Relevant bibliographies by topics / Gradient structured metals

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers
  5. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Gradient structured metals'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Gradient structured metals"

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Zhang, Yin, Zhao Cheng, Lei Lu, and Ting Zhu. "Strain gradient plasticity in gradient structured metals." Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 140 (July 2020): 103946. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2020.103946.

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Lin, Yan, Qin Yu, Jie Pan, Fenghui Duan, Robert O. Ritchie, and Yi Li. "On the impact toughness of gradient-structured metals." Acta Materialia 193 (July 2020): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2020.04.027.

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Fu, Yabo, Haonan Chen, Renqing Guo, Yuanding Huang, and Mohammad Reza Toroghinejad. "Extraordinary strength-ductility in gradient amorphous structured Zr-based alloy." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 888 (December 2021): 161507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.161507.

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Li, Xiao, Bo Guan, Yun-Fei Jia, et al. "Microstructural Evolution, Mechanical Properties and Thermal Stability of Gradient Structured Pure Nickel." Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters) 32, no. 8 (2019): 951–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40195-018-00870-3.

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Cheng, Zhao, Haofei Zhou, Qiuhong Lu, Huajian Gao, and Lei Lu. "Extra strengthening and work hardening in gradient nanotwinned metals." Science 362, no. 6414 (2018): eaau1925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aau1925.

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Gradient structures exist ubiquitously in nature and are increasingly being introduced in engineering. However, understanding structural gradient–related mechanical behaviors in all gradient structures, including those in engineering materials, has been challenging. We explored the mechanical performance of a gradient nanotwinned structure with highly tunable structural gradients in pure copper. A large structural gradient allows for superior work hardening and strength that can exceed those of the strongest component of the gradient structure. We found through systematic experiments and atomi
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Abu Al-Rub, Rashid K. "Interfacial gradient plasticity governs scale-dependent yield strength and strain hardening rates in micro/nano structured metals." International Journal of Plasticity 24, no. 8 (2008): 1277–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2007.09.005.

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Singh, Digvijay, Dudekula A. Basha, Lars Wadsö, et al. "Evolution of gradient structured layer on AZ91D magnesium alloy and its corrosion behaviour." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 882 (November 2021): 160659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.160659.

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Zhang, Y. S., X. M. Zhang, X. F. Bai, et al. "Effect of thermal annealing on microstructure and mechanical properties of a gradient structured tantalum prepared by plasma activated sintering." International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 30, no. 1 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2011.04.004.

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Lu, Yunli, Fenghui Duan, Jie Pan, and Yi Li. "High-throughput screening of critical size of grain growth in gradient structured nickel." Journal of Materials Science & Technology 82 (August 2021): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2020.11.070.

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Yin, Zhe, Lele Sun, Jian Yang, Yulan Gong, and Xinkun Zhu. "Mechanical behavior and deformation kinetics of gradient structured Cu-Al alloys with varying stacking fault energy." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 687 (December 2016): 152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.06.155.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Gradient structured metals"

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Thomas, Gareth James. "Advanced materials for plasma facing components in fusion devices." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f8ba1ae1-f303-4c32-877e-dca421a3cb5c.

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This thesis describes the design, manufacture and characterisation of thick vacuum plasma sprayed tungsten (W) coatings on steel substrates. Fusion is a potentially clean, sustainable, energy source in which nuclear energy is generated via the release of internal energy from nuclei. In order to fuse nuclei the Coulomb barrier must be breached - requiring extreme temperatures or pressures – akin to creating a ‘star in a box’. Tungsten is a promising candidate material for future fusion reactors due to a high sputtering threshold and melting temperature. However, the large coefficient of thermal
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Antonysamy, Alphons Anandaraj. "Microstructure, texture and mechanical property evolution during additive manufacturing of Ti6Al4V alloy for aerospace applications." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/microstructure-texture-and-mechanical-property-evolution-during-additive-manufacturing-of-ti6al4v-alloy-for-aerospace-applications(03c4d403-822a-4bfd-a0f8-ef49eb65e7a0).html.

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Additive Manufacturing (AM) is an innovative manufacturing process which offers near-net shape fabrication of complex components, directly from CAD models, without dies or substantial machining, resulting in a reduction in lead-time, waste, and cost. For example, the buy-to-fly ratio for a titanium component machined from forged billet is typically 10-20:1 compared to 5-7:1 when manufactured by AM. However, the production rates for most AM processes are relatively slow and AM is consequently largely of interest to the aerospace, automotive and biomedical industries. In addition, the solidifica
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(8771438), Jie Ding. "Microstructure and thermo-mechanical properties of gradient nickel alloys." Thesis, 2020.

