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1

Jacob, Jens, Grant R. Singleton, and Lyn A. Hinds. "Fertility control of rodent pests." Wildlife Research 35, no. 6 (2008): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr07129.

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Ricefield rats (Rattus argentiventer) in south-east Asian rice fields and house mice (Mus domesticus) in Australian grain fields are major pest species. They cause damage before and after harvest and carry zoonotic diseases. For both species, management techniques have been pursued using the approach of immunocontraceptive vaccination. We review results from a series of enclosure and field studies conducted with these species to assess the effects of fertility control in small rodents. In the experiments, fertility control was simulated by tubal ligation, ovariectomy or progesterone treatment.
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2

Nordblom, T. L., T. R. Hutchings, R. C. Hayes, G. D. Li, and J. D. Finlayson. "Does establishing lucerne under a cover crop increase farm financial risk?" Crop and Pasture Science 68, no. 12 (2017): 1149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp16379.

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Rainfed farms in south-eastern Australia often combine annual cropping and perennial pasture phases with grazing sheep enterprises. Such diversity serves in managing diseases, pests and plant nutrition while stabilising income in the face of wide, uncorrelated variations in international commodity prices and local weather over time. We use an actuarial accounting approach to capture the above contexts to render financial risk profiles in the form of distributions of decadal cash balances for a representative 1000-ha farm at Coolamon (34°50ʹS, 147°12ʹE) in New South Wales, Australia. For the so
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3

Dillard, HR, TJ Wicks, and B. Philp. "A grower survey of diseases, invertebrate pests, and pesticide use on potatoes grown in South Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 5 (1993): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930653.

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In 1991, a survey was distributed to 251 potato growers in South Australia to determine major diseases, insect and other invertebrate pests, and chemicals used to control them. The overall response rate was 48%, but of these, 24 individuals were no longer growing potatoes. The results were summarised for the State and by district (Adelaide Hills, Adelaide Plains, Murray Lands, South East). The most prevalent diseases encountered by respondents in all districts were target spot caused by Alternaria solani, and rhizoctonia canker caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Other diseases of concern to growers
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4

Schultz, JE. "Crop production in a rotation trial at Tarlee, South Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 7 (1995): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950865.

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A crop rotation trial was established in 1977 on a hard-setting red-brown earth at Tarlee, South Australia, to monitor the long-term effect of intensive and traditional rotations on soil properties and crop production. The rotations involve wheat alternating with cereals, grain legumes, pasture, and fallow. There are 3 stubble + tillage treatments: remove stubble + cultivate, retain stubble + cultivate, retain stubble + no tillage. Three rates of nitrogen (0,40, 80 kg N/ha as ammonium nitrate) are applied to the wheat. Grain yield varied with seasonal conditions, and water use efficiencies wer
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5

Ward, Samantha E., Paul A. Umina, Sarina Macfadyen, and Ary A. Hoffmann. "Hymenopteran Parasitoids of Aphid Pests within Australian Grain Production Landscapes." Insects 12, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12010044.

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In grain crops, aphids are important pests, but they can be suppressed by hymenopteran parasitoids. A challenge in incorporating parasitoids into Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs, however, is that parasitoid numbers can be low during periods within the season when aphids are most damaging. Understanding the population dynamics of key aphid species and their parasitoids is central to ameliorating this problem. To examine the composition and seasonal trends of both aphid and parasitoid populations in south-eastern Australia, samples were taken throughout the winter growing seasons of 20
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Ward, Samantha E., Paul A. Umina, Sarina Macfadyen, and Ary A. Hoffmann. "Hymenopteran Parasitoids of Aphid Pests within Australian Grain Production Landscapes." Insects 12, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12010044.

