Journal articles: 'Gradeability'

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Yamsani, Akilesh. "Gradeability for Automobiles." IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering 11, no. 2 (2014): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/1684-11273541.

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Pavlenko, Olexandr, Serhii Dun, and Maksym Skliar. "DETERMINATION OF PERFORMANCE INDICATORS OF THE TRUCK KrAZ-6510TE." Avtoshliakhovyk Ukrayiny, no. 1 (261)’2020 (March 20, 2020): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33868/0365-8392-2020-1-261-19-26.

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In any economy there is a need for the bulky goods transportation which cannot be divided into smaller parts. Such cargoes include building structures, elements of industrial equipment, tracked or wheeled construction and agricultural machinery, heavy armored military vehicles. In any case, tractor-semitrailer should provide fast delivery of goods with minimal fuel consumption. In order to guarantee the goods delivery, tractor-semitrailers must be able to overcome the existing roads broken grade and be capable to tow a semi-trailer in off-road conditions. These properties are especially important for military equipment transportation. The important factor that determines a tractor-semitrailer mobility is its gradeability. The purpose of this work is to improve a tractor-semitrailer mobility with tractor units manufactured at PJSC “AutoKrAZ” by increasing the tractor-semitrailer gradeability. The customer requirements for a new tractor are determined by the maximizing the grade to 18°. The analysis of the characteristics of modern tractor-semitrailers for heavy haulage has shown that the highest rate of this grade is 16.7°. The factors determining the limiting gradeability value were analyzed, based on the tractor-semitrailer with a KrAZ-6510TE tractor and a semi-trailer with a full weight of 80 t. It has been developed a mathematical model to investigate the tractor and semi-trailer axles vertical reactions distribution on the tractor-semitrailer friction performances. The mathematical model has allowed to calculate the gradeability value that the tractor-semitrailer can overcome in case of wheels and road surface friction value and the tractive force magnitude from the engine. The mathematical model adequacy was confirmed by comparing the calculations results with the data of factory tests. The analysis showed that on a dry road the KrAZ-6510TE tractor with a 80 t gross weight semitrailer is capable to climb a gradient of 14,35 ° with its coupling mass full use condition. The engine's maximum torque allows the tractor-semitrailer to overcome a gradient of 10.45° It has been determined the ways to improve the design of the KrAZ-6510TE tractor to increase its gradeability. Keywords: tractor, tractor-semitrailer vehicle mobility, tractor-semitrailer vehicle gradeability.

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Chung, Woodam, and John Sessions. "Uphill and Downhill Gradeability of Log Trucks with Short Log Trailers." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 19, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/19.2.88.

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Abstract The use of cut-to-length systems has increased the use of short log truck and trailers in the western United States and elsewhere. The equations for uphill and downhill gradeability for loaded short log truck and trailer units are derived under conditions of nonturning motion. A sensitivity analysis shows both uphill and downhill gradeability of the short log truck and trailer is highly affected by the load distribution and is also affected by the angle of the tongue between the tractor and trailer. West. J. Appl. For. 19(2):88–94.

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Sessions, John, Rod Stewart, Paul Anderson, and Brian Tuor. "Calculating the Maximum Grade a Log Truck Can Climb." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 1, no. 2 (April 1, 1986): 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/1.2.43.

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Abstract Steep road grades provide managers with a new way to reduce economic and environmental costs of transportation systems. Equations for maximum grade-climbing ability (gradeability) of both loaded and unloaded log trucks are presented. They were derived by considering rolling resistance, vehicle geometry, and weight-distribution changes among axles as the truck negotiates different grades. West. Appl. For. 1:43-45 April 1986

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Asef, Pedram, Ramon Bargallo, Andrew Lapthorn, Davide Tavernini, Lingyun Shao, and Aldo Sorniotti. "Assessment of the Energy Consumption and Drivability Performance of an IPMSM-Driven Electric Vehicle Using Different Buried Magnet Arrangements." Energies 14, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 1418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051418.

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This study investigates the influence of the buried magnet arrangement on the efficiency and drivability performance provided by an on-board interior permanent magnet synchronous machine for a four-wheel-drive electric car with two single-speed on-board powertrains. The relevant motor characteristics, including flux-linkage, inductance, electromagnetic torque, iron loss, total loss, and efficiency, are analyzed for a set of six permanent magnet configurations suitable for the specific machine, which is controlled through maximum-torque-per-ampere and maximum-torque-per-voltage strategies. Moreover, the impact of each magnet arrangement is analyzed in connection with the energy consumption along four driving cycles, as well as the longitudinal acceleration and gradeability performance of the considered vehicle. The simulation results identify the most promising rotor solutions, and show that: (i) the appropriate selection of the rotor configuration is especially important for the driving cycles with substantial high-speed sections; (ii) the magnet arrangement has a major impact on the maximum motor torque below the base speed, and thus on the longitudinal acceleration and gradeability performance; and (iii) the configurations that excel in energy efficiency are among the worst in terms of drivability, and vice versa, i.e., at the vehicle level, the rotor arrangement selection is a trade-off between energy efficiency and longitudinal vehicle dynamics.

