Relevant bibliographies by topics / Grain – Kansas – Field experiments

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic 'Grain – Kansas – Field experiments'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Grain – Kansas – Field experiments"

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Geier, Patrick W., Phillip W. Stahlman, David L. Regehr, and Brian L. Olson. "Preemergence Herbicide Efficacy and Phytotoxicity in Grain Sorghum." Weed Technology 23, no. 2 (June 2009): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-08-125.1.

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Field studies conducted from 2005 to 2007 in Kansas compared the effects of KIH-485 and flufenacet to acetochlor and s-metolachlor applied PRE in grain sorghum. All treatments were combined with 1.12 kg/ha of atrazine for broadleaf weed control. KIH-485 and flufenacet, each at one time (1×) and two times (2×) the labeled rates, controlled large crabgrass 55 to 76% in 2005 and 94% or more in 2006 and 2007. In 2005, all herbicides controlled shattercane less than 20%, and only KIH-485 at the 2× rate controlled shattercane more than 70% in 2006 and 2007. Averaged over herbicides, green foxtail was controlled 98% in 2005, 77% in 2006, and 79% in 2007. Most herbicides controlled foxtail 86% or more when averaged over experiments, however, s-metolachlor at 1×, flufenacet at either rate, or atrazine alone did not. Sorghum was not stunted with KIH-485 or flufenacet in two of seven experiments. However, sorghum growth was reduced 23 to 54% with the 2× rates of KIH-485, flufenacet, or acetochlor in four experiments. Compared to the weed free control, sorghum stand establishment was reduced 18% with the 2× rate of flufenacet at Colby in 2006. At Hays in 2005, stand reductions occurred with acetochlor or KIH-485 at the 2× rates and either rate of flufenacet. Averaged over experiments, grain yields were reduced 9 and 10% with KIH-485 and flufenacet at the 2× rates, respectively. Where precipitation was greatest during the 2 wk following herbicide application, weed control was the best with these herbicides, but sorghum injury was also greatest.
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Rotenberg, Dorith, William W. Bockus, Anna E. Whitfield, Kaylee Hervey, Kara D. Baker, Zhining Ou, Alma G. Laney, Erick D. De Wolf, and Jon A. Appel. "Occurrence of Viruses and Associated Grain Yields of Paired Symptomatic and Nonsymptomatic Tillers in Kansas Winter Wheat Fields." Phytopathology® 106, no. 2 (February 2016): 202–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-04-15-0089-r.

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Vector-borne virus diseases of wheat are recurrent in nature and pose significant threats to crop production worldwide. In the spring of 2011 and 2012, a state-wide sampling survey of multiple commercial field sites and university-managed Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station variety performance trial locations spanning all nine crop-reporting regions of the state was conducted to determine the occurrence of Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV), Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV, Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), High plains virus, Soilborne wheat mosaic virus, and Wheat spindle streak mosaic virus using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). As a means of directly coupling tiller infection status with tiller grain yield, multiple pairs of symptomatic and nonsymptomatic plants were selected and individual tillers were tagged for virus species and grain yield determination at the variety performance trial locations. BYDV-PAV and WSMV were the two most prevalent species across the state, often co-occurring within location. Of those BYDV-PAV- or WSMV-positive tillers, 22% and 19%, respectively, were nonsymptomatic, a finding that underscores the importance of sampling criteria to more accurately assess virus occurrence in winter wheat fields. Symptomatic tillers that tested positive for BYDV-PAV produced significantly lower grain yields compared with ELISA-negative tillers in both seasons, as did WSMV-positive tillers in 2012. Nonsymptomatic tillers that tested positive for either of the two viruses in 2011 produced significantly lower grain yields than tillers from nonsymptomatic, ELISA-negative plants, an indication that these tillers were physiologically compromised in the absence of virus-associated symptoms. Overall, the virus survey and tagged paired-tiller sampling strategy revealed effects of virus infection on grain yield of individual tillers of plants grown under field conditions and may provide a complementary approach toward future estimates of the impact of virus incidence on crop health in Kansas.
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Bockus, William W., Erick D. De Wolf, and Timothy C. Todd. "Management Strategies for Barley Yellow Dwarf on Winter Wheat in Kansas." Plant Health Progress 17, no. 2 (January 2016): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-rs-15-0050.

