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1
Geier, Patrick W., Phillip W. Stahlman, David L. Regehr, and Brian L. Olson. "Preemergence Herbicide Efficacy and Phytotoxicity in Grain Sorghum." Weed Technology 23, no. 2 (June 2009): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-08-125.1.
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Field studies conducted from 2005 to 2007 in Kansas compared the effects of KIH-485 and flufenacet to acetochlor and s-metolachlor applied PRE in grain sorghum. All treatments were combined with 1.12 kg/ha of atrazine for broadleaf weed control. KIH-485 and flufenacet, each at one time (1×) and two times (2×) the labeled rates, controlled large crabgrass 55 to 76% in 2005 and 94% or more in 2006 and 2007. In 2005, all herbicides controlled shattercane less than 20%, and only KIH-485 at the 2× rate controlled shattercane more than 70% in 2006 and 2007. Averaged over herbicides, green foxtail was controlled 98% in 2005, 77% in 2006, and 79% in 2007. Most herbicides controlled foxtail 86% or more when averaged over experiments, however, s-metolachlor at 1×, flufenacet at either rate, or atrazine alone did not. Sorghum was not stunted with KIH-485 or flufenacet in two of seven experiments. However, sorghum growth was reduced 23 to 54% with the 2× rates of KIH-485, flufenacet, or acetochlor in four experiments. Compared to the weed free control, sorghum stand establishment was reduced 18% with the 2× rate of flufenacet at Colby in 2006. At Hays in 2005, stand reductions occurred with acetochlor or KIH-485 at the 2× rates and either rate of flufenacet. Averaged over experiments, grain yields were reduced 9 and 10% with KIH-485 and flufenacet at the 2× rates, respectively. Where precipitation was greatest during the 2 wk following herbicide application, weed control was the best with these herbicides, but sorghum injury was also greatest.
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Rotenberg, Dorith, William W. Bockus, Anna E. Whitfield, Kaylee Hervey, Kara D. Baker, Zhining Ou, Alma G. Laney, Erick D. De Wolf, and Jon A. Appel. "Occurrence of Viruses and Associated Grain Yields of Paired Symptomatic and Nonsymptomatic Tillers in Kansas Winter Wheat Fields." Phytopathology® 106, no. 2 (February 2016): 202–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-04-15-0089-r.
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Vector-borne virus diseases of wheat are recurrent in nature and pose significant threats to crop production worldwide. In the spring of 2011 and 2012, a state-wide sampling survey of multiple commercial field sites and university-managed Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station variety performance trial locations spanning all nine crop-reporting regions of the state was conducted to determine the occurrence of Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV), Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV, Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), High plains virus, Soilborne wheat mosaic virus, and Wheat spindle streak mosaic virus using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). As a means of directly coupling tiller infection status with tiller grain yield, multiple pairs of symptomatic and nonsymptomatic plants were selected and individual tillers were tagged for virus species and grain yield determination at the variety performance trial locations. BYDV-PAV and WSMV were the two most prevalent species across the state, often co-occurring within location. Of those BYDV-PAV- or WSMV-positive tillers, 22% and 19%, respectively, were nonsymptomatic, a finding that underscores the importance of sampling criteria to more accurately assess virus occurrence in winter wheat fields. Symptomatic tillers that tested positive for BYDV-PAV produced significantly lower grain yields compared with ELISA-negative tillers in both seasons, as did WSMV-positive tillers in 2012. Nonsymptomatic tillers that tested positive for either of the two viruses in 2011 produced significantly lower grain yields than tillers from nonsymptomatic, ELISA-negative plants, an indication that these tillers were physiologically compromised in the absence of virus-associated symptoms. Overall, the virus survey and tagged paired-tiller sampling strategy revealed effects of virus infection on grain yield of individual tillers of plants grown under field conditions and may provide a complementary approach toward future estimates of the impact of virus incidence on crop health in Kansas.
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Bockus, William W., Erick D. De Wolf, and Timothy C. Todd. "Management Strategies for Barley Yellow Dwarf on Winter Wheat in Kansas." Plant Health Progress 17, no. 2 (January 2016): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-rs-15-0050.
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Barley yellow dwarf (BYD) is one of the most important wheat diseases in the state of Kansas. Several methods of disease management have been recommended to mitigate losses from BYD including the use of seed-treatment insecticides, delayed planting of winter wheat, and deploying cultivars with resistance to BYD. The goal of this research was to quantify the impact of these three management strategies, alone and in combination, on BYD disease progress and grain yields in Kansas. When field experiments were averaged over four years, treating seed with the insecticide imidacloprid (Gaucho) reduced the daily increase in the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) by 35.0% and corresponding yield losses from BYD by 16.4%. Compared with early planting, late planting reduced AUDPC by 47.9% and corresponding yield losses by 57.5%. Planting a moderately resistant cultivar reduced AUDPC by 80.9% and corresponding yield losses by 72.6% compared with a susceptible cultivar. When all three BYD management methods were combined, BYD was reduced by 95.2% and yield losses reduced by 97.1% when compared with not using any of the management methods. Therefore, integrating management practices can result in high levels of control of BYD in Kansas. Accepted for publication 4 May 2016. Published 7 June 2016.
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Geier, Patrick W., Phillip W. Stahlman, Anthony D. White, Stephen D. Miller, Craig M. Alford, and Drew J. Lyon. "Imazamox for Winter Annual Grass Control in Imidazolinone-Tolerant Winter Wheat." Weed Technology 18, no. 4 (December 2004): 924–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-03-115r1.
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Field experiments were conducted at five locations in Kansas, Nebraska, and Wyoming to determine the effects of imazamox rate and application timing on winter annual grass control and crop response in imidazolinone-tolerant winter wheat. Imazamox at 35, 44, or 53 g ai/ha applied early-fall postemergence (EFP), late-fall postemergence, early-spring postemergence (ESP), or late-spring postemergence (LSP) controlled jointed goatgrass at least 95% in all experiments. Feral rye control with imazamox was 95 to 99%, regardless of rate or application timing at Hays, KS, in 2001. Feral rye control at Sidney, NE, and Torrington, WY, was highest (78 to 85%) with imazamox at 44 or 53 g/ha. At Sidney and Torrington, feral rye control was greatest when imazamox was applied EFP. Imazamox stunted wheat <10% in two experiments at Torrington, but EFP or LSP herbicide treatments in the Sidney experiment and ESP or LSP treatments in two Hays experiments caused moderate (12 to 34%) wheat injury. Wheat injury increased as imazamox rate increased. Wheat receiving imazamox LSP yielded less grain than wheat treated at other application timings in each Hays experiment and at Sidney in 2001. No yield differences occurred in one Torrington experiment. However, yields generally decreased as imazamox application timing was delayed in the other Torrington experiment. Generally, imazamox applied in the fall provided the greatest weed control, caused the least wheat injury, and maximized wheat yield.
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Mahama, G. Y., P. V. V. Prasad, K. L. Roozeboom, J. B. Nippert, and C. W. Rice. "Reduction of Nitrogen Fertilizer Requirements and Nitrous Oxide Emissions Using Legume Cover Crops in a No-Tillage Sorghum Production System." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (May 28, 2020): 4403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114403.
