Relevant bibliographies by topics / Gradually truncated power law

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic 'Gradually truncated power law'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 3 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Gradually truncated power law"

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Gupta, Hari M., and José R. Campanha. "The gradually truncated Lévy flight for systems with power-law distributions." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 268, no. 1-2 (June 1999): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4371(99)00028-x.

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GUPTA, HARI M., JOSÉ R. CAMPANHA, and FERNANDO D. PRADO. "POWER LAW DISTRIBUTION IN EDUCATION: UNIVERSITY ENTRANCE EXAMINATION." International Journal of Modern Physics C 11, no. 06 (September 2000): 1273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183100001085.

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We studied the statistical distribution of candidate's performance which is measured through their marks in university entrance examination (Vestibular) of UNESP (Universidade Estadual Paulista) for years 1998, 1999, and 2000. All students are divided in three groups: Physical, Biological and Humanities. We paid special attention to the examination of Portuguese language which is common for all and examinations for the particular area. We observed long ubiquitous power law tails in Physical and Biological sciences. This indicate the presence of strong positive feedback in sciences. We are able to explain completely these statistical distributions through Gradually Truncated Power law distributions which we developed recently to explain statistical behavior of financial market. The statistical distribution in case of Portuguese language and humanities is close to normal distribution. We discuss the possible reason for this peculiar behavior.
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Mashanova, Alla, Tom H. Oliver, and Vincent A. A. Jansen. "Evidence for intermittency and a truncated power law from highly resolved aphid movement data." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 7, no. 42 (May 27, 2009): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2009.0121.

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Power laws are increasingly used to describe animal movement. Despite this, the use of power laws has been criticized on both empirical and theoretical grounds, and alternative models based on extensions of conventional random walk theory (Brownian motion) have been suggested. In this paper, we analyse a large volume of data of aphid walking behaviour (65 068 data points), which provides a highly resolved dataset to investigate the pattern of movement. We show that aphid movement is intermittent—with alternations of a slow movement with frequent change of direction and a fast, relatively directed movement—and that the fast movement consists of two phases—a strongly directed phase that gradually changes into an uncorrelated random walk. By measuring the mean-squared displacement and the duration of non-stop movement episodes we found that both spatial and temporal aspects of aphid movement are best described using a truncated power law approach. We suggest that the observed spatial pattern arises from the duration of non-stop movement phases rather than from correlations in turning angles. We discuss the implications of these findings for interpreting movement data, such as distinguishing between movement and non-movement, and the effect of the range of data used in the analysis on the conclusions.
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GUPTA, HARI M., JOSÉ R. CAMPANHA, and FÁBIO R. CHAVARETTE. "POWER LAW DISTRIBUTION IN EDUCATION: EFFECT OF ECONOMICAL, TEACHING, AND STUDY CONDITIONS IN UNIVERSITY ENTRANCE EXAMINATION." International Journal of Modern Physics C 14, no. 04 (May 2003): 449–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183103004656.

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We studied the statistical distribution of student's performance, which is measured through their marks, in university entrance examination (Vestibular) of UNESP (Universidade Estadual Paulista) with respect to (i) period of study — day versus night period (ii) teaching conditions — private versus public school (iii) economical conditions — high versus low family income. We observed long ubiquitous power law tails in physical and biological sciences in all cases. The mean value increases with better study conditions followed by better teaching and economical conditions. In humanities, the distribution is close to normal distribution with very small tail. This indicates that these power law tails in science subjects are due to the nature of the subjects themselves. Further and better study, teaching and economical conditions are more important for physical and biological sciences in comparison to humanities at this level of study. We explain these statistical distributions through Gradually Truncated Power law distributions. We discuss the possible reason for this peculiar behavior.
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León, Carlos. "Scale-free tails in colombian financial indexes: a primer." ODEON, no. 9 (February 12, 2016): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.18601/17941113.n9.06.

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<p>A maximum likelihood method for estimating the power-law exponent verifies that the positive and negative tails of the Colombian stock market index (IGBC) and the Colombian peso exchange rate (TRM) approximate a scale-free distribution, whereas none of the heavy tails of a local sovereign securities index (IDXTES) are a plausible case for such distribution. Results also (i) support critiques regarding the flaws of ordinary least squares estimation methods for scale-free distributions; (ii) question the validity of Zipf’s law; (iii) suggest that IGBC and TRM display the scale-free nature documented as a stylized fact of financial returns, and that they may be following a gradually truncated Lévy flight; and (iv) suggest that local financial markets are self-organizing systems.</p>
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BURROUGHS, STEPHEN M., and SARAH F. TEBBENS. "UPPER-TRUNCATED POWER LAW DISTRIBUTIONS." Fractals 09, no. 02 (June 2001): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x01000658.

