Journal articles: 'Gradient latitudinal'

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Pero, Edgardo J. I., Paola A. Rueda Martín, and María C. Reynaga. "Species and genus richness and assemblage composition of stream caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) vary with latitude in mountain rainforest of Argentina." Marine and Freshwater Research 70, no. 5 (2019): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf18209.

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Evidence found in results of studies of latitudinal gradients of benthic macroinvertebrate diversity is variable. This study analysed how species and genus richness and the composition of caddisfly assemblages (Insecta: Trichoptera) vary in Argentinean mountain forest through a latitudinal gradient from 22 to 28°S. Qualitative and quantitative data from 20 stream sites were compared. Assemblage richness and composition were analysed by comparing linear regressions, rank–abundance (RA) curves and non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS). Taxonomic richness increased from high to low latitude. RA curves showed changes in assemblage composition and structure across the latitudinal gradient. The nMDS revealed that the composition of the assemblages also changed along the latitudinal gradient. The patterns are similar to those observed in plants and vertebrates from the study region. The results are of particular note because a latitudinal gradient of aquatic insect diversity has rarely been observed in a narrow range.

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Prata, Eduardo Magalhães Borges, Aloysio De Pádua Teixeira, Carlos Alfredo Joly, and Marco Antonio Assis. "The role of climate on floristic composition in a latitudinal gradient in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest." Plant Ecology and Evolution 151, no. 3 (November 28, 2018): 303–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2018.1407.

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Background and aims – Latitudinal gradients have an important influence on species distribution reflecting the effects of environmental factors such as temperature, rainfall, soil, and geographical distance. In the southeastern Brazilian Atlantic Forest, the role of climatic variables in the floristic composition is better known for altitudinal gradients of the Serra do Mar Mountains rather than for the latitudinal gradient. Here, we investigated the effects of mean annual temperature and rainfall on tree species distribution and composition in a latitudinal gradient in the Atlantic forest.Methods – We calculated each species frequency of occurrence and the latitudinal range. We used multivariate analyses (direct ordination, Hierarchical Clustering followed by Indicator Species analysis and NMDS) to investigate variation in floristic composition, and regression analyses to evaluate mean annual temperatures and rainfall effects on tree species composition along the latitudinal gradient (21°S to 28°S).Key results – A total of 789 species were registered, of which a majority (646 species) were present in less than 20% of the sampled areas, and only four species (0.5%) were present in more than 80% of the sampled areas. Only ten species (1.3%) reached the maximum latitudinal range (~6°). We found a strong correlation between variation in floristic composition and the spatial position in the latitudinal gradient. The cluster analyses detected two main floristic groups, one composed by the forests from Rio de Janeiro (21°S to 23°S) and the second by the forests from São Paulo, Paraná and Santa Catarina States (23°S to 28°S). The multiple regression analysis revealed a strong effect of the climatic variables on the variation of the floristic composition along the latitudinal gradient (r2 = 0.81, P < 0.001), where 62.82% of the variation were explained by mean annual temperature, 8.27% by annual rainfall and 10.45% by both variables together.Conclusions – The restricted distribution of most species may be explained by variations in mean annual temperature and annual rainfall along the latitudinal gradient. For instance, the decreasing mean annual temperature along the coast and the occurrence of frosts at higher latitudes may limit the southward distribution of some species while the lower annual rainfall (with marked seasonality) in the north of the gradient may limit the northward distribution of other species. Although mean annual temperature explained most of the variation in species composition along the latitudinal gradient, the abrupt variation in annual rainfall may explain the high floristic dissimilarity detected in the north of the gradient.

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Freeman, Benjamin G., and Matthew W. Pennell. "The latitudinal taxonomy gradient." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 36, no. 9 (September 2021): 778–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2021.05.003.

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Lyu, Lixin, Susanne Suvanto, Pekka Nöjd, Helena M. Henttonen, Harri Mäkinen, and Qi-Bin Zhang. "Tree growth and its climate signal along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients: comparison of tree rings between Finland and the Tibetan Plateau." Biogeosciences 14, no. 12 (June 23, 2017): 3083–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3083-2017.

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Abstract. Latitudinal and altitudinal gradients can be utilized to forecast the impact of climate change on forests. To improve the understanding of how these gradients impact forest dynamics, we tested two hypotheses: (1) the change of the tree growth–climate relationship is similar along both latitudinal and altitudinal gradients, and (2) the time periods during which climate affects growth the most occur later towards higher latitudes and altitudes. To address this, we utilized tree-ring data from a latitudinal gradient in Finland and from two altitudinal gradients on the Tibetan Plateau. We analysed the latitudinal and altitudinal growth patterns in tree rings and investigated the growth–climate relationship of trees by correlating ring-width index chronologies with climate variables, calculating with flexible time windows, and using daily-resolution climate data. High latitude and altitude plots showed higher correlations between tree-ring chronologies and growing season temperature. However, the effects of winter temperature showed contrasting patterns for the gradients. The timing of the highest correlation with temperatures during the growing season at southern sites was approximately 1 month ahead of that at northern sites in the latitudinal gradient. In one out of two altitudinal gradients, the timing for the strongest negative correlation with temperature at low-altitude sites was ahead of treeline sites during the growing season, possibly due to differences in moisture limitation. Mean values and the standard deviation of tree-ring width increased with increasing mean July temperatures on both types of gradients. Our results showed similarities of tree growth responses to increasing seasonal temperature between latitudinal and altitudinal gradients. However, differences in climate–growth relationships were also found between gradients due to differences in other factors such as moisture conditions. Changes in the timing of the most critical climate variables demonstrated the necessity for the use of daily-resolution climate data in environmental gradient studies.

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Van de Vliert, Evert, and Paul A. M. Van Lange. "Latitudinal Psychology: An Ecological Perspective on Creativity, Aggression, Happiness, and Beyond." Perspectives on Psychological Science 14, no. 5 (August 21, 2019): 860–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691619858067.