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Nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from denitrification in agricultural soils often increases with nitrogen (N) fertilizer and soil nitrate (NO3−) concentrations. Our hypothesis is that legume cover crops can improve efficiency of N fertilizer and can decrease N2O emissions compared to non–cover crop systems. The objectives of this study were to (a) evaluate the performance of summer leguminous cover crops in terms of N uptake and carbon (C) accumulation following winter wheat and (b) to quantify the effects of summer leguminous cover crops and N fertilizer rates on N2O emissions and grain yield of the subsequent grain sorghum crop. Field experiments were conducted in the context of a wheat-sorghum rotation for two seasons in Kansas. Treatments consisted of double-cropped leguminous cover crops following winter wheat harvest with no fertilizer applied to the following grain sorghum or no cover crop after wheat harvest and N fertilizer rates applied to the grain sorghum. The cover crops were cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.), and sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.). The three N treatments (were 0, 90, and 180 kg·N·ha−1). Fallow systems with 90 and 180 kg·N·ha−1 produced significantly greater N2O emissions compared with cropping systems that received no N fertilizer. Emissions of N2O were similar for various cover crops and fallow systems with 0 kg·N·ha−1. Among cover crops, pigeon pea and cowpea had greater C accumulation and N uptake than sunn hemp. Grain yield of sorghum following different cover crops was similar and significantly higher than fallow systems with 0 kg·N·ha−1. Although fallow systems with 90 and 180 kg·N·ha−1 produced maximum sorghum grain yields, N2O emissions per unit of grain yield decreased as the amount of N fertilizer was reduced. We conclude that including leguminous cover crops can decrease N fertilizer requirements for a subsequent sorghum crop, potentially reducing N2O emissions per unit grain yield and providing options for adaptation to and mitigation of climate change.
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Beyhaut, Elena, Lee R. DeHaan, Jaehyun L. Byun, Craig C. Sheaffer, and Peter H. Graham. "Response to inoculation in Illinois bundleflower." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86, no. 4 (October 10, 2006): 919–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p05-097.
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llinois bundleflower [Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacMillan] has potential as a pasture and grain legume in the Midwestern USA, but has proven to be somewhat problematic in inoculation response. We identified inoculant-quality Rhizobium strains from among 120 isolates trapped from 12 sites within the native range of Illinois bundleflower, then determined the effect of inoculation with four selected strains on plant dry matter and plant total N in growth chamber, greenhouse, and field experiments. We also studied nodule occupancy in the field. In field experiments at Salina (Kansas) and Becker (Minnesota) inoculated plants yielded 170% greater dry matter and total N on average than did uninoculated and N fertilized controls at each site in the seeding year. There were no differences in plant response among the Rhizobium strains used, uninoculated plants were devoid of nodules, and the response to inoculation was similar for the three plant accessions considered. In the second growing season, plant regrowth was different at Salina and Becker. At Salina, all plant accessions regrew and no differences were found between inoculated and control treatments in the second year. At Becker, toward the northern extreme of the range for Illinois bundleflower, only a MN ecotype regenerated in the second year, and inoculation was a requirement for plant persistence. Regrowth was similar with each of the four inoculant strains used. While 90% of the rhizobia recovered from nodules in the seeding year at Becker had genetic fingerprints similar to the inoculant strains, in the second year this percentage had declined to 70%. Our results highlight the importance of Rhizobium strain selection if the use of native legumes is to be increased. Key words: Herbage, Illinois bundleflower, inoculant, native plants, nitrogen fixation, rhizobia
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Reddy, Seshadri S., Phillip W. Stahlman, Patrick W. Geier, Curtis R. Thompson, Randall S. Currie, Alan J. Schlegel, Brian L. Olson, and Nathan G. Lally. "Weed Control and Crop Safety with Premixed Pyrasulfotole and Bromoxynil in Grain Sorghum." Weed Technology 27, no. 4 (December 2013): 664–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-13-00005.1.
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Field experiments were conducted in grain sorghum at five locations in Kansas in 2009 and 2010, to evaluate the efficacy and crop safety of early- to mid-POST (EMPOST) and late-POST (LPOST) applications of premixed pyrasulfotole and bromoxynil (PYRA&BROM) in tank mix combinations with atrazine or atrazine plus 2,4-D ester or dicamba compared to bromoxynil plus atrazine. PYRA&BROM at 244 or 300 g ai ha−1 plus atrazine at 560 g ai ha−1 applied EMPOST controlled pigweed species (Palmer amaranth, tumble pigweed, and redroot pigweed), kochia, velvetleaf, common sunflower, ivyleaf morningglory, and common lambsquarters 93% or greater. Puncturevine control among three locations ranged from 85 to 99%. Control of most weed species was not improved by increasing PYRA&BROM rate from 244 to 300 g ha−1 or by tank mixing 2,4-D or dicamba with PYRA&BROM plus atrazine. However, ivyleaf morningglory control was improved at the LPOST timing by adding 2,4-D or dicamba at 140 g ae ha−1. In no instance did any PYRA&BROM treatment provide greater weed control than bromoxynil plus atrazine at 281 + 560 g ha−1 when applied EMPOST, but in most instances PYRA&BROM treatments were more effective than bromoxynil plus atrazine when applied LPOST. Generally, PYRA&BROM treatments were more effective when applied EMPOST than LPOST, especially when 2,4-D or dicamba was added. PYRA&BROM plus atrazine treatments caused foliar bleaching in sorghum within 7 ± 3 d after treatment, but recovery was complete within 3 to 4 wk and grain yields were not reduced. Tank mixing dicamba with PYRA&BROM and atrazine occasionally reduced visible crop response compared to PYRA&BROM plus atrazine. Our results indicate that PYRA&BROM plus atrazine with or without 2,4-D or dicamba selectively controls several troublesome broadleaf weeds in grain sorghum. Foliar bleaching of sorghum leaves can occur but the symptoms are transient, and grain yields are not likely to be reduced.
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Yadav, Ramawatar, Vipan Kumar, and Prashant Jha. "Herbicide programs to manage glyphosate/dicamba-resistant kochia (Bassia scoparia) in glyphosate/dicamba-resistant soybean." Weed Technology 34, no. 4 (January 13, 2020): 568–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2020.3.
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AbstractEvolution of kochia resistance to glyphosate and dicamba is a concern for growers in the US Great Plains. An increasing use of glyphosate and dicamba with the widespread adoption of glyphosate/dicamba-resistant (GDR) soybean in recent years may warrant greater attention. Long-term stewardship of this new stacked-trait technology will require the implementation of diverse weed control strategies, such as the use of soil-residual herbicides (PRE) aimed at effective control of GDR kochia. Field experiments were conducted in Huntley, MT, in 2017 and 2018, and Hays, KS, in 2018 to determine the effectiveness of various PRE herbicides applied alone or followed by (fb) a POST treatment of glyphosate plus dicamba for controlling GDR kochia in GDR soybean. Among PRE herbicides tested, sulfentrazone provided complete (100%), season-long control of GDR kochia at both sites. In addition, PRE fb POST programs tested in this study brought 71% to 100% control of GDR kochia throughout the season at both sites. Pyroxasulfone applied PRE resulted in 57% to 70% control across sites at 9 to 10 wk after PRE (WAPRE). However, mixing dicamba with pyroxasulfone improved control up to 25% at both sites. Kochia plants surviving pyroxasulfone applied PRE alone produced 2,530 seeds m−2 compared with pyroxasulfone + dicamba (230 seeds m−2) at the Montana site. No differences in soybean grain yields were observed with PRE alone or PRE fb POST treatments at the Montana site; however, dicamba, pyroxasulfone, and pendimethalin + dimethenamid-P applied PRE brought lower grain yield (1,150 kg ha−1) compared to all other tested programs at the Kansas site. In conclusion, effective PRE or PRE fb POST (two-pass) programs tested in this research should be proactively utilized by the growers to manage GDR kochia in GDR soybean.
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Goates, Blair J., Gary L. Peterson, Robert L. Bowden, and Larry D. Maddux. "Analysis of Induction and Establishment of Dwarf Bunt of Wheat Under Marginal Climatic Conditions." Plant Disease 95, no. 4 (April 2011): 478–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-10-0732.
