison, Renault, and the Timken Company have attempted to capitalize on the advantages over simpler series and parallel architectures that the series-parallel configuration confers on the Prius while also improving the design by allowing the powertrain configuration to physically shift and operate in two different modes depending on the driving load. This work provides an overview of the state-of-the-art in two-mode hybrid vehicle architectures, and demonstrates the performance of this technology in comparison to the market-leading Toyota Prius one-mode hybrid vehicle technology and conventional ICE technology. Simulations in the NREL ADVISOR® software compare the performances of the one- and two-mode architectures against a parallel-full design and the ICE baseline for four different drive cycles and a vehicle with varying weight that simulates a commercial vehicle application. A configuration that is a variation of those designed by GM-Allison was chosen as the representative of the two-mode architectures. The performance metric was fuel economy. The fuel economy was measured over the course of the drive cycles: (1) Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule for Heavy Duty Vehicles (UDDSHDV); (2) New York City Truck (NYCT); (3) City-Suburban Heavy Vehicle Route (CSHVR); and (4) Highway Fuel Economy Test (HWFET). The vehicle model uses a module developed in-house for a Kenworth T400 truck with a payload that varies from empty to completely full. The results demonstrate that the two-mode architecture provides significantly improved performance to that of the conventional non-hybrid design and comparable performance to that of the parallel-full hybrid design. Furthermore, the one-mode design is shown to be sub-optimal for this vehicle type. Development and optimization of the control strategy, which is the direction of the current research, should allow for additional improvement in fuel economy; optimization of vehicular components could result in improvements in acceleration ability, gradeability, and top speed performance, which lags behind the performance capabilities of the conventional powertrain vehicle in these metrics. The study confirms that two-mode architecture presents unique advantages for constantly changing driving cycles and vehicle payloads and represents the future of hybrid vehicle technology.
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