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Barley yellow dwarf (BYD) is one of the most important wheat diseases in the state of Kansas. Several methods of disease management have been recommended to mitigate losses from BYD including the use of seed-treatment insecticides, delayed planting of winter wheat, and deploying cultivars with resistance to BYD. The goal of this research was to quantify the impact of these three management strategies, alone and in combination, on BYD disease progress and grain yields in Kansas. When field experiments were averaged over four years, treating seed with the insecticide imidacloprid (Gaucho) reduced the daily increase in the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) by 35.0% and corresponding yield losses from BYD by 16.4%. Compared with early planting, late planting reduced AUDPC by 47.9% and corresponding yield losses by 57.5%. Planting a moderately resistant cultivar reduced AUDPC by 80.9% and corresponding yield losses by 72.6% compared with a susceptible cultivar. When all three BYD management methods were combined, BYD was reduced by 95.2% and yield losses reduced by 97.1% when compared with not using any of the management methods. Therefore, integrating management practices can result in high levels of control of BYD in Kansas. Accepted for publication 4 May 2016. Published 7 June 2016.
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Geier, Patrick W., Phillip W. Stahlman, Anthony D. White, Stephen D. Miller, Craig M. Alford, and Drew J. Lyon. "Imazamox for Winter Annual Grass Control in Imidazolinone-Tolerant Winter Wheat." Weed Technology 18, no. 4 (December 2004): 924–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-03-115r1.

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Field experiments were conducted at five locations in Kansas, Nebraska, and Wyoming to determine the effects of imazamox rate and application timing on winter annual grass control and crop response in imidazolinone-tolerant winter wheat. Imazamox at 35, 44, or 53 g ai/ha applied early-fall postemergence (EFP), late-fall postemergence, early-spring postemergence (ESP), or late-spring postemergence (LSP) controlled jointed goatgrass at least 95% in all experiments. Feral rye control with imazamox was 95 to 99%, regardless of rate or application timing at Hays, KS, in 2001. Feral rye control at Sidney, NE, and Torrington, WY, was highest (78 to 85%) with imazamox at 44 or 53 g/ha. At Sidney and Torrington, feral rye control was greatest when imazamox was applied EFP. Imazamox stunted wheat <10% in two experiments at Torrington, but EFP or LSP herbicide treatments in the Sidney experiment and ESP or LSP treatments in two Hays experiments caused moderate (12 to 34%) wheat injury. Wheat injury increased as imazamox rate increased. Wheat receiving imazamox LSP yielded less grain than wheat treated at other application timings in each Hays experiment and at Sidney in 2001. No yield differences occurred in one Torrington experiment. However, yields generally decreased as imazamox application timing was delayed in the other Torrington experiment. Generally, imazamox applied in the fall provided the greatest weed control, caused the least wheat injury, and maximized wheat yield.
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Mahama, G. Y., P. V. V. Prasad, K. L. Roozeboom, J. B. Nippert, and C. W. Rice. "Reduction of Nitrogen Fertilizer Requirements and Nitrous Oxide Emissions Using Legume Cover Crops in a No-Tillage Sorghum Production System." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (May 28, 2020): 4403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114403.

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Nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from denitrification in agricultural soils often increases with nitrogen (N) fertilizer and soil nitrate (NO3−) concentrations. Our hypothesis is that legume cover crops can improve efficiency of N fertilizer and can decrease N2O emissions compared to non–cover crop systems. The objectives of this study were to (a) evaluate the performance of summer leguminous cover crops in terms of N uptake and carbon (C) accumulation following winter wheat and (b) to quantify the effects of summer leguminous cover crops and N fertilizer rates on N2O emissions and grain yield of the subsequent grain sorghum crop. Field experiments were conducted in the context of a wheat-sorghum rotation for two seasons in Kansas. Treatments consisted of double-cropped leguminous cover crops following winter wheat harvest with no fertilizer applied to the following grain sorghum or no cover crop after wheat harvest and N fertilizer rates applied to the grain sorghum. The cover crops were cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.), and sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.). The three N treatments (were 0, 90, and 180 kg·N·ha−1). Fallow systems with 90 and 180 kg·N·ha−1 produced significantly greater N2O emissions compared with cropping systems that received no N fertilizer. Emissions of N2O were similar for various cover crops and fallow systems with 0 kg·N·ha−1. Among cover crops, pigeon pea and cowpea had greater C accumulation and N uptake than sunn hemp. Grain yield of sorghum following different cover crops was similar and significantly higher than fallow systems with 0 kg·N·ha−1. Although fallow systems with 90 and 180 kg·N·ha−1 produced maximum sorghum grain yields, N2O emissions per unit of grain yield decreased as the amount of N fertilizer was reduced. We conclude that including leguminous cover crops can decrease N fertilizer requirements for a subsequent sorghum crop, potentially reducing N2O emissions per unit grain yield and providing options for adaptation to and mitigation of climate change.
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Beyhaut, Elena, Lee R. DeHaan, Jaehyun L. Byun, Craig C. Sheaffer, and Peter H. Graham. "Response to inoculation in Illinois bundleflower." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86, no. 4 (October 10, 2006): 919–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p05-097.