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Are there systematic trends around the world in levels of creativity, aggressiveness, life satisfaction, individualism, trust, and suicidality? This article suggests a new field, latitudinal psychology, that delineates differences in such culturally shared features along northern and southern rather than eastern and western locations. In addition to geographical, ecological, and other explanations, we offer three metric foundations of latitudinal variations: replicability (latitudinal gradient repeatability across hemispheres), reversibility (north-south gradient reversal near the equator), and gradient strength (degree of replicability and reversibility). We show that aggressiveness decreases whereas creativity, life satisfaction, and individualism increase as one moves closer to either the North or South Pole. We also discuss the replicability, reversibility, and gradient strength of (a) temperatures and rainfall as remote predictors and (b) pathogen prevalence, national wealth, population density, and income inequality as more proximate predictors of latitudinal gradients in human functioning. Preliminary analyses suggest that cultural and psychological diversity often need to be partially understood in terms of latitudinal variations in integrated exposure to climate-induced demands and wealth-based resources. We conclude with broader implications, emphasizing the importance of north-south replications in samples that are not from Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) societies.

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Helle, Samuli, and Toni Laaksonen. "Latitudinal Gradient in 2D:4D." Archives of Sexual Behavior 38, no. 1 (October 17, 2008): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-008-9419-9.

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Gaston, Kevin J. "Latitudinal gradient in species richness." Current Biology 17, no. 15 (August 2007): R574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.05.013.

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Fraser, Danielle. "Can latitudinal richness gradients be measured in the terrestrial fossil record?" Paleobiology 43, no. 3 (March 9, 2017): 479–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pab.2017.2.

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AbstractStudying the deep-time origins of macroecological phenomena can help us to understand their long-term drivers. Given the considerable spatiotemporal bias of the terrestrial fossil record, it behooves us to understand how much biological information is lost. The aim of this study is to establish whether latitudinal diversity gradients are detectable in a biased terrestrial fossil record. I develop a simulated fossilization approach, weighting the probability of terrestrial mammal species appearing in the fossil record based on body size and geographic-range size; larger species with larger range sizes are more likely to enter the fossil record. I create simulated fossil localities from the modern North American mammal record. I vary the percentage of species successfully fossilized and estimate the magnitude of the latitudinal diversity gradient (slope of the richness gradient and degree of species turnover). I find that estimates of the latitudinal diversity gradient are sensitive to the loss of species with small body size and geographic-range sizes. In some cases, simulated fossil-record bias completely obliterates evidence of declining richness with latitude, a phenomenon that is not ameliorated by the application of nonparametric richness estimation. However, if the rate of preservation is medium (50% of species) to high (75% of species), the magnitude of the latitudinal diversity gradient can be reliably estimated. Similarly, changes in the diversity gradient estimates are largely explained by differences in the diversity–climate relationship among iterations, suggesting that these relationships may be measurable in the fossil record.

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Simpson, Steve, Wendy Wang, Peter Otahal, Leigh Blizzard, Ingrid A. F. van der Mei, and Bruce V. Taylor. "Latitude continues to be significantly associated with the prevalence of multiple sclerosis: an updated meta-analysis." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 90, no. 11 (June 19, 2019): 1193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2018-320189.

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ObjectivesPrevious studies have demonstrated a strong latitudinal gradient in multiple sclerosis (MS) prevalence. Herein, we present a meta-analysis of the latitudinal gradient of MS prevalence including studies published since our 2011 review, seeking to assess the latitudinal gradient and whether it has changed since our previous analysis.MethodsStudies published up to December 2018 were located via Embase, Web of Knowledge and PubMed, using standardised search terms; data were extracted from peer-reviewed studies and these studies added to those from our previous analysis. Where age-specific data were available, prevalence estimates were age-/sex-standardised to the 2009 European population. Prevalence estimates were adjusted for study prevalence year and ascertainment methods. The latitudinal association with MS prevalence was assessed by meta-regression.ResultsA total of 94 studies met inclusion criteria, yielding 230 new prevalence points and 880 altogether with those from the prior study. There was a significant positive gradient in time-corrected MS prevalence with increasing latitude (5.27/100 000 per degree latitude), attenuating slightly to 4.34/100 000 on age-standardisation, these associations persisting on adjustment for ascertainment method. Of note, the age-standardised gradient was consistently significantly enhanced from our previous study, regardless of whether it was as-measured, time-corrected or adjusted for ascertainment methods. Certain areas, such as the Scandinavian and Atlantic Coast/Central Europe regions, showed changes in MS prevalence gradient over time, but other regional gradients were similar.ConclusionsThis new meta-analysis confirms that MS prevalence is still strongly positively associated with increasing latitude and that the gradient is increasing, suggesting that potentially modifiable environmental factors, such as sun exposure, are still strongly associated with MS risk.

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Lim, Jun Ying, Paul V. A. Fine, and Gary G. Mittelbach. "Assessing the latitudinal gradient in herbivory." Global Ecology and Biogeography 24, no. 10 (June 25, 2015): 1106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geb.12336.

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Pereira, H. M. "A latitudinal gradient for genetic diversity." Science 353, no. 6307 (September 29, 2016): 1494–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aah6730.

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Tomikawa, Y., and T. Yamanouchi. "A meridional structure of static stability and ozone vertical gradient around the tropopause in the Southern Hemisphere extratropics." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 8 (August 13, 2010): 19175–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-19175-2010.

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Abstract. An analysis of the static stability and ozone vertical gradient in the ozone tropopause based (OTB) coordinate is applied to the ozonesonde data at 10 stations in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) extratropics. The tropopause inversion layer (TIL) with a static stability maximum just above the tropopause shows similar seasonal variations at two Antarctic stations, which are latitudinally far from each other. Since the sunshine hour varies with time in a quite different way between these two stations, it implies that the radiative heating due to solar ultraviolet absorption of ozone does not contribute to the seasonal variation of the TIL. A meridional section of the static stability in the OTB coordinate shows that the static stability just above the tropopause has a large latitudinal gradient between 60° S and 70° S in austral winter because of the absence of the TIL over the Antarctic. It is accompanied by an increase of westerly shear with height above the tropopause, so that the polar-night jet is formed above this latitude region. This result suggests a close relationship between the absence of the TIL and the stratospheric polar vortex in the Antarctic winter. A vertical gradient of ozone mixing ratio, referred to as ozone vertical gradient, around the tropopause shows similar latitudinal and seasonal variations with the static stability in the SH extratropics. In a height region above the TIL, a small ozone vertical gradient in the midlatitudes associated with the Antarctic ozone hole is observed in a height region of the subvortex but not around the polar vortex. This is a clear evidence of active latitudinal mixing between the midlatitudes and subvortex.