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<p>Gradient structured (GS) metallic materials have shown unique properties including the synergy of high strength and good ductility, improved fatigue and wear/friction resistance etc. One of the severe surface modification technique, surface mechanical grinding treatment (SMGT), has been proven an effective method for the generation of gradient structures in metallic materials. Most of Ni-based superalloys are precipitation strengthened and with an extraordinary combination of high strength, ductility and resistance to oxidation at high temperatures. The precipitation behaviors of these mate
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Leviandhika, Vidhiaza Muhammad. "Tribological performance of c-alloyed WS 2 coatings with graded and conventional structures." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/95521.

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Dissertação de Mestrado Conjunto Europeu em Tribologia de Superficies e Interfaces apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia<br>As restrições crescentes na utilização de materiais perniciosos para o meio ambiente tem obrigado as empresas a procurar soluções alternativas aos lubrificantes convencionais. Os revestimentos finos à base de dicalcogenetos de metais de transição (TMD) têm mostrado atributos que lhes permitem ser eficientes como lubrificantes sólidos. A maior desvantagem destes materiais, a sua baixa dureza, pode ser melhorada através da adição de carbono. O revestimento a ser
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Hsuan-Han, Wang, and 王宣涵. "Gradient Corrected Density Functional Calculation of the Structure Properties and Elastic Constants of 3d Transition Metals." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/56196555196201648505.

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碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>物理學研究所<br>87<br>Density functional theory (DEF) with local density approximation (LDA) iswidely used for first principles calculation of the ground state properties of crystalline solids. But the LDA computes poor results of some 3d transition metals. The generalized gradient approximation (GGA) is investigated to improve the calculations of some of 3d transition metals. In my thesis, the lattice constants, bulkmodulus and magnetic moments of Fe, Co and Ni are calculated by DFT with both GGA and LDA. The lattice constants and bulkmodulus by G
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Greuling, Andreas. "Ab-initio-Untersuchungen von Oberflächen- und Bulksystemen." Doctoral thesis, 2010. https://repositorium.ub.uni-osnabrueck.de/handle/urn:nbn:de:gbv:700-201012216754.

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In dieser Arbeit setzen wir ab-initio-Methoden zur Untersuchung einiger Oberflächensysteme und eines Bulksystems ein. Im Wesentlichen greifen wir hierbei auf die Dichtefunktionaltheorie (DFT) und die GW-Approximation (GWA) im Rahmen der Vielteilchenstörungstheorie zurück. Wir nutzen diese Methoden um die Adsorption von TMA auf der Rutil TiO2-Oberfläche zu untersuchen, optische Spektren von TiO2 zu berechnen und um die Adsorption von [7]-HCA auf der Calcit(10-14)-Oberfläche zu verstehen. Weiterhin beschäftigen wir uns intensiv mit PTCDA auf Ag(111), welches mit einer chemisch kontaktierten STM-
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Book chapters on the topic "Gradient structured metals"

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Migolinets, I., I. Shovak, I. Popovich, A. Lada, V. Pinzenik, and S. Mikulaninets. "Electromotive Force in the Structures Metal-Gradient Films -Metal." In Physics and Applications of Non-Crystalline Semiconductors in Optoelectronics. Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5496-3_44.

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Bian, Xiangde, Fuping Yuan, Xiaolei Wu, and Yuntian Zhu. "The Evolution of Strain Gradient and Anisotropy in Gradient-Structured Metal." In Heterostructured Materials. Jenny Stanford Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003153078-27.

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Rogachev, Alexandr V., Ekaterina A. Kulesh, Dmitry G. Piliptsou, Alexandr S. Rudenkov, and Jiang X. Hong. "Structure and Mechanical Properties of Gradient Metal-Carbon Coatings." In Recent Advances in Technology Research and Education. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99834-3_1.

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Yurchenko, Vitalina, Ivan Peleshko, and Nikita Beliaev. "Parametric Optimization of Steel Truss with Hollow Structural Members Based on Update Gradient Method." In Design, Fabrication and Economy of Metal Structures. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36691-8_16.

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Neukam, M., and M. Willert-Porada. "Processing Method for Interpenetrating Network Metal-Ceramic Composites with a Non-Linear Compositional Gradient." In Advanced Processing and Manufacturing Technologies for Structural and Multifunctional Materials II. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470456224.ch5.