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Power law cumulative number-size distributions are widely used to describe the scaling properties of data sets and to establish scale invariance. We derive the relationships between the scaling exponents of non-cumulative and cumulative number-size distributions for linearly binned and logarithmically binned data. Cumulative number-size distributions for data sets of many natural phenomena exhibit a "fall-off" from a power law at the largest object sizes. Previous work has often either ignored the fall-off region or described this region with a different function. We demonstrate that when a data set is abruptly truncated at large object size, fall-off from a power law is expected for the cumulative distribution. Functions to describe this fall-off are derived for both linearly and logarithmically binned data. These functions lead to a generalized function, the upper-truncated power law, that is independent of binning method. Fitting the upper-truncated power law to a cumulative number-size distribution determines the parameters of the power law, thus providing the scaling exponent of the data. Unlike previous approaches that employ alternate functions to describe the fall-off region, an upper-truncated power law describes the data set, including the fall-off, with a single function.
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Zhu, Hong, Yingchao Xie, and Maochao Xu. "Discrete Truncated Power-Law Distributions." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Statistics 58, no. 2 (June 2016): 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/anzs.12162.

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Ren, Hehe, Shujin Laima, and Hui Li. "Numerical Investigation of Very-Large-Scale Motions in a Turbulent Boundary Layer for Different Roughness." Energies 13, no. 3 (February 4, 2020): 659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030659.

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Wall-model large eddy simulations (WMLES) are conducted to investigate the spatial features of large-scale and very-large-scale motions (LSMs and VLSMs) in turbulent boundary flow in different surface roughnesses at a very high Reynolds number, O (106–107). The results of the simulation of nearly smooth cases display good agreement with field observations and experimental data, both dimensioned using inner and outer variables. Using pre-multiplied spectral analysis, the size of VLSMs can be reduced or even disappear with increasing roughness, which indirectly supports the concept that the bottom-up mechanism is one of the origins of VLSMs. With increases in height, the power of pre-multiplied spectra at both high and low wavenumber regions decreases, which is consistent with most observational and experimental results. Furthermore, we find that the change in the spectrum scaling law from −1 to −5/3 is a gradual process. Due to the limitations of the computational domain and coarse grid that were adopted, some VLSMs and small-scale turbulence are truncated. However, the size of LSMs is fully accounted for. From the perspective of the spatial correlation of the flow field, the structural characteristics of VLSMs under various surface roughnesses, including three-dimensional length scales and inclination angles, are obtained intuitively, and the conclusions are found to be in good agreement with the velocity spectra. Finally, the generation, development and extinction of three-dimensional VLSMs are analyzed by instantaneous flow and vorticity field, and it shows that the instantaneous flow field gives evidence of low-speed streamwise-elongated flow structures with negative streamwise velocity fluctuation component, and which are flanked on each side by similarly high-speed streamwise-elongated flow structures. Moreover, each of the low-speed streamwise-elongated flow structure lies beneath many vortices.
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Minasandra, Pranav, and Kavita Isvaran. "Truncated power-law distribution of group sizes in antelope." Behaviour 157, no. 6 (June 11, 2020): 541–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-bja10012.

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Abstract Quantifying and understanding group size distributions can be useful for understanding group behaviour in animal populations. We analysed group size data of the blackbuck, Antilope cervicapra, from six different field sites to estimate the group size distribution of this antelope. We used likelihood based methods (AICs and likelihood ratios) to show that an exponentially truncated power law is the distribution that best describes blackbuck group data, outperforming a simple power-law, an exponential distribution, and a lognormal distribution. Our results show that distribution parameters can be used to draw novel insights regarding group dynamics, and we demonstrate this by investigating how habitat openness affects group size distributions.
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Deluca, Anna, and Álvaro Corral. "Fitting and goodness-of-fit test of non-truncated and truncated power-law distributions." Acta Geophysica 61, no. 6 (September 26, 2013): 1351–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11600-013-0154-9.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Gradually truncated power law"

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Schinaider, Sidney Jorge. "Distribuição de lei de potência gradualmente truncada aplicada na educação : vestibular da Academia da Força Aérea /." Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/91932.