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llinois bundleflower [Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacMillan] has potential as a pasture and grain legume in the Midwestern USA, but has proven to be somewhat problematic in inoculation response. We identified inoculant-quality Rhizobium strains from among 120 isolates trapped from 12 sites within the native range of Illinois bundleflower, then determined the effect of inoculation with four selected strains on plant dry matter and plant total N in growth chamber, greenhouse, and field experiments. We also studied nodule occupancy in the field. In field experiments at Salina (Kansas) and Becker (Minnesota) inoculated plants yielded 170% greater dry matter and total N on average than did uninoculated and N fertilized controls at each site in the seeding year. There were no differences in plant response among the Rhizobium strains used, uninoculated plants were devoid of nodules, and the response to inoculation was similar for the three plant accessions considered. In the second growing season, plant regrowth was different at Salina and Becker. At Salina, all plant accessions regrew and no differences were found between inoculated and control treatments in the second year. At Becker, toward the northern extreme of the range for Illinois bundleflower, only a MN ecotype regenerated in the second year, and inoculation was a requirement for plant persistence. Regrowth was similar with each of the four inoculant strains used. While 90% of the rhizobia recovered from nodules in the seeding year at Becker had genetic fingerprints similar to the inoculant strains, in the second year this percentage had declined to 70%. Our results highlight the importance of Rhizobium strain selection if the use of native legumes is to be increased. Key words: Herbage, Illinois bundleflower, inoculant, native plants, nitrogen fixation, rhizobia
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Reddy, Seshadri S., Phillip W. Stahlman, Patrick W. Geier, Curtis R. Thompson, Randall S. Currie, Alan J. Schlegel, Brian L. Olson, and Nathan G. Lally. "Weed Control and Crop Safety with Premixed Pyrasulfotole and Bromoxynil in Grain Sorghum." Weed Technology 27, no. 4 (December 2013): 664–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-13-00005.1.

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Field experiments were conducted in grain sorghum at five locations in Kansas in 2009 and 2010, to evaluate the efficacy and crop safety of early- to mid-POST (EMPOST) and late-POST (LPOST) applications of premixed pyrasulfotole and bromoxynil (PYRA&BROM) in tank mix combinations with atrazine or atrazine plus 2,4-D ester or dicamba compared to bromoxynil plus atrazine. PYRA&BROM at 244 or 300 g ai ha−1 plus atrazine at 560 g ai ha−1 applied EMPOST controlled pigweed species (Palmer amaranth, tumble pigweed, and redroot pigweed), kochia, velvetleaf, common sunflower, ivyleaf morningglory, and common lambsquarters 93% or greater. Puncturevine control among three locations ranged from 85 to 99%. Control of most weed species was not improved by increasing PYRA&BROM rate from 244 to 300 g ha−1 or by tank mixing 2,4-D or dicamba with PYRA&BROM plus atrazine. However, ivyleaf morningglory control was improved at the LPOST timing by adding 2,4-D or dicamba at 140 g ae ha−1. In no instance did any PYRA&BROM treatment provide greater weed control than bromoxynil plus atrazine at 281 + 560 g ha−1 when applied EMPOST, but in most instances PYRA&BROM treatments were more effective than bromoxynil plus atrazine when applied LPOST. Generally, PYRA&BROM treatments were more effective when applied EMPOST than LPOST, especially when 2,4-D or dicamba was added. PYRA&BROM plus atrazine treatments caused foliar bleaching in sorghum within 7 ± 3 d after treatment, but recovery was complete within 3 to 4 wk and grain yields were not reduced. Tank mixing dicamba with PYRA&BROM and atrazine occasionally reduced visible crop response compared to PYRA&BROM plus atrazine. Our results indicate that PYRA&BROM plus atrazine with or without 2,4-D or dicamba selectively controls several troublesome broadleaf weeds in grain sorghum. Foliar bleaching of sorghum leaves can occur but the symptoms are transient, and grain yields are not likely to be reduced.
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Yadav, Ramawatar, Vipan Kumar, and Prashant Jha. "Herbicide programs to manage glyphosate/dicamba-resistant kochia (Bassia scoparia) in glyphosate/dicamba-resistant soybean." Weed Technology 34, no. 4 (January 13, 2020): 568–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2020.3.