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Wang, Qiang, Chun Jiang Wang, Hai Tao Zhang, En Gang Wang, and Ji Cheng He. "Effects of High Gradient Magnetic Fields on Solidified Structures of Non-Magnetic Metals with Different Susceptibilities." In Materials Science Forum. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-432-4.1003.

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Newnham, Robert E. "Diffusion and ionic conductivity." In Properties of Materials. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198520757.003.0021.

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The phenomenon of atomic and ionic migration in crystals is called solidstate diffusion, and its study has shed light on many problems of technological and scientific importance. Diffusion is intimately connected to the strength of metals at high temperature, to metallurgical processes used to control alloy properties, and to many of the effects of radiation on nuclear reactor materials. Diffusion studies are important in understanding the ionic conductivity of the materials used in fuel cells, the fabrication of semiconductor integrated circuits, the corrosion of metals, and the sintering of ceramics. When two miscible materials are in contact across an interface, the quantity of diffusing material which passes through the interface is proportional to the concentration gradient. The atomic flux J is given by where J is measured per unit time and per unit area, c is the concentration of the diffusing material per unit volume, and Z is the gradient direction. The proportionality factor D, the diffusion coefficient, is measured in units of m2/s. This equation is sometimes referred to as Fick’s First Law. It describes atomic transport in a form that is analogous to electrical resistivity (Ohm’s Law) or thermal conductivity. There are several objections to Fick’s Law, as discussed in Section 19.5. Strictly speaking, it is valid only for self-diffusion coefficients measured in small concentration gradients. Since J and Z are both vectors, the diffusion coefficient D is a second rank tensor. As with other symmetric second rank tensors, between one and six measurements are required to specify Dij , depending on symmetry. The relationship between structure and anisotropy is more apparent in PbI2. Lead iodide is isostructural with CdI2 in trigonal point group.m. The self-diffusion of Pb is much easier parallel to the layers where the Pb atoms are in close proximity to one another. Diffusion is more difficult along Z3 = [001] because Pb atoms have a very long jump distance in this direction. The mineral olivine, (Mg, Fe)2SiO4, is an important constituent of the deeper parts of the earth’s crust.
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Ryan, Kevin M. "Quantitative meter." In Prosodic Weight. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817949.003.0004.

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Quantitative meters regulate the distribution of syllable weight or moras in verse constituents. They generally involve a binary criterion for weight, but often add to it sensitivity to gradient, intracategorial weight. A distinction is drawn between variable weight, which can involve optional processes (such as variable cluster syllabification or vowel shortening in hiatus) and gradient weight, in which phonological structure is fixed but the meter evinces sensitivity to a weight continuum. For example, superheavy syllables are sometimes avoided in cadences, as in Sanskrit. Second, different position types sometimes exhibit different tolerances for heavier or lighter heavy syllables, permitting the diagnosis of an intraheavy continuum, as illustrated for Finnish, Greek, and Tamil. Finally, line-final position can favor heavier heavies or lighter lights. This chapter also considers prospects for Interval Theory, by which the weight domain spans the left edges of successive vowels.
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Kobayashi, Shiro, Soo-Ik Oh, and Taylan Altan. "Thermo-Viscoplastic Analysis." In Metal Forming and the Finite-Element Method. Oxford University Press, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195044027.003.0015.

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The main concern here is the analysis of plastic deformation processes in the warm and hot forming regimes. When deformation takes place at high temperatures, material properties can vary considerably with temperature. Heat is generated during a metal-forming process, and if dies are at a considerably lower temperature than the workpiece, the heat loss by conduction to the dies and by radiation and convection to the environment can result in severe temperature gradients within the workpiece. Thus, the consideration of temperature effects in the analysis of metal-forming problems is very important. Furthermore, at elevated temperatures, plastic deformation can induce phase transformations and alterations in grain structures that, in turn, can modify the flow stress of the workpiece material as well as other mechanical properties. Since materials at elevated temperatures are usually rate-sensitive, a complete analysis of hot forming requires two considerations—the effect of the rate-sensitivity of materials and the coupling of the metal flow and heat transfer analyses. A material behavior that exhibits rate sensitivity is called viscoplastic. A theory that deals with viscoplasticity was described in Chap. 4. It was shown that the governing equations for deformation of viscoplastic materials are formally identical to those of plastic materials, except that the effective stress is a function of strain, strain-rate, and temperature. The application of the finite-element method to the analysis of metal-forming processes using rigid-plastic materials leads to a simple extension of the method to rigid-viscoplastic materials. The importance of temperature calculations during a metal-forming process has been recognized for a long time. Until recently, the majority of the work had been based on procedures that uncouple the problem of heat transfer from the metal deformation problem. Several researchers have used the following approach. They determined the flow velocity fields in the problem either experimentally or by calculations, and they then used these fields to calculate heat generation. Examples of this approach are the works of Johnson and Kudo on extrusion, and of Tay et al. on machining. Another approach uses Bishop’s numerical method in which heat generation and transportation are considered to occur instantaneously for each time-step with conduction taking place during the time-step.
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Bokstein, Boris S., Mikhail I. Mendelev, and David J. Srolovitz. "Diffusion." In Thermodynamics and Kinetics in Materials Science. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198528036.003.0012.