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Orientador: Hari Mohan Gupta
Banca: Gerson Antonio Santarine
Banca: Osvaldo Missiato
Resumo: Educação e aprendizado são assuntos de grande importância para a sociedade em vista do desenvolvimento tecnológico e do progresso social. No presente trabalho analisamos a distribuição estatística das notas dos candidatos ao vestibular (Exame de Admissão) da Academia da Força Aérea, situada em Pirassununga, Estado de São Paulo Brasil, onde se formam os Oficiais da Aeronáutica (Força Aérea Brasileira), entre os anos de 1999 a 2004, em busca de algumas características que indiquem o processo de aprendizagem em cada disciplina do vestibular. O exame de admissão consta de 4 disciplinas: Física, Matemática, Inglês e Português, todos com questões objetivas. Os candidatos melhor classificados são selecionados de acordo com o número de vagas determinado pelo Comando da Aeronáutica. Notou-se, claramente, que, nas disciplinas Física, Matemática e Inglês, as notas obedecem a uma distribuição do tipo Lei de Potência Gradualmente Truncada, como também foi observado anteriormente nas disciplinas, em conjunto, de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas. Na disciplina Português as notas obedecem a uma distribuição normal, resultado que se explica, considerando-se a dependência dos assuntos dados na área de Física, Matemática e Inglês (língua estrangeira) aos assuntos ministrados anteriormente, enquanto em Português, (língua materna) cada capítulo é relativamente independente. Também apresentamos sugestão para melhorar o ensino de ciências e matemáticas.
Abstract: Science and Mathematic Education is a subject of great importance for the society in sight of recent technological and social program. In the present work, we study the statistical distribution of the marks obtained by the candidates in entrance examination of Air Force Academy, which prepare officers for Brazilian Air Force and is situated at Pirassununga São Paulo, in the period of 1999-2004. Our object is to find some characteristics of the process of learning in various disciplines. The admission examination consist of four disciplines; Physics, Mathematics, English and Portuguese. The candidates are selected in accordance with the merit list in the examination and number of seats available as determined by the Air Force Command. We showed that in the discipline of Physics, Mathematics and English, the distribution of marks obtained is in accordance with Gradually Truncated Power Law as also have been reported earlier in Exact and Biological Sciences in University entrance examination. In Portuguese the Distribution is Normal. We explained these results considering importance of the understanding of material given previously to understand a new chapter in area of Physics, Mathematics and English as our foreign language. In the case of Portuguese (Native Language), each chapter is relatively independent and thus not require knowledge of previous chapters. We also presented some suggestions to improve the science and Mathematics Education at High School level.
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Schinaider, Sidney Jorge [UNESP]. "Distribuição de lei de potência gradualmente truncada aplicada na educação: vestibular da Academia da Força Aérea." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/91932.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-06-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:53:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 schinaider_sj_me_rcla.pdf: 576104 bytes, checksum: 41c3c4e7eec02c3dd98738011e8c7b76 (MD5)
Educação e aprendizado são assuntos de grande importância para a sociedade em vista do desenvolvimento tecnológico e do progresso social. No presente trabalho analisamos a distribuição estatística das notas dos candidatos ao vestibular (Exame de Admissão) da Academia da Força Aérea, situada em Pirassununga, Estado de São Paulo Brasil, onde se formam os Oficiais da Aeronáutica (Força Aérea Brasileira), entre os anos de 1999 a 2004, em busca de algumas características que indiquem o processo de aprendizagem em cada disciplina do vestibular. O exame de admissão consta de 4 disciplinas: Física, Matemática, Inglês e Português, todos com questões objetivas. Os candidatos melhor classificados são selecionados de acordo com o número de vagas determinado pelo Comando da Aeronáutica. Notou-se, claramente, que, nas disciplinas Física, Matemática e Inglês, as notas obedecem a uma distribuição do tipo Lei de Potência Gradualmente Truncada, como também foi observado anteriormente nas disciplinas, em conjunto, de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas. Na disciplina Português as notas obedecem a uma distribuição normal, resultado que se explica, considerando-se a dependência dos assuntos dados na área de Física, Matemática e Inglês (língua estrangeira) aos assuntos ministrados anteriormente, enquanto em Português, (língua materna) cada capítulo é relativamente independente. Também apresentamos sugestão para melhorar o ensino de ciências e matemáticas.
Science and Mathematic Education is a subject of great importance for the society in sight of recent technological and social program. In the present work, we study the statistical distribution of the marks obtained by the candidates in entrance examination of Air Force Academy, which prepare officers for Brazilian Air Force and is situated at Pirassununga São Paulo, in the period of 1999-2004. Our object is to find some characteristics of the process of learning in various disciplines. The admission examination consist of four disciplines; Physics, Mathematics, English and Portuguese. The candidates are selected in accordance with the merit list in the examination and number of seats available as determined by the Air Force Command. We showed that in the discipline of Physics, Mathematics and English, the distribution of marks obtained is in accordance with Gradually Truncated Power Law as also have been reported earlier in Exact and Biological Sciences in University entrance examination. In Portuguese the Distribution is Normal. We explained these results considering importance of the understanding of material given previously to understand a new chapter in area of Physics, Mathematics and English as our foreign language. In the case of Portuguese (Native Language), each chapter is relatively independent and thus not require knowledge of previous chapters. We also presented some suggestions to improve the science and Mathematics Education at High School level.
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Books on the topic "Gradually truncated power law"

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Gosewinkel, Dieter. The Constitutional State. Edited by Heikki Pihlajamäki, Markus D. Dubber, and Mark Godfrey. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198785521.013.42.

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At the turn of the nineteenth century, the constitutional state took its origin from a revolution against absolutist rule and feudal inequality. ‘Constitution’ as a revolutionary new concept of law meant as an ideal-type: written, supreme, secular law, decided by the people and regulating all public power. Constitutional monarchy was the dominant type of constitutional state in Europe throughout the nineteenth century. It was marked by a fundamental dualism between monarchical and parliamentary power, which tended towards parliamentarization and came to an end with complete constitutionalization and democratization of European states as an outcome of the First World War. While the post-war years represented the apex of European constitutionalism, the deep European crisis of the 1930s with the rise of dictatorship destroyed the core function of constitutionalism, to legally bind state power, which came to be restored only gradually after 1989 for the whole of Europe.
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Bunge, Kirstin. Francisco de Vitoria. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198768586.003.0003.

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This chapter argues that on the threshold of modernity, Vitoria’s jus gentium created a general framework for a legal order between people and nations. It shows how under the changing conditions of economy, theories of political domination, and relation between religious and secular spheres, the foundations of politics and law were re-assessed. At this juncture, one of the most important findings of Vitoria’s political and legal philosophy was that the sphere of political practice became more autonomous although still thought of as part of a God-given order. As the political power of the pope and the emperor was fading, new stakeholders gradually appeared. The traditional conception of totus orbis clarifies—one hundred years before the Peace of Westphalia—the scope in which different types of stakeholders such as individuals and social or political communities can act freely and (at least theoretically) interact on equal terms.
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della Cananea, Giacinto, and Stefano Mannoni, eds. Administrative Justice Fin de siècle. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867562.001.0001.

