Relevant bibliographies by topics / Graduate/Ph.D Level

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Graduate/Ph.D Level'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Graduate/Ph.D Level"

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Palsokar, Gouri, and Madhukar Tajne. "POSTGRADUATE RESEARCH IN PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES IN INDIA: A SURVEY OF SELECT PHARMACY PROFESSIONALS." International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research 9, no. 4 (July 14, 2017): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2017v9i4.20983.

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Objective: Research is a systematic investigation that involves the study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. Post-graduate pharmaceutical education develops the necessary skills among students which help them build their professional carriers and contribute towards the betterment of the healthcare industry and society in general. Hence, it is essential and mandatory to carry out some appropriate research work as a requirement of post-graduate courses in Pharmaceutical Sciences in India and abroad. In an era, where technology is changing rapidly, the research carried out by students must always be relevant to the present day, so that it can act as a bridge between innovation and utility with regard to patient care and compliance. The present work aims to investigate, as to how, the research at postgraduate level in pharmacy, could be carried out in a way so that it benefits the students and make their research relevant to the current industry needs.Methods: The opinions of academicians from select academic institutions, professionals from pharmaceutical industries and postgraduates and Ph. D. students across India, were collected through questionnaires and by taking personal interviews. Data thus obtained was subjected to standard mathematical interpretations.Results: About 48% (65) of faculty members and 46% (156) of Postgraduate and Ph. D. students from various parts of the country opined that projects in postgraduate courses should be executed partly in academic institutions and partly in industries. However, about 61% (180) respondents from the pharmaceutical industry were of the view that the postgraduate students should undertake industrial projects. At the same time, some professionals were of the view that, students carrying out research work fully in the industry are many times left on their own as their industrial supervisors are unable to spare time to guide them.Conclusion: The execution of research work carried out by post-graduate students should be evenly distributed in academic institutions as well as pharmaceutical industries, under the supervision of faculty and with active inputs from the industry.
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Fatima, Jabeen, and Muhammad Naseer Ud Din. "Evaluative Study Of M.A. Education Programmes Of Teacher Education At Higher Education Level In Pakistan." Contemporary Issues in Education Research (CIER) 3, no. 12 (January 6, 2011): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/cier.v3i12.921.

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The study was aimed at evaluating the MA Education Programme of teacher education in Pakistan. Post-graduate teacher’s training institutes in Pakistan grant the Master of Education (MA/M.Ed.), Master of Philosophy (M.Phil) and Doctor of Philosophy (Ph D) post-graduate degrees in the field of education to enhance the careers and accelerate the professional development of educators. The population of the study was all heads and teachers of education departments of public sector universities and government colleges of education and prospective teachers enrolled in public sector universities and government colleges where the Master degree of Education (MA Education) programme was offered. The sample of 20 heads of public sector universities and government colleges of education, 56 teacher educators of 10 public sector universities and 10 government colleges of education, and 200 prospective teachers enrolled in public sector universities and government colleges of education departments, where the Master degree of Education (M.A./M.Ed.) was offered in Pakistan, was selected through cluster random sampling. For the collection of data, three questionnaires - one each for heads of institutions, teacher educators and prospective teachers - were developed. For analysis, chi-square as the contingency test, was applied for identifying the trends from the frequency of responses of each questionnaire item. It was concluded that the teaching faculty of the MA education programme was using a variety of teaching methods according to the nature of objectives, content and students. Evaluation systems for students of the MA education programme were found satisfactory. It is recommended that required changes be introduced in admission criteria, curriculum, duration of degree programme, teaching-practice, research work, rewards and incentives of existing MA Education Programme in Pakistan.
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Ahmed, Munawwar. "Analysis of Gap between Desired and Acquired Levels of Knowledge-related Learning Outcomes of Ph D Graduates." Pakistan Social Sciences Review 5, no. II (June 30, 2021): 1072–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-ii)82.