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Berkman, Paul Arthur, Riccardo Cattaeno-Vietti, Mariachiara Chiantore, Clive Howard-Williams, Vonda Cummnigs, and Rikk Kvitek. "Marine research in the Latitudinal Gradient Project along Victoria Land, Antarctica." Scientia Marina 69, S2 (December 30, 2005): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2005.69s257.

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Poulin, R., and T. L. F. Leung. "Latitudinal gradient in the taxonomic composition of parasite communities." Journal of Helminthology 85, no. 3 (November 12, 2010): 228–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x10000696.

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AbstractAlthough latitudinal gradients in diversity have been well studied, latitudinal variation in the taxonomic composition of communities has received less attention. Here, we use a large dataset including 950 surveys of helminth endoparasite communities in 650 species of vertebrate hosts to test for latitudinal changes in the relative contributions of trematodes, cestodes, nematodes and acanthocephalans to parasite assemblages. Although the species richness of helminth communities showed no consistent latitudinal variation, their taxonomic composition varied as a function of both host type and latitude. First, trematodes and acanthocephalans accounted for a higher proportion of species in helminth communities of fish, whereas nematodes achieved a higher proportion of the species in communities of bird and especially mammal hosts. Second, the proportion of trematodes in helminth communities of birds and mammals increased toward higher latitudes. Finally, the proportion of nematodes per community increased toward lower latitudes regardless of the type of host. We present tentative explanations for these patterns, and argue that new insights in parasite community ecology can be gained by searching for latitudinal gradients not only in parasite species richness, but also in the taxonomic composition of parasite assemblages.

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Crame, J. Alistair. "Evolution of taxonomic diversity gradients in the marine realm: a comparison of Late Jurassic and Recent bivalve faunas." Paleobiology 28, no. 2 (2002): 184–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373(2002)028<0184:eotdgi>2.0.co;2.

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We still have much to learn about the evolution of taxonomic diversity gradients through geologic time. For example, have latitudinal gradients always been as steep as they are now, or is this a phenomenon linked to some form of Cenozoic global climatic differentiation? The fossil record offers potential to address this sort of problem, and this study reconstructs latitudinal diversity gradients for the last (Tithonian) stage of the Jurassic period using marine bivalves. At this time of relative global warmth, bivalves were cosmopolitan in their distribution and the commonest element within macrobenthic assemblages.Analysis of 31 regional bivalve faunas demonstrates that Tithonian latitudinal gradients were present in both hemispheres, though on a much smaller magnitude than today. The record of the Northern Hemisphere gradient is more complete and shows a steep fall in values at the tropical/temperate boundary; the Southern Hemisphere gradient exhibits a more regular decline in diversity with increasing latitude.Tithonian latitudinal gradients were underpinned by a tropical bivalve fauna that comprises almost equal numbers of epifaunal and infaunal taxa. The epifaunal component was dominated by three pteriomorph families, the Pectinidae, Limidae and Ostreidae, that may be regarded as a long-term component of tropical bivalve diversity. Of the mixture of older and newer “heteroconch” families that formed the bulk of the infaunal component, the latter radiated spectacularly through the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic to dominate tropical bivalve faunas at the present day. This pulse of heteroconch diversification, which was a major cause of the steepening of the bivalve latitudinal gradient, provides important evidence that rates of speciation may be negatively correlated with latitude.Nevertheless, we cannot exclude the possibility that elevated extinction rates in the highest latitudes also contributed to the marked steepening of bivalve latitudinal gradients over the last 150 Myr. Rates of extinction within epifaunal bivalve taxa appear to have been higher in these regions through the Cretaceous period, but this was largely before any significant global climatic deterioration. Infaunal bivalve clades have had differential success over this time period in the polar regions. Whereas, in comparison with the Tropics, heteroconchs are very much reduced in numbers today, the anomalodesmatans are much better represented, and the protobranchs have positively thrived. We are beginning to appreciate that low temperature per se may not be a primary cause of elevated rates of extinction. Food supply may be an equally important control on both rates of speciation and extinction; those bivalves that have been able to adapt to the extreme seasonality of food supply have flourished in the polar regions.

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Wang, Zhiting, Thorsten Warneke, Nicholas M. Deutscher, Justus Notholt, Ute Karstens, Marielle Saunois, Matthias Schneider, et al. "Contributions of the troposphere and stratosphere to CH<sub>4</sub> model biases." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 21 (November 9, 2017): 13283–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-13283-2017.

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Abstract. Inverse modelling is a useful tool for retrieving CH4 fluxes; however, evaluation of the applied chemical transport model is an important step before using the inverted emissions. For inversions using column data one concern is how well the model represents stratospheric and tropospheric CH4 when assimilating total column measurements. In this study atmospheric CH4 from three inverse models is compared to FTS (Fourier transform spectrometry), satellite and in situ measurements. Using the FTS measurements the model biases are separated into stratospheric and tropospheric contributions. When averaged over all FTS sites the model bias amplitudes (absolute model to FTS differences) are 7.4 ± 5.1, 6.7 ± 4.8, and 8.1 ± 5.5 ppb in the tropospheric partial column (the column from the surface to the tropopause) for the models TM3, TM5-4DVAR, and LMDz-PYVAR, respectively, and 4.3 ± 9.9, 4.7 ± 9.9, and 6.2 ± 11.2 ppb in the stratospheric partial column (the column from the tropopause to the top of the atmosphere). The model biases in the tropospheric partial column show a latitudinal gradient for all models; however there are no clear latitudinal dependencies for the model biases in the stratospheric partial column visible except with the LMDz-PYVAR model. Comparing modelled and FTS-measured tropospheric column-averaged mole fractions reveals a similar latitudinal gradient in the model biases but comparison with in situ measured mole fractions in the troposphere does not show a latitudinal gradient, which is attributed to the different longitudinal coverage of FTS and in situ measurements. Similarly, a latitudinal pattern exists in model biases in vertical CH4 gradients in the troposphere, which indicates that vertical transport of tropospheric CH4 is not represented correctly in the models.