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AbstractEvolution of kochia resistance to glyphosate and dicamba is a concern for growers in the US Great Plains. An increasing use of glyphosate and dicamba with the widespread adoption of glyphosate/dicamba-resistant (GDR) soybean in recent years may warrant greater attention. Long-term stewardship of this new stacked-trait technology will require the implementation of diverse weed control strategies, such as the use of soil-residual herbicides (PRE) aimed at effective control of GDR kochia. Field experiments were conducted in Huntley, MT, in 2017 and 2018, and Hays, KS, in 2018 to determine the effectiveness of various PRE herbicides applied alone or followed by (fb) a POST treatment of glyphosate plus dicamba for controlling GDR kochia in GDR soybean. Among PRE herbicides tested, sulfentrazone provided complete (100%), season-long control of GDR kochia at both sites. In addition, PRE fb POST programs tested in this study brought 71% to 100% control of GDR kochia throughout the season at both sites. Pyroxasulfone applied PRE resulted in 57% to 70% control across sites at 9 to 10 wk after PRE (WAPRE). However, mixing dicamba with pyroxasulfone improved control up to 25% at both sites. Kochia plants surviving pyroxasulfone applied PRE alone produced 2,530 seeds m−2 compared with pyroxasulfone + dicamba (230 seeds m−2) at the Montana site. No differences in soybean grain yields were observed with PRE alone or PRE fb POST treatments at the Montana site; however, dicamba, pyroxasulfone, and pendimethalin + dimethenamid-P applied PRE brought lower grain yield (1,150 kg ha−1) compared to all other tested programs at the Kansas site. In conclusion, effective PRE or PRE fb POST (two-pass) programs tested in this research should be proactively utilized by the growers to manage GDR kochia in GDR soybean.
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Goates, Blair J., Gary L. Peterson, Robert L. Bowden, and Larry D. Maddux. "Analysis of Induction and Establishment of Dwarf Bunt of Wheat Under Marginal Climatic Conditions." Plant Disease 95, no. 4 (April 2011): 478–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-10-0732.

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Dwarf bunt caused by Tilletia contraversa is a disease of winter wheat that has a limited geographic distribution due to specific winter climate requirements. The pathogen is listed as a quarantine organism by several countries that may have wheat production areas with inadequate or marginal climate for the disease—in particular the People's Republic of China. Field experiments were conducted in the United States in an area of Kansas that is a climatic analog to the northern winter wheat areas of China to evaluate the risk of disease introduction into such areas. The soil surface of four replicate 2.8 × 9.75 m plots, planted with a highly susceptible cultivar, was inoculated with six teliospore concentrations ranging from 0.88 to 88,400 teliospores/cm2. A single initial inoculation was done in each of three nurseries planted during separate seasons followed by examination for disease for 4 to 6 years afterward. Any diseased spikes produced were crushed and returned to the plots where they were produced. One nursery had no disease during all six seasons. In two nurseries, the disease was induced at trace levels at the three highest inoculation rates. Disease carryover to the second year occurred during one year in one nursery in plots at the highest inoculation rate, but no disease occurred the following three seasons. A duplicate nursery planted in a disease conducive area in Utah demonstrated that the highest rate of inoculum used in the experiments was sufficient to cause almost 100% infection. This study demonstrated that in an area with marginal climatic conditions it was possible to induce transient trace levels of dwarf bunt, but the disease was not established even with a highly susceptible cultivar and high levels of inoculum. Our results support the conclusions of the 1999 Agreement on U.S.-China Agricultural Cooperation which set a tolerance for teliospores in grain, and supports the Risk Assessment Model for Importation of United States Milling Wheat Containing T. contraversa.
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Győri, Zoltán. "Sulphur Content of Winter Wheat Grain in Long Term Field Experiments." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 36, no. 1-3 (January 2005): 373–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/css-200043098.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Grain – Kansas – Field experiments"

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Clarke, Matthew P. "Irrigation effects on growth, yield and quality of winter wheat as predicted by models and observed in field experiments." Thesis, University of Reading, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250648.

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Makoi, Joachim HJR. "Seed flavonoid concentration in cowpea genotypes and the effect of plant density on growth, N₂ fixation and rhizosphere phosphatases and grain yield of cowpea intercropped with sorghum." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/727.

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Thesis (DTech (Faculty of Applied Sciences)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009
A 3-factorial experiment involving two cowpea densities (83,000 and 167,000 plants.ha-1), two cropping systems (i.e. monoculture and mixed culture) and five cowpea genotypes (i.e. three farmer-selected cultivars, Bensogla, Sanzie and Omondaw and two improved varieties, ITH98-46 and TVu1509) was conducted in the field for two consecutive years in 2005 and 2006. The aim was to assess the effect of plant density, cropping system and cowpea genotypes on: (i) chlorophyll and gas-exchange, (ii) rhizosphere mineral concentration and tissue uptake of nutrients, (iii) acid and alkaline phosphatase activities in the rhizosphere, (iv) plant growth and symbiotic performance, and (v) concentration of flavonoids and anthocyanins in seed extracts and plant organs and their effect on pest infestation and diseases. The results showed that high plant density (167,000 plants.ha-1) and mixed culture significantly decreased gas-exchange parameters, leaf chlorophyll content, 13C and %C in both cowpea and sorghum plants compared with low plant density (83,000 plants.ha-1) and monoculture. The data also showed significantly higher 13C and lower %C in ITH98-46 and TVu1509 compared with Bensogla, Omondaw and Sanzie genotypes with a significant correlation between 13C and water-use efficiency. At harvest, grain yield of cowpea and sorghum was significantly decreased by high plant density and mixed culture compared with low plant density and monoculture. Sanzie genotype was generally superior in grain yield (2,550 kg.ha-1) followed by cvs. Omondaw and Bensogla (2,250 and 2,150 kg.ha-1, respectively) compared with the improved cultivars. Sorghum plants in mixture with cv. TVu1509 or cv. ITH98-46 performed better (1,570 and 1,550 kg.ha-1, respectively) compared with those in mixture with other cultivars. The results also showed greater land equivalent ratio (LER = 1.42 to 1.52), suggesting that mixed culture produced greater total yields per unit land area compared with monoculture.
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Amthauer, Verle W. "Comparison of superthick and conventional grain sorghum management systems and related components." 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/27584.