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Yu, Laurina M., Sharon A. Rinaldi, Donald I. Templer, Louise A. Colbert, Karen Siscoe, and Katherine Van Patten. "Score on the Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology as a Function of Attributes of Clinical Psychology Graduate Programs." Psychological Science 8, no. 5 (September 1997): 347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00423.x.

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Graduate programs' correlates with doctoral recipients' scores on the Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP) were determined Higher EPPP score was associated with larger faculty-to-student ratios, smaller clinical programs traditional as opposed to professional program orientation, and Ph D rather than Psy D awarded Programs approved by the American Psychological Association and those that scored favorably on a number of objective indices also produced graduates with high EPPP scores Among the more frequently used admissions requirements median Quantitative score on the Graduate Record Examination correlated most highly with EPPP score
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McNamara, John R., and Joseph P. Green. "Clinical and Research Attitudes of Psy.D. and Ph.D. Clinical Graduate Students." Psychological Reports 74, no. 1 (February 1994): 81–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1994.74.1.81.

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A survey of 137 Psy.D. and Ph.D. clinical graduate students out of 561 at 4 Ph.D. schools and 4 Psy.D. schools indicated that these Ph D students found knowledge of statistics and research design to be more useful than the 98 Psy.D. students. A need to replicate and to ascertain the basis for such differences was discussed.
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Nelson-Hurwitz, Denise C., O. Vanessa Buchthal, Michelle Tagorda, and Kathryn L. Braun. "Adding a Baccalaureate Degree to a Graduate Public Health Program While Addressing Stakeholder Concerns." Pedagogy in Health Promotion 5, no. 2 (September 15, 2018): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2373379918794703.

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Professional public health training has traditionally been at the graduate level. Adding undergraduate public health degree programs not only expands the number of individuals with needed public health expertise but also creates challenges for traditional graduate-only educational programs. Our purpose was to discuss the degree development process and examine challenges of adding the Bachelors of Arts in Public Health (BA PH) to a traditional graduate-only program, with illustrations from the University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, which opened its BA PH in 2014. Challenges were encountered for four groups of primary stakeholders: (1) administrators (infrastructure, staffing, funding), (2) faculty (buy-in, undergraduate teaching skills), (3) students (assuring courses fit undergraduate education requirements, adding student support systems), and (4) community preceptors (establishing appropriate expectations for undergraduate vs. graduate students). Barriers and solutions identified for these four primary stakeholder groups may help other schools and programs of public health in adding a baccalaureate public health degree.
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Knight, David, Timothy Kinoshita, Nathan Choe, and Maura Borrego. "Doctoral student funding portfolios across and within engineering, life sciences and physical sciences." Studies in Graduate and Postdoctoral Education 9, no. 1 (May 14, 2018): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sgpe-d-17-00044.

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Purpose This paper aims to determine the extent to which graduate student funding portfolios vary across and within engineering, life sciences and physical sciences academic fields for degree recipients. “Graduate student funding portfolios” refers to the percentages of students funded by fellowships, research assistantships, teaching assistantships, personal means and other sources within an organizational unit. Design/methodology/approach Using data from the Survey of Earned Doctorates data set, the authors analyze doctoral students’ self-reported primary mechanisms of funding across and within academic fields varying along the Biglan taxonomy. The authors used cluster analyses and logistic regression to investigate within-field variation in funding portfolios. Findings The authors show significant differences in doctoral student funding portfolios across dimensions of the Biglan taxonomy characterizing academic fields. Within those fields, the authors demonstrate considerable variation in funding; institutions cluster into different “modes” of funding portfolios that do not necessarily map onto institutional type or control variables. Originality/value Despite tremendous investment in graduate students, there has been little research that can help characterize at the program-level how graduate students are funded, either by internal or external mechanisms. As programs continue to feel the pressures of more limited resources coupled with increasing graduate enrollment demands, investigating graduate student funding at a macro level is becoming increasingly important so programs may better understand constraints and predict shifts in resource availability.
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Kelley, Dennie R., Patricia A. Beitel, Joy T. DeSensi, and Mary Dale Blanton. "Undergraduate and Graduate Sport Management Curricular Models: A Perspective." Journal of Sport Management 8, no. 2 (May 1994): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.8.2.93.