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Dwarf bunt caused by Tilletia contraversa is a disease of winter wheat that has a limited geographic distribution due to specific winter climate requirements. The pathogen is listed as a quarantine organism by several countries that may have wheat production areas with inadequate or marginal climate for the disease—in particular the People's Republic of China. Field experiments were conducted in the United States in an area of Kansas that is a climatic analog to the northern winter wheat areas of China to evaluate the risk of disease introduction into such areas. The soil surface of four replicate 2.8 × 9.75 m plots, planted with a highly susceptible cultivar, was inoculated with six teliospore concentrations ranging from 0.88 to 88,400 teliospores/cm2. A single initial inoculation was done in each of three nurseries planted during separate seasons followed by examination for disease for 4 to 6 years afterward. Any diseased spikes produced were crushed and returned to the plots where they were produced. One nursery had no disease during all six seasons. In two nurseries, the disease was induced at trace levels at the three highest inoculation rates. Disease carryover to the second year occurred during one year in one nursery in plots at the highest inoculation rate, but no disease occurred the following three seasons. A duplicate nursery planted in a disease conducive area in Utah demonstrated that the highest rate of inoculum used in the experiments was sufficient to cause almost 100% infection. This study demonstrated that in an area with marginal climatic conditions it was possible to induce transient trace levels of dwarf bunt, but the disease was not established even with a highly susceptible cultivar and high levels of inoculum. Our results support the conclusions of the 1999 Agreement on U.S.-China Agricultural Cooperation which set a tolerance for teliospores in grain, and supports the Risk Assessment Model for Importation of United States Milling Wheat Containing T. contraversa.
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Győri, Zoltán. "Sulphur Content of Winter Wheat Grain in Long Term Field Experiments." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 36, no. 1-3 (January 2005): 373–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/css-200043098.
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Huo, Fei, and Ji Wei Zhao. "Phase-Field Simulation of Interface Effect during Grain Nucleation." Advanced Materials Research 490-495 (March 2012): 3339–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.3339.
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In this paper, a phase field model based on Ginzburg-Landau theory is used to analyze the topological phenomena during grain growth. The simulation results show that two topological transformations exist during the grain growth—Neighbor Switching and Grain Annihilation; and we have found different kinds of topological events during the disappearance of a grain: direct vanishing of trilateral grain and pentagonal grain, as well as neighbor switching，which are right with classical topological theory and Euler formula. The simulation results are similar with experiments.
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Lv, Zuo Chao, Bai Jing Qiu, and Yi Jun Fang. "Experimental Research of Grain Mass Flow Condition Monitoring System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 105-107 (September 2011): 2235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.105-107.2235.
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Data acquisition in fields, especially yield data acquisition, is an important step in precision agriculture.To obtain the yield information, a grain mass flow condition monitoring system is developed. which consists of impulse-type grain mass flow sensor, grain mass flow condition monitor, CPR transmitter and power supply component. The grain mass flow condition monitor collects data from grain mass flow sensor;displays and stores them after processing. On the basis of test rig experiments with wheat, wheat field experiments are finished in June 2010 .The experimental results show that the accuracy of this monitor syterm is within 3% in test rig experiments and within 5% in field experiments while the grain flow rate is 0~ 2 .5kg / s, which met the precision agriculture production accuracy.
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Molodov, Dmitri A. "Motion of Grain Boundaries: Experiments on Bicrystals." Diffusion Foundations 5 (July 2015): 247–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/df.5.247.
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Recent research on grain boundary migration is reviewed. Novel in-situ measuring techniques based on orientation contrast imaging and the experimental results obtained on specially grown bicrystals are presented. Particularly, the investigated faceting and migration behavior of low angle grain boundaries under the curvature force in aluminum bicrystals was addressed. In contrast to the pure tilt boundaries, which remained straight/flat and immobile during annealing at elevated temperatures, mixed tilt-twist boundaries readily assumed a curved shape and steadily moved under the capillary force. Computational analysis revealed that this behavior is due to the inclinational anisotropy of grain boundary energy, which in turn depends on boundary geometry. The migration of planar grain boundaries induced by a magnetic field was measured in bismuth and zinc bicrystals. Various structurally different boundaries were investigated. The results revealed that grain boundary mobility essentially depends on the misorientation angle and the inclination of the boundary plane. Stress driven boundary migration in aluminium bicrystals was observed to be coupled to a tangential translation of the grains. The activation enthalpy of high angle boundary migration was found to vary non-monotonously with misorientation angle, whereas for low angle boundaries the migration activation enthalpy was virtually the same. The motion of the mixed tilt-twist boundaries under stress was observed to be accompanied by both the translation of adjacent grains parallel to the boundary plane and their rotation around the boundary plane normal.
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Lewis, DC, and WA Hawthorne. "Critical plant and seed concentrations of phosphorus and zinc for predicting response of faba beans (Vicia faba)." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 4 (1996): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960479.
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Faba beans (Vicia faba cv. Fiord) were grown in 1 glasshouse and 3 field experiments to calibrate the critical concentrations of phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) in selected plant tissues for vegetative and grain yields. In the field experiments, responses in grain yield to soil-applied P were between 0.5 and 0.8 t/ha (20-25%) at sites with extractable Colwell soil P concentrations of 20 and 23 mg/kg. Similarly, grain yields were increased by 0.6-1.2 t/ha (20-30%) from the application of either soil-applied or foliar Zn. These field responses to Zn only occurred if P fertiliser was applied at sowing. Maximum yields were obtained by either applying about 2 kg Zn/ha to the soil at sowing, or 500 g Zn/ha as a foliar spray, 8 weeks after sowing. In field experiments, critical P concentrations in the youngest open leaf during vegetative growth for prediction of maximum grain yield in the field, remained constant over a 10-week growing period. A critical nutrient range of 0.40-0.41% is proposed. However, critical concentrations of P in whole top for maximum grain yield, declined from 0.40 to 0.27% over the same growing period. For bean seed collected at harvest, a critical concentration of 0.36% P for maximum grain yield was derived. Critical concentrations of Zn during vegetative growth for prediction of maximum grain yield, derived in both glasshouse and field experiments, were very similar in youngest open leaf and whole top, and no significant decline with plant age was observed; a critical nutrient range of 19-24 mg/kg is proposed. For seed collected at harvest, a critical nutrient range for diagnosis of Zn deficiency of 13-15 mg/kg is suggested.
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Gaunce, Genna M., and William W. Bockus. "Estimating Yield Losses Due to Barley Yellow Dwarf on Winter Wheat in Kansas Using Disease Phenotypic Data." Plant Health Progress 16, no. 1 (January 2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-rs-14-0039.
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Barley yellow dwarf (BYD) is one of the most important wheat diseases in the state of Kansas. Despite the development of cultivars with improved resistance to BYD, little is known about the impact that this resistance has on yield loss from the disease. The intent of this research was to estimate yield loss in winter wheat cultivars in Kansas due to BYD and quantify the reduction in losses associated with resistant cultivars. During seven years, BYD incidence was visually assessed on numerous winter wheat cultivars in replicated field nurseries. When grain yields were regressed against BYD incidence scores, negative linear relationships significantly fit the data for each year and for the combined dataset covering all seven years. The models showed that, depending upon the year, 19–48% (average 33%) of the relative yields was explained by BYD incidence. For the combined dataset, 29% of the relative yield was explained by BYD incidence. The models indicated that cultivars showing the highest disease incidence that year had 25–86% (average 49%) lower yield than a hypothetical cultivar that showed zero incidence. Using the models, the moderate level of resistance in the cultivar Everest was calculated to reduce yield loss from BYD by about 73%. Therefore, utilizing visual BYD symptom evaluations in Kansas coupled with grain yields is useful to estimate yield loss from the disease. Accepted for publication 1 December 2014. Published 9 January 2015.
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Lungevics, Janis, Ernests Jansons, and Karlis Agris Gross. "Skeleton Runner Roughness and Surface Contact Area Influence on Sliding Ability: Field Experiments." Key Engineering Materials 800 (April 2019): 303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.800.303.
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Scientists and sport athletes are constantly seeking for the methods which could improve surface sliding ability on ice. Modifications of contact area and surface roughness are relatively easy but not yet fully understood methods for sliding ability improvements. This research contains information of how one can perform on-field experiments with skeleton sleigh to determine the influence of surface contact area and roughness on sliding ability. Two types of surface roughness i.e. polished (3000 grain sandpaper) and scratched (600 grain sandpaper) are compared using three different contact areas. Obtained data showed that rougher surfaces tend to slide faster if contact area is larger but the effect reverses if contact area is reduced.
