Academic literature on the topic 'Graded word spelling test'
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Journal articles on the topic "Graded word spelling test"
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Bahr, Ruth Huntley, Elaine R. Silliman, and Virginia W. Berninger. "Derivational Morphology Bridges Phonology and Orthography: Insights Into the Development of Word-Specific Spellings by Superior, Average, and Poor Spellers." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 51, no. 3 (July 15, 2020): 640–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_lshss-19-00090.
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Purpose Morphology, which is a bridge between phonology and orthography, plays an important role in the development of word-specific spellings. This study, which employed longitudinal sampling of typically developing students in Grades 3, 4, and 5, explored how the misspellings of words with derivational suffixes shed light on the interplay of phonological, orthographic, and morphological (POM) linguistic features as students learn to integrate POM features appropriately to generate correct spellings. Method Sixty typically developing Grade 3 students were tested using the Spelling subtest from the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test–Second Edition (Wechsler, 2001) and were divided into superior, average, and poor spellers. Students' spelling skill was then assessed using the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test–Second Edition annually for another 2 years. Misspelled derivations from these three testing sessions were analyzed for linguistic feature errors and error complexity/severity. Differences in the integration of POM features across spelling ability levels at Grades 3–5 were analyzed with Kruskal–Wallis analyses of variance. Results Longitudinal results demonstrated POM integration for the development of word-specific spellings involving derivational morphology was in its initial stages over Grades 3–5 and was influenced by spelling ability level. Information from a qualitative analysis revealed considerable variability in how students applied their POM knowledge to spell complex derivations. Conclusions Word-specific spellings draw on multiple linguistic codes—P, O, and M—and their interconnections. It involves more than an understanding of orthographic rules. Rather, accurate spelling develops through an increased understanding of the phoneme–grapheme relationships as facilitated by the identification of word parts (base + or − affixes) in written language. Educational and clinical implications are discussed.
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Baxter, D. M., and E. K. Warrington. "Measuring Dysgraphia: A Graded-Difficulty Spelling Test." Behavioural Neurology 7, no. 3-4 (1994): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1994/659593.
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In this paper we describe the construction of a graded-difficulty spelling test for adults consisting of two alternative forms each containing 30 words (GDST, Forms A and B). The spelling test, together with background tests of verbal and non-verbal skills, was administered to 100 control patients with orthopaedic injuries. The two forms of the spelling test were highly correlated (0.92). Spelling was highly correlated with reading (0.75, 0.77) and moderately correlated with vocabulary (0.57) and naming (0.39, 0.40). There was no correlation between spelling skills and non-verbal reasoning. The test was validated in a group of 26 patients with left hemisphere and 20 patients with right hemisphere lesions. Spelling was shown to be lateralized to the left hemisphere and there appeared to be a shift in scores of the left hemisphere group towards the lower quartile, with 65% of the left hemisphere group falling within this band. The most severe spelling impairments were invariably associated with other language disorders but a number of dissociations were documented at spelling levels falling between the 5th and 25th percentile band. Two patients with left hemisphere lesions (8%) were identified as having selective dysgraphias. The lack of overlap between the anatomical sites of the two patients with specific lexical dysgraphia argues against a single site for this type of dysgraphia and argues for further refinement of this classification of spelling disorder.
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Seidlová Málková, Gabriela. "Spelling skills of Czech primary school children in relation to the method of literacy instruction." Journal of Language and Cultural Education 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 59–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jolace-2017-0004.
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Abstract This study investigates the importance of having a set reading instruction method for the development of spelling skills among Czech children ranging in age across the four beginning grades of primary school. 238 children learning to read and spell using an analytical-synthetic method and 251 children learning to read and spell using a genetic method participated in this study. The outcomes of word spelling tests were assessed for the different grade and age levels: first, second- third and fourth. Distributional patterns of spelling skills performance for both instruction method subgroups were created in each of the grade groups. Comparisons of spelling task outputs between both methods were conducted using a non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. Results indicate that children using the genetic method are more effective in acquiring phoneme-grapheme correspondences throughout the first grade, and thus show more accurate word spelling in the first grade spelling task. However, this initial advantage for children learning to spell using the genetic method soon disperses, and it is not reflected in better spelling performance throughout the second to third and fourth grade.