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The purpose of this paper is to present undergraduate and graduate sport management curricular models which provide a perspective that higher education sport management professionals can use to solve curricular problems described in the literature and to implement the NASPE/NASSM guidelines. The five sport management concentrations, which have similar objectives and services but occur in different settings or serve different clientele, include (a) Sport for Leisure/Recreation, (b) Sport and Athletics, (c) Sport Merchandising, (d) Hostelries/Travel, and (e) Recreation Agencies. The models (a) differentiate purposes, content, and entry-level positions for each degree level; (b) provide evidence for which concentrations need to be part of each curriculum; (c) define a professional core; (d) describe the concentration specialization requirements; (e) differentiate the culminating experiences for each degree; and (f) provide the distinctive characteristics of undergraduate and graduate programs.
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Kjelgaard, Margaret M., and A. J. Guarino. "Assessing the Predictive Validity of the Admission Process in a Master's Level Speech Language Pathology Program." Psychological Reports 111, no. 2 (October 2012): 613–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/03.15.28.pr0.111.5.613-617.

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Astin's Input-Environment-Outcome (I-E-O) model served as the theoretical foundation to assess (a) undergraduate GPA, (b) undergraduate Speech Language Pathology majors, and (c, d) GRE-Q and GRE-V scores (Input) as predictors of students' graduate GPA (Environment), and graduate GPA as a predictor of PRAXIS scores (Outcome). The sample for this study was 122 students who completed the Speech-Language Pathology Program in recent academic cycles at a graduate school in the northeastern United States. The sample was representative of other programs in the country in terms of gender, undergraduate GPA, and GRE scores. Results appear to support the predictive validity of the linear combination of the input predictors of the environment variable (GPA) and of the environment variable on the outcome, i.e., PRAXIS scores.
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Swing, Susan R., Stephen G. Clyman, Eric S. Holmboe, and Reed G. Williams. "Advancing Resident Assessment in Graduate Medical Education." Journal of Graduate Medical Education 1, no. 2 (December 1, 2009): 278–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4300/jgme-d-09-00010.1.

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Abstract Background The Outcome Project requires high-quality assessment approaches to provide reliable and valid judgments of the attainment of competencies deemed important for physician practice. Intervention The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) convened the Advisory Committee on Educational Outcome Assessment in 2007–2008 to identify high-quality assessment methods. The assessments selected by this body would form a core set that could be used by all programs in a specialty to assess resident performance and enable initial steps toward establishing national specialty databases of program performance. The committee identified a small set of methods for provisional use and further evaluation. It also developed frameworks and processes to support the ongoing evaluation of methods and the longer-term enhancement of assessment in graduate medical education. Outcome The committee constructed a set of standards, a methodology for applying the standards, and grading rules for their review of assessment method quality. It developed a simple report card for displaying grades on each standard and an overall grade for each method reviewed. It also described an assessment system of factors that influence assessment quality. The committee proposed a coordinated, national-level infrastructure to support enhancements to assessment, including method development and assessor training. It recommended the establishment of a new assessment review group to continue its work of evaluating assessment methods. The committee delivered a report summarizing its activities and 5 related recommendations for implementation to the ACGME Board in September 2008.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Graduate/Ph.D Level"

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Renaud, Esteban Alejandro. "Meaningful experiences in graduate school among Hispanic/Latino/Chicano faculty who attained their Ph. D /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3091961.

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Books on the topic "Graduate/Ph.D Level"

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Ph. D. completion and attrition: Findings from exit surverys of Ph. D. completers. Washington, D.C: Council of Graduate Schools, 2009.

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N, Lear Robert, and Institute for Research in History (New York, N.Y.), eds. Corporate Ph. D.: Making the grade in business. New York, N.Y: Facts on File, 1985.