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In grain crops, aphids are important pests, but they can be suppressed by hymenopteran parasitoids. A challenge in incorporating parasitoids into Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs, however, is that parasitoid numbers can be low during periods within the season when aphids are most damaging. Understanding the population dynamics of key aphid species and their parasitoids is central to ameliorating this problem. To examine the composition and seasonal trends of both aphid and parasitoid populations in south-eastern Australia, samples were taken throughout the winter growing seasons of 20
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7

Holloway, Joanne C., Gregory J. Daglish, and David G. Mayer. "Spatial Distribution and Flight Patterns of Two Grain Storage Insect Pests, Rhyzopertha dominica (Bostrichidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Tenebrionidae): Implications for Pest Management." Insects 11, no. 10 (October 19, 2020): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11100715.

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The lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica, and the rust red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, are two major beetle pests commonly found infesting stored products worldwide. Both species can cause severe economic damage and their management is complicated by their potential to develop resistance to several of the limited chemical options available. However, pest management strategies can be improved by understanding the ecology of the pest insect. To determine the spatiotemporal activity of R. dominica and T. castaneum, we conducted a trapping study over two years in a temperate region of s
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8

Henzell, Robert P., Brian D. Cooke, and Gregory J. Mutze. "The future biological control of pest populations of European rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus." Wildlife Research 35, no. 7 (2008): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr06164.

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European rabbits are exotic pests in Australia, New Zealand, parts of South America and Europe, and on many islands. Their abundance, and the damage they cause, might be reduced by the release of naturally occurring or genetically modified organisms (GMOs) that act as biological control agents (BCAs). Some promising pathogens and parasites of European rabbits and other lagomorphs are discussed, with special reference to those absent from Australia as an example of the range of necessary considerations in any given case. The possibility of introducing these already-known BCAs into areas where r
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9

Wicks, TJ, and AR Granger. "Effects of low rates of pesticides on the control of pests and diseases of apples." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 3 (1989): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890439.

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Fungicides and insecticides used at the recommended rate, and reduced recommended rates were applied at low volume (100 L ha-1) to apple trees in field experiments in South Australia from 1985 to 1988. At harvest the incidence of fruit damaged by fungi and insects was assessed on Golden Delicious, Red Delicious, Jonathan and Granny Smith cultivars. Mixtures of penconazole and mancozeb applied at the recommended rates of 800 mL and 4.5 kg ha-1 respectively as well as 25% and 10% of the recommended rates controlled apple scab completely in 1986, but were less effective in 1987. Azinphos-methyl a
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10

Carnegie, Angus J., and Geoff S. Pegg. "Lessons from the Incursion of Myrtle Rust in Australia." Annual Review of Phytopathology 56, no. 1 (August 25, 2018): 457–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035256.

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Austropuccinia psidii (myrtle rust) is a globally invasive neotropical rust of the Myrtaceae that came into international prominence following extensive damage to exotic Eucalyptus plantations in Brazil in the 1970s and 1980s. In 2005, myrtle rust established in Hawaii (USA), and over the past 12 years has spread from the Americas into Asia, the Pacific, and South Africa. Myrtle rust was detected in Australia in 2010, and the response and ultimately unsuccessful eradication attempt was a lesson to those concerned about the threat of exotic pests and diseases to Australia's environment. Seven y
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11

Goyne, PJ, H. Meinke, SP Milroy, GL Hammer, and JM Hare. "Development and use of a barley crop simulation model to evaluate production management strategies in north-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, no. 7 (1996): 997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9960997.

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A study was undertaken to identify improved management strategies for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), particularly in relation to time of planting, location, and frost risk in the variable climate of north-eastern Australia. To achieve this objective, a crop growth simulation model (QBAR) was constructed to integrate the understanding, gained from field experiments, of the dynamics of crop growth as influenced by soil moisture and environmental variables. QBAR simulates the growth and yield potential of barley grown under optimal nutrient supply, in the absence of pests, diseases, and weeds. Geno
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12

Bolland, M. D. A., M. W. Sweetingham, and R. J. Jarvis. "Effect of applied phosphorus on the growth of Lupinus luteus, L. angustifolius and L. albus in acidic soils in the south-west of Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 1 (2000): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea99065.