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This book argues that too often the evolution of administrative law in Europe has been considered in the light of legal doctrines fashioned at the national level, if not of few authors, whose works are quoted to stress the different paths undertaken by European countries after the French Revolution. The book deviates from these standard accounts in that it focuses on control of administrative power by the courts and considers, empirically, judicial decisions at the epoch of the Belle Époque, more precisely the years 1890-1910. The legal systems selected for comparison include Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, and the UK. Some relied on ordinary or generalist courts, while others created administrative courts, The outcome of the analysis confirms that, in contrast with the over-emphasized differences among national legal doctrines, the challenges which those legal systems faced were largely the same. Moreover, and more importantly, the analysis of the standards of conduct defined and refined by the courts reveals that they exercised an increasingly vigorous control over discretion. They gradually opened the gates of judicial review to new interests, intervened on grounds of purpose and defined general principles of law that were very similar, if not the same. The courts, not legislators, thus created the central tenets of administrative law. Finally, various explanations for the role played by the courts are considered in legal, historic, and political perspectives. The book thus provides an unprecedented outlook on the relationship between public authorities and individuals at the zenith of the sovereign state.
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Book chapters on the topic "Gradually truncated power law"

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Kitahama, Yasutaka. "Truncated Power Law Analysis of Blinking SERS." In ACS Symposium Series, 55–94. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2016-1245.ch004.

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Eva, Nanopoulos. "Part V Global and Regional Security Mechanisms, Ch.54 The European Union." In The Oxford Handbook of the International Law of Global Security. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198827276.003.0055.

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This chapter explores the European Union’s relationship and contribution to the international law of global security through the lens of ‘ambivalence’. The reasons for this approach are threefold. First, that relationship oscillates between symbiosis and friction. On the one hand, the European Union (EU) has been gradually integrated into the global security architecture. On the other hand, the EU, as a power bloc and ‘autonomous’ legal community, also provides a source of conflict with, disassociation from, or destabilization of, global security arrangements. Second, the interaction between EU law and global security law, as well as the substantive contribution of the EU to the law of global security, produces mixed results. Finally, the ambivalence of the EU as a ‘global security provider’ has also explanatory value when it comes to contemporary developments and challenges, particularly as they emerge from the EU’s response to the increased ‘questioning’ of the European project and the global liberal order more generally, and that cut across several aspects of global security.
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Natasa, Mavronicola. "Part II Predominant Security Challenges and International Law, Human Security, Ch.22 Institutionalized Inhumanity: From Torture to Assassination." In The Oxford Handbook of the International Law of Global Security. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198827276.003.0023.

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Atrocity pervades human history. Over time, individuals and groups have wielded their relative power over other persons in a variety of cruel ways, not least torture and assassination. The legal framework that gradually emerged to counter such abuse reflected a deontic humanity—humanity not as it is, but as it ought to be. This deontic vision of humanity was premised on human dignity, an egalitarian idea according to which every single human person is fundamentally worthy of a certain level of respect. The lines set by international law are arguably orientated to serving as a bulwark against the desecration of this deontic humanity. The chapter considers the legal framework on torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment and assassination, broadly conceived. It considers some of the main developments in respect of the law and the deontic humanity that underpins it as well as prominent challenges arising therein, at the heart of which are (national, global, or transnational) security structures, or appeals to security: from consequentialist arguments for abandoning the prohibition of torture, to the securitization of (groups of) persons in ways which contradict human dignity.
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Whatmore, Richard. "Revolution and Exodus." In Terrorists, Anarchists, and Republicans, 131–72. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691168777.003.0006.

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This chapter describes the events of the revolution as well as its aftermath. The représentants intended gradually to take power at Geneva by means of a new law code. Law would place limits upon the powers of the magistrates by establishing a clear distinction between sovereignty and government. For the représentants, there came the point when the magistrates could not be trusted to pursue the public interest. Constitutional change, in the form of the new law code, was justified especially when the magistrates wanted to involve the French in day-to-day politics, seemingly handing over Genevan sovereignty to the foreign power. At the same time, the argument was reiterated that the représentants were protecting independence and the established constitution. It was the magistrates who had once been the fathers of the state, living honourable lives of simplicity and frugality, but who had turned to luxury and selfishness.
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Foster, Caroline E. "Introduction." In Global Regulatory Standards in Environmental and Health Disputes, 3–18. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810551.003.0001.

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The reasoning of international adjudicatory bodies in regulatory disputes is gradually producing a set of ‘global regulatory standards’ conditioning the exercise of States’ regulatory freedom and obligations. Global regulatory standards sit at the meeting point between domestic and international authority in a wide range of regulatory fields. Their emergence is the result of the increasing interdependence among States reflected in international law at the present time in history. This book enquires into the legitimacy of this new ‘standards-enriched’ international law, examining the part played by international courts and tribunals in its articulation, the interpretive techniques employed and the influence of the pleadings. These analyses point to the need for political attention to the emerging global regulatory standards, particularly if the relationship between international and domestic authority is to be governed through requirements for proportionality in domestic decision-making. The book goes on to examine a range of further challenges and opportunities arising in connection with the emergence of global regulatory standards. These include the accompanying reconception of sovereignty as conferred power, the need to address the fragmentation of international law, and the potential for developments in the status of private actors within international law.
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Saraçoglu, M. Safa. "Conclusion." In Nineteenth-Century Local Governance in Ottoman Bulgaria, 165–74. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474430999.003.0007.