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Ph. D. completion and attrition: Analysis of baseline program data from the Ph. D. Completion Project. Washington, D.C: Council of a Graduate School, 2008.

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Phillips, Estelle. How to get a Ph. D.: A handbook for students and their supervisors. 2nd ed. Buckingham [England]: Open University Press, 1994.

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L, Peters Robert. Getting what you came for: The smart student's guide to earning a Master's or a Ph. D. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1997.

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L, Peters Robert. Getting what you came for: The smart student's guide to earning a Master's or a Ph. D. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1997.

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D, Clair Lasater Ph. Two Christian Graduate Degree Theses -- M. A.; Ph. D. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2018.

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Huegel, Mary A. A study of Ph. D. and Ed. D. programs in fourteen graduate schools of arts and sciences and graduate schools of education: 1950-1984. 1986.

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Klein Haneveld, Willem K., 1944-, Vrieze O. J, Kallenberg L. C. M, and Dutch Network of Operations Research., eds. Ten years LNMB: Ph. D. research and graduate courses of the Dutch Network of Operations Research. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica, 1997.

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Klein Haneveld, Willem K., 1944-, Vrieze O. J, Kallenberg L. C. M, and Dutch Network of Operations Research., eds. Ten years LNMB: Ph. D. research and graduate courses of the Dutch Network of Operations Research. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Graduate/Ph.D Level"

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"Research Problems for Graduate Thesis and Pre-Ph D Preparatory Courses." In Computational Intelligence, 643–68. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27335-2_23.

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Conference papers on the topic "Graduate/Ph.D Level"

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Martin, Melissa B., Richard G. Escoto, Brandon Kevin T. Wee, Brian Darwin T. Sy, and Jesus M. Martinez. "ZigBee Based System for Monitoring Temperature, Ph Level, and Salinity for Fishponds with Fine Bubble Aeration." In 2020 11th IEEE Control and System Graduate Research Colloquium (ICSGRC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsgrc49013.2020.9232479.

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Day, William H. "University Turbine Systems Research Program: An Innovative Approach to Graduate Education." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-82534.

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Under the Gas Turbine Industrial Fellowship Program, students in Bachelor’s, Master’s and Ph. D. programs studying gas turbine-related technology spend 10 to 12 weeks employed at the facilities of turbine manufacturers or users of gas turbine equipment. The program is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. This paper describes the Fellowship program and its relationship to the DOE University Turbine Systems Research (UTSR) program.
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Martin, Andrew J., Shigeki Kuroda, Keiji Morimoto, Gento Kamei, and Masao Shiotsuki. "Key Issues Identified From Project TRU-2 on the Generic Co-Location Concept of Transuranic (TRU) Waste and High-Level Radioactive Waste (HLW) Repositories in Japan." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7231.

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The Federation of the Electric Power Companies of Japan (FEPC) and the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) have been collaborating with relevant organisations to promote the safe geological disposal of transuranic (TRU) waste following the already established disposal policy for high-level radioactive waste (HLW) in Japan. A result of this intensive collaborative effort was the production of a recent progress report (TRU-2) which describes the generic R&D for TRU-waste disposal in Japan. In order to improve feasibility and reduce costs and the burden on siting, the concept of co-locating TRU-waste and HLW repositories in a single complex was assessed in detail and compared with the results from several other countries that have also looked at co-location disposal. Heat from HLW, high pH plume(s) from the large amounts of cementitious materials used in the engineered barrier system (EBS) of TRU waste, and nitrates and organic materials in certain types of TRU waste were identified as critical reciprocal influences that might degrade the performance of the TRU/HLW co-location disposal system over the long-term. It was shown that these reciprocal influences could be avoided by establishing a separation distance between the two repositories of approximately 300 meters.
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Yu, Weiwei, Pedro M. Vargas, and Jonathan Bowman. "Consistent Endurance Fatigue Knockdown Factors for Sour Service From Industry-Wide Database." In ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2011-50204.