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Davis, M. A., and W. W. Bockus. "Evidence for a Pythium sp. as a Chronic Yield Reducer in a Continuous Grain Sorghum Field." Plant Disease 85, no. 7 (July 2001): 780–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.7.780.
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Pythium spp. have been reported to reduce stands and cause stalk rot of grain sorghum. Evidence is presented that it also can cause a serious seed and root rot in the field under a continuous grain sorghum production system. Experiments were conducted for 4 years in a field that had been cropped continuously to grain sorghum for at least 10 years. Effects of seed treatments with captan and metalaxyl on plant stands, early to mid-season plant vigor, and grain yields were evaluated. In five field experiments, seed treatment with metalaxyl (73 g a.i./100 kg) increased grain yields by an average of 24.0% compared with nontreated seed. In three out of four field experiments, seed treatment with metalaxyl increased grain yields by an average of 13.1% above seed treated with captan (73 g a.i./100 kg). The yield increases could not always be explained in terms of differences among treatments in plant stands or in visual estimates of the amount of top growth 26 to 72 days after sowing. Apparently, the Pythium sp. causes a chronic root and seed rot that has a significant negative effect on grain production without necessarily affecting stands or early to mid-season growth. P. ultimum var. ultimum was the fungus most commonly isolated from roots and seeds collected from the field. Tests for Koch's postulates conducted in a greenhouse verified it as the causal organism. In the greenhouse, treatment with metalaxyl protected seeds and roots from attack by P. ultimum var. ultimum for at least 28 days after planting.
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Geier, Patrick W., and Phillip W. Stahlman. "EXP 31130A Efficacy and Corn (Zea mays) Response in Western Kansas." Weed Technology 13, no. 2 (June 1999): 404–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00041944.
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Field experiments were conducted over 3 yr at two locations in northwest Kansas to evaluate the efficacy and crop tolerance of EXP 31130A alone and with other herbicides in corn. EXP 31130A alone and in combination with acetochlor, atrazine, or metolachlor controlled kochia and redroot pigweed 93% or greater regardless of location, year, or tillage system. Green foxtail control in 1997 and 1998 was > 90% with EXP 31130A in combination with chloroacetamide herbicides but varied among experiments with EXP 31130A alone. Control of puncturevine with EXP 31130A alone or in tank mixtures was 75% or greater at five of six sites. EXP 31130A alone and in combinations caused minor, early-season, corn leaf bleaching and/or stunting under conventional tillage. However, no injury was detected in no-till systems. In 1996, no-till corn receiving EXP 31130A treatments yielded similarly or up to 29% more than hand-weeded corn. Yields did not differ among treated, untreated, and hand-weeded corn in 1996 under conventional tillage, where weed interference was not as intense as under no-till conditions. Conventional-tillage corn receiving EXP 31130A alone or in tank mixtures in 1997 yielded similarly to hand-weeded corn. Averaged over experiments, corn yield in 1998 increased by 10 to 18% with applications of EXP 31130A alone or in combinations compared to untreated corn.
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Dille, J. Anita, Phillip W. Stahlman, Curtis R. Thompson, Brent W. Bean, Nader Soltani, and Peter H. Sikkema. "Potential yield loss in grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) with weed interference in the United States." Weed Technology 34, no. 4 (January 20, 2020): 624–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2020.12.
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AbstractPotential yield losses in grain sorghum due to weed interference based on quantitative data from the major grain sorghum-growing areas of the United States are reported by the WSSA Weed Loss Committee. Weed scientists and extension specialists who researched weed control in grain sorghum provided data on grain sorghum yield loss due to weed interference in their region. Data were requested from up to 10 individual experiments per calendar year over 10 yr between 2007 and 2016. Based on the summarized information, farmers in Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, South Dakota, and Texas would potentially lose an average of 37%, 38%, 30%, 56%, 61%, and 60% of their grain sorghum yield with no weed control, and have a corresponding annual monetary loss of US $19 million, 302 million, 7 million, 32 million, 25 million, and 314 million, respectively. The overall average yield loss due to weed interference was estimated to be 47% for this grain sorghum-growing region. Thus, US farmers would lose approximately 5,700 million kg of grain sorghum valued at approximately US $953 million annually if weeds are not controlled. With each dollar invested in weed management (based on estimated weed control cost of US $100 ha−1), there would be a return of US $3.80, highlighting the return on investment in weed management and the importance of continued weed science research for sustaining high grain sorghum yield and profitability in the United States.
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Tangpremsri, T., S. Fukai, and KS Fischer. "Growth and yield of sorghum lines extracted from a population for differences in osmotic adjustment." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, no. 1 (1995): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9950061.
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From 47 S2 lines which had been extracted from a random mated population of sorghum, eight lines for a glasshouse experiment and four lines for a field experiment were divergently selected for variation in osmotic adjustment, and were grouped into two, High and Low osmotic adjustment (OA). Both the glasshouse and field experiments examined whether osmotic adjustment modified the plants' response to soil water deficit and also whether grain sink demand for assimilates, varied by removal of 50% spikelets, affected osmotic adjustment. In each experiment, there were well-watered control and water stress treatments. In both experiments, the dawn osmotic potential in the High OA group was always lower than in the Low OA group under water limiting conditions, and the difference was significant after anthesis. The difference in osmotic potential was about 0.1 MPa in the field and up to 0.25 MPa in the glasshouse. In the glasshouse experiment, removal of 50% spikelets at anthesis significantly decreased osmotic potential during grain filling, suggesting that osmotic adjustment is influenced by the availability of assimilates in the leaves. Under well-watered conditions, the two groups behaved very similarly in terms of maximum leaf area, green leaf area retention during grain filling, total dry matter production, grain yield and grain number in both experiments. Under water-limiting conditions, the High OA group produced larger maximum leaf area and had better leaf retention during grain filling. Despite similar water use, total dry matter was also significantly higher in the High OA group though the difference was small. Grain number was also greater in this group in both experiments, whereas grain yield was significantly higher in the High OA group in the field, but not in the glasshouse where severe water stress developed more rapidly. It is concluded that the adverse effect of water stress can be reduced by adopting sorghum genotypes with high osmotic adjustment. However, selection for high osmotic adjustment needs to ensure that osmotic adjustment is not solely due to small head size.
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Gardner, Jennifer B., and Laurie E. Drinkwater. "The fate of nitrogen in grain cropping systems: a meta-analysis of15N field experiments." Ecological Applications 19, no. 8 (December 2009): 2167–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/08-1122.1.
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Tonks, Michael R., Yongfeng Zhang, S. B. Biner, Paul C. Millett, and Xianming Bai. "Guidance to design grain boundary mobility experiments with molecular dynamics and phase-field modeling." Acta Materialia 61, no. 4 (February 2013): 1373–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2012.11.014.
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Flekkøy, Eirik G. "Coupling Particles and Fields for Gas–Grain Flow." International Journal of Modern Physics C 09, no. 08 (December 1998): 1353–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183198001229.
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A model for the flow of fluids with particles in them is introduced. It relies on the coupling of discretely represented particles and a fluid pressure field that is given by a continuum description — a local Darcy law. In order to validate the qualitative behavior of the model, it is applied to simulate two different sedimentation processes. These processes include an initially homogeneous sedimenting bed of particles and a fluid bubble rising through a sedimenting field of particles. Agreement with experiments is observed on the qualitative level.
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Brown, Steven M., James M. Chandler, and John E. Morrison. "Glyphosate for Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) Control in No-Till Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)." Weed Science 36, no. 4 (July 1988): 510–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500075287.
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Field experiments were conducted to evaluate johnsongrass control in no-till grain sorghum with glyphosate treatments applied in mid-June, late July, and mid-September before planting grain sorghum the following spring. Mid-June applications provided the best johnsongrass control. Ammonium sulfate enhanced the activity of glyphosate for only the late-July applications. In separate experiments, herbicide systems comprised of fall applications of glyphosate and/or spring applications of foliar and residual herbicides were evaluated. Fall applications of glyphosate provided superior johnsongrass control and grain sorghum yields.