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This chapter presents the general conclusion of this book: Although the highest tier of Vidin’s local dynasties gradually lost their power vis-à-vis the imperial administration by the beginning of the nineteenth century, the lower-tier elite benefited from cooperation with the Ottoman administration. The Ottoman transformation during the long nineteenth century focused on legitimating the imperial order by establishing limits to governance. Part of this change was the establishment of provincial councils by 1840 as part of an Ottoman governance, which aimed to protect the ‘natural’ market order through civil law. The 1864 and 1871 regulations organised the provincial administrative and judicial councils as separate bodies where the elite’s influence was restrained with term-limits. Yet the notables dominated Vidin’s councils by moving between offices. This led to a connected judicio-adminisrative sphere, dominated by the local elite and reflecting the political dynamics among them. Different agents/groups problematized issues pertaining to security, territory and population within this sphere using technologies of Ottoman governance to pursue their strategies. These councils and Ottoman governance was not serving the elite alone but provided a negotiation platform for different people and alliances in Vidin county in conjunction with economic liberalization of the long-nineteenth century.
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Verma, Vidhu. "Gender and Anti-Discrimination Laws in India." In The Empire of Disgust, 104–26. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199487837.003.0006.

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The Constitution of India guarantees not only formal equality but also promises that entrenched power structures will gradually dissolve. However, forms of discrimination faced by women are not just a feature of our social fabric but are supported by the ambiguities of the legal-juridical framework that reinforce unjust gender norms. The persistence of gender discrimination as it exists in the wider societal sphere is expressed by the unevenness that marks women’s access to the legal system. The chapter reviews the contestations, the changing categories, and terms of feminist analysis in law. It turns to address the problem of equal rights in understanding the protection against vulnerability, and various forms the loss of liberty takes in different contexts of marginality about gender discrimination. In what follows, I begin by presenting some methodological concerns. Then I discuss the Indian jurisprudence on sexual harassment and assault. I then focus briefly on the right to temple entry and ‘honour’ crimes in recent years and the legal responses to them. In the last section, I address three strong challenges to my account of gender discrimination. My main argument is that the doctrinal history of harassment and rape in the Indian context points to the power and limitations of legal rights as a strategy for social change. Establishing a basis for legal liability can reshape consciousness about working environments, but this has not deterred those who harass, from using less formal means of attacking women rights. For legal feminists, the law remains a site of discursive struggle where dominant meanings come to inform not only juridical categories but also the social world that define our concepts and practices. The dilemma of preserving difference in law and yet not having disadvantageous effects to unequal parties remain.
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"There were also other alternatives such as blood feud (speaks for itself) and trial by ordeal. At the latter, the Church was in attendance to oversee a range of tests that, to an observer, would look like the infliction of punishment after guilt had been determined. If the test was successfully passed—and it could only be ‘won’ if the Christian God intervened—the person taking the test was innocent. For example, in one form of trial by ordeal the person claiming innocence would plunge a hand into boiling water. If there was no blistering after a few days (highly unlikely, it was believed at the time, without supernatural intervention), the person was judged to be innocent. For those who feel adventurous, trial by battle remains on the statute books. Relief may be felt that trial by ordeal is no longer an option. Gradually, royal justice as trial by law took over through a combination of efficiency and threat by the crown. Later in his summing up, Comyn J refers to the battle as a ‘Battle Royal’. This connection could be taken as a reminder that the majority of battles from the 16th century onwards involving the monarch were indeed battles concerning religious differences. A serious event about right and wrong. The notion of ‘right’ suggesting ideas of ‘good’ and the notion of wrong suggesting ideas of ‘evil’. The text also discusses Christian cosmology and the existence of Satan. Throughout the text, the discussion of the battle between ‘good’ and ‘evil’ shadows here the religious. ‘Right’ and ‘wrong’ are also suggestive of the moral dimensions of the case. Whilst the English adversarial system lends itself to the use of such war imagery, the judge reserves the right to say what the battle is about and he clearly rules out the possibility that it is a battle between individual freedoms of expression (religious freedom and the freedom of the press). This is a classic example of setting boundaries by stating what is not legitimately involved and a classic illustration of an everyday activity in the court. No rationale is given for the boundaries and exclusion. Indeed the elaborate explanations given for exclusion could be evidence that strongly suggest that, insofar as the judge is concerned, the dispute before him is indeed a battle concerning religious freedom. Comyn J defines the area of dispute. He draws its boundaries without the slightest recognition of another interpretation of events. It is good to realise at the beginning of legal studies that the court has the power to draw boundaries without explanation, in this way. It is part of its exercise of power. In Figure 2.9, below, extract 3: Orme v Associated Newspapers Group Inc (1981) is set out. It contains 16 examples drawn from the totality of the summing up which runs to over 200 pages. They give the flavour of the summing up but have been chosen particularly to illustrate the use of repetition and alliteration." In Legal Method and Reasoning, 40. Routledge-Cavendish, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781843145103-27.