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Holloway, R. E. (Robert Edgcumbe). "Zinc as a subsoil nutrient for cereals." 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phh7454.pdf.

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Bibliography: leaves 290-324. This thesis investigates two avenues suggested by Graham and Ascher (1993) for approaching the problems of subsoil infertility, with particular reference to zinc. Field experiments with wheat and barley were established at Minnipa, on Eyre Peninsula in South Australia to investigate the effects of applying nutrients (principally zinc, nitrogen and phosphorus) to the subsoil to a depth of 0.4 m with a modified deep ripper. A deep pot experiment was designed to measure the zinc efficiencies (in terms of dry matter production) of a range of species grown in siliceous sand. The effects of added zinc on root growth were compared. A pot experiment was also designed to measure the effects of zinc placement in the soil on the zinc concentrations and uptake in Excalibur, particularly with respect to concentrations in grain.
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Books on the topic "Grain – Kansas – Field experiments"

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Workshop on Research Methods for Cereal/Legume Intercropping in Eastern and Southern Africa (1989 Lilongwe, Malawi). Research methods for cereal/legume intercropping: Proceedings of a Workshop on Research Methods for Cereal/Legume Intercropping in Eastern and Southern Africa held at Lilongwe, Malawi, 23-27 January 1989. [Mexico City: CIMMYT, 1990.

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Shaw, Thomas. Spring grains in 1890. [Toronto?]: Dept. of Agriculture, 1993.

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Thomas, Shaw. Roots, potatoes and fodder corn. [Toronto?]: Dept. of Agriculture, 1993.

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Shaw, Thomas. Roots, potatoes and fodder corn. [Toronto?]: Dept. of Agriculture, 1993.

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William, Brown. Advance report to the Hon. S.C. Wood, commissioner of agriculture for Ontario, on some scientific and practical facts in the production of grain, beef, and mutton, at the Ontario Experimental Farm, during 1878-79. [Toronto?: s.n.], 1993.

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Bernburg-Hadmersleben, Institut für Getreideforschung, and Akademie der Landwirtschaftswissenschaften der DDR., eds. Züchterische Voraussetzungen und agrotechnische Massnahmen zum Erzielen von Höchsterträgen bei Getreide: Wissenschaftliche Vortragstagung im Institut für Getreideforschung Bernburg-Hadmersleben der Akademie der Landwirtschaftswissenschaften der DDR, am 27. und 28. Februar 1985. [Berlin]: Die Akademie, 1985.

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Results obtained in 1906 from trial plots of grain, fodder corn, field roots and potatoes. Ottawa: Dept. of Agriculture, 1997.

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1867-1937, Saunders Charles E., and Dominion Experimental Farms and Stations (Canada), eds. Results obtained in 1908 on the Dominion Experimental Farms from trial plots of grain, fodder corn, field roots and potatoes. Ottawa: Dept. of Agriculture, 1997.

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Dominion Experimental Farms and Stations (Canada), ed. Results obtained in 1902 from trial plots of grain, fodder corn, field roots and potatoes. [Ottawa]: Dept. of Agriculture, 1997.

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1867-1937, Saunders Charles E., and Dominion Experimental Farms and Stations (Canada), eds. Results obtained in 1903 from trial plots of grain, fodder corn, field roots and potatoes. Ottawa: Dept. of Agriculture, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Grain – Kansas – Field experiments"

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Kaimal, J. C., and J. J. Finnigan. "Flow Over Changing Terrain." In Atmospheric Boundary Layer Flows. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195062397.003.0007.

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The micrometeorologist setting out to find a field site that satisfies the requirements of horizontal homogeneity will soon be reminded that most of the earth’s surface is not flat and that most of the flat bits are inconveniently heterogeneous. This is what forced the location of early pioneering experiments to remote sites such as Kansas, Minnesota, or Hay (Chapter 1), where the elusive conditions could be realized. Vital as these experiments were to the development of our understanding, they are merely the point of departure for applications to arbitrary terrain. The components of arbitrariness are two: changes in the land surface and hills. In this chapter we discuss the first of these, flow over changing surface conditions; in Chapter 5 we look at flow over hills. In the real world, the two conditions often occur together — in farmland it is the hills too steep to plow that are left covered with trees — but we separate them here to clarify the explication of phenomena and because treating them in combination would exceed the state of the art. We simplify the problem of horizontal heterogeneity still further and discuss mainly single changes in surface conditions from one extensive uniform surface to another. Furthermore, the change will typically be at right angles to the wind direction so the resulting flow field is two-dimensional. Although multiple changes are now receiving theoretical attention (Belcher et al., 1990; Claussen, 1991), there exist as yet no experimental data for comparison. Two types of surface change may be distinguished at the outset: change in surface roughness, which produces a change in surface momentum flux with a direct effect upon the wind field, and change in the surface availability of some scalar. Those of most interest are the active scalars, heat and moisture. (These are called active because their fluxes and concentrations affect stability and thereby turbulent mixing and momentum transfer, as we saw in Chapters 1 and 3.) We shall discover significant differences in flow behavior according to whether the wind blows from a smooth to a rough surface or a rough to a smooth surface.
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Conference papers on the topic "Grain – Kansas – Field experiments"