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Hao, Zhang, Fan Guiju, Li Zhao, Qin Fu, and Sun Xiaohan. "Analysis and Simulation of Gradeability of Orchard Operation Platform Based on ADAMS." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1213 (June 2019): 042080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1213/4/042080.

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De Pinto, Stefano, Pablo Camocardi, Christoforos Chatzikomis, Aldo Sorniotti, Francesco Bottiglione, Giacomo Mantriota, and Pietro Perlo. "On the Comparison of 2- and 4-Wheel-Drive Electric Vehicle Layouts with Central Motors and Single- and 2-Speed Transmission Systems." Energies 13, no. 13 (June 30, 2020): 3328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13133328.

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Electric vehicles (EVs) are characterized by a significant variety of possible powertrain configurations, ranging from one to four electric machines, which can have an on-board or in-wheel layout. Multiple models of production EVs have recently been introduced on the market, with 4-wheel-drive (4WD) architectures based on a central motor within each axle, connected to the wheels through a gearbox, a differential, and half-shafts. In parallel, an important body of research and industrial demonstrations have covered the topic of 2-speed transmission systems for EVs, with the target of enhancing longitudinal acceleration and gradeability performance, while increasing the operating efficiency of the electric powertrain. Although several recent studies compare different electric powertrain architectures, to the best of the authors’ knowledge the literature misses a comparison between 2-wheel-drive (2WD) and 4WD configurations for the same EV, from the viewpoint of drivability and energy consumption. This paper targets this gap, by assessing 2WD and 4WD powertrain layouts with central motors, for a case study light passenger car for urban mobility, including consideration of the effect of single- and 2-speed transmission systems. An optimization routine is used to calculate the energy-efficient gear state and/or torque distribution for each considered configuration. For the specific EV, the results highlight the favourable trade-off of the single-speed 4WD layout, capable of reducing the energy consumption during driving cycles by approximately 9% with respect to the conventional 2WD layout with single-speed transmission, while providing satisfactory drivability and good gradeability, especially in low tire–road friction conditions.

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Mackaaij, Marco, and Daniel Tubbenhauer. "Two-color Soergel Calculus and Simple Transitive 2-representations." Canadian Journal of Mathematics 71, no. 6 (January 9, 2019): 1523–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4153/cjm-2017-061-2.

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AbstractIn this paper, we complete the ADE-like classification of simple transitive 2-representations of Soergel bimodules in finite dihedral type, under the assumption of gradeability. In particular, we use bipartite graphs and zigzag algebras of ADE type to give an explicit construction of a graded (non-strict) version of all these 2-representations.Moreover, we give simple combinatorial criteria for when two such 2-representations are equivalent and for when their Grothendieck groups give rise to isomorphic representations.Finally, our construction also gives a large class of simple transitive 2-representations in infinite dihedral type for general bipartite graphs.

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Roşca, Petru, Gheorghe Olaru, and Dorel Badea. "Using Trucksim for a Virtual Longitudinal Slope Test Procedure." Land Forces Academy Review 24, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/raft-2019-0010.

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Abstract This paper presents a methodology to validate a virtual test procedure for vehicle gradeability performance. It is a test dedicated to both the civilian and military off-road vehicles, an 8 x 8 Armoured Personnel Carrier being selected for the purpose of the paper. TruckSim is the software used to implement the vehicle math model and the test procedure. The simulation results are compared with the experimental results for a 60 % gradient. The vehicle speed and the engine speed graphics, the statistical analyze, and the comparison between the simulation test animation and the experimental test movie are the methods applied to validate the virtual longitudinal slope test procedure.

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Sessions, John, Jeff Wimer, and Kevin Boston. "Increasing Value and Reducing Costs through Hauling Longer Logs: Opportunities and Issues." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 24, no. 3 (July 1, 2009): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/24.3.157.