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Delaygue, Gilles, Valérie Masson, and Jean Jouzel. "Climatic stability of the geographic origin of Antarctic precipitation simulated by an atmospheric general circulation model." Annals of Glaciology 29 (1999): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756499781821544.

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AbstractThe geographic origin of Antarctic precipitation is important for ice-core isotopic interpretation as well as ice-sheet mass-balance calculations. Here we estimate these moisture origins with the NASA/Goddard Institute of Space Studies atmospheric general circulation model, under different climatic conditions. This model reasonably simulates the broad features of the present-day observed hydrological cycle, and indicates a subtropical to subglacial (30-60° S) latitudinal origin for the Antarctic precipitation. We use different climatic reconstructions, all based on CLIMAP, for the Last Glacial Maximum (about 21000 years ago), which differ by the latitudinal sea-surface temperature gradient and seasonality. CLIMAP conditions increase the latitudinal gradient and the sea-ice extent, with the consequence of slightly enhancing the low-latitude origins. Shifting the seasonal cycle of oceanic prescribed conditions has an important effect on the hydrological cycle but less on the precipitation origin. Prescribing cooler tropical sea-surface temperatures, which decreases the latitudinal gradient, makes the latitudinal contributions closer to modern ones and increases the dominant oceanic sources. Globally the origins of Antarctic precipitation do not change significantly, either annually or seasonally.

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Baumann, Hannes, and David O. Conover. "Adaptation to climate change: contrasting patterns of thermal-reaction-norm evolution in Pacific versus Atlantic silversides." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1716 (January 5, 2011): 2265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2479.

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How organisms may adapt to rising global temperatures is uncertain, but concepts can emerge from studying adaptive physiological trait variations across existing spatial climate gradients. Many ectotherms, particularly fish, have evolved increasing genetic growth capacities with latitude (i.e. countergradient variation (CnGV) in growth), which are thought to be an adaptation primarily to strong gradients in seasonality. In contrast, evolutionary responses to gradients in mean temperature are often assumed to involve an alternative mode, ‘thermal adaptation’. We measured thermal growth reaction norms in Pacific silverside populations ( Atherinops affinis ) occurring across a weak latitudinal temperature gradient with invariant seasonality along the North American Pacific coast. Instead of thermal adaptation, we found novel evidence for CnGV in growth, suggesting that CnGV is a ubiquitous mode of reaction-norm evolution in ectotherms even in response to weak spatial and, by inference, temporal climate gradients. A novel, large-scale comparison between ecologically equivalent Pacific versus Atlantic silversides ( Menidia menidia ) revealed how closely growth CnGV patterns reflect their respective climate gradients. While steep growth reaction norms and increasing growth plasticity with latitude in M. menidia mimicked the strong, highly seasonal Atlantic coastal gradient, shallow reaction norms and much smaller, latitude-independent growth plasticity in A. affinis resembled the weak Pacific latitudinal temperature gradient.

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Kozlov, Mikhail V., Vitali Zverev, Vladimir I. Gusarov, Daniil I. Korobushkin, Nina P. Krivosheina, Jaakko Mattila, Marko Mutanen, et al. "Changes in Biomass and Diversity of Soil Macrofauna along a Climatic Gradient in European Boreal Forests." Insects 13, no. 1 (January 14, 2022): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13010094.

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Latitudinal gradients allow insights into the factors that shape ecosystem structure and delimit ecosystem processes, particularly climate. We asked whether the biomass and diversity of soil macrofauna in boreal forests change systematically along a latitudinal gradient spanning from 60° N to 69° N. Invertebrates (3697 individuals) were extracted from 400 soil samples (20 × 20 cm, 30 cm depth) collected at ten sites in 2015–2016 and then weighed and identified. We discovered 265 species living in soil and on the soil surface; their average density was 0.486 g d·w·m−2. The species-level diversity decreased from low to high latitudes. The biomass of soil macrofauna showed no latitudinal changes in early summer but decreased towards the north in late summer. This variation among study sites was associated with the decrease in mean annual temperature by ca 5 °C and with variation in fine root biomass. The biomass of herbivores and fungivores decreased towards the north, whereas the biomass of detritivores and predators showed no significant latitudinal changes. This variation in latitudinal biomass patterns among the soil macrofauna feeding guilds suggests that these guilds may respond differently to climate change, with poorly understood consequences for ecosystem structure and functions.

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Lockwood, J. A., and W. R. Webber. "On the interplanetary cosmic ray latitudinal gradient." Journal of Geophysical Research 97, A6 (1992): 8221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92ja00318.

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Dowle, E. J., M. Morgan-Richards, and S. A. Trewick. "Molecular evolution and the latitudinal biodiversity gradient." Heredity 110, no. 6 (March 13, 2013): 501–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hdy.2013.4.

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Mannion, Philip D., Paul Upchurch, Roger B. J. Benson, and Anjali Goswami. "The latitudinal biodiversity gradient through deep time." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 29, no. 1 (January 2014): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2013.09.012.

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Fernández, Nelson, José Aguilar, C. A. Piña-García, and Carlos Gershenson. "Complexity of lakes in a latitudinal gradient." Ecological Complexity 31 (September 2017): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2017.02.002.

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Stevens, Richard D., and J. Sebastián Tello. "A latitudinal gradient in dimensionality of biodiversity." Ecography 41, no. 12 (April 19, 2018): 2016–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecog.03654.

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Smith, Brian Tilston, Glenn F. Seeholzer, Michael G. Harvey, Andrés M. Cuervo, and Robb T. Brumfield. "A latitudinal phylogeographic diversity gradient in birds." PLOS Biology 15, no. 4 (April 13, 2017): e2001073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2001073.

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Sabel, Clive E., John F. Pearson, Deborah F. Mason, Ernest Willoughby, David A. Abernethy, and Bruce V. Taylor. "The latitude gradient for multiple sclerosis prevalence is established in the early life course." Brain 144, no. 7 (March 11, 2021): 2038–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awab104.