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Nancarrow, Narelle, Mohammad Aftab, Grant Hollaway, Brendan Rodoni, and Piotr Trębicki. "Yield Losses Caused by Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus-PAV Infection in Wheat and Barley: A Three-Year Field Study in South-Eastern Australia." Microorganisms 9, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030645.
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Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) is transmitted by aphids and significantly reduces the yield and quality of cereals worldwide. Four experiments investigating the effects of barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV) infection on either wheat or barley were conducted over three years (2015, 2017, and 2018) under typical field conditions in South-Eastern Australia. Plants inoculated with BYDV-PAV using viruliferous aphids (Rhopalosiphum padi) were harvested at maturity then grain yield and yield components were measured. Compared to the non-inoculated control, virus infection severely reduced grain yield by up to 84% (1358 kg/ha) in wheat and 64% (1456 kg/ha) in barley. The yield component most affected by virus infection was grain number, which accounted for a large proportion of the yield loss. There were no significant differences between early (seedling stage) and later (early-tillering stage) infection for any of the parameters measured (plant height, biomass, yield, grain number, 1000-grain weight or grain size) for either wheat or barley. Additionally, this study provides an estimated yield loss value, or impact factor, of 0.91% (72 kg/ha) for each one percent increase in natural BYDV-PAV background infection. Yield losses varied considerably between experiments, demonstrating the important role of cultivar and environmental factors in BYDV epidemiology and highlighting the importance of conducting these experiments under varying conditions for specific cultivar–vector–virus combinations.
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Schlegel, Alan J., Yared Assefa, and Daniel O’Brien. "Productivity and Profitability of Four Crop Rotations under Limited Irrigation." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 36, no. 1 (2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.13416.
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Abstract. Selection of optimal crops and cropping systems for most efficient water use specific for local environments can improve global water security. Limited irrigation with ground water is one alternative to alleviate crops from low amount or unevenly distributed water in the growing seasons in semi-arid regions. The main objectives of this research were to quantify yield-water use relationships of three limited irrigated crops, determine effect of crop selection on profitability with limited irrigation, and identify profitable and alternative crop production systems. A field study was conducted at the Kansas State University Southwest Research-Extension Center near Tribune, Kansas, from 2012 through 2017. There were four treatments in the study, two 1-yr systems of continuous corn ( L.) (C-C) and continuous grain sorghum (L.) (GS-GS) and two 2-yr rotations of corn-grain sorghum (C-GS) and corn-winter wheat ( L.) (C-W). Overall corn yield after wheat (C-W) was about 1.4 Mg (ha)-1 greater than C-C. Corn and sorghum yields were similar grown as monoculture or in rotation with each other. Available soil water at corn planting and during the growing season were 20 to 40 mm (240 cm profile-1) less in the C-GS rotation compared with C-C and C-W rotations. Corn yield increased as water use (yield-water use) increased in C-W rotation but yield-water use relationships tended to be negative in C-C and C-GS rotations. Grain sorghum yield increased with water use in both rotations but at a greater rate in GS-GS compared with C-GS. Despite greater corn grain yield in C-W, our economic analysis showed that wheat was the least profitable of the three crops causing the C-W rotation to be least profitable. In this study, the most profitable limited irrigation crop rotation was corn-grain sorghum (C-GS). Keywords: Corn-sorghum-wheat, Crop rotation, Limited irrigation, Profitability, Supplementary irrigation, Sustainability.
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GARCKE, HARALD, and BRITTA NESTLER. "A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR GRAIN GROWTH IN THIN METALLIC FILMS." Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 10, no. 06 (August 2000): 895–921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021820250000046x.
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We use geometrical arguments based on grain boundary symmetries to introduce crystalline interfacial energies for interfaces in polycrystalline thin films with a cubic lattice. These crystalline energies are incorporated into a multi-phase field model. Our aim is to apply the multi-phase field method to describe the evolution of faceted grain boundary triple junctions in epitaxially growing microstructures. In particular, we are interested in symmetry properties of triple junctions in tricrystalline thin films. Symmetries of triple junctions in tricrystalline films have been studied in experiments by Dahmen and Thangaraj.6,25 In accordance with their experiments, we find in numerical simulations that any two neighboring triple junctions belong to different symmetry classes. We introduce a local equilibrium condition at triple junctions which can be interpreted as a crystalline version of Young's law. The local equilibrium condition at triple junctions is purely determined by the grain boundary energies. In particular no triple junction energies are necessary to explain which triple junctions are possible. All triple junctions observed in the experiments as well as in the simulations fulfil the crystalline version of Young's law. Our approach is also capable of describing grain boundary motion in general polycrystalline thin films.
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McLean, Mark S., and Grant J. Hollaway. "Control of net form of net blotch in barley from seed- and foliar-applied fungicides." Crop and Pasture Science 70, no. 1 (2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp18142.
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Net form of net blotch (NFNB), caused by Pyrenophora teres f. teres, is a major foliar disease of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) worldwide that can cause grain yield and quality loss in susceptible varieties. Seed- and foliar-applied fungicides were evaluated in six field experiments infected with NFNB during 5 years, for suppression of NFNB severity and protection of grain yield and quality. Suppression of NFNB severity varied between treatments and experiments. Grain yield and quality improvements were recorded in two experiments. Foliar fungicide applications at stem elongation (Zadoks growth stage Z31) and flag leaf emergence (Z39) or ear emergence (Z55) significantly reduced NFNB severity, increased grain yield by up to 23%, and improved grain-quality measurements of retention, screenings and weight. The seed-applied fungicide fluxapyroxad provided significant reductions in NFNB severity, improvements in grain yield of up to 20%, and improved grain quality. Where NFNB was severe, none of the seed or foliar fungicide application strategies provided complete control of NFNB, indicating that more than two applications were necessary when conditions were favourable for disease development in susceptible varieties.
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Khan, TN, and GB Crosbie. "Effect of scald (Rhynchosporium secalis (Oud.) J. Davis) infection on some quality characteristics of barley." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 28, no. 6 (1988): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9880783.
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The effect of scald (Rhynchosporium secalis (Oud.) J. Davis) infection on 1000-grain weight, percentage of plump grains, test weight, grain brightness and protein content of barley cultivars was examined in 6 field experiments. Thousand-grain weight was most adversely affected by scald, showing reductions ranging from 4 to 19% due to scald infection. Percentage of the plump grains was reduced by 3 to 30% depending upon the variety. Percentage protein was also reduced in 2 instances but test weight was not affected. In 2 experiments, grain brightness was greater in the nil fungicide plots than plots treated with fungicide. Reductions in quality characteristics were generally associated with grain yield losses. Implications in relation to quality receival standards are discussed.
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Boatman, N. D. "Effects of herbicide use, fungicide use and position in the field on the yield and yield components of spring barley." Journal of Agricultural Science 118, no. 1 (February 1992): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600067964.
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SUMMARYSix experiments were carried out over 2 years (1985 and 1986) in commercial spring barley crops on calcareous soils in Hampshire. Herbicides increased grain yield by 0·05–1·21 t/ha, and fungicides by 0·01–0·68 t/ha. Herbicide use affected each of the yield components ears/plant, grains/ear, 1000-grain weight and harvest index in one or more cases but the effects were not consistent between experiments or consistently related to yield increases. Fungicide use had little effect on yield components other than 1000-grain weight, which was significantly increased in all experiments. There were no significant herbicide × fungicide interactions. Large differences in yield were recorded between field edge (headland) and midfield plots, with headland plots outyielding the midfield in two of the three experiments where this effect was considered.The effects of fungicide use were accounted for by associated increases in the green lamina area of the flag leaf and second leaf at the late milk stage of grain development. This is consistent with previous work. Differences in yield response to herbicide between sites were linearly related both to weed numbers early in the season and to weed biomass at harvest. Weeds did not always directly replace crop biomass; in some experiments the combined dry matter production was greater when herbicide was not used. However, the results indicate that, where a diverse weed flora composed of species of moderate to low competitive ability is present, simple weed counts may provide a useful indication of potential yield loss.It is concluded that headland areas can often be as productive as the rest of the field, but a greater understanding of the factors involved is needed if this potential is to be realized.