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Diffusion is associated with the random, thermal motion of atoms that produces a change in the macroscopic concentration profile. This process occurs in gases, liquids, amorphous and crystalline solids of metals, ceramics, polymers, semiconductors, etc. The investigation of diffusion provides valuable information about the atomic structure of materials and the defects within them. Perhaps, most importantly, diffusion controls the rates of a wide range of kinetic processes associated with the synthesis of materials, processes by which we modify materials, and processes by which materials fail. The most common driving force for diffusion in a single-phase systems is associated with the entropy of mixing of its constituents (recall that we showed that the entropy of mixing of gases and the components of an ideal solution are always positive—see Sections 1.2.6 and 3.3). Since diffusional processes occur through the thermal motion of atoms (see below), it will not be surprising to learn that the rate of diffusion increases with increasing temperature. However, note that while the mechanisms of thermal motion in gases (random collision of atoms with each other) and liquids (e.g. Brownian motion) necessarily lead to mixing, the mechanisms of mixing within a solid are not as obvious. In solids, thermal motion corresponds to the vibrations of atoms near their equilibrium positions. Since the amplitude of such vibrations is much smaller than the nearest-neighbor separation, it would seem that such thermal motions cannot lead to mixing. Thus, the question ‘‘how do atoms migrate in solids’’ is not so simple. The equations describing diffusion were suggested by the physiologist Fick in 1855 as a generalization of the equations for heat transfer suggested by Fourier in 1824. Fick’s equations for diffusion can be obtained by analogy with Fourier’s equations for heat transfer by replacing heat with the number of atoms, temperature with concentration, and thermal conductivity with diffusivity. Fick’s first law provides a relationship between atomic currents and concentration gradients. As discussed above, this relationship can be understood by analogy with thermal conductivity or electrical conductivity.
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Conference papers on the topic "Gradient structured metals"

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Qiao, H., T. G. Murthy, and C. Saldana. "Structure and Deformation of Gradient Metal Foams Produced by Machining." In ASME 2019 14th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2019-2980.

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Abstract The effects of surface structure on mechanical performance for open-cell aluminum foam specimens was investigated in the present study. A surface gradient for pore structure and diameter was introduced into open cell aluminum foams by machining-based processing. The structure changes in the strut and pore network were evaluated by computed tomography characterization. The role of structure gradients in affecting mechanical performance was determined using digital volume correlation and in situ compression within the computed tomographic scanner. These preliminary results show that the
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Zhou, Haofei, Xin Chen, and Yumeng Li. "Design of Gradient Nanotwinned Metal Materials Using Adaptive Gaussian Process Based Surrogate Models." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-97659.

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Abstract Inspired by gradient structures in the nature, Gradient Nanostructured (GNS) metals have emerged as a new class of materials with tunable microstructures. GNS metals can exhibit unique combinations of material properties in terms of ultrahigh strength, good tensile ductility and enhanced strain hardening, superior fatigue and wear resistance. However, it is still challenging to fully understand the fundamental gradient structure-property relationship, which hinders the rational design of GNS metals with optimized target properties. In this paper, we developed an adaptive design framew
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Chumaevskii, A. V., K. N. Kalashnikov, T. A. Kalashnikova, A. V. Gusarova, and A. N. Ivanov. "Structure of the material in the formation region of gradient structures of dissimilar metals obtained by friction stir processing." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE ADVANCED MATERIALS WITH HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE FOR NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND RELIABLE STRUCTURES. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5083300.

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Maniatty, Antoinette, Karel Matous, and Jing Lu. "Multiscale Modeling of Large Deformation Processes in Polycrystalline Metals." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-43634.