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Abstract The strongest epidemiological clue that the environment at the population level has a significant impact on the risk of developing multiple sclerosis is the well established, and in many instances, increasing latitudinal gradient of prevalence, incidence and mortality globally, with prevalence increasing by up to 10-fold between the equator and 60° north and south. The drivers of this gradient are thought to be environmental with latitude seen as a proxy for ultraviolet radiation and thus vitamin D production; however, other factors may also play a role. Several important questions remain unanswered, particularly when in the life course is the gradient established, does lifetime migration mitigate or exacerbate previously reported latitude gradients at location of diagnosis, and do factors such as sex or multiple sclerosis disease phenotype influence the timing or significance of the gradient? Utilizing lifetime residence calendars collected as part of the New Zealand National Multiple Sclerosis Prevalence Study, we constructed lifetime latitudinal gradients for multiple sclerosis from birth to prevalence day in 2006 taking into account migration internally and externally and then analysed by sex and multiple sclerosis clinical course phenotype. Of 2917 individuals living in New Zealand on prevalence day, 7 March 2006, with multiple sclerosis, 2127 completed the life course questionnaire and of these, 1587 were born in New Zealand. All cohorts and sub-cohorts were representative of the overall multiple sclerosis population in New Zealand on prevalence day. We found that the prevalence gradient was present at birth and was, in fact, stronger than at census day, and the slope of the gradient persisted until the age of 12 before gradually declining. We found that internal and external migration into New Zealand had little, if any, effect on the gradient except to decrease the significance of the gradient somewhat. Finally, we found as we had reported previously, that the lifetime prevalence gradients were largely driven by females with relapse onset multiple sclerosis. These findings confirm for the first time the importance of early life environmental exposures in the risk of multiple sclerosis indicating strongly that exposures as early as in utero and at birth drive the latitudinal gradient. Consequently, prevention studies should be focused on high-risk individuals and populations from the earliest possible time points especially, when appropriate, on females.

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Powell, Matthew G., and Douglas S. Glazier. "Asymmetric geographic range expansion explains the latitudinal diversity gradients of four major taxa of marine plankton." Paleobiology 43, no. 2 (February 6, 2017): 196–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pab.2016.38.

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AbstractExtensive investigation of the close association between biological diversity and environmental temperature has not yet yielded a generally accepted, empirically validated mechanism to explain latitudinal gradients of species diversity, which occur in most taxa. Using the highly resolved late Cenozoic fossil records of four major taxa of marine plankton, we show that their gradients arise as a consequence of asymmetric geographic range expansion rather than latitudinal variation in diversification rate, as commonly believed. Neither per capita speciation nor extinction rates trend significantly with temperature or latitude for these marine plankton. Species of planktonic foraminifera and calcareous nannoplankton that originate in the temperate zone preferentially spread toward and arrive earlier in the tropics to produce a normal gradient with tropical diversity peaks; by contrast, temperate-zone originating species of diatoms and radiolarians preferentially spread toward and arrive earlier in polar regions to produce reversed gradients with high-latitude diversity peaks. Our results suggest that temperature affects latitudinal diversity gradients chiefly by its effect on species’ range limits rather than on probabilities of speciation and extinction. We show that this mechanism also appears to operate in various multicellular taxa, thus providing a widely applicable explanation for the origin of latitudinal diversity gradients.

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Taylor, Bruce V., John F. Pearson, Glynnis Clarke, Deborah F. Mason, David A. Abernethy, Ernie Willoughby, and Clive Sabel. "MS prevalence in New Zealand, an ethnically and latitudinally diverse country." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 16, no. 12 (September 2, 2010): 1422–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458510379614.

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Background: The prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) is not uniform, with a latitudinal gradient of prevalence present in most studies. Understanding the drivers of this gradient may allow a better understanding of the environmental factors involved in MS pathogenesis. Method: The New Zealand national MS prevalence study (NZMSPS) is a cross-sectional study of people with definite MS (DMS) (McDonald criteria 2005) resident in New Zealand on census night, 7 March 2006, utilizing multiple sources of notification. Capture—recapture analysis (CRA) was used to estimate missing cases. Results: Of 2917 people with DMS identified, the crude prevalence was 72.4 per 100,000 population, and 73.1 per 100,000 when age-standardized to the European population. CRA estimated that 96.7% of cases were identified. A latitudinal gradient was seen with MS prevalence increasing three-fold from the North (35°S) to the South (48°S). The gradient was non-uniform; females with relapsing—remitting/secondary-progressive (RRMS/SPMS) disease have a gradient 11 times greater than males with primary-progressive MS ( p < 1 × 10-7). DMS was significantly less common among those of Māori ethnicity. Conclusions: This study confirms the presence of a robust latitudinal gradient of MS prevalence in New Zealand. This gradient is largely driven by European females with the RRMS/SPMS phenotype. These results indicate that the environmental factors that underlie the latitudinal gradient act differentially by gender, ethnicity and MS phenotype. A better understanding of these factors may allow more targeted MS therapies aimed at modifiable environmental triggers at the population level.

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Kong, Jacinta D., Ary A. Hoffmann, and Michael R. Kearney. "Linking thermal adaptation and life-history theory explains latitudinal patterns of voltinism." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1778 (June 17, 2019): 20180547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0547.

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Insect life cycles are adapted to a seasonal climate by expressing alternative voltinism phenotypes—the number of generations in a year. Variation in voltinism phenotypes along latitudinal gradients may be generated by developmental traits at critical life stages, such as eggs. Both voltinism and egg development are thermally determined traits, yet independently derived models of voltinism and thermal adaptation refer to the evolution of dormancy and thermal sensitivity of development rate, respectively, as independent influences on life history. To reconcile these models and test their respective predictions, we characterized patterns of voltinism and thermal response of egg development rate along a latitudinal temperature gradient using the matchstick grasshopper genus Warramaba . We found remarkably strong variation in voltinism patterns, as well as corresponding egg dormancy patterns and thermal responses of egg development. Our results show that the switch in voltinism along the latitudinal gradient was explained by the combined predictions of the evolution of voltinism and of thermal adaptation. We suggest that latitudinal patterns in thermal responses and corresponding life histories need to consider the evolution of thermal response curves within the context of seasonal temperature cycles rather than based solely on optimality and trade-offs in performance. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Physiological diversity, biodiversity patterns and global climate change: testing key hypotheses involving temperature and oxygen’.

