To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Grain – Moisture.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Grain – Moisture'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Grain – Moisture.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Ibupoto, Khalil Ahmed. "Heat and moisture transfer during grain cooling." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246684.
Full text
2
Petersson, Stina. "Yeast/mold interactions during airtight storage of high-moisture feed grain /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1998. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1998/91-576-5505-7.gif.
Full text
3
Tickes, Barry R. "Moisture Loss from Uncovered Stored Alfalfa." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/201021.
Full textAbstract:
Moisture loss from stacked alfalfa was measured at various times of the year and at various baling moistures. Total moisture loss over two month time periods varied from 4.5% to 8.3% with considerable fluctuation occurring due to environmental conditions.
4
Gan, G. "Heat and moisture transfer in deep bed cooling of grain and vegetables." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234390.
Full text
5
Mahaman, Sabiou 1957. "Nitrogen requirements of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) under soil moisture stress." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277251.
Full textAbstract:
Water and fertilizers are the two major agricultural inputs limiting yields in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Proper knowledge of their influence on crops should be obtained for appreciable returns. Therefore, a field study was conducted to evaluate the effects of four nitrogen (N) treatments (0, 56, 112, and 168 kg N/ha), two water (M) levels (39 and 58 cm), and two varieties (V) (Funks G-522DR and Conlee Rusler) on dry matter production, total N concentration, and yield of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). Total N concentration, dry matter, and grain yield were increased by N treatments. Generally, the highest N rate gave the most significant effects; the other rates had statistically the same responses. Varieties were different in their dry matter and grain yields, but had the same total nitrogen contents, as was suggested by the ANOVA and means analysis. There were no detectable interactions among the factors. Moisture had minimal effect on dry matter and grain yields, but influenced total N concentration significantly. Nitrogen contents increased with the higher moisture level.
6
Gonzaga, F. Luis F. "Static pressure drop as affected by moisture and foreign material in rough rice." Thesis, Kansas State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/9843.
Full text
7
Ottman, M. J., and A. O. Jama. "Timing of the First Irrigation in Corna nd Moisture Stress Conditioning." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/201357.
Full textAbstract:
Delaying the first irrigation is thought to encourage root growth and condition crops for stress later in the season. Our objective was to test this common practice using corn. Field studies were conducted in Tucson, Arizona in 1989 and 1990 in which the first irrigation was applied at the Z 4, or 8 -leaf stages, and then either irrigated or stressed at anthesis. Delaying the first irrigation either restricted or did not influence root growth. Water use during anthesis was increased if the first irrigation was delayed, especially at the 2 to 3-foot depth. Delaying the first irrigation delayed silking by approximately 3 days and decreased the rate of dry matter accumulation. Grain yield was decreased 20% and total plant yield was decreased 14% in 1990 where the first irrigation was delayed past the 2 -leaf stage and the crop was well- watered at anthesis. Timing of the first irrigation did not affect yield if irrigations were withheld at anthesis. Delaying the first irrigation does not appear to condition corn for moisture stress later in the season, and may substantially decrease yield in certain situations.
8
Nyalemegbe, Kenneth K. "Growth, nodulation and nitrogen fixation of the faba bean (Vicia faba L.) under contrasting soil moisture conditions and under varied crop density and shading." Thesis, University of Reading, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240164.
Full text
9
Refay, Yahya, and Robert Voigt. "The Relative Influences of Moisture and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Sorghum Development for Grain and Forage under Full Season Growth." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/200556.
Full textAbstract:
Three high-yielding and three low-yielding grain sorghum hybrids were grown for a full season for grain yield and total dry weight of forage with two levels of irrigation (dry and wet) and two levels of nitrogen (0 and 100 lbs /acre). The experiment was conducted at the University of Arizona Marana Agricultural Center. The combined high nitrogen fertilizer and high water irrigation increased grain yield and total dry matter of sorghum over the dry moisture condition and no nitrogen fertilizer application more than the applied increases of nitrogen fertilizer or irrigation water alone as expected. Both high- and low-yielding groups of sorghum hybrids had the same basic relative percentage potential for increased grain yield from additional nitrogen fertilizer under either wet or dry conditions.
10
Refay, Yahya, and Robert Voigt. "The Relative Influences of Moisture and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Sorghum Development for Grain and Forage Production under Double Cropping." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/200579.