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Schermerhorn, Pamela K., and T. F. McLaughlin. "Effects of the Add-A-Word Spelling Program on Test Accuracy, Grades, and Retention of Spelling Words with Fifth and Sixth Grade Regular Education Students." Child & Family Behavior Therapy 19, no. 1 (February 24, 1997): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j019v19n01_02.
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Al-Bereiki, Sheikha A., and Abdo M. Al-Mekhlafi. "Spelling Errors of Omani EFL Students." Journal of Educational and Psychological Studies [JEPS] 9, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 660. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jeps.vol9iss4pp660-676.
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The purpose of this study was to explore the types of spelling errors students of grade ten make and to find out whether there were any significant differences between males and fe- males with respect to the types of spelling errors made. The sample of the study included 90 grade ten students from four different schools in North Batinah. The researchers manipulated the use of a test that consisted of two questions: an oral dictation test of 70 words with a contex- tualizing sentence and a free writing task. The misspellings were classified into nine different types. The findings revealed that the most common spelling errors among Omani grade ten stu- dents were vowel substitution, then came vowel omission in the second place and consonant substitution in the third place. Male students omitted more vowels than female students while females made more true word errors than their male counterparts. In light of the findings, the study presents some recommendations and suggestions for further studies.
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Carlisle, Joanne F. "Knowledge of derivational morphology and spelling ability in fourth, sixth, and eighth graders." Applied Psycholinguistics 9, no. 3 (September 1988): 247–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400007839.
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ABSTRACTThis study investigated students' knowledge of derivational morphology and the relationship between this knowledge and their ability to spell derived words. The subjects (fourth, sixth and eighth graders) were given the Wide Range Achievement Test, Spelling subtest, and experimental tests of their ability to generate base and derived forms orally, to spell the same base and derived words, and to apply suffix addition rules. The results indicate strong developmental trends in both the mastery of derivational morphology and the spelling of derived words; however, spelling performances lagged significantly behind the ability to generate the same words. Success generating and spelling derived words depended on the complexity of transformations between base and derived forms. Further, mastery of phonological and orthographic transformations most strongly distinguished the three grades in both spelling and generating derived words. Indications that the older students were using knowledge of morphemic structure in spelling derived words were found in analysis of the spelling of base and derived word pairs and the application of suffix addition rules.
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Yeung, Susanna Siu-sze, and Robert Savage. "Teaching Grapheme–Phoneme Correspondences Using a Direct Mapping Approach for At-Risk Second Language Learners: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Journal of Learning Disabilities 53, no. 2 (December 21, 2019): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022219419894563.
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Reading interventions developed to teach grapheme–phoneme correspondences (GPCs) were evaluated among L2 at-risk readers. In the direct mapping of grapheme (DMG) condition, children’s attention was explicitly drawn to the application of a graphemes taught on that day to shared reading of words in authentic text. In the control condition there was no such systematic daily linkage of the GPCs and texts. The two reading interventions were otherwise identical. Two hundred fifty-three Chinese Grade 1 and Grade 2 students were screened, and those who scored in the bottom 30% of an English word-reading test were identified as L2 at-risk readers. Seventy-one L2 at-risk readers were thus randomly assigned to two conditions, both of which were small-group reading interventions: (a) DMG or (b) taught control. We hypothesized a significant main effect of Intervention condition and significant interaction of Intervention by Phonological Awareness (PA) effects on word reading, word attack, spelling, and sentence comprehension favoring the DMG intervention. Results showed that predicted interaction effects were significant for word reading, spelling, and sentence comprehension. No other effects were significant. Results suggest that the daily Direct Mapping of taught GPCs to shared book reading promotes reading development in at-risk English L2 readers with stronger phonological skills.
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Hamdani, Beny. "Enhancing Vocabulary Among EFL Young Learners Through Picture-Word Inductive Model." International Journal of English Education and Linguistics (IJoEEL) 2, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33650/ijoeel.v2i1.1101.
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AbstractThis paper critically aims to enhance English vocabularies among EFL young learners of the fifth grade students through picture-word inductive model at elementary school Zainul Hasan Genggong Probolinggo in the academic year of 2019-2020. The research problem is How is the effective picture-word inductive model to enhance vocabulary among young learners of elemantary school Zainul Hasan Genggong Probolinggo? The type of the research is classroom action research. It was conducted in two cycles. The subjects of the research were 20 students of fifth grade. The data were collected from the test, interview, documentation and observation. The result showed that the students had increased their English vocabulary mastery which can be seen from the test result provided by the researcher. This is the evident from the test result that overall there was an increase in the English vocabulary mastery of 5 grade students as much as 50.70 % in the first cycle and 85.54 % in the second cycle. Meanwhile, the observation result showed that the students seemed more enthusiastic during the learning process. In reference to the actions conducted in two cycles, the use of the picture-word inductive model enhances the students’ vocabulary by practicing words into sentences and more attention on mechanical aspects such as spelling and pronunciation. Keywords : Young Learners, Vocabulary Mastery, Picture-word inductive model.