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Chaudhary, Chhaya, Anthony J. Richardson, David S. Schoeman, and Mark J. Costello. "Global warming is causing a more pronounced dip in marine species richness around the equator." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 15 (April 5, 2021): e2015094118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2015094118.

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The latitudinal gradient in species richness, with more species in the tropics and richness declining with latitude, is widely known and has been assumed to be stable over recent centuries. We analyzed data on 48,661 marine animal species since 1955, accounting for sampling variation, to assess whether the global latitudinal gradient in species richness is being impacted by climate change. We confirm recent studies that show a slight dip in species richness at the equator. Moreover, richness across latitudinal bands was sensitive to temperature, reaching a plateau or declining above a mean annual sea surface temperature of 20 °C for most taxa. In response, since the 1970s, species richness has declined at the equator relative to an increase at midlatitudes and has shifted north in the northern hemisphere, particularly among pelagic species. This pattern is consistent with the hypothesis that climate change is impacting the latitudinal gradient in marine biodiversity at a global scale. The intensification of the dip in species richness at the equator, especially for pelagic species, suggests that it is already too warm there for some species to survive.

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Araújo, Márcio S., and Raul Costa-Pereira. "Latitudinal gradients in intraspecific ecological diversity." Biology Letters 9, no. 6 (December 23, 2013): 20130778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0778.

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The increase in the number of species with decreasing latitude is a striking pattern of global biodiversity. An important feature of studies of this pattern up to now has been the focus on species as the fundamental unit of interest, neglecting potential within-species ecological diversity. Here, we took a new perspective on this topic by measuring the degree to which individuals within populations differ in niche attributes across a latitudinal gradient (range: 54.01° S to 69.12° N). We show that 156 populations of 76 species across a wide range of vertebrate and invertebrate animal taxa contain more ecologically diverse assemblages of individuals towards lower latitudes. Our results add a new level of complexity to our understanding of global patterns of biodiversity and suggest the possibility that niche variation is partly responsible for the latitudinal gradients of species diversity.

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Huang, Zhang, Fu, and Zhang. "Environmental Filtering Drives Local Soil Fungal beta Diversity More than Dispersal Limitation in Six Forest Types along a Latitudinal Gradient in Eastern China." Forests 10, no. 10 (October 2, 2019): 863. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10100863.

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Biogeographic patterns of soil fungal diversity have been well documented in forest ecosystems, but the underlying mechanisms and processes that shape these patterns remain relatively unknown. This study took soil samples from 300 forest plots spanning six forest types along a latitudinal gradient in eastern China, which ranges from tropical rainforest to boreal forest ecosystems. A null-model analysis was used to compare the observed soil fungal beta diversity (β-diversity) with the β-diversity expected from random sampling of each local species pool. We also compared the relative importance of environmental and spatial variables on soil fungal β-diversity among forest types along the latitudinal gradient. Our results found that observed β-diversity was greater than expected β-diversity in all six forest types, which means that species tend to be more aggregated than expected. We determined that this species aggregation resulted from both environmental filtering and species dispersal limitations. Further, environmental variables had stronger influences on β-diversity than spatial dispersions. Additionally, the co-occurrence network showed that more species interactions occurred in the mid-latitude forests which lead to decreased soil fungal β-diversity and low interpretations of environmental and spatial variables. Study of these processes in different forest types along latitudinal gradients will provide important insights that local differences in the relative importance of different community assembly processes creates different gradients in global biodiversity.

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Howard-Williams, C., D. Peterson, W. B. Lyons, R. Cattaneo-Vietti, and S. Gordon. "Measuring ecosystem response in a rapidly changing environment: the Latitudinal Gradient Project." Antarctic Science 18, no. 4 (November 14, 2006): 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102006000514.

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In the face of climate variability and change, science in Antarctica needs to address increasingly complex questions. Individual small studies are being replaced by multinational and multidisciplinary research programmes. The Latitudinal Gradient Project (LGP) is one such approach that combines a series of smaller studies under a single broad hypothesis to provide information that uses a gradient in latitude as a surrogate for environmental gradients, particularly climate. In this way latitudinal differences can be used to indicate climate change differences. The Key Questions for the LGP were developed via national workshops in Italy, New Zealand, and the USA and via two international workshops at SCAR conferences. Science and logistics are currently jointly shared by New Zealand, Italy and the USA, and cover marine and inland ecosystem studies along the Victoria Land coast from 72° to 78°S with plans for extensions to 85°S. The LGP forms part of the SCAR Programme Evolution and Biodiversity in Antarctica. This Special Issue summarizes some of the work in the first three years of the LGP (2002–2005), between McMurdo Sound and Cape Hallett, to form a basis for future comparative studies as the research shifts along the latitudinal span in the next decade.

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Poulin, Robert. "Functional biogeography of parasite traits: hypotheses and evidence." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1837 (September 20, 2021): 20200365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0365.

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Functional biogeography, or the study of trait-based distributional patterns, not only complements our understanding of spatial patterns in biodiversity, but also sheds light on the underlying processes generating them. In parallel with the well-studied latitudinal diversity gradient, decades-old ecogeographical rules also postulate latitudinal variation in species traits. Notably, species in the tropics are predicted to have smaller body sizes (Bergmann's rule), narrower niches (MacArthur's rule) and smaller geographical ranges (Rapoport's rule) than their counterparts at higher latitudes. Although originally proposed for free-living organisms, these rules have been extended to parasitic organisms as well. In this review, I discuss the mechanistic hypotheses most likely to explain latitudinal gradients in parasite traits, and assess the empirical evidence obtained from comparative studies testing the above three rules as well as latitudinal gradients in other parasite traits. Overall, there is only weak empirical support for latitudinal gradients in any parasite trait, with little consistency among comparative analyses. The most parsimonious explanation for the existence of geographical patterns in parasite traits is that they are primarily host-driven, i.e. ecological traits of parasites track those of their hosts, with a direct influence of bioclimatic factors playing a secondary role. Thus, geographical patterns in parasite traits probably emerge as epiphenomena of parallel patterns in their hosts. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Infectious disease macroecology: parasite diversity and dynamics across the globe’.