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Phosphorus is the major nutrient element deficiency of grain legumes in the south-west of Western Australia. Lupinus angustifolius is the major grain legume grown on the acidic soils in Western Australia. However, L. luteus and L. albus are being researched as possible alternatives because of tolerance to diseases and specific soil type adaptation. The fertiliser phosphorus requirements of L. luteus and L. albus in acidic soils of Western Australia are not well known. By contrast, there is much information on the phosphorus requirements of L. angustifolius in these soils where placement of fer
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13

Kaur, Ramanpreet, Simerjeet Kaur, Jasdev Singh Deol, Rajni Sharma, Tarundeep Kaur, Ajmer Singh Brar, and Om Parkash Choudhary. "Soil Properties and Weed Dynamics in Wheat as Affected by Rice Residue Management in the Rice–Wheat Cropping System in South Asia: A Review." Plants 10, no. 5 (May 10, 2021): 953. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10050953.

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The rice–wheat cropping system (RWCS) has substantially contributed in making India self-sufficient in food grain production; however, rice residue management is of great concern, threatening the sustainability of this system. Rice residue is invariably disposed of by farmers through open burning. In addition to environmental pollution, residue burning of rice also leads to loss of soil nutrients. One of the alternatives to overcome these problems and sustain the RWCS is managing the rice residues in the field itself. Rice residue retention has variable effects on agricultural pests (namely, w
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14

Davidson, J. A., and M. D. Ramsey. "Pea yield decline syndrome in South Australia: the role of diseases and the impact of agronomic practices." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 51, no. 3 (2000): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar99111.

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Sixty commercial pea crops were surveyed in 1995 to determine the causes of declining yields. Blackspot (Mycosphaerella pinodes and Phoma medicaginis var. pinodella) and downy mildew (Peronospora viciae) were prevalent in most crops and were identified as probable major contributors to the syndrome. Short rotation intervals (<5 years) between pea crops in paddocks were correlated with increased levels of blackspot and lower grain yields. Early sowing dates were correlated with increased levels of blackspot. A detailed survey of blackspot development was conducted in 5 commercial paddocks in
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15

Muirhead, Kate A., and Kym D. Perry. "Biocontrol of Invasive Conical Snails by the Parasitoid Fly Sarcophaga villeneuveana in South Australia 20 Years after Release." Insects 12, no. 10 (September 24, 2021): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12100865.

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Two conical snail species introduced to Australia from the Mediterranean region during the 20th century are major pests of pastures and grain crops. In 2000, a parasitoid fly, Sarcophaga villeneuveana, was introduced into South Australia for biocontrol of the conical snail, Cochlicella acuta. The fly successfully established in the region but assessments of its impact in different snail aestivation microhabitats were limited. Twenty years on, field surveys were conducted to assess the geographic distribution and parasitism rates of S. villeneuveana on conical snails in the Yorke Peninsula regi
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16

Hochman, Z., D. Holzworth, and J. R. Hunt. "Potential to improve on-farm wheat yield and WUE in Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 60, no. 8 (2009): 708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp09064.

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Water-use efficiency (WUE) is defined here as the ratio of grain yield (kg/ha) to crop water use by evapotranspiration (mm). Much of the WUE literature has focussed on either the determination of the boundary of attainable WUE for any amount of available water, or on the practicalities of measurement of the WUE of a crop. While these are important issues for defining the gap between the attained and the potential WUE, little progress has been reported on clarifying the components that contribute to this gap or on how it can be bridged. To address these questions, we analysed 334 wheat fields f
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17

Baker, G. H. "The population dynamics of the mediterranean snails Cernuella virgata, Cochlicella acuta (Hygromiidae) and Theba pisana (Helicidae) in pasture - cereal rotations in South Australia: a 20-year study." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 12 (2008): 1514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08031.

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The snails Cernuella virgata, Cochlicella acuta and Theba pisana are introduced pests of grain crops and pastures in southern Australia. The population dynamics of these three species of snail were studied for 20 years in two adjacent fields where they coexisted on a farm on the Yorke Peninsula in South Australia. The fields were used for pasture–cereal rotations. Surveys were conducted in autumn and spring each year, coinciding respectively with the start of the breeding season and peak abundance of snails (mostly juveniles). Populations varied greatly in abundance between years and between s
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18

Lakew, Biniam T., Adrian H. Nicholas, and Stephen W. Walkden-Brown. "Spatial and temporal distribution of Culicoides species in the New England region of New South Wales, Australia between 1990 and 2018." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 5, 2021): e0249468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249468.