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Kikas, Eve, Gintautas Silinskas, and Piret Soodla. "The effects of children’s reading skills and interest on teacher perceptions of children’s skills and individualized support." International Journal of Behavioral Development 39, no. 5 (July 7, 2015): 402–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025415573641.
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This study examined the effects of children’s reading skills and interest in reading-related tasks on teacher perceptions of children’s literacy skills (reading and spelling) and the respective individualized support for children during the first two years of formal schooling. The participants were 334 children and their classroom teachers. Identical measures were administered at three time points (at the beginning of Grade 1 and at the end of Grades 1 and 2). Children’s reading skills were assessed with the word reading fluency test, and their interest in reading was assessed with self-reports. Also, teachers evaluated each child’s level of reading and spelling skills and reported the level of individual literacy support they provided. The results showed that children’s poor skills in reading at the beginning of Grade 1 were related to both teacher perceptions of children’s skills as being poor and to increased support at the end of Grade 1. In turn, teacher perceptions of children’s skills as being poor at the end of Grade 1 were related to more support at the end of Grade 2. Moreover, children’s reading skills at the beginning of school had an indirect effect via teacher perceptions at the end of Grade 1 on teacher support in Grade 2. The findings underscore the importance of examining the role of teacher perceptions in providing individualized support during literacy activities.
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Fleisch, Brahm, Kamala Pather, and Geeta Motilal. "The patterns and prevalence of monosyllabic three-letter-word spelling errors made by South African English First Additional Language learners." South African Journal of Childhood Education 7, no. 1 (July 26, 2017): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajce.v7i1.481.
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There is growing evidence of systematic underachievement of South African primary school learners in reading in English as the first additional language. There is a small but growing literature that provides insights, that is, causes, patterns and prevalence, into this phenomenon. Through a secondary analysis of a spelling component of a literacy test that was administered as an end-line assessment for a randomised control trial, this article provides new evidence for and insight into the patterns and prevalence of English language spelling errors made by Grade 4 second-language learners. The study specifically coded errors on four monosyllabic three-letter words for 2500 Grade 4 learners tested individually at the end of the second term in 2014. Three distinct linguistic error patterns were identified. The most frequent error patterns involved the incorrect use of the vowel grapheme, for example bed was spelled ‘bad’. The second pattern related to common errors associated with the transfer of linguistic, orthographic patterns from the first language (isiZulu). The final pattern suggests that between 6% and 8% of learners were struggling to make the basic phoneme–grapheme connection. This pattern, however, would need to be confirmed with oral interviews. The implications of these error patterns are discussed.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Graded word spelling test"
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Herold, M. P. (Marina Patricia). "The use of word prediction as a tool to accelerate the typing speed and increase the spelling accuracy of primary school children with spelling difficulties." Diss., 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28139.
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Word prediction has been offered as support for children with spelling difficulties. The literature however has shown wide-ranging results, as the use of word prediction is at the cost of time and fatigue due to increased visual-cognitive demands. Spelling support with word prediction is through word completion, keystroke reduction and the interactive process between spelling and reading. The research project was a cross-over within-subject design using 80 Grade 4 – 6 children with spelling difficulties in a school for special needs. The research task took the form of entering 30 words through an on-screen keyboard, with and without the use of word prediction software. The subjects were divided into four groups, who completed the research task in combinations of one of two equivalent wordlists and the presentation order of the typing method used. The Graded Word Spelling Test, administered before the study began, served to investigate whether there was a relationship between the children’s current spelling knowledge and word prediction efficacy. The results indicated an increase in spelling accuracy with the use of word prediction, but at the cost of time and the tendency to use word approximations, which decreased as grade and age increased. Children’s current spelling knowledge could not serve as an indicator of who would be most likely to benefit from word prediction use. The cross-over design counter-balanced the effects of the inequalities in the two wordlists and the effects of practice and fatigue noted in the presentation order. Further research into the impact that more extensive training and practice would have on word prediction efficacy and the usefulness of word prediction in more functional writing is necessary.Dissertation (M (Augmentative and Alternative Communication))--University of Pretoria, 2005.
Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication (CAAC)
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Books on the topic "Graded word spelling test"
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Wilson, Barbara A. Word identification and spelling test: Examiner's manual. Austin, Tex: Pro-ed, 2004.
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August, Diane, and Donald R. Bear. Treasures: Grammar practice book. New York: Macmillan McGraw-Hill, 2011.
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Company, Macmillan/McGraw-Hill School Publishing, ed. Treasures: A reading/language arts program. New York: Macmillan McGraw-Hill, 2011.
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Crumpler, Mary, and Colin McCarty. Graded Word Spelling Test. 3rd ed. Hodder Arnold, 2006.
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Macmillan Graded Word Reading Test - Word Card. Nelson Thornes (Publishers) Ltd, 1985.
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Macmillan Graded Word Reading Test - Complete Set. Nelson Thornes (Publishers) Ltd, 1985.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Graded word spelling test"
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Treiman, Rebecca. "Consonants." In Beginning to Spell. Oxford University Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195062199.003.0008.
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Learning to spell involves learning about the relations between the phonemes of the spoken language and the graphemes of the printed language. In Chapter 4, I asked how children learn these relations for vowels. The results showed that a number of factors affect children’s learning, including their exposure to printed words, their knowledge of letter names, and their phonological systems. In this chapter, I turn to consonants. I ask whether these same factors affect children’s spelling of consonants. This chapter focuses on substitution errors and, to a lesser extent, correct spellings. Consonant omission errors will be considered in detail in Chapter 8. Sometimes, the first graders’ most common spellings of consonant phonemes were those spellings that are most frequent in the conventional English system. However, the children’s spellings did not always mirror those of conventional English. The children sometimes used a grapheme that never represents the phoneme in the standard system; that is, an illegal spelling. As in Chapter 4, I focus on illegal spellings that occurred at rates of 2.5% or more. I ask why the children selected that particular grapheme to represent the phoneme. In other cases, the students used a legal spelling significantly more often than expected given its frequency in the conventional system. Again, factors other than exposure to the relations between phonemes and graphemes in English words must be responsible for the error. I ask what these factors are. As in Chapter 4, I use binomial tests to compare the frequencies of correspondences in children’s spelling to the frequencies of the correspondences in the conventional spellings of the same words. In this section, the children’s spellings of various consonant phonemes are discussed. The reader may find it helpful to refer to the consonant chart of Figure 1.5 when reading this section. The stop consonants of English are /p/, /t/, /k/, /b/, /d/, and /g/. In discussing how the children spelled these consonants, I will first consider the children’s spellings without regard to the contexts in which the consonants occurred. Next, I will discuss some errors that occurred for stop consonants in particular contexts.
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Selikowitz, Mark. "Spelling." In Dyslexia and Other Learning Difficulties. Oxford University Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192622990.003.0012.
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There are three kinds of difficulty that may cause a child’s written work to be incomprehensible. First, specific spelling difficulty, where some words may be so badly spelt that they are difficult to recognize. Secondly, specific writing difficulty, where the handwriting may be so untidy that it is illegible see Figure 7.3, p. 65). And, thirdly, language disorder, where the language used by the child may be so full of errors that it does not make sense. Specific spelling difficulty will be described in this chapter, specific writing difficulty in the next chapter, and language disorders will be described in Chapter 9. . . . What is specific spelling difficulty? . . . specific spelling difficulty can be defined as an unexplained, significant spelling difficulty. A significant difficulty is usually defined as a spelling age more than two standard deviations below the mean for the child’s age (see Chapter 1, p. 5 for the explanation of this term). Specific spelling difficulty is often associated with specific reading difficulty. In some children, specific spelling difficulty is an isolated problem. Although such children will have average reading ability, research studies suggest that subtle reading problems can be detected in such children on special testing. . . . How spelling is assessed . . . There are several standardized spelling tests in general use. These differ in the ways in which they test spelling. Some present the child with words that are part of his sight vocabulary, others present a wider range of words. Tests usually involve spelling from dictation. Some may also involve recognizing whether a printed word is correctly spelt or not. The psychologist will choose the test, or tests, that will provide information about the child’s spelling level, as well as about the nature of his difficulties. For example, a test that shows that a child has difficulties with spelling from dictation, but not with identifying words that are incorrectly spelt, may demonstrate particular problems with word memory. The psychologist will also try to differentiate between the different kinds of spelling errors, such as phonetic, visual, and sequential errors, which are described later in this chapter.
