Journal articles: 'Grain characteristics'

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Kumano, Tomoji, and Yoshiyuki Ushigami. "Grain Boundary Characteristics of Isolated Grains in Conventional Grain Oriented Silicon Steel." ISIJ International 47, no. 6 (2007): 890–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.47.890.

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Caul, M. D., and V. Randle. "Grain-Boundary Characteristics in Austenitic Steel." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 54 (August 11, 1996): 344–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100164180.

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Grain boundaries are an active area of research interest due to their effect on material property and structure relationships. In order to discuss material properties with regard to grain boundaries it is necessary to know the boundary type. The optimum technique for performing this task is Electron Backscatter Diflfraction (EBSD) in concert with the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). By collecting texture measurements in the form of individual orientations from grains it is possible to obtain misorientation measurements from grain boundaries. These measurements are three of the five degrees of freedom necessary to geometrically describe a grain boundary. The other two can be obtained by a serial sectioning technique.Grain boundaries in austenitic steel specimens, isothermally aged at either 700°C or 800°C, have been evaluated with the aim of relating boundary geometry to Cr2N precipitate formation. Samples were analysed using SEM and EBSD in order to obtain orientation measurements of individual grains to misorientations at grain boundaries and to Cr2N precipitates. These precipitates are detrimental to room temperature properties of high nitrogen stainless steels, so a reduction in their formation at grain boundaries would be advantageous. The steel is therefore an ideal candidate material for relating boundaries to material properties. The 700°C isothermally aged sample induces precipitate formation at grain boundaries whereas precipitation by cellular decomposition of austenite occurs in the 800 CC sample. The 700°C sample was used to categorise boundary types using the CSL model and relate this to Cr2N formation. The 800°C sample was used to examine the effect of aging temperature on boundary inclination. Therefore all five degrees of freedom in grain boundary geometry were obtained.

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Yan, Wen Duan, Gao Sheng Fu, Xiu Min Zhou, and Dong Dong Chen. "Grain Characteristics of 1235 Aluminum Alloy during Rolling." Key Engineering Materials 846 (June 2020): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.846.77.

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Grain characteristics of rolled 1235 aluminum alloy were studied by EBSD. The effects of hot rolling, cold rolling and rolling deformation on grain boundaries and grain size of the metal were studied as well. The content of high-angle boundaries was low by 16.48 % in 50 % hot-rolled 1235 aluminum alloy. The complete dynamic recrystallization occurred, and grains were coarse. During 90 % hot rolling, the low-angle boundaries turned into high-angle boundaries constantly. The content of high-angle boundaries was higher by 40.16 %. Coarse grains broke into fine grains, and grew into medium grains. In the 90 % cold-rolled alloy, the trace shape of high-angle boundary was irregular. The lattice distortion was large, providing the energy needed in recrystallization during recrystallization annealing.

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Cho, Jae Hyung. "Effect of Grain Boundary Characteristics on Lattice Orientations." Advanced Materials Research 26-28 (October 2007): 1003–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.26-28.1003.

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Grain boundary characteristics are defined by five parameter, grain boundary plane normal and misorientation angle/axis between two adjacent grains. The influence of the grain boundary character distribution on lattice evolution during deformation was investigated using three-dimensional crystal plasticity finite element method (CPFEM). Various combinations of grain boundaries were modeled systematically. In analyzing the numerical microstructural characterization obtained by the simulation, orientation average scheme and correlation parameters between misorientation and its special distribution are used. Inter- and intra-grain structures were investigated using the spatial distribution of lattice orientation. Main emphasis was placed on misorientation distributions around grain boundaries, where grain interaction mainly occurred.

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Kumano, Tomoji, Tsutomu Haratani, and Yoshiyuki Ushigami. "Grain Boundary Characteristics in Grain Oriented Silicon Steel." ISIJ International 44, no. 11 (2004): 1888–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.44.1888.

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Vaishnavi, V. "Rice Grain Quality Detection." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 10, 2021): 262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.34867.

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The quality of grain is of great importance for human beings as it directly impacts human health. Hence there is a great need to measure the quality of grain and identifying non-quality elements. Analysing the grain samples manually is a more time-consuming and complicated process, and having more chances of errors with the subjectivity of human perception. To achieve uniform standard quality and precision, machine vision-based techniques are evolved. Rice quality is nothing but a combination of physical and chemical characteristics. So, to get the physical characteristics of the rice grains, image processing techniques are applied. Grain size and shape are some physical characteristics. The obtained all physical features grades the rice grains using canny edge detection.

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Yan, Shuo Qing, Qi Fan Li, Li Dong, and Ze Kun Feng. "The DC-Bias-Superposition Characteristics of Low Sinter Temperature NiCuZn Ferrite." Advanced Materials Research 668 (March 2013): 719–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.668.719.

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The DC-bias superposition characteristics of NiCuZn ferrite with different amount of Bi2O3 have been investigated. The microstructure depends much on the amount of Bi2O3. The DC-bias-superposition characteristics have great relationship with the microstructure. The permeability of materials composed of tiny grains decreases more slowly with the increase of DC-bias superposition due to the absence of the domain walls in the grain. The nonmagnetic phase in the grain boundary can reduce the actual DC-bias superposition in the grains when the sample was subject to DC-bias superposition. In short, a microstructure with relatively small average grain size and thick nonmagnetic phase in the grain boundary, which is favorable for obtaining better DC-bias superposition characteristics.

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GARROTE, GRACIELA L., ANALÍA G. ABRAHAM, and GRACIELA L. DE ANTONI. "Characteristics of kefir prepared with different grain[ratio ]milk ratios." Journal of Dairy Research 65, no. 1 (February 1998): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029997002677.