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Skoblin, M. G., and M. Förster. "Steep latitudinal gradients of thermospheric composition during magnetic storms: a possible formation mechanism." Annales Geophysicae 13, no. 3 (March 31, 1995): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-995-0277-7.

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Abstract. Mass spectrometer satellite observations show that a narrow region with steep latitudinal gradients of neutral composition is formed in the subauroral winter thermosphere during magnetic storms. In order to analyze the relative importance of individual terms in the continuity equation for atomic oxygen, a two-dimensional model was used to simulate the thermospheric disturbance formation in response to intense Joule heating imposed in the auroral oval. Such an approach allowed three characteristic zones to be distinguished in the high-latitude thermosphere at heights of about 250 km. It was shown that vertical transport is of greatest importance within the local heating region. Horizontal transport dominates at subauroral latitudes near the mid-night edge of the auroral oval. Propagation of the disturbances to middle latitudes is prohibited near the noon edge of the oval by a strong counteraction of a poleward meridional wind. Here is a "relaxation zone" defined as the region which is spread to the equator from the boundary between the local heating area and the subauroral zone in the noon sector LT. It is at this boundary that composition distributions with steep latitudinal gradient are formed within the first few hours of Joule heating source action. Perturbations transported to middle latitudes during the periods when the meridional wind is directed equatorward begin to relax in this zone with a characteristic time scale of about 7 h, independent of season. However, in winter, composition at subauroral latitudes recovers to unperturbed N2/O values before the wind again turns equatorward, giving rise to a distribution with steep latitudinal gradient recovering. In summer, a complete relaxation cannot be reached due to a shorter time interval with poleward wind and a larger disturbance amplitude. These two factors result in an effective smoothing of the initial steep gradient and a more regular latitudinal distribution of composition is observed in the summer thermosphere.

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Soria-Carrasco, Víctor, and Jose Castresana. "Diversification rates and the latitudinal gradient of diversity in mammals." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1745 (August 15, 2012): 4148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1393.

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The latitudinal gradient of species richness has frequently been attributed to higher diversification rates of tropical groups. In order to test this hypothesis for mammals, we used a set of 232 genera taken from a mammalian supertree and, additionally, we reconstructed dated Bayesian phylogenetic trees of 100 genera. For each genus, diversification rate was estimated taking incomplete species sampling into account and latitude was assigned considering the heterogeneity in species distribution ranges. For both datasets, we found that the average diversification rate was similar among all latitudinal bands. Furthermore, when we used phylogenetically independent contrasts, we did not find any significant correlation between latitude and diversification parameters, including different estimates of speciation and extinction rates. Thus, other factors, such as the dynamics of dispersal through time, may be required to explain the latitudinal gradient of diversity in mammals.

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Daco, Laura, Guy Colling, and Diethart Matthies. "Altitude and latitude have different effects on population characteristics of the widespread plant Anthyllis vulneraria." Oecologia 197, no. 2 (October 2021): 537–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-021-05030-6.

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AbstractWidespread plants may provide natural models for how population processes change with temperature and other environmental variables and how they may respond to global change. Similar changes in temperature can occur along altitudinal and latitudinal gradients, but hardly any study has compared the effects of the two types of gradients. We studied populations of Anthyllis vulneraria along a latitudinal gradient from Central Europe to the range limit in the North and an altitudinal gradient in the Alps from 500 m to the altitudinal limit at 2500 m, both encompassing a change in annual mean temperature of c. 11.5 °C. Plant size and reproduction decreased, but plant density increased along both gradients, indicating higher recruitment and demographic compensation among vital rates. Our results support the view that demographic compensation may be common in widespread species in contrast to the predictions of the abundant centre model of biogeography. Variation in temperature along the gradients had the strongest effects on most population characteristics, followed by that in precipitation, solar radiation, and soil nutrients. The proportion of plants flowering, seed set and seed mass declined with latitude, while the large variation in these traits along the altitudinal gradient was not related to elevation and covarying environmental variables like annual mean temperature. This suggests that it will be more difficult to draw conclusions about the potential impacts of future climate warming on plant populations in mountains, because of the importance of small-scale variation in environmental conditions.

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Hipsley, Christy A., Donald B. Miles, and Johannes Müller. "Morphological disparity opposes latitudinal diversity gradient in lacertid lizards." Biology Letters 10, no. 5 (May 2014): 20140101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0101.

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While global variation in taxonomic diversity is strongly linked to latitude, the extent to which morphological disparity follows geographical gradients is less well known. We estimated patterns of lineage diversification, morphological disparity and rates of phenotypic evolution in the Old World lizard family Lacertidae, which displays a nearly inverse latitudinal diversity gradient with decreasing species richness towards the tropics. We found that lacertids exhibit relatively constant rates of lineage accumulation over time, although the majority of morphological variation appears to have originated during recent divergence events, resulting in increased partitioning of disparity within subclades. Among subclades, tropical arboreal taxa exhibited the fastest rates of shape change while temperate European taxa were the slowest, resulting in an inverse relationship between latitudinal diversity and rates of phenotypic evolution. This pattern demonstrates a compelling counterexample to the ecological opportunity theory of diversification, suggesting an uncoupling of the processes generating species diversity and morphological differentiation across spatial scales.

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Fattorini, Simone. "Global Patterns of Earwig Species Richness." Diversity 14, no. 10 (October 21, 2022): 890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14100890.