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Conference papers on the topic "Gradually truncated power law"

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Kayıhan, Şaban, and Mehmet Eski. "International Economy Law Concept and the Source of International Economy Law." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01366.

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Depending on the justification of the domination promulgates Law principles which is related with the multi-areas of the social life and assures implementation of Law rules due to its judicial power. However, nowadays implementation of State’s Law principles has been gradually damaged. In fact, not only markets transformed into the world bazaar with the globalization but also the participants of the markets acts global. As a result of the findings of the economic facts, one State’s cross-border trade and beside the national law which regulates the economic actions, normative arrangements increase which adjust identical subjects and receive the sources from different fields and in order for the operation of the current adjustment they create novice establishments with the view point of showing action in different types of areas. As a parallel of these improvements “international economy law” which arranges the international economical actions in the western countries and examines the law principles as a whole which is usually founded dispersedly is developed. Cross border economical actions constitute the subject of a lots of diversified law arrangement. While some of them are the characters of public law and private law, the others originate from international law. Fractionally, nonbinding rules are also inclusive here. At this point the whole law regulations which are about the international rules, determines the scope of international law relations. So in this research, in accordance with the globalization, our purpose is to examine the source and term of the international economy law.
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Zhao, Weijia, and Li-Qun Chen. "Transient Response of a Viscoelastic Axially Moving String With Power Constitutive Model." In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/vib-48575.

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In this paper, the transverse vibration of an initially stressed viscoelastic moving string is considered. The string material is assumed to obey the fractional differentiation constitutive law. The governing equation is obtained by Newtonian second law of motion and reduced to a set of nonlinear differential integral equations by using Galerkin’s method. The differential integral equation system that contains fractional derivatives is then truncated to a finite dimensional one and solved numerically by using Runge-Kutta method and some other numerical manipulations. Finally, the numerical results are analyzed. The effects of elastic and viscoelastic parameters on the moving string and the variations of the nonlinear vibration with the changing of transport velocity and some other terms are investigated by numerical experiments.
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Bo, Shangguan, Zili Xu, Qilin Wu, XianDing Zhou, and ShouHong Cao. "Forced Response Prediction of Blades With Loosely Assembled Dovetail Attachment by HBM." In ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-59778.

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To understand the mechanism of interfacial damping of axial loosely assembled dovetail to suppress blade vibration, a dry friction force model is presented by the Coulomb friction law and the macroslip model, and the mathematical expression of the friction force is derived. The nonlinear friction force is linearized as an equivalent stiffness and an equivalent damping through the one-term harmonic balance method. The effect of centrifugal force on the equivalent stiffness and the equivalent damping is studied. The forced response of one simplified blade with loosely assembled dovetail attachment is predicted by the harmonic balance method, in which the blade is described by the lumped mass and spring model, and the friction contact joints is simplified as a ideal friction damper. The results show that the equivalent stiffness of loosely assembled dovetail attachment increases with blade centrifugal force, gradually reaches a certain value, and there exists the maximum value for the equivalent stiffness. The equivalent damping increases at the beginning and then decreases with blade centrifugal force increasing, there exists a maximum too. The resonant frequency of blade rises with blade centrifugal force, but it no longer increases when the centrifugal force exceed a certain value. There exists a special centrifugal force on which the effect of dry friction damping is the best.
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Siginer, Dennis, and Lyes Khezzar. "Flow Instabilities and Heat Transfer in Buoyancy Driven Flows of Inelastic Non-Newtonian Fluids in Inclined Rectangular Cavities." In ASME 2010 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting collocated with 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-30243.

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Steady two-dimensional natural convection in rectangular two dimensional cavities filled with non-Newtonian power law-Boussinesq fluids is numerically investigated. The conservation equations of mass, momentum and energy are solved using the finite volume method for varying inclination angles between 0° and 90° and two cavity height based Rayleigh numbers, Ra = 104 and 105, a Prandtl number of Pr = 102 and two cavity aspect ratios of 1, 4. For the vertical inclination of 90°, computations were performed for two Rayleigh numbers Ra = 104 and 105 and three Prandtl numbers of Pr = 102, 103 and 104. In all of the numerical experiments, the channel is heated from below and cooled from the top with insulated side-walls and the inclination angle is varied. A comprehensive comparison between the Newtonian and the non-Newtonian cases is presented based on the dependence of the average Nusselt number Nu on the angle of inclination together with the Rayleigh number, Prandtl number, power law index n and aspect ratio dependent flow configurations which undergo several exchange of stability as the angle of inclination O̸ is gradually increased from the horizontal resulting in a rather sudden drop in the heat transfer rate triggered by the last loss of stability and transition to a single cell configuration. Despite significant differences in the heat transfer rate and flow configurations both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids of the power law type exhibit qualitatively similar behavior.
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Yao, Ming Hui, Yan Niu, and Wei Zhang. "Nonlinear Dynamics of FGM Conical Panel With Initial Imperfection in Thermal Environment." In ASME 2017 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2017-67156.