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Kefir is a traditional fermented milk originating many centuries ago in the Caucasian mountains. It is produced by fermentative activity of ‘kefir grains’ consisting mainly of lactococci, lactobacilli and yeasts in a protein–polysaccharide matrix. The grains contain a relatively stable and specific balance of microorganisms which exist in a complex symbiotic relationship. The grains grow in the process of kefir making only from pre-existing grains (Saloff-Coste, 1996). When kefir grains are allowed to grow in milk, microorganisms are shed from the grains into milk where they continue to multiply with the production of acid, flavour and physicochemical changes.The traditional method of kefir making is currently by adding kefir grains directly as starter to milk that has been pasteurized and cooled to 20–25°C. After a period of fermentation lasting ∼24 h, the grains are removed by filtration and the beverage is ready for consumption (Saloff-Coste, 1996). Kefir from which the grains have been removed may be used as starter. However, this fermented milk cannot be used for subsequent inoculations to make an acceptable product, because the original balance of microorganisms has been disrupted (Kroger, 1993).The complex microbiological composition of kefir grains explains why it is difficult to obtain starter with the optimal and constant composition necessary for a regular production of kefir of standard quality (Koroleva, 1988a). Studies have been undertaken to establish cultivation conditions[ratio ]grain[ratio ]milk ratio, cultivation temperature, period of time and conditions prior to separation of grains from the fermented milk, shaking conditions for agitation of milk with the grains in the course of fermentation, washing of kefir grains and so on. All these factors influence the microflora of the kefir starter and fermented milk. There are no rules about household manufacture of kefir. Different reports indicate a wide range of grain[ratio ]milk ratios for kefir making. Bottazzi & Bianchi (1980), Marshall & Cole (1985), Merin & Rosenthal (1986), Mann (1989), Hosono et al. (1990) and Kroger (1993) employed 20–50 g/l while Koroleva (1988a) employed 20–100 g kefir grain/l and Marshall et al. (1984) and Neve (1992) 50–100 g/l. Rea et al. (1996) used 1 g kefir grain/l as starter and 200 g starter in the form of kefir grains is recommended by Hansen for the fermentation of 1 l milk (Marshall & Cole, 1985). A critical control point in kefir manufacture to obtain a product with constant quality is the standardization of the kefir grain[ratio ]milk ratio. Koroleva (1988b) claimed that it is better to use kefir grains as starter for kefir production and, at the same time, to decrease the amount of inoculum.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of changes in the kefir grain[ratio ]milk ratio (quantity of kefir grains inoculated into the milk) on microflora composition, acidity, apparent viscosity and carbon dioxide content of fermented milk.

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9

Balyan, H. S., and Tejbir Singh. "Character association analysis in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)." Genome 29, no. 2 (April 1, 1987): 392–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g87-068.

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Grain yield of wheat as a component characteristic of total dry matter (biological) yield is governed by harvest index (V. P. Kulshrestha and H. K. Jain. 1982. Z. Pflanzenzuecht. 89: 19–30). At the phenotypic level, both the grain and biological yields are dependent upon a number of measurable agronomic characteristics such as plant height, tiller number, spike length, and grains per spike, etc. From a breeder's point of view, it is of great value to know the relative significance of these characteristics in determining grain yield to design appropriate selection strategies. The present study evaluated the covariability of yield in relation to various agronomic traits and ascertained their direct and indirect contributions towards grain yield. Key words: wheat, grain yield.

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Dorokhov, Aleksey, Maksim Moskovskiy, Sergey Borzenko, and Hoang Ngia Dat. "Justification main characteristics of separation wheat grains for isolation biological valuable seeds." E3S Web of Conferences 193 (2020): 01054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019301054.

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Today one of the problems of grain separation is separation of grains according to biologically valuable characteristics (germination, growth force, germination energy of grains, their physical, biological and chemical parameters, the amount of protein, gluten, etc.). It is need to justify isolate grain with high biological value, and thereby increase the yield of varieties “Felicia” and “Viola”. In this paper, we considered such seed characteristic as variability. It was found that the physical properties and replacement of seeds in the spike (dimensional characteristics, mass, density) have a direct relationship. The backlogs for new studies were identified, and all the data obtained empirically were displayed in the final table and presented in detail in this article.

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11

Zhao, Ping, Qian Fa Deng, Bing Hai Lv, Wei Hang, Zhi Wei Wang, and Ju Long Yuan. "Investigation of Semi-Fixed Abrasive Plate Wear Characteristics." Advanced Materials Research 126-128 (August 2010): 1029–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.126-128.1029.

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In order to reduce or eliminate the surface defects caused by abrasive grains and improve the efficiency of ultra-precision processing, the technique of semi-fixed machining has been proposed for machining advanced ceramics. A semi-fixed abrasive tool (SFAT) has been manufactured; it has performances of semi-fixed machining technique. This document demonstrates wear characteristics of SFAT through experiments of machining silicon wafer. It showed that wet status or dry status of SFAT has greatly influenced wear characteristics of SFAT. Wear characteristic of SFAT presented mostly blockage and little grain-off occurred in dry status; mostly grain-off and little blockage presented in wet status.

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12

Fionova, L. K., L. E. Polyak, Rinat K. Islamgaliev, Ruslan Valiev, V. Gueorguiev, R. Paneva, and L. Popova. "Grain Boundary Characteristics in Polysilicon." Materials Science Forum 126-128 (January 1993): 797–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.126-128.797.

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13

Azevedo, Pedro V., and Shashi B. Verma. "Aerodynamic characteristics of grain sorghum." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 38, no. 1-3 (October 1986): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(86)90058-4.

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14

Calzetta Resio, Andrea N., Roberto J. Aguerre, and Constantino Suarez. "Drying characteristics of amaranth grain." Journal of Food Engineering 65, no. 2 (November 2004): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.01.015.

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15

Jian, Hai Gen, Ying Wang, Xian Min Tang, and Ling Ou. "Microstructure Characteristics in Multi-Pass Welding Interface of Al-Mg Alloy." Applied Mechanics and Materials 584-586 (July 2014): 921–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.584-586.921.

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Al-Mg alloy plates with 10mm thick were welded by multi-pass MIG welding with the self-made wire as filler material, and microstructure of the welded joint were examined by metallographic and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The results indicate, because of the grain refining effect of Zr, the grains in welding joints fusion zone formed grain-refining layer tissue by competitive growth. In the juncture zone of two welding passes, because of the grain epitaxial growth mechanism, it formed obvious coarse grain zone, which became a weak link of welding joints. And the coarse grain zone exist faint <110> texture, but to the whole, the welding zone did not exist obvious preferred orientation.