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One of the most investigated patterns in species diversity is the so-called latitudinal gradient, that is, a decrease in species richness from the equator to the poles. However, few studies investigated this pattern in insects at a global scale because of insufficient taxonomic and biogeographical information. Using estimates of earwig species richness at country level, their latitudinal diversity gradient was modelled globally and for the two hemispheres separately after correcting for differences in country areas. Separate analyses were also conducted for mainland and island countries. All analyses clearly indicated the existence of latitudinal gradients. The most plausible explanation for the observed pattern is the so-called tropical conservatism hypothesis, which postulates (1) a tropical origin of many extant clades, (2) a longer time for cladogenesis in tropical environments thanks to their environmental stability, and (3) a limited ability of historically tropical lineages to adapt to temperate climates. Earwigs probably evolved on Gondwana and secondarily colonized the Northern Hemisphere. This colonization was hampered by both geographical and climatic factors. The Himalayan orogenesis obstructed earwig dispersal into the Palearctic region. Additionally, earwig preferences for warm/hot and humid climates hampered the colonization of temperate regions. Pleistocene glaciation further contributed to reducing diversity at northern latitudes.

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Amori, Giovanni, Spartaco Gippoliti, Luca Luiselli, and Corrado Battisti. "Do interlinks between geography and ecology explain the latitudinal diversity patterns in Sciuridae? An approach at the genus level." Canadian Journal of Zoology 87, no. 3 (March 2009): 246–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z09-007.

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The latitudinal gradient theory explains the uneven distribution of taxa richness across the world. We explore this theory using genera of Sciuridae (Mammalia: Rodentia). Distribution data for each genus were obtained from literature and mapped with the WorldMap program. The two hemispheres were subdivided into 23 latitudinal bands of equal area. As the total number of genera in each latitudinal band was influenced by the different available area, data were normalized prior to analyses. Then, genera density of each latitudinal band was correlated with latitude, and the ratio of genera richness of each guild to total genera richness was calculated for each latitudinal band. Total genus density was significantly correlated with flying squirrel density and terrestrial squirrel density in both hemispheres, and these two genera densities were significantly correlated with each other in the northern hemisphere. The guilds showed clear vicariance patterns. The total diversity of genera of Sciuridae was inversely correlated to latitude. The increase of genera towards tropical northern hemisphere was due to the progressive increase of the tree and flying squirrel genera. Change in biomes (tundra vs. forests) is likely responsible for the increase in the tree squirrel component at these latitudes. Overall, our study confirmed assumptions of the latitudinal gradient theory.

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Bosmans, J. H. C., F. J. Hilgen, E. Tuenter, and L. J. Lourens. "Obliquity forcing of low-latitude climate." Climate of the Past Discussions 11, no. 1 (February 11, 2015): 221–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-11-221-2015.

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Abstract. The influence of obliquity, the tilt of the Earth's rotational axis, on incoming solar radiation at low latitudes is small, yet many tropical and subtropical paleoclimate records reveal a clear obliquity signal. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain this signal, such as the remote influence of high-latitude glacials, the remote effect of insolation changes at mid- to high latitudes independent of glacial cyclicity, shifts in the latitudinal extent of the tropics, and changes in latitudinal insolation gradients. Using a sophisticated coupled ocean–atmosphere global climate model, EC-Earth, without dynamical ice sheets, we performed two experiments of obliquity extremes. Our results show that obliquity-induced changes in tropical climate can occur without high-latitude ice sheet fluctuations. Furthermore, the tropical circulation changes are consistent with obliquity-induced changes in the cross-equatorial insolation gradient, implying that this gradient may be used to explain obliquity signals in low-latitude paleoclimate records instead of the classic 65° N summer insolation curve.

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Bosmans, J. H. C., F. J. Hilgen, E. Tuenter, and L. J. Lourens. "Obliquity forcing of low-latitude climate." Climate of the Past 11, no. 10 (October 9, 2015): 1335–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1335-2015.

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Abstract. The influence of obliquity, the tilt of the Earth's rotational axis, on incoming solar radiation at low latitudes is small, yet many tropical and subtropical palaeoclimate records reveal a clear obliquity signal. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain this signal, such as the remote influence of high-latitude glacials, the remote effect of insolation changes at mid- to high latitudes independent of glacial cyclicity, shifts in the latitudinal extent of the tropics, and changes in latitudinal insolation gradients. Using a sophisticated coupled ocean–atmosphere global climate model, EC-Earth, without dynamical ice sheets, we performed two idealized experiments of obliquity extremes. Our results show that obliquity-induced changes in tropical climate can occur without high-latitude ice sheet fluctuations. Furthermore, the tropical circulation changes are consistent with obliquity-induced changes in the cross-equatorial insolation gradient, suggesting that this gradient may be used to explain obliquity signals in low-latitude palaeoclimate records instead of the classical 65° N summer insolation curve.

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Laurila, Anssi, Beatrice Lindgren, and Ane T. Laugen. "ANTIPREDATOR DEFENSES ALONG A LATITUDINAL GRADIENT INRANA TEMPORARIA." Ecology 89, no. 5 (May 2008): 1399–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/07-1521.1.

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Leighton, Lindsey R. "Possible latitudinal predation gradient in middle Paleozoic oceans." Geology 27, no. 1 (1999): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0047:plpgim>2.3.co;2.

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Piel, William H. "The global latitudinal diversity gradient pattern in spiders." Journal of Biogeography 45, no. 8 (June 25, 2018): 1896–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13387.

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Papacostas, Katherine J., and Amy L. Freestone. "Latitudinal gradient in niche breadth of brachyuran crabs." Global Ecology and Biogeography 25, no. 2 (November 19, 2015): 207–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geb.12400.

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Cutter, Asher D., and Jeremy C. Gray. "Ephemeral ecological speciation and the latitudinal biodiversity gradient." Evolution 70, no. 10 (August 23, 2016): 2171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evo.13030.

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Hillebrand, Helmut. "On the Generality of the Latitudinal Diversity Gradient." American Naturalist 163, no. 2 (February 2004): 192–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/381004.

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Fisher, Jonathan A. D., Kenneth T. Frank, Brian Petrie, William C. Leggett, and Nancy L. Shackell. "Temporal dynamics within a contemporary latitudinal diversity gradient." Ecology Letters 11, no. 9 (September 2008): 883–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01216.x.

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Fesen, C. G., D. W. Rusch, and J. C. Gérard. "The latitudinal gradient of the NO peak density." Journal of Geophysical Research 95, A11 (1990): 19053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ja095ia11p19053.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Gradient latitudinal'

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