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Wallace, Arthur. "Sequentially additive and other interactions between nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation on the yield of wheat grain in a field in Kansas." Journal of Plant Nutrition 13, no. 3-4 (March 1990): 411–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904169009364087.
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Bayable, Muluken, Atsushi Tsunekawa, Nigussie Haregeweyn, Getachew Alemayehu, Wataru Tsuji, Mitsuru Tsubo, Enyew Adgo, et al. "Yield Potential and Variability of Teff (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter) Germplasms under Intensive and Conventional Management Conditions." Agronomy 11, no. 2 (January 24, 2021): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020220.
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Teff is the most strategic cereal crop grown from high rainfall to drought prone areas of Ethiopia, where it covers nearly 30% of the land allotted for cereals. However, its productivity remains very low due to lack of knowledge and research interventions. To investigate the grain yield potential, estimate the genetic parameters, and the diversity, a pot experiment with intensive management and a field experiment with conventional management at two contrasting locations for two seasons using the same 317 genotypes and additional 3 improved cultivars in the field experiment were carried out. The results showed highly significant variation among the genotypes for grain yield, biomass, harvest index, and phenological traits under both experiments. The best linear unbiased predictor (BLUP)-adjusted grain yield performance of the genotypes ranged from 4.2 to 8.8 g/plant in the intensive management and 1.8 to 4.3 g/plant in the field growing condition with conventional management. Coefficient of genetic variation, heritability, and expected genetic advance for grain yield were the highest in both experiments. Among the phenological traits, the grain filling period in the intensive growing condition exceptionally showed the highest genetic coefficient of variation and genetic advance. The high grain yield performance and wider range of the harvest index observed under the intensive management condition with moderate to high heritability signifies the genetic potential of teff for further improvement through trait recombination.
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Blumenthal, CS, IL Batey, F. Bekes, CW Wrigley, and EWR Barlow. "Seasonal changes in wheat-grain quality associated with high temperatures during grain filling." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 42, no. 1 (1991): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9910021.
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Wheat plants exposed to higher than usual temperatures during ripening produced grain with weaker dough properties in glasshouse, field experiments and crop samples. In a review of Prime Hard wheat samples from 1960/61 to 1988/89, those seasons when the dough properties were particularly weak coincided with the years when the number of hours over 35�C during the grain filling period (October to December) was greatest. A five-day period of heat stress in 1988 provided an opportunity to directly investigate the effects of heat stress in the field. A weakening of dough properties was shown, for four varieties, by longer dough development times and faster breakdown in the Farinograph and also by shorter resistance to extension (at 5 cm) in the Extensograph. These (and similar changes for glasshouse grown grain) were accompanied by an increase in the proportion of gliadin (monomeric) proteins. That this increase was associated with the heat stress was shown by demonstrating increased accumulation of 14C amino acids into the gliadin fraction for heat-stressed heads in culture. These results support the hypothesis that episodes of high temperature during grain filling activate the heat shock elements of gliadin genes in wheat causing the mature grain to contain more gliadin and thus to produce weaker doughs.
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Brennan, R. F., and R. J. French. "Grain yield and cadmium concentration of a range of grain legume species grown on two soil types at Merredin, Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 9 (2005): 1167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03137.
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Five grain legumes species, narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.), field pea (Pisum sativum L.), faba bean (Vicia faba L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), and yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.), were grown on 2 soil types, a red clay and red duplex soil, in the < 400 mm rainfall district of Western Australia. The study showed that chickpea, field pea and faba bean accumulated less cadmium (Cd) in dried shoots and grain than narrow-leafed lupin. Yellow lupin had Cd concentrations ~3 times higher in dried shoots and ~9 times higher in grain than narrow-leafed lupin. For both experiments, the ranking (lowest to highest) of mean Cd concentration (mg Cd/kg) in the grain was: chickpea (0.017) < field pea (0.024) = faba bean (0.024) < narrow-leafed lupin (0.033) < yellow lupin (0.300).
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Saito, Yoshiyuki, and Chitoshi Masuda. "Modelling of Grain Boundary Stability of Materials under Severe Plastic Deformation and Experimental Verification." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 2724–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.2724.
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Thermodynamic stability of Grain boundary in materials under severe plastic deformation was simulated by the Monte Carlo and the phase field methods. Computer simulations were performed on 3-dimensional textured materials. The Monte Carlo simulation results were qualitatively in good agreement with those by the phase field model. The classification of the solution of differential equations based on the mean-field Hillert model describing temporal evolution of the scaled grain size distribution function was in good agreement with those given by the Computer simulations. The ARB experiments were performed for pure Al and Al alloys-sheets in order to validate the computer simulation results concerning the grain boundary stability of textured materials. With use of the Monte Carlo and the phase field methods. Effect of grain boundary mobilises and interface energy given by the computer simulations.
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Manthey, Frank A., John D. Nalewaja, and Edward F. Szelezniak. "Small Grain and Grass Weed Response to BAS-514 with Adjuvants." Weed Technology 4, no. 2 (June 1990): 366–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00025550.
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Experiments were conducted in the greenhouse and the field to determine the influence of various oil adjuvants on small grain and grass weed susceptibility to foliarly applied BAS-514 OO H (BAS-514). Barnyardgrass, green foxtail, and yellow foxtail were more susceptible to BAS-514 at 0.56 kg ai ha-1applied with than without an oil adjuvant. Shoot fresh weight reductions of barnyardgrass, green foxtail, and yellow foxtail were greater when BAS-514 at 0.56 kg ha-1was applied with a methylated seed oil than with a petroleum oil adjuvant in the greenhouse. Differences in the effectiveness among oil adjuvants in enhancing BAS-514 phytotoxicity were more evident in greenhouse than in field experiments. Oil adjuvant enhancement of BAS-514 varied with plant species. Oats, hard red spring wheat, and winter wheat tolerated BAS-514 at 1.1 kg ha-1foliarly applied with or without an oil adjuvant in the greenhouse. BAS-514 at 0.56 kg ha-1applied with oil adjuvants caused less than 5% injury to wheat in the field.
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Maksimovic, Ivana, Rudolf Kastori, Marina Putnik-Delic, Vojislava Momcilovic, Srbislav Dencic, and Milan Mirosavljevic. "Genetic differences in aluminium accumulation in the grains of field grown Aegilops and Triticum." Plant, Soil and Environment 66, No. 7 (July 21, 2020): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/127/2020-pse.
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Plant species and genotypes differ considerably with respect to the accumulation of mineral elements. This study examined the accumulation of aluminium (Al) in Aegilops and Triticum species with different genomes (AA, BB, BBAA, BBAADD and DD) and correlations between concentration of Al in the grain and features of the spike. Twenty different genotypes were included in three-year field experiments. The examined species and genomes differed significantly in their Al concentration in grain. The highest concentrations of Al were found in the grains of wild diploid Aegilops speltoides (BB genome), and the lowest in tetraploids (BBAA genome). A significant positive correlation was found between the concentration of Al in the grain and spike length, while negative correlations were found between concentration of Al in the grain and the number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike and thousand grains weight. The presence of higher Al content in the individual grains of tetraploid and hexaploid wheat with respect to diploid ancestors suggests that during the increase in ploidity the capacity of plants to uptake Al from soil increased concomitantly with the increase of grain capacity to serve as Al sink.
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Brennan, R. F., and M. D. A. Bolland. "Effect of fertiliser phosphorus and nitrogen on the concentrations of oil and protein in grain and the grain yield of canola (Brassica napus L.) grown in south-western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 8 (2007): 984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06115.