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Komyshev, E. G., M. A. Genaev, and D. A. Afonnikov. "Analysis of color and texture characteristics of cereals on digital images." Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 24, no. 4 (July 2, 2020): 340–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vj20.626.

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The color of the grain shell of cereals is an important feature that characterizes the pigments and metabolites contained in it. The grain shell is the main barrier between the grain and the environment, so its characteristics are associated with a number of important biological functions: moisture absorption, grain viability, resistance to pre-harvest germination. The presence of pigments in the shell affects various technological properties of the grain. Color characteristics, as well as the appearance of the grain shell are an important indicator of plant diseases. In addition, the color of the grains serves as a classifying feature of plants. Genetic control of the color formation of both grains and other plant organs is exerted by genes encoding enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of pigments, as well as regulatory genes. For a number of pigments, these genes are well understood, but for some pigments, such as melanin, which causes the black color of grains in barley, the molecular mechanisms of biosynthesis are still poorly understood. When studying the mechanisms of genetic control of grain color, breeders and geneticists are constantly faced with the need to assess the color characteristics of their shell. The technical means of addressing this problem include spectrophotometers, spectrometers, hyperspectral cameras. However, these cameras are expensive, especially with high resolution, both spatial and spectral. An alternative is to use digital cameras that allow you to get high-quality images with high spatial and color resolution. In this regard, recently, in the field of plant phenotyping, methods for evaluating the color and texture characteristics of cereals based on the analysis of two-dimensional images obtained by digital cameras have been intensively developed. This mini-review is devoted to the main tasks related to the analysis of color and texture characteristics of cereals, and to methods of their description based on digital images.

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He, Jin Liang, Jun Hu, and Feng Chao Luo. "Influences of Twin Boundaries on Microstructural Characteristics of ZnO Varistors Simulated by Voronoi Network." Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (February 2008): 490–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.490.

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The presence of twins in ZnO varistors raises interesting questions concerning the potential role of those electrically distinctive twin boundaries in the characteristics of ZnO varistors. The paper uses Voronoi networks to simulate the microstructures of ZnO varistors. The relation between the relative standard deviation of grain size and the ratio of twin number to grain number is obtained. It indicates that the relative standard deviation decreases with the increasing of the twin ratio. On the other hand, ZnO varistor samples with different content of Al2O3 additive were prepared to gain different twin ratios. The simulation has the same conclusion as that obtained from experiments. The probable mechanism of ZnO grain growth inhibition by twins is that the twins increase the mobility viscosity of ZnO grains and grain boundaries, and drag ZnO grains and liquid grain boundaries during the sintering course, then the grain growth is inhibited, and the microstructure becomes more uniform.

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Jung, Jung Kyu, Soo Hong Choi, Myoung Joon Jang, Jae Woo Joung, and Young Chang Joo. "Characteristic Microstructure Evolution of Polycrystalline Ag Films Prepared from Ink-Jetted Ag Nanoparticle Suspension." Materials Science Forum 558-559 (October 2007): 1243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.558-559.1243.

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Use of silver (Ag) nanoparticle suspension for various applications such as ink-jet printing of electronic circuits has been of prime interest. We observed the microstructure evolution of the inkjet-printed Ag thin films on Si substrates under various annealing conditions using the field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Abnormal grain growth characteristics were identified when annealed at about 240 oC under ambient air. Growth characteristics of pores were found to be in accordance with that of grains. Competition between grain and pore growth is attributed to small grain sizes, low packing density and high porosity, which are characteristic of inkjet-printed Ag films as dried.

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Khan, TN, and GB Crosbie. "Effect of scald (Rhynchosporium secalis (Oud.) J. Davis) infection on some quality characteristics of barley." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 28, no. 6 (1988): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9880783.

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The effect of scald (Rhynchosporium secalis (Oud.) J. Davis) infection on 1000-grain weight, percentage of plump grains, test weight, grain brightness and protein content of barley cultivars was examined in 6 field experiments. Thousand-grain weight was most adversely affected by scald, showing reductions ranging from 4 to 19% due to scald infection. Percentage of the plump grains was reduced by 3 to 30% depending upon the variety. Percentage protein was also reduced in 2 instances but test weight was not affected. In 2 experiments, grain brightness was greater in the nil fungicide plots than plots treated with fungicide. Reductions in quality characteristics were generally associated with grain yield losses. Implications in relation to quality receival standards are discussed.

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Gold, Lorne W. "Statistical characteristics for the type and length of deformation-induced cracks in columnar-grain ice." Journal of Glaciology 43, no. 144 (1997): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000003269.

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AbstractObservations are reported on cracks formed during compressive, unidirectional, constant-strain-rate deformation of columnar-grain ice. The axis of hexagonal crystallographic symmetry of each grain tended to be in the plane perpendicular to the long direction of the grains and to have a random orientation in that plane. For stress applied perpendicular to the long direction of the grains, the deformation was practically two-dimensional. It was found that the relative proportion of grain-boundary cracks increased with increasing strain rate, decreasing temperature and, for strain rate greater than 7 × 10−5 s−1, with decreasing grain-size. Almost all the grain-boundary cracks had at least one edge at a triple point. For each test, the grain-boundary and transcrystalline crack lengths tended to have a log-normal distribution. The logarithmic mean crack length (LMCL) decreased with increasing strain rate, decreasing grain-size and decreasing temperature and tended to a constant value of 0.75 mm at 10°C. For grain-size of 3 mm or greater, the LMCL had a maximum at a strain rate of 10−5 to 10−6 S−1 at −10°C. The LMCLs and the relative proportion of grain-boundary cracks tended to be normally distributed for given load conditions.

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Gold, Lorne W. "Statistical characteristics for the type and length of deformation-induced cracks in columnar-grain ice." Journal of Glaciology 43, no. 144 (1997): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000003269.