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Okayasu, Akio, and Hiroyuki Katayama. "Field Experiments on Temporal Change of Suspended Sediment Concentration and Grain Size Distribution in Surf Zone." In 27th International Conference on Coastal Engineering (ICCE). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40549(276)261.

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Nabiollahi, Nabi, Nele Moelans, Mario Gonzalez, Joke De Messemaeker, Christopher J. Wilson, Kristof Croes, Eric Beyne, and Ingrid De Wolf. "Microstructure simulation of grain growth in Cu Through Silicon Via using phase-field modeling." In 2014 15th International Conference on Thermal, Mechanical and Multi-Physics Simulation and Experiments in Microelectronics and Microsystems (EuroSimE). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eurosime.2014.6813848.

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Chaikovskaya, L. A., V. V. Klyuchenko, M. I. Baranskaya, and O. L. Ovsienko. "Influence of microbial preparations and mineral fertilizers on the yield and quality of winter wheat grain." In CURRENT STATE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2020-5-9-10-116.

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The use of biological products based on effective strains of microorganisms with a range of useful properties is one of the aspects of biological farming. The long-term field experiments were conducted in the soil and climatic conditions of the Crimea. А positive effect of the combined use of mineral fertilizers (NPK calculated at P30) and pre-sown inoculation of seeds (biopreparation based on L. nimipressuralis CCM 32-3) on the yield and quality of winter wheat grain was shown. The increase in grain productivity of winter wheat by 31 % compared to control (on average for 3 years) and grain quality indicators: protein and gluten – up to 12.5% and 28.0 % (in the control 9.9% and 19.2%, respectively) was revealed.
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Cherepukhina, I. V., M. V. Kolesnikova, N. V. Bezler, A. I. Gromovik, N. S. Gorbunova, and Yu Yu Khatuntseva. "Application of micromycete (Humicola fuscoatra) to accelerate the decomposition of grain crops straw." In РАЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ПРИРОДНЫХ РЕСУРСОВ В АГРОЦЕНОЗАХ. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-15.05.2020.24.

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One of the ways to maintain soil fertility is to use organic fertilizers. One of them can be straw of cereal crops (winter wheat and barley). However, the process of its decomposition can be delayed for several years. It is possible to accelerate the transformation process by using the native strain of cellulosolytic micromycete (Humicola fuscoatra VNIISS 016). Its introduction together with straw before plowing stabilizes agrophytocenosis. The experiments were carried out in laboratory under simulated conditions close to field ones. Scheme of the experiment: 1. Straw; 2. Straw + N (40 mg/4 g, which corresponds to 40 kg/ha); 3. Straw + N + H. fuscoatra + PC (nutritional supplement – molasses) (Kolesnikova M.V., 2014). As a result of the studies, it was established that winter wheat straw without additional components lost 0.86 g in weight (from the initial 4 g), 1.03 g when adding nitrogen fertilizer to the straw, and 1.49 g when using H. fuscoatra. We found that the addition of nitrogen to the straw stimulate the process of its transformation. Straw with nitrogen decompose faster than straw without any additives (by 41.5%). However, the addition of the native strain of micromycete accelerate the process by 48.3%. Barley straw lost 0.82 g in weight, straw with nitrogen fertilizer lost 1.06 g, straw and H. fuscoatra – 1.13 g. Further, the decomposition rate increased in the following row: straw → straw + N, where the speed was 26.7% higher → straw + N + H. fuscoatra, the decomposition rate is – 85.3% higher.
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VAGUSEVIČIENĖ, Ilona, and Aistė JUCHNEVIČIENĖ. "THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN FERTILISERS ON THE GRAIN YIELD OF DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF WINTER WHEAT." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.032.