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Culicoides are one of the smallest hematophagous flies measuring 1–5 mm in size with only females seeking blood for egg development. The present study investigated spatio-temporal distribution of Culicoides species trapped between 1990 and 2018 at 13 sites in the New England region of NSW, Australia using automated light traps. Trapping locations were divided into three subregions (tablelands, slopes and plains). Nineteen Culicoides species were identified. Culicoides marksi and C. austropalpalis were the most abundant and widespread species. Culicoides brevitarsis, the principal vector of liv
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19

Basnet, Roshan, Shesh Raman Upadhyay, Nutan Raj Gautam, Ramesh Raj Puri, and Deepak Pandey. "FIELD BASED ASSESSMENT OF FOLIAR BLIGHTS DISEASE OF WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.)." International Journal of Environment 4, no. 3 (August 24, 2015): 140–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v4i3.13241.

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Wheat, the third major staple crop of Nepal has been suffered from many diseases. Various diseases are the major limiting factors of considerable wheat production, one of them is Spot blotch. Spot blotch caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana is a major disease of wheat in warm and humid regions of the Nepal. The fungus has a worldwide distribution but as a pathogen it is the most aggressive under the conditions of high relative humidity and temperature associated with the low fertility of soils in South Asia, South America, Africa, and Australia. The yield loss due to the disease is very significant
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20

Fei, Li, Li Ya, and Ma Shuang. "Regional difference of grain production potential change and its influencing factors: a case-study of Shaanxi Province, China." Journal of Agricultural Science 157, no. 1 (January 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859619000145.

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AbstractGrain production potential (GrPP) is the maximum production in 1 year that can be achieved by land use under the limitations of climate conditions and in the absence of pests and diseases and other factors. Regional GrPP can change over time and there is an urgent need to identify the main factors affecting regional differences in such changes. Therefore, changes in GrPP were studied for six geographical units in Shaanxi Province, with summer maize and winter wheat as the main grain crops. Changes of GrPP during 2000–2015 were simulated by the global aro-ecological zone model. Analysis
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21

Brennan, R. F., and K. W. Jayasena. "Increasing applications of potassium fertiliser to barley crops grown on deficient sandy soils increased grain yields while decreasing some foliar diseases." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58, no. 7 (2007): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar06286.

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Most sandy soils used for cropping in south-western Australia (SWA) have now become potassium (K) deficient due to removal of K in hay and grain, so it is now profitable to apply K fertiliser to most barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) crops in the region. Leaf diseases of barley crops in the region have increased in recent years particularly in the in medium to high (350–600 mm annual average rainfall) areas of SWA. Seventeen field experiments were undertaken to determine the effect of applications of K fertiliser, either the chloride (KCl) or sulfate source (K2SO4), on grain yield increases and on t
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22

Sadras, Víctor, David Roget, and Garry O'Leary. "On-farm assessment of environmental and management constraints to wheat yield and efficiency in the use of rainfall in the Mallee." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, no. 5 (2002): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar01150.

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The responses of wheat grain yield to soil properties, weather, root diseases, and management practices were investigated in 75 grower-managed crops in the Mallee region of South Australia, Victoria, and New South Wales during 3 growing seasons. Fourteen cultivars were represented in the sampled crops, with Frame being the most common (56%). The most widespread crop sequence was wheat after pasture (43% of wheat crops), followed by wheat after fallow or cereal (both about 20%); 12% of the wheat was sown after legumes. Wheat after cereal was more common in drier sites, and wheat after fallow in
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23

Li, Guangdi D., Mark K. Conyers, Graeme D. Schwenke, Richard C. Hayes, De Li Liu, Adam J. Lowrie, Graeme J. Poile, Albert A. Oates, and Richard J. Lowrie. "Tillage does not increase nitrous oxide emissions under dryland canola (Brassica napus L.) in a semiarid environment of south-eastern Australia." Soil Research 54, no. 5 (2016): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr15289.