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AbstractObservations are reported on cracks formed during compressive, unidirectional, constant-strain-rate deformation of columnar-grain ice. The axis of hexagonal crystallographic symmetry of each grain tended to be in the plane perpendicular to the long direction of the grains and to have a random orientation in that plane. For stress applied perpendicular to the long direction of the grains, the deformation was practically two-dimensional. It was found that the relative proportion of grain-boundary cracks increased with increasing strain rate, decreasing temperature and, for strain rate greater than 7 × 10−5s−1, with decreasing grain-size. Almost all the grain-boundary cracks had at least one edge at a triple point. For each test, the grain-boundary and transcrystalline crack lengths tended to have a log-normal distribution. The logarithmic mean crack length (LMCL) decreased with increasing strain rate, decreasing grain-size and decreasing temperature and tended to a constant value of 0.75 mm at 10°C. For grain-size of 3 mm or greater, the LMCL had a maximum at a strain rate of 10−5to 10−6S−1at −10°C. The LMCLs and the relative proportion of grain-boundary cracks tended to be normally distributed for given load conditions.

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Stankevych, G., A. Katz, V. Shpak, and O. Gaponiuk. "RESEARCH OF QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF GRAIN RAILWAY ON GRAIN TERMINAL." Grain Products and Mixed Fodder’s 19, no. 4 (February 7, 2020): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/gpmf.v19i4.1590.

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An important component of the production and export of grain is the system of transportation of grain from its producers to grain reloading terminals. Among the means of transportation of grain the leading place is occupied by the railway, which is able to provide uninterrupted multi-tonnage transportation of grain from producers to the places of its accumulation and shipment to sea vessels. However, there are some problems in the internal and external operation of grain terminals, which has necessitated these studies. The purpose of the study was to investigate the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the flow of grain from the railway to the grain terminal to improve its efficiency. The object of the study was the technological process of receiving grain from the railway at the grain terminal; The subject of the research was grain crops, as well as data on daily revenues of grain by railway transport at the grain reloading terminal of LLC «Ukrelivatorprom» for three calendar years — from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2014. The studies were conducted on the basis of the processing of the data of the invoice logs for each year of the research, which summed up the amount of daily transported grain (net). Further processing of the obtained was performed by the combined graphoanalytical method, for which on the basis of tables for each investigated year the corresponding histograms were constructed and the necessary indicators were determined. It was found that maize had the highest volumes of grain coming from the railways in 2012–2014, followed by wheat in 2012 and rapeseed in 2013–2014. Barley was the third, except for 2013, in which its volumes were the smallest among the main crops that came to LLC «Ukrelevatoprom» in the years studied. It is shown that the major share was occupied by cereals (67.1… 78.1%), followed by oilseeds (15.1…26.7%), and the smallest was occupied by legumes (2.77…6.8%). The duration of the annual grain intake periods, which amounted to 315, 331 and 333 days, respectively, was determined for 2012–2014. Annual, daily average and maximum grain yields were determined, as well as daily and annual irregularity coefficients of grain supply. The actual coefficients of the daily irregularity of the grain input from the railway in the period 2012-2014 were respectively Kdaily = 1.62; 1.86; 1.79, and monthly irregularities respectively K mont. = 1.31; 1,40; 1.35. According to the standards such coefficients have values Kdaily = 2.5 and Kmont. = 2.0, which allows to use them for design and verification calculations of grain terminal equipment in technological processes of grain acceptance from railway transport.

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Stankevych, G., and A. Borta. "RESEARCH OF QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF GLUTEN OF WHEAT GRAINS DAMAGED BY THE WHEAT BUG." Grain Products and Mixed Fodder’s 19, no. 3 (November 14, 2019): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/gpmf.v19i3.1506.

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Favorable weather and climate conditions for growing grain are also favorable for the livelihoods and reproduction of pests of grain stocks, and especially for wheat bug (Eurygaster integriceps Put.). Grain damaged by this pest loses its genetically incorporated properties, negative changes occur in the quantity and quality of gluten. Due to the ingestion of bug’s saliva with its special enzymes into the grain, the baking properties of the flour from such grain deteriorate – the dough becomes liquid, sticky, it loses elasticity. Thus, the issue of further effective use of grain damaged by the shield bugis very urgent. This requires information on the dependence of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of gluten on the content of grains damaged by the wheat bug. The aim of the study was to establish patterns of change in the quantity and quality of gluten depending on the content of grains damaged by the wheat bug, which will increase the efficiency of the formation of batches for further use in the food industry. To achieve this goal, a number of tasks were solved: during the grain harvesting periods of 2015–2018, at the enterprises of the industry, wheat samples were taken with the content damaged by the wheat bug in the range of 0.5...5.0 %, the quantity and quality were determined in them gluten, trends in the quantity and quality of gluten have been established depending on the content of damaged grains and their comparison with published data. The object of the study was the gluten complex of wheat, with various contents of grains damaged by the wheat bug. The subject of research was the quantity and quality of gluten in samples of soft wheat of grades 2–3 of the 2015– 2018 crop samples with various grains damaged by a wheat bug selected at enterprises in the Odessa region. Based on the results of determining the quantity and quality of gluten in samples of the 2015–2018 crop and the available literature data on the quantity and quality of gluten in grain 2005– 2007, a crop with the content of grain damaged by the wheat bug was shown to be 5.0 %, that between the amount of gluten and the content in the grain mass of the grains damaged by the wheat bug, there are no regularities.Existing fluctuations in the amount of gluten are reliably associated with different origins of grain samples grown under different agrotechnological conditions, different protein contents, varietal characteristics of grain and other factors. The regularities of changes in the quality of gluten depending on the content of grain damaged by a wheat bug have been established – with an increase in the content of damaged grains, according to a linear law, the gluten quality index determined on the VDK device also increases. It was also established that the intensity of changes in the quality of gluten significantly depends on the content of grains damaged by the wheat bug; there was a slight increase in the quality index of gluten with the content of damaged grains up to 2.0 %, and its rapid growth with the content of damaged grains from 2.0 % to 5,0 % It is shown that in the studied wheat samples with the content of grains damaged by the wheat bug up to 2.5...2.7 %, the VDK indicator belongs to the 2nd group of gluten quality – satisfactory weak and wheat belongs to 1–3 grades in this indicator. With a further increase in the content of grains damaged the wheat bug, the index of VDK increases and gluten passes to the 3rd group – unsatisfactory weak, and the batch of wheat belongs to the 4th class.

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Sun, Zu Qing, Wang Yue Yang, and Jun Jie Qi. "Characteristics of Deformation-Enhanced Transformation in Plain Low Carbon Steel." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.49.