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Abstract The majority of log volume in the western United States is transported as long logs on stinger-steered pole trailers. Opportunities exist to increase value and reduce costs through hauling longer logs. Hauling longer logs often permits increasing gross vehicle weight, reducing the cost of transport and using less fuel per unit of log volume transported. Longer logs also increase the potential to recover value by retaining more bucking options at the mill. On higher-speed routes, hauling longer logs will decrease fuel consumption if vehicle air resistance is reduced. A number of issues associated with hauling longer logs must be considered, including truck performance on horizontal and vertical curves, gradeability, loading and unloading trucks, mill yard layout, method of log measurement, and bridge limits.

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Zhou, Haicheng, Zhaoping Xu, Liang Liu, Dong Liu, and Lingling Zhang. "Design and validation of a novel hydraulic hybrid vehicle with wheel motors." Science Progress 103, no. 1 (September 29, 2019): 003685041987802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0036850419878024.

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With strong demands of energy-saving and environment-friendly vehicles, hydraulic hybrid powertrain is a suitable solution for urban transportation. This article proposes a novel hydraulic hybrid vehicle with wheel motors to improve vehicle power performance and fuel economy. A forward-looking simulation model of the vehicle is built. System parameters are determined according to the power performance demands. A smaller engine is chosen, the peak power of which is reduced by 11.96%. The simulation model is calibrated and verified by experimental tests on the designed test bench. Parameterized simulation results indicate that the acceleration time 0–100 km/h of the designed vehicle is decreased by 36.3% from 19.63 to 12.5 s compared with the conventional vehicle. The maximum vehicle speed is 140 km/h, and the maximum gradeability is 29%. When the engine works in economy mode, fuel consumption is decreased by 35.59% from 15 to 9.66 L per 100 km on the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule cycle compared with the conventional vehicle.

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Douglas, Robert A., W. D. H. Woodward, and Robert J. Rogers. "Contact Pressures and Energies Beneath Soft Tires: Modeling Effects of Central Tire Inflation–Equipped Heavy-Truck Traffic on Road Surfaces." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1819, no. 1 (January 2003): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1819b-28.

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Much has been made of the use of tires with low-inflation-pressure systems called central tire inflation (CTI) systems. Great benefits have been noted in numerous trials, including the reduced requirement for truck maintenance, improved gradeability, longer tire life, improved ride for drivers, reduced road rutting, and reduced road maintenance. Reports of successful field trials in the literature are confirmed by other supporting theoretical studies. However, the studies reported in the literature tend to relate to unsealed, unbound roads. Given that in some quarters there is now a desire to extend the benefits of the use of CTI to sealed roads, new questions arise. A full-scale, laboratory study was carried out at the University of Ulster, Northern Ireland. Both the normal and shear contact stresses were measured with a high-speed data logger connected to electronic sensors in the apparatus’s bed plate, as a tire ran over them. Tire pressures and loads were varied in this factorial study. The contact stresses were measured, and conclusions based on their distribution across the tire “contact patch” were presented. In addition, contact energies were inferred, and the consequences for sealed pavements were suggested.

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Đuka, Andreja, Tomislav Poršinsky, Tibor Pentek, Zdravko Pandur, Dinko Vusić, and Ivica Papa. "Mobility Range of a Cable Skidder for Timber Extraction on Sloped Terrain." Forests 9, no. 9 (August 30, 2018): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9090526.

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The use of forestry vehicles in mechanised harvesting systems is still the most effective way of timber procurement, and forestry vehicles need to have high mobility to face various terrain conditions. This research gives boundaries of planning timber extraction on sloped terrain with a cable skidder, considering terrain parameters (slope, direction of skidding, cone index), vehicle technical characteristics and load size (5 different loads) relying on sustainability and eco-efficiency. Skidder mobility model was based on connecting two systems: vehicle-terrain (load distribution) and wheel-soil (skidder traction performance) with two mobility parameters: (1) maximal slope during uphill timber extraction by a cable skidder based on its traction performance (gradeability), and (2) maximal slope during downhill timber extraction by a cable skidder when thrust force is equal to zero. Results showed mobility ranges of an empty skidder for slopes between −50% and +80%, skidder with 1 tonne load between −26% and +63%, skidder with 2 tonne load between −30% and +51%, skidder with 3 tonne load between −34% and +39%, skidder with 4 tonne load between −35% and +30% and skidder with 5 tonne load between −41% and +11%.These results serve to improve our understanding of safer, more efficient timber extraction methods on sloped terrain.

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Li, Hui, Ruiqin Li, Jianwei Zhang, and Pengyu Zhang. "Development of a Pipeline Inspection Robot for the Standard Oil Pipeline of China National Petroleum Corporation." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8 (April 20, 2020): 2853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082853.