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In this paper, the nonlinear dynamics of a simply supported functionally graded materials (FGM) conical panel with different forms of initial imperfections is investigated. The conical panel is subjected to the simple harmonic excitation along the radial direction and the parametric excitation in the meridian direction. The small initial geometric imperfection of the conical panel is expressed by the form of the Cosine functions. According to a power-law distribution, the effective material properties are assumed to be graded along the thickness direction. Based on the first-order shear deformation theory and von Karman type nonlinear geometric relationship, the nonlinear equations of motion are established by using the Hamilton principle. The nonlinear partial differential governing equations are truncated by Galerkin’s method to obtain the ordinary differential equations along the radial displacement. The effects of imperfection types, half-wave numbers and amplitudes on the dynamic behaviors are studied by numerical simulation. Maximum Lyapunov exponents, bifurcation diagrams, time histories and phase portraits are obtained to show the dynamic response.
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Liao, K. C., and K. H. Lin. "Relaxation Investigation for Terminals of Electronic Connectors Under Thermal Shock Test." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-43340.

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Electronic connectors are in general required to pass specifications of the thermal shock test. The contact force of the terminal could decay gradually due to the stress relaxation effect under thermal loading conditions. A finite element analysis is conducted to examine the contact force variation of the terminal in the present study. Both a plug and a receptacle socket of mini USB are chosen for the investigation here. A mated socket pair is placed in the temperature-controlled chamber, and the associated electrical resistance is then measured on-line in certain periods based on the specifications of the thermal shock test. Experiments indicate that the electrical resistance rises slowly as the thermal cycle number increases. Viscoplasticity is adopted for the terminal material of phosphor bronze alloy in the numerical analysis. Stress-strain relations of the terminal at various temperatures are measured via the uniaxial tensile test. A power-law creep model with the strain-hardening form is selected to account for the relaxation behavior of the terminal. Corresponding parameters of the creep model are evaluated based on the uniaxial tensile relaxation test. Simulation results show that the decreased amount of the contact force is rather limited after ten thermal cycles. Relationships between the contact force and the electrical resistance increasing percentage are then investigated.
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Hua, Shiyang, Ronghua Huang, Pei Zhou, Wei Cheng, and Lishui Jia. "Experiments on the Influence of Cooling Conditions on Thermal Balance and Thermal State for a Heavy-Duty Natural Gas Engine." In ASME 2015 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2015-1023.

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Generally, the turbulent-flame velocity of natural gas is significantly lower than diesel in the combustion process, which results in the thermal loads of natural gas engines being significantly higher than those of diesel engines under the same stoichiometric condition without EGR. In this study, a heavy-duty natural gas engine is taken as the research object, which is used to measure the temperatures to analyze the heat transfer characteristics in the cylinder head water jacket around the valve bridges, under different speeds and loads, as well as different coolant temperatures and pressures. Twelve thermocouples are inserted by drilling through the metal in the cylinder head with different heights to measure the metal temperatures at thermally critical areas such as the valve-bridge regions. Therefore, the local heat flux and the extrapolation to coolant wall temperatures are obtained by Fourier’s Law under different engine operating conditions. In addition, the thermal balance tests of the engine are also carried out, and the energy distributions are analyzed in different parts of the engine. The results of the research show that: a) the engine cooling condition has a direct impact on the engine cylinder head temperature. If the cooling temperature is low, the temperatures of the cylinder head’s measuring points have the same increases as the increasing coolant temperature. When the coolant temperature is high, the measuring temperatures have hardly any difference from the increases in cooling temperature. With increasing cooling pressure, the temperature increase at all measuring points, and the temperature of the measuring points varies substantially under high load conditions compared with the low load condition. The results indirectly indicated that local nucleate boiling appeared in the water jacket. b) The heat transfer characteristic curve of the water jacket was obtained from the processing of experimental data. Wall heat flux increases with increasing load, and the relationship between wall heat flux and wall temperature is no longer linear. The heat transfer characteristic curve indicates that the convective heat transfer and boiling heat transfer both appeared in the cooling water jacket. c) With the decrease of engine load, the percentage of crankshaft power in the combustion heat gradually decreases, then the percentage of the heat taken away by the cooling water increases gradually. At the same time, the percentage of the heat taken away by exhaust has changed little. d) The engine cooling temperature has a substantial influence on the engine thermal balance, and the cooling pressure has little effect on the engine thermal balance. With increasing cooling temperature, the heat taken by the cooling water decreased, which lead to an increase in the proportion of crankshaft power. It can be concluded that properly increasing the coolant temperature of the engine can improve the fuel economy of the machine.
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Conrad, Daniel, Andreas Schneider, and Martin Böhle. "Numerical Investigation of an Extended Propeller Viscosimeter by Means of Lattice Boltzmann Methods." In ASME 2013 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2013-16361.