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The embrittlement of steel in the presence of water and hydrogen sulfide is a well known phenomenon. For the resulting degradation in fatigue performance, the industry today applies a knock-down factor onto in-air S-N endurance curve that relates the sour-service life to the in-air performance. Several published results are available, and most of these, although rigorous in test approach, report knock-down factors that include unspecified levels of conservatism, consistent with that particular author’s engineering intuition. (For example, typically a lower bound S-N curve in sour-service testing is related to a mean S-N curve in-air). This paper summarizes all of the published small scale sour service testing results, and applies a consistent knock-down factor calculation. Analyses of the data show that sour degradation is highly correlated to H2S concentration and solution pH value. In practice frequency scanning test is highly recommended since sour fatigue test results are highly dependent on loading frequency. Although the database is small, some trends are discernable. In particular, observations indicate that sour service exposure may act as an equalizer, removing the initiation life associated with the time for initial micro-defects at the weld toes to become macro-cracks and leaving only aggravated propagation due to sour service. In this paper, we use initiation life (for welds) to describe the life for the micro-defects (∼0.1mm height) to become macro-cracks (∼1.0 mm height), and a postulation is made that associates the fatigue performance of girth welds (F2, E, D, etc.) with the size and magnitude presence of these micro-defects. The metal surface attack of the sour environment is postulated to provide pitting-like initiation sites for the macro-crack for fatigue propagation. As a base we can use the F2 level performance as the performance due to presence of macro-cracks, and any margin for the D and E level fatigue performances then is associated with more benign initial micro-defects. Once we remove the differences in initiation life; all of the sour performance converges on a single lower performance curve. In this scenario, the knockdown factor is more consistently computed from a standard performance S-N curve rather than the same girth weld’s in-air performance since the in-air data may include significant initiation life. Furthermore, if project sour condition is less severe than NACE TM0177, Solution B with pH = 3.5 and H2S partial pressure = 70mbar, a knock down factor of 45 indexed to BS7608 E design curve is supported from the current database. This provides a design recommendation which can be used for preliminary design in sour environments.
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Tang, Chin Pei, Zhendan Xue, and Yao Wang. "Innovative Approaches and Lesson Learned in Teaching CAD/CAE Applications Course." In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-28282.

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The application of Computer Aided Design and Engineering has been very popular in the engineering industry recently due to its usefulness in significantly reducing the time-to-market and cost involved within the design lifecycle of an engineering product. Despite the extensive availability of step-by-step manuals and tutorials to learn such tools, the emphasis of synergic utilization of such tools within the engineering design process has not been effectively addressed. Students often pay attention to learn how to use the tools instead of why to use such tools. In this paper, we present an innovative engineering education framework with various collaborative and interactive in-class activities and Web 2.0 tools to address the above issues in a senior undergraduate/graduate level CAD/CAE Applications course offered in University at Buffalo. Specifically, we categorize the approaches based the following components: (a) traditional lecture and computer labs, (b) team-based projects, (c) in-class activities, and (d) online course management tools. We show how the proposed approaches can be merged to the existing course syllabus in a synergic manner based on our experience. We also describe the rationale of the approaches and the expected outcome/improvements.
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Fant, Daniel B., and Lawrence P. Golan. "AGTSR: A Unique Gas Turbine Consortium." In ASME 1997 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/97-gt-047.