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The article deals with the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on the yield of different cultivars of winter wheat. Field experiments were conducted in 2011–2013 at the Experimental Station of Aleksandras Stulginskis University in carbonate shallow gleyic leached soil, (Calc(ar)i-Epihypogleyic Luvisol). The object of the investigation was winter wheat cultivars ‘Zentos’ and ‘Ada’. In sowing time the wheat was treated with granular superphosphate (P60) and potassium chloride (K60), and in spring, after the vegetative growth had resumed, in tillering time (BBCH 23–15) with ammonium nitrate (N60). Additionally, foliar fertilizer urea solution was used: N30, N40 at booting stage (BBCH 34–36) and N15, N30 at milk ripening stage (BBCH 71–74). It has been established that application of nitrogen fertilizer at booting and milk ripening stages increased the yield of wheat cultivars ‘Zentos’ and ‘Ada’ (0.06–1.74 and 0.41–1.74 t ha–1). The correlation and regression analysis confirmed that wheat grain yield statistically significantly correlated with nitrogen fertilizer application rates. The correlative relationships were very strong (r = 0.983 and r = 0.987). Irrespective of additional fertilization, genetic properties of the cultivars also had influence on the yield.
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Madic, Milomirka, Dalibor Tomic, Aleksandar Paunovic, Vladeta Stevovic, and Dragan Đurovic. "PRINOS ZRNA HIBRIDA KUKURUZA RAZLIČITIH FAO GRUPA ZRENJA." In SAVETOVANJE o biotehnologiji sa međunarodnim učešćem. University of Kragujeva, Faculty of Agronomy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt26.093m.

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Field experiments with 11 native maize hybrids for grain production FAO maturity group 400-600 were set up over two years at two sites (near the villages of Brzan and Lužnice, Kragujevac municipality) with the aim of, based on the yield over years, recommending hybrids for specific agroecological conditions. The average maize grain yield for all hybrids in 2017 was 4.2 t ha-1, and in 2018 11.1 t ha-1. Hybrids ZP 548 and NS 5051 had the highest average grain yield in 2017, and in 2018 ZP 560 and NS 4051. Higher yields in 2018 are mainly the result of a larger amount and a more favorable distribution of precipitation in the vegetation period. In both years, which differed in agrometeorological conditions during the vegetation period, especially in the amount and distribution of precipitation in the second part of the vegetation, in which the critical phases of maize development take place, the highest yields were recorded mainly in FAO 500 hybrids.
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Chen, Yuchuan, Bohui Shi, Wenping Lan, Fangfei Huang, Shunkang Fu, Haiyuan Yao, and Jing Gong. "Study on Hydrate Formation and Dissociation in the Presence of Fine-Grain Sand." In ASME 2019 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93200.

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Abstract During the solid fluidization exploitation of shallow non-diagenetic NGHs (Natural Gas Hydrates) in the deep-water, hydrates together with mineral sand, natural gas, seawater and drilling fluids flow in the production pipeline. Natural gas released from hydrates during the process of solid fluidization will reform hydrates under the suitable conditions. Therefore, research on the formation and dissociation of methane hydrates in the presence of fine-grain sands is of great significance for ensuring the flow assurance of solid fluidization exploitation of shallow non-diagenetic NGHs in the deep-water field. In this paper, a high-pressure autoclave was used to carry out the experiments of hydrate formation and dissociation under different initial pressures and particle sizes of the fine-grain sand, for investigating into the hydrate induction time, formation amount, rate and dissociation affected by the presence of the fine-grain sand. Results indicated that hydrate formation kinetics in the presence of fine-grain sand was supposed to be also affected by mass/heat transfer, thermodynamics and kinetics. The fine-grain sand would be dispersed in the water phase under the effect of buoyancy, gravity and shearing force. Besides, the fine-grain sand at the gas-water interface would hinder the mass transfer of the methane gas into the water, inhibiting the nucleation of the hydrates, which was more obviously at the lower pressure. When the driving force for hydrate formation was larger, hydrate formation amount increased with the decrease of the particle size of the fine-grain sand. However, hydrate formation amount decreased with the decrease of the particle size of the fine-grain sand when the driving force for hydrate formation was lower. The average growth rate in the presence of fine-grain sand with 2.9 μm was larger than that of 9.9 μm. However, hydrates grew rapidly and subsequently tended to grow at a lower rate in the presence of fine-grain sand with 2.9 μm at 8.0 MPa initial pressure, which was assumed to be affected by the unconverted water wrapped inside the hydrate shell. The changing trends of gas emission during the dissociation process between the sand-containing system and the pure water system were nearly the same. The amount of gas emission reached a peak value within 15 minutes and then tended to stabilize. The difference in the amount of gas emission mainly depended on the formation amount before hydrate dissociation. Hydrates grew rapidly once methane hydrates nucleated in the presence of the fine-grain sand at the lower pressure, which would increase the plugging risk during the process of the solid fluidization exploitation. Further study of the fine-grain sand on flow assurance during hydrate dissociation process should be done in the future. The results of this paper provided an important theoretical basis and technical support for reducing the risk in the process of the solid fluidization exploitation of shallow non-diagenetic NGHs in the deep-water field.
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Zheng, D., A. H. Rosenberger, and H. Ghonem. "Role of Predeformation in the Modification of Crack Tip Oxidation Resistance." In ASME 1993 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/93-gt-365.