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The effect of fertiliser phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) on seed (grain) yield and concentration of oil and protein in grain of canola (oil-seed rape; Brassica napus L.) was measured in two field experiments undertaken at eight sites from 1993–2005 in south-western Australia, on soils deficient in P and N. Six rates of P (0–40 kg P/ha as single superphosphate) and four rates of N (0–138 kg N/ha as urea) were applied. Significant grain yield increases (responses) to applied P occurred in both experiments and these responses increased as rates of applied N increased. For grain production, the P × N interaction was significant in all eight years and locations of the two experiments. Application of P had no effect on concentration of oil and protein in grain. Application of N always decreased the concentration of oil and increased the concentration of protein in grain. For canola grain production in the region, responses to applied N always occur whereas responses to applied P are rare, but if soil P testing indicates likely P deficiency, both P and N fertiliser need to be applied.
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Sun, Tao, Xin Yang, Sheng Tang, Kefeng Han, Ping He, and Lianghuan Wu. "Genotypic Variation in Nutrient Uptake Requirements of Rice Using the QUEFTS Model." Agronomy 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010026.
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Nutrient requirements for single-season rice using the quantitative evaluation of the fertility of tropical soils (QUEFTS) model in China have been estimated in a previous study, which involved all the rice varieties; however, it is unclear whether a similar result can be obtained for different rice varieties. In this study, data were collected from field experiments conducted from 2016 to 2019 in Zhejiang Province, China. The dataset was separated into two parts: japonica/indica hybrid rice and japonica rice. To produce 1000 kg of grain, 13.5 kg N, 3.6 kg P, and 20.4 kg K were required in the above-ground plant dry matter for japonica/indica hybrid rice, and the corresponding internal efficiencies (IEs) were 74.0 kg grain per kg N, 279.1 kg grain per kg P, and 49.1 kg grain per kg K. For japonica rice, 17.6 kg N, 4.1 kg P, and 23.0 kg K were required to produce 1000 kg of grain, and the corresponding IEs were 56.8 kg grain per kg N, 244.6 kg grain per kg P, and 43.5 kg grain per kg K. Field validation experiments indicated that the QUEFTS model could be used to estimate nutrient uptake of different rice varieties. We suggest that variety should be taken into consideration when estimating nutrient uptake for rice using the QUEFTS model, which would improve this model.
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Condon, AG, and RA Richards. "Broad sense heritability and genotype × environment interaction for carbon isotope discrimination in field-grown wheat." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 43, no. 5 (1992): 921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9920921.
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Carbon isotope discrimination (-) has been proposed as a possible selection criterion for greater water use efficiency in breeding programs for water-limited environments because it provides an integrative assessment of genotypic variation in leaf transpiration efficiency. Considerable genotypic variation for - has been demonstrated in wheat, but environmental factors may cause even larger changes in the value of - measured in plant dry matter, which could compromise the effective use of - in breeding programs. In this study we assess broad-sense heritability of - and the significance of genotype x environment interaction for - in field-grown wheat. Another objective was to identify the most effective growth stage or plant part to characterize genotypic variation in -. Experiments were done using several large sets of genotypes (between 8 and 40, usually c. 20) grown in a range of field environments spanning the southern Australian wheat-belt. Carbon isotope discrimination was determined on unreplicated grain samples from seven Interstate Wheat Variety trials grown in 1983 and 1984 and on several plant parts taken from replicated experiments conducted at four locations in south-west New South Wales from 1985 to 1988. From these replicated experiments broad-sense heritabilities for - were calculated on a genotype mean basis h2-M) and on a single-plot basis (h2-P). In dry matter sampled from several environments, site-mean - ranged from 21.0 x 10-3 to 18.9 x 10-3 for early-formed dry matter and from 16.4 x 10-3 to 13.4 x 10-3 for grain. When followed in a single environment, the value of - fell from c. 20 x 10-3 in early-formed leaves to 15.4 x 10-3 in the grain. Variation among genotypes in - of different plant parts was always significant, and was typically c. 2 x 10-3 . Among Australian wheats, low values of - (implying greater transpiration efficiency) were strongly associated with the WW15 genetic background. Estimates of broad-sense heritability for - averaged over 95%, on a genotype mean basis, in experiments where common genotypes were grown in numerous environments. In individual trials, heritability was lowest for plant material sampled near anthesis (average value for h2-M, 83% and for h2-p, 62%) and greatest for dry matter laid down before or during early stem elongation (average value for h2-M, 95% and for h2-P 88%). Even though heritability for grain - was also relatively high (average value for h2-M, 92% and for h2-P, 79%), genotypic differences in grain - are difficult to interpret because of the likelihood of some changes in genotype ranking for - resulting from differences among genotypes in the degree of water stress encountered during grain filling. As well, the contribution of remobilized carbon to grain - may vary between environments and genotypes. We conclude that, for wheat, assessment of genotypic variation in - should be most effective under well-watered conditions using dry matter laid down early in plant development.
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Mäkelä, Pirjo, Leena Väärälä, Riikka Rajalahti, Ari Rajala, and Pirjo Peltonen-Sainio. "Drought response of modern and old oat lines in greenhouse and long-term field trials." Agricultural and Food Science 6, no. 2 (May 1, 1997): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72783.
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This study compares the response of old and modern oat (Avena sutiva L.) lines to pre-anthesis precipitation in long-term field trials, and to pre- and post-anthesis drought in the greenhouse. Long-term field trials were carried out at the Experimental Farms of Hankkija Plant Breeding Institute and the University of Helsinki between 1965 and 1988. Grain yield of 12 oat lines (released since 1959) was compared with that of the check lines. The effect of differences in May-June precipitation on grain yield was established for different lines. Greenhouse experiments included 19 oat lines (released since 1921) and three wild species of oat (A. barbata L., A. sterilis max. L. and A. fatua L.). The data from greenhouse experiments were analysed using discriminant analysis in groups of old (released before 1970s), modern, and wild oat types. Ranking of the oat lines according to results from long-term field trials and greenhouse experiments was not consistent; contrary to the field experiments, the old lines tended to be the most drought sensitive when tested in the greenhouse. Therefore, the simple and non-laborious methods used in this study for ranking of drought sensitivity of oat lines are not recommended.
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Muchow, RC. "Effect of high temperature on the rate and duration of grain growth in field-grown Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 41, no. 2 (1990): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9900329.
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Sorghum was sown at six dates in a tropical environment and grown under high water and nutrient supply. For each sowing, mean temperature during grain-filling was relatively stable, but across sowings it ranged from 24.6 to 30.2�C. The effect of this variation on the following was examined: the linear rate of grain growth, the duration of the effective grain-filling period, the rate of increase in harvest index during grain-filling, the rate of development of black layer (as an indicator of maturity) and final grain yield. Contrary to previous findings from controlled environment experiments, the rate of grain growth increased linearly with temperature to 30�C. However, the duration of grain-filling and the rate of development of black layer were not closely related to mean temperature. Final grain yield was not necessarily adversely affected by high temperature during grain-filling. Also, high grain yield was not necessarily associated with long duration of grain-filling. Similar to the rate of grain growth, harvest index increased linearly during grain-filling. The rate of increase in harvest index was not significantly related to temperature, with a mean value across sowings of 0.0185 day-1. An important implication of the linear increase in harvest index is that grain yield accumulation can be estimated from the crop biomass at any stage of grain growth without knowledge of grain number or the rate of grain growth.
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Heering, David C., and Thomas F. Peeper. "Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) Control in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum) With Herbicides." Weed Technology 5, no. 2 (June 1991): 411–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00028335.
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Field experiments were conducted in Oklahoma to evaluate the effect of three imidazolinone herbicides and metsulfuron on established field bindweed and hard red winter wheat followcrops. Imazapyr at 280 g ai ha-1and imazethapyr at 560 g ai ha-1controlled field bindweed from 78 to 100% for 48 wk, but imazaquin at 560 g ai ha-1, metsulfuron at 17.5 g ai ha-1, and 2,4-D plus picloram at 1120 plus 280 g ae ha-1did not. Imidazolinone herbicides reduced forage and grain yield of wheat seeded 8 to 14 wk after herbicide application. Only imazapyr reduced grain yield of wheat seeded 15 mo after treatment.