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Thomas, J. Joshua, Lim Ting Wei, Y. Bevish Jinila, and R. Subhashini. "Smart Computerized Essay Scoring Using Deep Neural Networks for Universities and Institutions." In Handbook of Research on Smart Technology Models for Business and Industry, 125–52. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3645-2.ch006.
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This chapter develops a web-based automated text scoring (ATS) system that can grade essays and check for spelling errors. The main reason behind this work is to alleviate the labour-intensive marking of essays and ensures equality in scoring for high-stakes exams like TOEFL. The researcher had performed a detailed investigation on deep learning techniques used in the field of ATS and developed a recurrent neural network model that can score essays in an end-to-end approach. Using the developed deep learning model, a web application was also developed to showcase the process of ATS by letting the web application to communicate with the trained model. The model was trained using Keras framework and TensorFlow library and the web application was done using the Flask framework. This work is the LSTM network that can capture sequential dependencies. The evaluation metrics chosen to evaluate the model are the quadratic weighted kappa (QWK) score, and the trained model can achieve 0.6 in QWK score.
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Mehta, Jal. "The Allure of Order: Rationalizing Schools from the Progressives to the Present." In The Allure of Order. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199942060.003.0003.
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In late 2001, three months after the September 11 attacks, the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) passed both House and Senate with strong bipartisan majorities and was signed by a Republican president. Promising to use the power of the state to ensure that all children were proficient in reading and math by 2014, proponents heralded the act as the greatest piece of federal education legislation since the creation of the original Elementary and Secondary Education Act in 1965. By requiring the states to set high standards, pairing them with assessments that measured whether students were achieving those standards, and holding schools accountable if students failed to do so, NCLB, in the eyes of its sponsors, would close achievement gaps and make America’s schools the envy of the world. A decade later, the bloom is off the rose. While almost everyone today continues to share the aim of leaving no child behind, the act itself has come in for criticism from many quarters, to the point that Bush’s former Education Secretary Margaret Spellings declared that NCLB is now a “toxic brand” in American politics. Careful studies of the implementation of NCLB have shown that it has done what less bullish observers might have predicted from the outset. It has increased the focus on the education of poor and minority students, but it has not provided schools with needed tools to create higher quality schooling for these students. There has been improvement in some national test scores (e.g., 4th and 8th grade math), while others have remained largely unchanged (e.g., 4th and 8th grade reading). Even accounting for the progress in math, there is no sign that the reforms have had a significant impact in closing achievement gaps or in improving America’s mediocre international educational standing. Particularly in the most troubled schools, there has been rampant teaching to the test and some outright cheating. In-depth studies have shown that some schools now devote a large part of their year to test prep; Atlanta and DC public schools have both contended with widespread cheating scandals.
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A. Razak, Rogayah, Loke Xing Lin, and Mohd Azmarul A. Aziz. "Oral Language Skills and Literacy Skills of Malay Children with Dyslexia." In Learning Disabilities [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99787.
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Dyslexia can involve among others, difficulties in spoken language. However, there is limited local data on oral language (narrative skills) and literacy skills in children with dyslexia. The relationship between language and literacy is well documented although they involve complicated and non-straightforward processes. There is also evidence suggesting a link between language difficulties with subsequent literacy difficulties. Thus, this study aims to identify and describe the language and literacy skills of Malay children with dyslexia, and to discuss the possible relationships between them. Subjects were six children with dyslexia in the Klang Valley, Malaysia aged 8:0 to 9:11 (mean age, 8:10) who were compared to an age-matched control group (n = 10). The battery of tests administrated was phonological awareness test, language task, narrative, and literacy tasks. Our findings showed that children with dyslexia had generally weaker language and literacy skills than the control group. There were significant differences (p < .05) in grammar understanding, sentence repetition, and reading and spelling at both word and paragraph levels. Pearson correlation between language and literacy was shown to be positive and strong, r = .887, p < .05. The qualitative discussion of the data is presented. Findings from this study would provide useful information to teachers and speech-language therapists in their teaching or planning of appropriate clinical evaluation and management of children with dyslexia.