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A mesoscale model for predicting the evolution of the grain structure and the mechanical response of polycrystalline aggregates subject to large deformations, such as arise in bulk metal forming processes, is presented. The gain structures modeled are either experimentally observed or are computer generated and statistically similar to experimentally observed grain structures. In order to capture the inhomogeneous deformations and the resulting grain structure characteristics, a discretized model at the mesoscale is used. This work focuses on Al-Mg-Si alloys. Scale bridging is used to link to
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Huang, Youchao, Shenhui Ma, Jiaona Zhang, Chao Xie, and Min Zhang. "Modulating the Electrical Transport Characteristics of a Metal-Semiconductor-Metal Structure by Local Strain Gradient." In 2021 IEEE 16th International Conference on Nano/Micro Engineered and Molecular Systems (NEMS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nems51815.2021.9451518.

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Ishiyama, Keiya, Ryo Koike, Yasuhiro Kakinuma, Tetsuya Suzuki, and Takanori Mori. "Cooling Process for Directional Solidification in Directed Energy Deposition." In ASME 2018 13th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2018-6437.

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Additive manufacturing (AM) for metals has attracted attention from industry because of its great potential to enhance production efficiency and reduce production costs. Directed energy deposition (DED) is a metal AM process suitable to produce large-scale freeform metal products. DED entails irradiating the baseplate with a laser beam and launching the metal powder onto the molten spot to produce a metal part on the baseplate. Because the process enables powder from different materials to be used, DED is widely applicable to valuable production work such as for a dissimilar material joint, a
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Regueiro, Richard A., Douglas J. Bammann, Esteban B. Marin, and George C. Johnson. "Finite Deformation Elastoplasticity for Rate and Temperature Dependent Polycrystalline Metals." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63179.

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An elastoplasticity model is formulated and demonstrated in one-dimension (1D) for modeling finite deformations in poly-crystalline metals. Quasi-static to high strain rate effects as well as temperature sensitivity are included. A multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient into elastic, plastic, and thermal parts, that includes a volumetric/isochoric split of the elastic stretching tensor is assumed. The kinematics and thermodynamic formulation lead to constitutive equations, stresses, and constraints on the evolution of the internal state variables. The model accounts for (i) d
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Chang, Pen-Lun, Meng-Ju Lin, and Tsung-Li Fan. "Deformation Analysis of Center-Anchored Square Plate Induced by Residual Gradient Stress." In ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems collocated with the ASME 2005 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2005-73430.

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For optical MEMS or Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Optical System (MEMOS) devices, as depositing metal on the structure plate, the mismatch of thermal expansion coefficients between the metal layer and structure layer will induce residual gradient stress after release. Therefore, the residual gradient stress will deform the structure layer. The deformation could be used as profile of micro focusing mirror due to its parabolic-like shape. In this work, the effect of structure sizes and material properties on residual stress for center-anchored square plate focusing mirror is investigated. The center-
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Shu, Y., B. Q. Li, and B. R. Ramaprian. "Natural Convection in Modulated Thermal Gradients and Gravity: Numerical Simulation and Experimental Measurements." In ASME 2003 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2003-47299.

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This paper presents an investigation on natural convection in a cavity with an imposed modulated thermal gradient or modulated gravity forces. Numerical computations are presented, which are based on the finite element solution of transient Navier-Stokes and energy balance equations, along with appropriate boundary conditions or time-varying gravity forces. To verify the numerical predictions, an experimental system is setup where wall temperatures are oscillated to produce modulated temperature gradients and the velocity fields are measured by a laser-based Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) sy
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Andritschky, M., V. Teixeira, and D. Stöver. "Thermal Residual Stresses in Functionally Gradient Coatings." In ITSC 1997, edited by C. C. Berndt. ASM International, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc1997p0847.

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Abstract The present contribution concerns with a numerical modelling of the residual stress distribution within a multilayered coating system which consists of a functionally gradient material (FGM). The structure of the graded system is made of a ceramic layer and a metallic layer, where between them there is an interlayer which is a graded composite made of the metal and ceramic. The composition changes gradually from 0% ceramic to 100% ceramic. This graded interlayer was modelled as a serie of perfectly bonded finite thin layers, each having slightly different material properties. We analy
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Reports on the topic "Gradient structured metals"

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Matlock, D. K., and D. L. Olson. Novel concepts in weld metal science: Role of gradients and composite structure. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6069967.

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Matlock, D. K., and D. L. Olson. Novel concepts in weld metal science: Role of gradients and composite structure. Annual technical progress report, January 1, 1991--December 31, 1991. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10110681.

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