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Dryland cereal production systems of south-eastern Australia require viable options for reducing nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions without compromising productivity and profitability. A 4-year rotational experiment with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–canola (Brassica napus L.)–grain legumes–wheat in sequence was established at Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia, in a semiarid Mediterranean-type environment where long-term average annual rainfall is 541mm and the incidence of summer rainfall is episodic and unreliable. The objectives of the experiment were to investigate whether (i) tillage increases N2O em
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24

Waller, R. A., and P. W. G. Sale. "Persistence and productivity of perennial ryegrass in sheep pastures in south-western Victoria: a review." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 1 (2001): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00049.

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Loss of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) from the pasture within several years of sowing is a common problem in the higher rainfall (550–750 mm annual rainfall), summer-dry regions of south-eastern Australia. This pasture grass came to Australia from northern Europe, where it mostly grows from spring to autumn under mild climatic conditions. In contrast, the summers are generally much drier and hotter in this region of south-eastern Australia. This ‘mismatch’ between genotype and environment may be the fundamental reason for the poor persistence. There is hope that the recently released
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25

Lodge, GM. "Management practices and other factors contributing to the decline in persistence of grazed lucerne in temperate Australia: a review." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, no. 5 (1991): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9910713.

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The literature relevant to the grazing management of lucerne in temperate Australia is reviewed with emphasis on the factors likely to affect its persistence. Knowledge of lucerne physiology is used to question the validity of the traditional methods of managing grazed stands, which rely mainly on using 10% flowering as a guide to root carbohydrate levels. From these data several alternative management guidelines are proposed that may lead to increased persistence; however, for long-term persistence, there is little doubt that lucerne needs to be grazed leniently and at a late stage of maturit
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26

Singh, R. K. "Genetic resource and the role of international collaboration in rice breeding." Genome 42, no. 4 (August 1, 1999): 635–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g99-042.

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The international efforts in rice research have led to self-sufficiency and surpluses in many of the south and southeast Asian countries. The trend must continue to meet the growing demand for rice. The global partnership in plant genetic resources has played a significant role in ensuring long-term preservation of and access by researchers to the gene pool worldwide. Large numbers of high-yielding varieties with resistance to diseases and insect pests have been released by the collaborating countries and have both increased national average yields and stabilized rice production. Now, the yiel
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27

Kishlyan, N. V., V. D. Bemova, T. V. Matveeva, and V. A. Gavrilova. "Biological peculiarities and cultivation of groundnut (a review)." Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding 181, no. 1 (April 12, 2020): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2020-1-119-127.

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Peanut is one of the most important crops in the Fabaceae Lindl. (Leguminosae L.) family. South America is considered to be the homeland of peanut, but now this crop is cultivated in America, Africa, Australia, Europe and Asia. The modern phylogenetic system of the genus Arachis L. includes 79 wild species and one cultivated species of common peanut (A. hypogaea L.). Diploid species contain 2n = 20 chromosomes of the A, B or D genome, tetraploids have A and B genomes. The А and В genomes are sequenced. Special biological features of all peanut varieties are the presence of chasmogamous and cle
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Robertson, Michael J., and John A. Kirkegaard. "Water-use efficiency of dryland canola in an equi-seasonal rainfall environment." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, no. 12 (2005): 1373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar05030.

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The French and Shultz approach that relates seasonal rainfall to potential yield in wheat has yet to be applied to dryland canola. Relationships were derived between grain yield of 42 experimental crops (yield range 0.5–5.4 t/ha) free of weeds, pests, diseases, and nutrient deficiencies in southern New South Wales, and various measures of observed (rainfall, available soil water) and simulated (evapotranspiration) seasonal water supply. April to October rainfall and in-crop rainfall were the poorest predictors of yield (R2 < 0.5). By adjusting in-crop rainfall to account for stored soil wat
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Li, J., V. L. Gaskins, H. J. Yan, Y. G. Luo, and W. M. Jurick II. "First Report of Mucor Rot on Stored ‘Gala’ Apple Fruit Caused by Mucor piriformis in Pennsylvania." Plant Disease 98, no. 8 (August 2014): 1157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-14-0149-pdn.