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This paper discusses the nationwide impact of the Advanced Gas Turbine Systems Research (AGTSR) consortium which supports the advanced development of land-based gas turbines for future power generation systems. In particular, the paper emphasizes the educational and research missions of AGTSR. The educational program consists of undergraduate fellowships and graduate-level industrial internships at sponsoring company sites. To date, AGTSR has placed twenty interns at some of the major gas turbine facilities throughout the United States. This experience motivates engineering students to pursue gas turbine careers and allows them to gain valuable hands-on experience in an industrial setting. The research arm of AGTSR nurtures collaborative R&D with universities and industry. All the research issues identified by AGTSR are defined by the Industry Review Board (IRB) which is made up of representatives from seven gas turbine/component manufacturers. AGTSR currently supports over thirty research projects covering research needs in the area of combustion, heat transfer, materials, aerodynamics, sensors, alternative fuels, and advanced cycles. This paper highlights the status of the AGTSR consortium and the feedback received from both industry and universities on the effectiveness and impact of the educational and research components of AGTSR.
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Sloan, Gregory, Zhi-Gang Feng, Kiran Bhaganagar, and Debyjoti Banerjee. "Coupled Direct Numerical Simulation and Experimental Approach to Develop Framework for Nano Fluids." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-89271.

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Nanofluids are considered to be attractive as heat transfer fluids (HTF) and thermal energy storage (TES) for concentrated solar power (CSP) applications. Solvents doped with relatively low concentrations of nanoparticles (with diameters up to 100 nm) are termed as nanofluids. Numerical models for exploring the forces experienced by the nanoparticles are needed in order to ascertain the transport processes responsible for the anomalous material properties of the nanofluids that are observed in experimental measurements. In this study a multiscale approach to modeling the forces acting on these particles was performed and the dynamics of transient nanoparticle agglomeration have been explored. The validity of the multiscale approach is demonstrated by examining a pair of nanoparticles in a fluid. The force interactions due to the presence of the electric double layer (EDL) were identified as a significant factor in determining the propensity for agglomerative of the nanoparticles. Simulations were performed to demonstrate the clustering and agglomeration of an ensemble of nanoparticles. The simulation results provide an estimate for the time scale for the agglomeration and the resultant structure of the agglomerated ensemble of nanoparticles. Subsequently simulations were performed using this numerical model corresponding to the available experimental data in the literature. The predictions from the numerical simulations show that the change in zeta potential (determined in part by the pH of the solvent phase) is a crucial parameter that affects the level of agglomeration of the nanoparticles. Finally, the numerical scheme is extended for performing true 3-D simulation. This approach is more sophisticated than the contemporary schemes that are reported in the literature that project 3-D forces on to a 2-D plane.
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Cummings, Richard, Andrew J. Baker, Trevor Sumerling, John Shevelan, and Amy Huntington. "The LLWR’s 2011 Environmental Safety Case." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59135.

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The UK’s Low Level Waste Repository Ltd submitted an Environmental Safety Case (ESC) for the disposal of low-level waste to the Environment Agency on the 1st of May 2011. The ESC is a major submission that will decide the future use of the Repository and has major implications for the success of the UK’s LLW Strategy and decommissioning programme. This paper provides an overview of the work that has been carried out to support the submission. Key aspects of this ESC include: • detailed investigations of existing disposals, based on careful examination of existing records and other investigations, including interviews with former operational staff; • analysis of uncertainties in future disposals; • modelling of the biogeochemical evolution of the disposal system, which provides understanding of the evolution of pH, Eh and gas generation and thence underpinning for radionuclide releases in groundwater and gas; • development of a 3-D groundwater flow model, calibrated against observed heads and with a detailed representation of the engineered features; • analysis of coastal erosion and its impacts; • a major focus on optimisation based on detailed technical studies; • a conclusion that existing disposals do not require remediation; • the choice of a concrete vault design with permeable side walls designed to avoid bathtubbing after the end of management control; • a comprehensive set of assessment calculations, including thorough analysis of uncertainties, which demonstrate consistency with the Environment Agency’s risk and dose guidance levels; • revision of the LLWR’s WAC, based in part on the use of the ‘sum of fractions’ approach; • the use of a safety case document structure that emphasises key safety arguments in a Level 1 document and provides supporting evidence in a series of Level 2 documents; • the provision of a Level 2 document that describes in detail how each aspect of the regulatory guidance has been addressed. In the future, the 2011 ESC will be maintained using a formal system of change control. It will be used as a tool for decision making concerning the future development of the LLWR and waste acceptance.
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