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El-Shatnawi, M. K. J., and N. I. Haddad. "Assessing barley (Hordeum vulgare) response to clipping in the semi-arid Mediterranean climate." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 1 (2004): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02103.
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Greenhouse pot trials and field experiments were carried out under rain-fed condition in north-eastern Jordan during 1997–98 and 1998–99 growing seasons, to test 3 barley genotypes for their suitability for both forage and grain production. The varieties Rehani and ACSAD176 produced higher forage yields than Rum. In the field, clipping reduced subsequent grain yield per plant by about 18%, lowering grain weight of the main spike from 2.3�g in the control to 1.8 g in the clipped plants. Clipping increased tiller density of barley plants in the field. Decreases in grain yield following clipping could also be attributed to reductions in the number of grains per spike. Clipping decreased the number of grains per spike by about 9% by reducing the number of spikelets per spike. Cutting reduced 1000-grain weight by about 9%. Clipping induced changes in the relative importance of yield components influencing subsequent grain yield. The yield components reduced by clipping were the most important contributors to loss of grain yield.
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Mohr, R. M., C. C. Bernier, D. N. Flaten, and G. J. Racz. "Effect of cultivar on response of wheat and barley to chloride fertilization." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 75, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss95-005.
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Crop cultivar has been shown to affect the frequency and magnitude of yield responses to chloride (Cl−) fertilizer applications. Information regarding the Cl− responsiveness of cereal cultivars commonly grown in western Canada is limited, however. Field experiments were conducted in Manitoba in 1990 and 1991 to determine the effect of Cl− fertilization on plant nutrient status, grain yield and grain quality of Katepwa, Roblin, Biggar and Marshall wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and of Bedford, Brier, Argyle and Heartland barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Chloride fertilization increased the concentration of Cl− in plant tissue of all cultivars. Increased grain yield and improved grain quality due to Cl− fertilization occurred more frequently in wheat than in barley; however, cultivars within a species differed in Cl− responsiveness. The application of 50 kg Cl− ha−1 significantly increased grain yield for Heartland barley by 905 kg ha−1 in one of four experiments, for Roblin wheat by 492 kg ha−1 in one of four experiments, for Biggar wheat by an average 333 kg ha−1 in two of four experiments and for Marshall wheat by an average 363 kg ha−1 in two of four experiments. However, the application of 50 kg Cl− ha−1 resulted in significant reduction in grain yield for Bedford in one of four experiments and for Marshall in one of four experiments. Yield responses to Cl− were not related to soil Cl− content or Cl− concentration in plant tissue. Key words: Chloride, fertilizers, wheat, barley, cultivars, yield
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Meilinger, Ákos, and Imre Török. "Effect of Temperature Field and Pressure Force on the Inhomogeneity of 5754-H22 and 6082-T6 FSW Joints." Materials Science Forum 794-796 (June 2014): 377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.794-796.377.
Full textAbstract:
The Friction Stir Welding (FSW) differs from the conventional welding process inter alia that the joint properties are not symmetric to the axis of joint line. Basically, it follows from the principle of the method because a rotary tool is used for welding. This asymmetry is due to created temperature field during welding, and the pressure force distribution along the thickness, so the investigation of these effects is important to create good quality welds. Experiments were performed on FSW joints made of non-heat treatable (5754-H22) and heat treatable (6082-T6) aluminium alloys, because there are clear difference between the reacts to these effect and show different changing on the microstructure. A special FSW tool was developed for the experiments and lowest inhomogeneity. Dynamic recrystallization and dynamic recovery can occur during welding so these were investigated by Gleeble material simulating system. During the experiments the grain sizes and grain shapes were also investigated.
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Ivany, Jerry A., and Douglas J. Doohan. "Control of Quackgrass (Elytrigia repens) and Field Mint (Mentha arvensis) with Glyphosate Applied Preharvest." Weed Technology 11, no. 4 (December 1997): 744–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00043372.
Full textAbstract:
Field experiments showed that quackgrass could be controlled by glyphosate applied preharvest to barley. In separate experiments, field mint was controlled by glyphosate applied pre- and postharvest to barley and wheat. Suppression of quackgrass regrowth one year following treatment was 90% or greater when glyphosate was applied at 0.9 kg ai/ha alone or at 0.45 kg ai/ha in combination with both tallow amine ethoxylate at 0.5% of total spray volume and ammonium sulfate at 3 kg/ha. Field mint shoot counts were reduced 84% the year following treatment when glyphosate was applied at 0.25 kg ai/ha and 95% when applied at 1.0 kg ai/ha. Suppression of field mint shoot regrowth the following year was 84% when glyphosate was applied postharvest and 93% when applied preharvest. Addition of tallow amine ethoxylate did not improve field mint control. Glyphosate applied preharvest to barley and wheat at less than 30% grain moisture content had no effect on grain yield.
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Halpern, Moshe, Kelem Gashu, Isaac Zipori, Yehoshua Saranga, and Uri Yermiyahu. "Tef (Eragrostis tef) Responses to Phosphorus and Potassium Fertigation under Semi-Arid Mediterranean Climate." Agronomy 11, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): 1588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081588.
Full textAbstract:
Tef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter) is an annual small grain, panicle bearing, C4 cereal crop native to Ethiopia, where it is a major staple food. The objectives of the present study were to characterize the responses of two tef genotypes to escalating phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) levels and to determine an optimum range for P and K at which tef performance is maximized. Two experiments were carried out in the Gilat Research Station, each testing two different genotypes of tef (405B and 406W), one experiment in pots in controlled conditions, and the other in the field. In both experiments, the highest grain yield increased until 6 mg L−1 P, and declined at 12 mg L−1 P. The decline was precipitous and significant in the pot experiment, and gradual and statistically insignificant in the field experiment. In the pots experiment, the grain yield increased until 40 mg L−1 K, with no significant decrease thereafter. The effect of K concentration was only seen in the grain yield and not in the size of the other plant organs. In the field experiment, grain yield was highest at 80 mg L−1 K, but it was not statistically different from 40 mg L−1. The effect of K on growth was only apparent at maturity and not at flowering.
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Jordan, David L., Patrick K. Bollich, Ann B. Burns, and Douglas M. Walker. "Rice (Oryza sativa) response to clomazone." Weed Science 46, no. 3 (June 1998): 374–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500089566.
Full textAbstract:
Experiments were conducted in 1993 and 1994 to determine if seed treated with disulfoton at 3, 6, or 12 g ai kg−1 reduced bleaching of rice foliage caused by clomazone applied delayed preemergence at 0.56, 1.1, 1.7, or 2.2 kg ai ha−1 on silt loam and silty clay soils. Clomazone injured rice more on silt loam soil than on silty clay soil. Disulfoton reduced bleaching caused by clomazone. In additional field experiments conducted during 1995 and 1996, clomazone at rates as high as 2.2 kg ha−1 did not affect grain yield in seven of 10 experiments. Clomazone at rates below 1.7 kg ha−1 did not reduce grain yield in any of the experiments.
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Fukai, S., C. J. Liwa, C. W. L. Henderson, B. B. Maharjan, R. C. Hermus, C. Searle, S. W. Herbert, and M. A. Foale. "The Field Performance of Induced Uniculm Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) in South-east Queensland, Australia." Experimental Agriculture 22, no. 4 (October 1986): 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700014642.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARYReduction of leaf area in sorghum without tillers (uniculm sorghum) might result in conservation of water at early stages of growth and hence in stability of grain yield under dry conditions. In two experiments in south-east Queensland, Australia, tillers were removed by hand to examine the growth of uniculm sorghum. Tiller removal promoted root development at the flag leaf stage but significantly reduced shoot dry matter and lowered grain yield by about 20% in a wet season. The saving in soil water as a result of tiller removal was relatively small but statistically significant.