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For the design of mixing and agitation facilities in process engineering it is of central importance to appraise the correct viscosity of fluids. This can be a challenging task when non-Newtonian and/or non-homogeneous fluids need to be processed. Since it is not always possible to analyze them in the classical ways, an propeller viscosimeter approach on the basis of the Rieger-Novak-Method is used. In recent years the Lattice Boltzmann Methods (LBM) are established as an alternative approach to classical computational fluid mechanics methods. The utilization of Cartesian grids avoids the need to discretize with boundary conform meshes. This makes the LBM suitable for complex geometries like a propeller in this case. Numerical simulations were carried out using a 3D in-house Lattice Boltzmann code called SAM-Lattice with our latest extension to non-Newtonian flow. We use a truncated form of the power-law approximation to accommodate the varying flow properties in non-Newtonian simulations, where the effective viscosity is a function of the shear rate. SAM-Lattice comprises the LBM solver and a highly automated grid generator for arbitrarily complex geometries. The code is capable of multi-domain grid refinement as well as multi reference frames and rotational boundaries. The post processing is done using an extension of the open source visualization tool Paraview. We compare results of experiments and LBM simulations for the Newtonian case (Glucose) to validate our Lattice Boltzmann solver. A study of the non-Newtonian, shear thinning case (Xanthan) is conducted to validate the generalized Newtonian model. The propeller viscosimeter is currently under development as a standalone solution for viscosity measurement. For calibration purposes the Metzner-Otto-constant of the propeller device has to be determined. While the constant is valid for the laminar region the numerical results for the agitator characteristics are presented. Different levels of grid refinement are tested to assure independence of the lattice resolutions.
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Li, Nanxi, and Amy Rachel Betz. "Critical Heat Flux of Graphene Coated Copper Surface at High Pressures." In ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with the ASME 2015 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2015-48509.

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Boiling is an efficient way to transfer heat due to the latent heat of vaporization. Many variables, such as surface properties, fluid properties, and system pressure, will affect the performance of pool boiling. Enhanced pool boiling has extensive applications in chemical, microelectronics, and power industries. Previous research has shown that micro- or nanostructured surfaces and coated surfaces will increase heat transfer coefficients up to one order of magnitude at atmospheric pressure. Graphene as a very good material with superb mechanical and electrical properties also has potential to enhance pool boiling performance. The purpose of this research is to investigate heat transfer enhancement on a graphene coated surface compared to a plane copper surface at atmospheric pressure and increased pressures with deionized water. The effect of the graphene coating on the critical heat flux is also investigated. To carry out the experiments, we designed and fabricated a special experimental facility that will withstand the high pressures (up to 20 bar) and high temperatures. Graphene is coated on a 1 cm2 copper surface using spray coating. The boiling vessel is pressurized with nitrogen and the system pressure is controlled by a back pressure regulator. The test fluid is preheated to saturation temperature by two 500 W cartridge heaters. Multiple 150 W cartridge heaters are inserted in a copper cylinder to provide wall superheat for bubbles to nucleate on the studied surface. When the system reaches steady state, a process controller controls these cartridge heaters to increase the heat flux gradually from 0 kW/m2 to the critical heat flux. The copper cylinder is insulated with PTFE to minimize heat loss from the side. The gap between the copper cylinder and the insulation surface is carefully sealed with high temperature epoxy to reduce undesired nucleation sites. The wall superheat corresponding to each heat flux is extrapolated using Fourier’s law from three thermocouple readings. The heat transfer coefficient can thus be calculated at each heat flux for the every test fluid at its corresponding pressure. A camera with 3.2 cm field of view at a working distance of 12 cm to 15 cm is used to visualize the bubble formation on the heated surface.
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Engeda, Abraham. "Early Historical Development of the Centrifugal Impeller." In ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-022.

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The centrifugal impeller has been in existence for over two hundred years but its perfection and rapid development occurred only in the last sixty years. This paper deals with the early development of the centrifugal impeller in the last and early this century. The centrifugal impeller is found in centrifugal pumps and compressors. Next to the electric motor, centrifugal pumps and compressors are believed to be the most widely used machines of our time. The field of application of these rotary machines has been continually widening, as they are developed for handling a wider range of liquids and gases at higher pressure and greater temperatures, and whole industries become more and more dependent on them. The first centrifugal impeller with ten wooden double curved blades and dating back to the fifth century was found in 1772 in an abandoned Portuguese copper mine in San Dominigos. Centrifugal fans had been used for mine ventilation as early as in the sixteenth century. The invention of the centrifugal impeller is a disputed issue whether the credit goes to Leonardo Da Vinci (1452–1519), who suggested the idea of using centrifugal force for lifting liquid, or to Johann Jordan about 1680. Most place the origin of the centrifugal impeller with Denis Papin in 1689. The importance of Papin’s contribution lies in his understanding of the concept of creating a forced vortex within a circular, or spiral casing by means of blades. Following Papin, Kernelien Le Demour in 1732 and Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit in 1736 described other designs for centrifugal impellers, but there is no evidence of their practical use. Euler presented in his 1754 memoir an idealized theoretical application of Newton’s law to centrifugal impellers, based on a conceptualization of his tubular turbine run backwards and now universally known as the “Euler equation”. His publication caused a great development of hydraulic turbines in the eighteenth century, but did little to influence the development of centrifugal impellers, which had to gradually develop through tedious cut-and-try methods. The one thing Euler contributed was to initiate a true mathematical inquiry into the employment of centrifugal force as a means of raising fluid. About the same time as Euler, John Smeaton introduced in 1752 the study of turbomachinery by models. He also defined power as equivalent to the rate of lifting of a weight, a concept that is still fundamental in thermo-fluids. Today both centrifugal pumps and compressors have reached efficiency levels above 90% and are built in sizes from a few Watts to Megawatts. This paper traces the early historical development of the centrifugal impeller. Factors that promoted and hindered the early development are also discussed.
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