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The concept of deformation-enhanced transformation of ferrite in plain low carbon steel is introduced. The characteristics are presented. Systematic works conclude that deformation significantly enhances the ferrite transformation of undercooled austenite in plain low carbon steel. Nucleation is the dominant process of the transformation. Until the completion of the transformation, nucleation is always repeated, especially at the zone in front of the newly formed ferrite grains, which restrict the grain growth and lead to formation of very fine ferrite grains. Three stages of kinetics are clearly shown from the experimental measurement, which correspond to nucleation at grain boundaries, at the zone in front of newly formed ferrite grains and within residual austenite.

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Santos, Guilherme Godoy dos, Nerinéia Dalfollo Ribeiro, and Sandra Maria Maziero. "Evaluation of common bean morphological traits identifies grain thickness directly correlated with cooking time." Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical 46, no. 1 (March 2016): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632016v4638191.

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ABSTRACT The development of new common bean cultivars with grain characteristics that achieve greater acceptance by consumers and faster cooking time is a recent trend in bean breeding programs. This study aimed at evaluating whether different common bean lines exhibit differences in grain morphological traits and cooking time, investigating the linear relationships between these traits and cooking time, and selecting lines with superior grain commercial characteristics and faster cooking times. A randomized blocks design with three replications was used. Treatments consisted of 14 common bean genotypes grown during two seasons. Differences in the mass of 100 grains and grain length, width, thickness, shape, flatness, percentage of water uptake and cooking time were observed between lines. A high positive correlation was observed between grain thickness and cooking time (r = 0.9727). The path analysis revealed that grain thickness had the highest positive direct effect on cooking time (0.62). Therefore, fast-cooking common bean lines can be indirectly selected based on lower grain thicknesses. The DF 06-17 line presents fast-cooking grains with characteristics well accepted by the market and consumers.

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Ahmed, Abuelgasim Mohamed, Changquan Zhang, and Qiaoquan Liu. "Comparison of Physicochemical Characteristics of Starch Isolated from Sweet and Grain Sorghum." Journal of Chemistry 2016 (2016): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7648639.

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The worldwide interest about sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolorL. Moench) goes towards stem sugar, but little has been focused on its grain. The starches were isolated from the grains of eight sweet and four grain sorghum varieties, and their physical, chemical, and morphological properties were carefully compared. The results reflected that starch from sweet varieties usually had larger granule size than that from grain ones, especially from two sweet varieties GL-4 and GL-6 with the granule size of 15.49 μm and 15.67 μm, respectively. The amylose content of sweet varieties starch was lower than that of grain ones. For water solubility index, starch from sweet varieties ranked top, whereas that from grain varieties ranked top for swelling power. The starch from both sweet and grain had A-type crystalline pattern, while the data from13C NMR reflected pattern differences forC1andC6resonance between sweet and grain varieties. Chains length distribution from sweet varieties debranched starch was found a little different from grain one. The starch particles surface of sweet sorghum was smooth with some dents, while that from grain was smooth without appearance of dents. As sweet sorghum has ability to withstand harsh environments where other crops do not and is characterized by low production cost, the extensive potential existed for starch from sweet varieties to be used in starch industries.

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Ballani, Felix. "On Second‐Order Characteristics of Germ‐Grain Models with Convex Grains." Mathematika 53, no. 2 (December 2006): 255–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1112/s0025579300000139.

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Tymchak, Dmytro, Svitlana Mykolenko, Kristina Chornei, and Dmytro Buriy. "Study of soriz grain popping characteristics." Bulletin of the National Technical University «KhPI» Series: New solutions in modern technologies, no. 4(6) (December 30, 2020): 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2413-4295.2020.04.20.

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Hong-Tao, Sun, Zhang Liang-Ying, and Yao Xi. "Grain boundary characteristics of batio3PTC thermistor." Ferroelectrics Letters Section 14, no. 1-2 (May 1992): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07315179208203342.

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Sluzky, Esther, and Kenneth Hesse. "Characteristics of Ultrafine Grain P53 Screens." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 138, no. 8 (August 1, 1991): 2418–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2085988.

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Hagiwara, S., T. Obikawa, and E. Usui. "Edge Fracture Characteristics of Abrasive Grain." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 120, no. 4 (November 1, 1998): 708–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2830210.

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Fracture onset coefficients and edge shape transition probabilities made it possible to evaluate the edge fracture characteristics of abrasive grain rationally. By grinding tests of single grain, these probabilities were determined for five materials: regular aluminum oxide, white aluminum oxide, single crystal aluminum oxide, green silicon carbide and black silicon carbide. Using these probabilities, transitions of edge shape distributions were calculated by applying the theory of Markov process to clarify the difference of abrasive materials in edge fracture. As a result, these probabilities proved to be an appropriate index for edge fracture characteristics of grinding grain materials.

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Dorofeeva, E. A., R. Kh Kandrokov, A. A. Solov’ev, M. Sh Begeulov, and V. N. Igonin. "Comparative characteristics of flour properties of grains of different grades and triticale sorts." Khleboproducty 30, no. 2 (2021): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32462/0235-2508-2021-30-2-38-41.

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The article presents the results of a study of the technological properties of grain in winter and spring triticale. The physicochemical properties of triticale grains of different varieties and varieties have been determined. The results of evaluating the cereal- forming and milling properties of the grain of the studied samples are presented, the grade of triticale flour is determined. The results obtained indicate the suitability of the grain of the studied varieties for baking purposes and can be used to further optimize the grinding and baking processes in the future

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Xu, Hailiang. "Price Differential Characteristics among Major World Grain Products from 1961 to 2009." Journal of Agricultural Science and Applications 02, no. 02 (June 30, 2013): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.14511/jasa.2013.020208.

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Ngom, Déthié, Marie-Laure Fauconnier, Paul Malumba, Cheikh Thiaw, Thierry Brévault, and Mbacké Sembène. "Morphophysical and biochemical traits involved in maize grain varietal susceptibility to the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)." BASE, no. 1 (2021): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.25518/1780-4507.18876.