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Mucor piriformis E. Fischer causes Mucor rot of pome and stone fruits during storage and has been reported in Australia, Canada, Germany, Northern Ireland, South Africa, and portions of the United States (1,2). Currently, there is no fungicide in the United States labeled to control this wound pathogen on apple. Cultural practices of orchard sanitation, placing dry fruit in storage, and chlorine treatment of dump tanks and flumes are critical for decay management (3,4). Cultivars like ‘Gala’ that are prone to cracking are particularly vulnerable as the openings provide ingress for the fungus.
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Karpuk, L., A. Pavlichenko, V. Karaulna, L. Bogatyr, and V. Polyakov. "Weed infestation structure of fodder beet fields under various tillage systems." Agrobìologìâ, no. 2(142) (December 22, 2018): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9270-2018-142-2-71-78.

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Nowadays in domestic arable farming sown crop (weed) vegetation is among the leaders as to the harmfulness for agricultural crop yields. Weeds are an annually acting factor which reduces the yields of economically-valuable output in all the regions of Ukraine. It is to be mentioned that in arable farming of the country the yield losses of agricultural crops, caused by weeds, are growing constantly. A serious decrease of public target financing to protect cultivated crops from pests, diseases and weeds resulted in the violation of farm practices in agricultural crop cultivation all over the cou
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Healey, Adam L., Mervyn Shepherd, Graham J. King, Jakob B. Butler, Jules S. Freeman, David J. Lee, Brad M. Potts, et al. "Pests, diseases, and aridity have shaped the genome of Corymbia citriodora." Communications Biology 4, no. 1 (May 10, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-02009-0.

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AbstractCorymbia citriodora is a member of the predominantly Southern Hemisphere Myrtaceae family, which includes the eucalypts (Eucalyptus, Corymbia and Angophora; ~800 species). Corymbia is grown for timber, pulp and paper, and essential oils in Australia, South Africa, Asia, and Brazil, maintaining a high-growth rate under marginal conditions due to drought, poor-quality soil, and biotic stresses. To dissect the genetic basis of these desirable traits, we sequenced and assembled the 408 Mb genome of Corymbia citriodora, anchored into eleven chromosomes. Comparative analysis with Eucalyptus
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Beukes, Ilze, Lindy J. Rose, Gordon S. Shephard, C. Flett Flett, and Altus Viljoen. "Mycotoxigenic Fusarium species associated with grain crops in South Africa – A review." South African Journal of Science Volume 113, Number 3/4 (March 29, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2017/20160121.

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Abstract Cereal grains include some of the most important crops grown in South Africa and play a major role in the local economy. Maize, wheat and sorghum are extensively consumed by humans and farm animals, and are also utilised in industrial processes. Grain crops that are grown commercially contribute up to 33% of the country’s total gross agricultural production, whereas subsistence farmers grow grains mainly to sustain their families. In rural communities an average intake of maize grain of more than 300 g dry weight per person per day is not uncommon. The production of grains is often co
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"BioBoard." Asia-Pacific Biotech News 11, no. 14 (July 30, 2007): 952–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219030307000985.

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Nhemachena, Charity R., and Johann Kirsten. "A historical assessment of sources and uses of wheat varietal innovations in South Africa." South African Journal of Science Volume 113, Number 3/4 (March 29, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2017/20160008.

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Abstract We undertook a historical review of wheat varietal improvements in South Africa from 1891 to 2013, thus extending the period of previous analyses. We identified popular wheat varieties, particularly those that form the basis for varietal improvements, and attempted to understand how policy changes in the wheat sector have affected wheat varietal improvements in the country over time. The empirical analysis is based on the critical review of information from policies, the varieties bred and their breeders, the years in which those varieties were bred, and pedigree information gathered
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