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The periodic inspection for oil pipelines is required due to the deterioration over time. A multitude of factors brings such a deterioration, from corrosion, leaks, to cracks, which may lead to blowbacks and cause the damages for operators and the environments. With the progress of robotics technology, various types of mobile robots and mechanisms are designed to cope with this issue. Rather than the assignment of human workers in hazardous environments, the deployment of such kinds of inspection robots can take on this duty more time-efficiently and safely, preventing the human workers from the high-risk of the inspection task in the oil pipelines. This paper presents a novel design of a mobile robot for oil pipeline inspection, which is cooperated with the China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC). With the improvement of the previous inspection robot used in CNPC’s standard oil pipelines, the newly designed robot is composed of six groups of symmetrical supporting wheels, and a more powerful motors as well as a more advanced control system. This new design endows the oil pipeline inspection robot with better performance on six aspects: traction, obstacle-adaptivity, operation endurance, gradeability, visual perception, and stability. The field testing results at multiple oil transfer stations across several months demonstrate the reliability of this mobile robot under various severe situations in China and validate its performance in the studied aspects.

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Bhattacharjee, Debraj, Tamal Ghosh, Prabha Bhola, Kristian Martinsen, and Pranab Dan. "Ecodesigning and improving performance of plugin hybrid electric vehicle in rolling terrain through multi-criteria optimisation of powertrain." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, July 3, 2021, 095440702110275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09544070211027531.

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This work presents an ecodesigning and operating performance improvement methodology in series-parallel Plugin hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) in passenger car category, through optimisation of powertrain, considering gradeability overreaching rolling terrain. Designing involves consideration for power of prime movers and the geometric specification governing gear ratio, which is the teeth number. PHEV performance is measured in terms of various output characteristics, such as, fuel economy, emissions, vehicle weight, battery charge, maximum velocity and maximum acceleration etc. and such output indicators comprising both ecodesign and vehicle operating performance attributes, eleven in all, are considered. For optimisation, the design space is generated using NREL, ADVISOR simulator in accordance with Taguchi’s method. Multi-criteria optimisation is used to converge the aforesaid output indicators into a single one using TOPSIS, MTOPSIS, Grey Relational Analysis and their surrogate assisted evolutionary algorithm (SAEA) based solutions to select the best from. Such design solutions are tested with UDDS driving cycle for performance analysis; reflecting superiority of SAEA based results. However, best values of output indicators are not from a single solution but are spread over these SAEAs. While, gradability is embedded in the model, its variation as supplemental factor, together with total ownership cost, are included, for extended modelling to ascertain the suitability amongst SAEAs. To extend the test for suitability beyond one driving cycle, also a combined one is formed by integrating two other, namely NEDC and 1015Prius with UDDS. The simulation experiment results from combined driving cycle also indicate preference in favour of MTOPSIS-SAEA model, complying upto 25% gradability for rolling terrain, substantially better than the reference model while also ensuring savings in fuel cost by about 60% over the entire ownership period besides reduction in greenhouse gas emissions ranging between 18% and 21%. This solution also helps in lightweighting the vehicle by over 6%.

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P R, Suresh, and Raghu Vamsi Patnala. "Parametric Design Optimisation of Planetary Hub Reduction Equipped in Rigid Frame Dump Truck." International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology, March 1, 2021, 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32628/ijsrset218223.

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Even though the information is not leveraged in the contemporary environment, still designing the planetary hub reduction for the off-highway dump truck application without the benchmarking is a sophisticated and exceptional one, because of robust design criteria, including dynamic and maximum loads under different load spectrum. Adopting the conventional planetary gearbox/transmission design used on On/off-highway applications can cater to adequate information. However, in terms of accuracy, it substantially lags, especially for off-highway planetary hub reduction application. The primary objective of this paper is to describe the most viable and reliable procedure of designing, as well as optimizing the planetary hub reduction for off-highway dump truck in the preliminary design stage, which is suitable for industrial application with the help of gear design and simulation software called KISSsoft/KISSsys in rapid manner. Further, this paper describes designers input factors based on benchmarked and ascertained data which significantly reduces iterative steps economically. This design methodology for designing from scratch with a required reduction ratio of 7.235:1 in a short space constraint carried out for 100-ton dump truck, with the gradeability which suits the design requirements and the results of optimised design compared with existing design used for similar tonnage BEML dump truck with the same reduction ratio in higher constructive volume. The compared results found to be in very well accordance concerning the safety factor, life cycle and also the system-level weight of the planetary gear train reduced by 17% in a diminished constructive volume for the optimized new design. This design approach is versatile and time saving and can also be used as an integral approach which is suitable from the conceptual design stage to proto development for industrial application.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Gradeability'

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