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Description of the subject. Maize (Zea mays L.) is a major staple food providing nutrients for humans and animals worldwide. In Sub-Saharan Africa, maize is stored to ensure food resource availability throughout the year. However, stored-product pests such as the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.) (Coleoptera; Curculionidae) can cause huge grain losses. Objectives. This study aimed to assess the oviposition preference of Sitophilus zeamais over maize varieties commonly cultivated in Senegal and the effect of grain morphophysical and biochemical characteristics on their susceptibility to the maize weevil. Method. Twenty-five S. zeamais pairs (M/F) were placed in the center of an arena at equal distance of small heaps of maize grains (30 g) from nine maize varieties. Adult abundance, damaged grains, grain weight loss, and progeny were confronted to grain characteristics (phenolics and ferulic acid content, hardness, brightness, color and size of grains). Results. Susceptibility to the maize weevil varied significantly among maize varieties. Synth-9243 was the most susceptible variety with greatest damaged grains (10.5 ± 2.3%), grain weight loss (2.3 ± 0.6%), and progeny (17.3 ± 3.8 adults). The least susceptible varieties were Across-Pool, SWAN, Obatampa, and Tzee-Yellow. Grain characteristics such as phenolics and ferulic acid content were negatively related to susceptibility, but other constituents may have antixenosis or antibiosis effects. In addition, grain brightness may also have a visual effect deterring oviposition. Conclusions. The most repellent and less favorable varieties for S. zeamais were Tzee-Yellow, Across-Pool, Obatampa and SWAN, that presented high content of phenolics and ferulic acid, hardness and brightness of grains.

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Zandonadi, César Henrique Souza, Carlos Juliano Brant Albuquerque, Rogério Soares de Freitas, Alyne Dantas Mendes de Paula, and Marina Alves Clemente. "Agronomic characteristics and macronutrient export of grain sorghum hybrids from different sowing dates." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 41, no. 1 (February 2017): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-70542017411018716.

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ABSTRACT Brazilian off-season cropping is increasing the production of cereals, particularly in the Brazilian savannah. Sorghum has been widely used for its grain production capacity and dry matter. Several hybrids are commercially available, each with its own peculiar nutrient absorption capacity. Thus, this study analyzed the agronomic characteristics and nutrient exportation in grain sorghum hybrids sown on different dates. The experiment was conducted at the Paulista Agency Regional Center of Agricultural Technology (APTA) in the city of Votuporanga, São Paulo. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with four replications and 4 hybrids. Sorghum hybrids (50A10, 50A50, BUSTER and 1G282) were the different treatments sown on four different dates, beginning with February 26, 2013, with the other dates 17, 30 and 41 days after the first sowing (DAFS). Each sowing date was considered an individual experiment and, subsequently, grouped for analysis to compare characteristics. Macronutrient content in the grain, one thousand grain weight, productivity and exportation of macronutrients (kg ha-1) by grains in the area were evaluated. The productivity of the sorghum hybrids varied depending on the sowing dates. The one thousand grain mass of the sorghum hybrids varied depending on the sowing dates. The average exportation of macronutrients by sorghum grains is as follows, in decreasing order: N> K> P>Ca> Mg> S. The mean values of macronutrient accumulation needed to produce one ton of sorghum grains are as follows: 20.05 kg N, 3.33 kg P, 3.70 kg K, 3.49 kg Ca, 1.77 kg Mg, and 0.72 kg S.

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Yamaguchi, Satoru, Kunio Watanabe, Takafumi Katsushima, Atsushi Sato, and Toshiro Kumakura. "Dependence of the water retention curve of snow on snow characteristics." Annals of Glaciology 53, no. 61 (2012): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2012aog61a001.

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AbstractThe water retention curve (WRC), which shows the relationship between the volumetric liquid water content,θv, and suction,h, is a fundamental part of the characterization of hydraulic properties. Therefore, the formulation of the WRC as a function of snow characteristics is essential for establishing a model of water movement through the snow cover. In this study, we measured the WRC of several snow samples, which had different characteristics (grain size, bulk dry density and grain type), using a gravity drainage column experiment and then analysed these data using the Van Genuchten soil physics model (VG model). The shape of the WRC depended strongly on both the sample grain size,d, and bulk dry density,ρ. Therefore, we introduced the parameterρ/dto model the WRC of snow. The relationships between the parametersαandnof the VG model andρ/dchange with grain type. For melt forms,α, which is related to the inverse value of the air-entry suction, increases quickly asρ/ddecreases, whereasn, which is related to the gradient ofθvvsh, increases withρ/d. Conversely, neither of these parameters of the VG model for rounded grains showed obvious dependence onρ/d. These results suggest that water movement through snow cover can be modelled using grain size, bulk dry density and grain type based on the soil physics model.

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Kim, Dong Ik, Je Hun Lee, Young Wook Kim, Kyu Hwan Oh, and Hu Chul Lee. "EBSD Analysis of Grain Boundary Characteristics of Abnormally Grain Grown Alumina." Materials Science Forum 408-412 (August 2002): 1699–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.408-412.1699.

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Kwiecinski, J., and J. W. Wyrzykowski. "Formation of Grain Boundary Characteristics by Grain Growth in Polycrystalline Aluminium." Materials Science Forum 94-96 (January 1992): 501–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.94-96.501.

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Xie, Lihong, Shaoqing Tang, Neng Chen, Ju Luo, Guiai Jiao, Gaoneng Shao, Xiangjin Wei, and Peisong Hu. "Rice Grain Morphological Characteristics Correlate with Grain Weight and Milling Quality." Cereal Chemistry Journal 90, no. 6 (November 2013): 587–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/cchem-03-13-0055-r.

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40

Dai, Y. Z., and F. P. Chiang. "On the Mechanism of Plastic Deformation Induced Surface Roughness." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 114, no. 4 (October 1, 1992): 432–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2904196.

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The plastic deformation induced surface roughening mechanism of aluminum sheets is experimentally investigated. Specimens used in the study have grain sizes varying from tens of microns to millimeters. The roughnesses of the specimens’ free surfaces are measured during plastic deformation by means of a mechanical stylus type profilometer with a tip radius of 5 microns. Observations show that plastic deformation roughens a free surface mainly by introducing slip bands within individual grains and relative rotation among grains. The average grain rotation and grain size are found to be the dominant contributor to the surface vertical characteristics such as the root-mean-square roughness. The surface horizontal characteristic such as the correlation length is found to be mainly determined by the average grain size. Based on the observations and some analysis, a model is advanced for the explanation of the phenomenon that the root-mean-square roughness is proportional to the magnitude of plastic deformation and average grain size.