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The effects of predeformation on the high temperature, low frequency crack growth rate of wrought Alloy 718 is investigated. A series of crack growth experiments were carried out on specimens with different levels of deformation, in addition to specimens in the as received conditions. The experiments included continuous measurements of the crack length and its near field crack tip displacements, fractographic analysis of fracture surface facets and qualitative estimation of the slip density in the crack tip region. Furthermore the thickness of surface oxide layers formed during the fracture process was determined using Auger Spectroscopy. Results of this study show that predeformation enhances the crack tip resistance to environmental effects. This result has been analyzed on the basis of the concept that the deformation-associated slip line density controls the chromium oxide build up taking place along the effected grain boundaries in the crack tip region.
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Feng, Yixuan, Tsung-Pin Hung, Yu-Ting Lu, Yu-Fu Lin, Fu-Chuan Hsu, Chiu-Feng Lin, Ying-Cheng Lu, and Steven Y. Liang. "Prediction of Surface Hardness in Laser-Assisted Milling." In ASME 2019 14th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2019-2786.

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Abstract The control of work hardening in laser-assisted milling process while keeping a desirable cutting efficiency is quite challenging. Surface hardness is a good indicator of the work hardening. Therefore, it is valuable to predict surface hardness in laser-assisted milling such that the effects of process parameters can be better quantified to facilitate process planning. In the current study, a general surface hardness predictive model based on theories of metal machining and microstructure evolution in laser-assisted milling process is proposed to describe the grain size variation-induced hardness change. The laser preheating temperature field is first calculated by treating the laser beam as a moving heat source. Then, the oblique milling process is transferred to equivalent orthogonal cutting process at each rotation angle to predict the grain size dependent on dynamic recrystallization process. The inverse relationship between the grain diameter and surface hardness is applied to decide grain size variation-induced hardness change. The model is validated through laser-assisted milling experiments on Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6Al-4V ELI. The proposed predictive model is able to match the experimental measurements in all cases with an average error of 3% for Ti-6Al-4V and 3.3% for Ti-6Al-4V ELI. In addition, a sensitivity analysis is conducted on Ti-6Al-4V to study the influences of cutting speed, depth of cut, laser power, and laser-tool distance on hardness. The proposed analytical model is valuable for providing a fast, credible, and physics-based method for the prediction of surface hardness in laser-assisted milling of various materials. Through sensitivity analysis, the model is able to guide the selection of cutting and laser parameters when the control of surface hardness is the main target.
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Salilkumar, Vandana A., and Narayan K. Sundaram. "Simulation of Complex Plastic Flows in Machining of Metal Polycrystals Using Remeshing." In ASME 2020 15th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2020-8255.

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Abstract The simulation of machining of soft metals at the 100 microns-few mm length-scale requires capturing complex flow physics induced by the high ductility and polycrystalline aggregate nature of these metals. This work presents a remeshing and mesh-to-mesh transfer approach that can successfully simulate complex flows including highly sinuous flow with surface folding in polycrystalline aggregate cutting. The meshing scheme is both graded and adaptive, with the ability to automatically refine regions such as self-contacts. Notably, the presence of microstructure makes these simulations far more complex than their homogeneous counterparts, with several additional constraints on the remeshing algorithm. The approach is general, with no limitations on rake angle, grain-size, or friction coefficient, and does not use an artificial, predefined separation layer. The scheme accurately tracks individual grains and allows grain splitting in a manner consistent with imaging experiments. The plastic strain field, cutting-force evolution, and deformed grain shape from several annealed-copper cutting simulations are presented, representing a range of rake angles and friction coefficients as high as 0.5. The simulations accurately capture the thick chips, high cutting force, and highly undulating streaklines of flow that characterize sinuous flow, as well as the experimental observation that the sinuous flow is suppressed on using a high rake-angle for the cutting. Moreover, in grains that are split between the chip and residual surface, we can accurately capture the extreme grain stretching that is observed prior to splitting in imaging experiments. Remeshing also provides a way to accurately capture the residual surface plastic strains and strain gradients. The latter are particularly steep, with the strain falling from a value greater than 10 to 2 within a distance of 30 microns. The use of remeshing has numerous advantages over a predefined separation layer, including the fact that one can parametrically explore the effect of variables like the extent of yield stress inhomogeneity on the flow pattern with no limitations. Interestingly, the technique allows us to find the actual line of material separation in such cutting processes: As opposed to a horizontal line, this is typically an undulating curve with a deviation of about 0.06 of the undeformed chip thickness on either side of the horizontal. This fraction increases with the extent of sinuous flow. A simple, pseudograin model with spatial inhomogeneity in flow stress is used to represent the microstructure in the present work, but the present scheme can easily be used with more complex microstructural models as well.
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