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41

Lesaffre, Bernard, Evelyne Pougatch, and Eric Martin. "Objective determination of snow-grain characteristics from images." Annals of Glaciology 26 (1998): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/1998aog26-1-112-118.

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The determination of snow-grain characteristics (such as type or size) is crucial for validating snow models and interpreting remote-sensing data. Until now, the size and type of snow grains have been estimated in the field. Nowadays, the transport of a snow sample in iso-octane allows laboratory analyses. The objective analysis of snow-grain digital images has been developed at the Centre d'Études de la Neige since the mid 1980s. The images are taken in a cold room and stored on a video disk. The calculation of the relevant parameters for snow characterization has been developed. Recently, the hardware- and software-systems have been upgraded, allowing quicker and easier analyses. Finally, a procedure designed to determine snow types from image analysis has been developed and calibrated using 65 snow samples. For that purpose, independent experts have determined the snow type (as defined by the International Classification) of each sample. The procedure has been verified using an independent set of snow images. This semi-automated determination gives 97% correct results on granular-snow types. However, it is not reliable for precipitation particles.

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Lesaffre, Bernard, Evelyne Pougatch, and Eric Martin. "Objective determination of snow-grain characteristics from images." Annals of Glaciology 26 (1998): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026030550001466x.

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The determination of snow-grain characteristics (such as type or size) is crucial for validating snow models and interpreting remote-sensing data. Until now, the size and type of snow grains have been estimated in the field. Nowadays, the transport of a snow sample in iso-octane allows laboratory analyses. The objective analysis of snow-grain digital images has been developed at the Centre d'Études de la Neige since the mid 1980s. The images are taken in a cold room and stored on a video disk. The calculation of the relevant parameters for snow characterization has been developed. Recently, the hardware- and software-systems have been upgraded, allowing quicker and easier analyses. Finally, a procedure designed to determine snow types from image analysis has been developed and calibrated using 65 snow samples. For that purpose, independent experts have determined the snow type (as defined by the International Classification) of each sample. The procedure has been verified using an independent set of snow images. This semi-automated determination gives 97% correct results on granular-snow types. However, it is not reliable for precipitation particles.

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Wallwork, M. A. B., S. J. Logue, L. C. MacLeod, and C. F. Jenner. "Effects of a period of high temperature during grain filling on the grain growth characteristics and malting quality of three Australian malting barleys." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 49, no. 8 (1998): 1287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a98004.

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Short periods of high temperatures (up to 35°C) during mid grain filling appear to reduce yield and quality in barley. Plants of 3 malting barley varieties, Schooner, Arapiles, and Sloop (a new South Australian malting variety), were grown under constant environment conditions from germination to maturity and exposed to 5 days of high temperatures (up to 35°C) during mid grain filling. Schooner and Sloop showed similar patterns of accumulation of dry matter under control conditions (21°C/16°C, day/night temperature) and in response to high temperatures. In all varieties, the reduction in starch accumulation represented the most significant detrimental effect of high temperature and made the greatest contribution to the reduction in final grain weight. The reduction in absolute grain nitrogen (N) in heat-treated Arapiles grains represents a potentially important response under high temperature conditions. In this study, water loss did not have a decisive role in the termination of grain filling. Continued accumulation of endosperm dry matter at low moisture levels suggested that water distribution and/or components of water potential may be more important than overall water content in the cessation of grain filling. Final grain composition depended not only on the amount of endosperm storage component present in the grain but also on the contribution of the non-endosperm components (including the embryo and husk) to final grain dry weight. In some cases, changes in the contribution made by the non-endosperm components of the grain to final grain weight masked important high temperature effects on key endosperm storage components. Hot water extract (HWE) values were similar within treatments and ranged from 73% to 78%. High temperature exposure reduced HWE for all varieties. Malt b-glucan was lower in heat-treated grains than in control grains. Despite relatively high malt protein levels in all varieties, higher free amino N levels in heat-treated grains indicated a higher protein modification than in control grains.

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Fukumori, Ai, Masayuki Takada, Yuji Akiyama, Yuuki Sato, and Shinzo Yoshikado. "Effect of Ba Addition on Electrical Characteristics of Bi-Based ZnO Varistors." Key Engineering Materials 445 (July 2010): 241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.445.241.

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With the goal of fabricating low-breakdown-voltage varistors, the effect of adding Ba to ZnO varistors on the ZnO grain size was investigated. Grain growth of ZnO could be markedly promoted by adding both Ba and Bi. The maximum grain size was approximately 150 μm and the minimum varistor voltage was approximately 12 V/mm. However, it had relatively poor tolerance characteristics for electrical degradation. It is speculated that when adding both Ba and Bi to a Mn–Co-added ZnO varistor, it is necessary to form the molten phases of Ba and Bi to promote grain growth of ZnO. It is also conjectured that the growth of ZnO grains is not promoted when Ba and Bi do not coexist in the molten phase because Ba forms compounds with Mn independently with the addition of small amounts of Bi.

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Sharma, NK, M. Sapkota, R. Sah, MP Sharma, D. Creswell, and N. Sharma. "Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Broilers Under Diets Supplemented with Whole Grains." Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 13, no. 2 (March 8, 2013): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v13i2.7709.

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This study was conducted at the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Rampur, Chitwan with the objective to study the effects of mixing starter diet with whole grains on the performance and carcass characteristics of broilers. The control group (T1) was fed only with the commercial starter and grower diets throughout the experimental period. Other treatment groups, T2, T3, and T4 received commercial starter diets supplemented with whole wheat, cracked maize and bajra pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucam) respectively from day 6. At 37 days, cumulative feed intakes (FI) were significantly lower (P<0.01) for all the whole grain treated groups, the lowest FI being noted in T2 followed by T4 and T3. Cumulative body weights at 37 days were considerably poorer in the 3 whole grain treatments. Feed conversion ratio in T3 and T4 were equal to T1, at 1.70 whereas T2 FCR was 13 points higher than T1. Lower carcass yield and breast yield (P<0.05) were noted in whole grain diets except T3, which had similar figures to that of control. Whole grains produced a larger gizzards (P<0.01). Economic analysis favoured cracked maize and whole bajra treatments, each generating a net profit of NRs. 12.3/bird and NRs. 6.48/bird respectively. This study clearly demonstrated that these whole grains could be successfully fed to broilers in a method of diluting a starter diet. But more research is needed with higher nutrient density starter diets with some adjustments in whole grain dilution to develop an efficient method of whole grain feeding that gives at least equal weights, better FCR, and lower feed costs. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 13, No. 2 (2012) 21-28 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v13i2.7709

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Yue, Chongwang, Zhuwen Wang, Zhi Yang, and Yu Li. "The impact of grain characteristics on acoustic logging in unconsolidated sands." Interpretation 8, no. 3 (June 15, 2020): SL103—SL111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2019-0244.1.

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Characterizing acoustic propagation in unconsolidated sand reservoirs is critical in offshore oil and gas exploration. We have simulated the acoustic field in a borehole surrounded by granular media based on nonuniform contact, using a 2nd-order in time and 10th-order in space finite-difference technique. We focus on the impact of the porosity and coordination number, grain size, and grain scale distribution on acoustic logging. Numerical simulation results show that P- and S-wave velocities decrease with increasing the porosity or decreasing the coordination number and increase with increasing the grain size. For different grain size distributed in the vertical and radial directions, the velocity and amplitude of the P-wave and S-wave are different. As reflected waves in a borehole, the arrival wave’s velocity is higher and the amplitude is stronger, whereas grains near the source or borehole axis are larger. The results of this paper provide a reference for analyzing and predicting different graded bedding formations for acoustic logging.

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GUPTA, NAVNEET, and B. P. TYAGI. "EFFECTS OF GRAIN BOUNDARY WIDTH ON TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF A POLYSILICON THIN-FILM TRANSISTOR." Modern Physics Letters B 20, no. 13 (May 30, 2006): 771–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984906010986.

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The grain boundary scattering effects on carrier transport were studied analytically by considering the grains and grain boundaries that act as the series resistance in the channel of a polycrystalline silicon (poly- Si ) thin-film transistor (TFT). Effective carrier mobility (μ*) and drain current (ID) variations were analyzed using the model by changing the grain boundary width (DGB) in the channel as a function of the gate voltage, in the linear region of the poly- Si TFT characteristic at room temperature. μ* and ID were computed for DGB ranging from 1 nm to 10 nm. It was found that for different values of the gate voltage, μ* and ID increased with a decrease in grain boundary width (DGB). A remarkable improvement was observed in device characteristics as DGB was decreased below 2 nm. The predicted results using the present model are in a reasonably good agreement with experimental results, hence confirming the validity of the model.

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Okeyo, Anne A., Gbenga Olatunde, Griffiths G. Atungulu, Sammy Sadaka, and Tanja McKay. "Infrared Drying Characteristics of Long-Grain Hybrid, Long-Grain Pureline, and Medium-Grain Rice Cultivars." Cereal Chemistry Journal 94, no. 2 (March 2017): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/cchem-07-16-0181-r.

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Perry, MW, and MF D'Antuono. "Yield improvement and associated characteristics of some Australian spring wheat cultivars introduced between 1860 and 1982." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 40, no. 3 (1989): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9890457.

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Twenty-eight Australian wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) cultivars representing a series from the 1860s to 1982, were grown in 20 field trials over four years in the wheatbelt of Western Australia. The cultivars included introductions and selections made before 1900, plus important cultivars bred or grown in Western Australia up to 1982. Five of the latter group were from crosses including semidwarf cultivars as parents. Grain yields were measured on all trials, and six trials were also sampled for biomass and yield components.Based on the regression of mean grain yield versus the number of years elapsed since 1884, yields have increased from 1022 kg ha-1 in 1884 to 1588 kg ha-1 in 1982. This represents a rate of increase of 5.8 kg ha-1 year-1 or 0.57% per year. Regression of cultivar yield on site mean yield gave values of b, the slope of the regression, from 0.66 to 1.24, and these were higher for modern than for old cultivars.In six trials sampled for yield components, above-ground biomass appeared to have increased slightly when comparing early selections and their derivatives with later cultivars, but over 80% of the overall increase in grain yield was due to increase in harvest index. Grains per car and grains m-2 were strongly and positively correlated with grain yield, but there were weak negative correlations between 1000-grain weight and yield, and between 1000 grain weight and years since 1884. Cultivars with a semi-dwarf background had equal biomass, but higher yield, harvest index, ear number m-2 and grains ear-2 than modern tall cultivars. The results show that genetic improvement has substantially increased yield potential in this environment and that this has been achieved through substantial increases in grain number m-2 associated with an improvement in harvest index.

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Qin, Fangcheng, Huiping Qi, Chongyu Liu, Haiquan Qi, and Zhengbing Meng. "Constitutive Characteristics, Microstructure, and Texture Evolution of As-Cast 42CrMo Alloy in Nonisothermal Multipass Compression." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (January 4, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6638505.

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The nonisothermal multipass deformation behavior of as-cast 42CrMo alloy was studied with declining temperature, constant pass strain, varying strain rate, and interval time. The stresses are used to develop the constitutive model. As the finishing temperature increases from 990°C to 1070°C, the stress decreases gradually and the softening effect increases, which results in a large grain size and inhomogeneous microstructure. The low angle grain boundaries transform into high angle grain boundaries through absorbing dislocations. The noticeable stress softening in a high strain rate is attributed to the thermal softening, dynamic recovery, and dynamic recrystallization. The thermal softening is no longer considered to be the main interpass softening mechanism at a low strain rate. The interval time has a negligible effect on the stress, but the significant changes in grain size and texture component are caused by the interpass softening. The average grain size is approximately 40 μm, and the distorted grain boundaries and small fine grains are found in the interval times of 0.5–5 s, implying the dynamic recovery and grain growth. The near {001}<110> and {110}<112> orientation exerts an important influence on the grain refinement.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Grain characteristics'

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