Full textAbstract:
Three high yielding and three low yielding grain sorghum hybrids were grown for grain yield and total dry weight in late planted simulated double-crop after barley or wheat harvest with two levels of irrigation (dry and wet) and two levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0 and 100 lbs/acre). The experiment was conducted on the University of Arizona Marana Agricultural Center. Nitrogen fertilizer and the interaction between nitrogen fertilizer and water irrigation had no significant effect on the grain yield of sorghum hybrids. Additional nitrogen fertilizer applied under dry conditions reduced both grain and total dry matter production, and when applied under wet conditions produced gains in grain or dry matter production of only 1% to 4% for the high and low yielding groups. Additional irrigation water produced 61% to 77% additional grain under low and high fertilizer levels for high and low yielding sorghum groups. Additional irrigation water produced 8% to 38% more plant dry matter under low and high fertilizer levels.
11
Parde, Shreekant. "Movement of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) in grain columns containing pockets of high moisture content wheat and carbon dioxide gradients." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ62818.pdf.
Full text
12
Reed, Mickey Lynn 1952. "The effect of moisture stress and salinity on germination and growth of grain amaranth Amaranthus cruentus L and Amaranthus hypochondriacus L." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276777.
Full textAbstract:
The grain amaranths, Amaranthus cruentus and Amaranthus hypochondriacus have been promoted as grain-bearing plants of possible high productivity in saline or hot arid habitats. To investigate these claims, seeds of both species were germinated at 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40°centigrade. Germination percentage for both species was above 90% after four days at 20, 25, 30, and 35°C. Germination was negligible at 10 and 15°C and very low at 40°C. Seeds were germinated in isotonic solutions of PEG and NaCl at 0.0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.5, -0.6, -0.8, and -1.0 MPa osmotic potential at 30°C. Germination percentage was high in the range 0.0 to -0.4 MPa and dropped rapidly to zero in the -0.6 to -1.0 MPa range. Differences due to chemical effects were significant. Species differences were not. Radicles and hypocotyls were measured after six days in the above media. PEG was more inhibitory of seedling growth than was NaCl and generally inhibited A. cruentus more than A. hypochondriacus. This was also true of NaCl. All growth functions were slightly inhibited at 0.0 to -0.4 MPa and very inhibited above -0.6 MPa. PEG radically increased root/shoot ratio in both species.
13
Rahman, Azizur 1954. "Effects of soil moisture stress and inter-plot competition on grain yield and other agronomic characteristics of sorghum and pearl millet." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277218.
Full textAbstract:
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L., Moench) and pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum L., Leeke) were intercropped under soil moisture non-stress and stress at Marana, Arizona during summer 1987. Effects of soil moisture stress and inter-row competition between sorghum and pearl millet on grain yield, 50% bloom, plant height, head length, head exsertion, 1000 grain weight, and number of effective tillers were evaluated. Interplot competition significantly reduced grain yield and head exsertion of peal millet. In sorghum, only plant height was significantly different due to competition. Agronomic characters were significantly different due to the effect of soil moisture stress except head length in pearl millet and head length, 1000 seed weight, and number of effective tillers in sorghum. Sorghum growing in a neighbor plot greatly suppressed millet grain yield under soil moisture stress. Relative yield total of the cereals under intercrop was less than unity under soil moisture stress.
14
Ramoroka, Mokgadi Mizen. "Grain yield, gravimetric moisture content, dry matter accumulation and chlorophyll production in maize-legume intercrop under minimum and conventional tillage systems." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/639.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.Sc. (Agriculture)) --University of Limpopo, 2008Maize is a dominant crop in smallholder farming systems in the Limpopo province of South Africa, generally cultivated as intercrop with grain legumes. The major constraint in this cropping system is inadequate soil moisture during the growing season, which also limits nutrient availability to the component crops. The minimum tillage system has been reported to improve soil moisture availability on farmers’ fields but this has not yet been verified in an intercropping system in the province. The objective of this study was to quantify grain yield and chlorophyll production of intercropped maize, and to assess seasonal moisture availability under minimum tillage (MT) and conventional tillage (CT) systems. Dryland field experiments were conducted at two locations in the province namely, farmer’s field at Dalmada in 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 growing seasons and at the University of Limpopo Experimental farm at Syferkuil during the 2003/2004. The experimental design was a randomized complete block in split plot arrangement at all locations and seasons. Tillage systems consisting of conventional tillage and minimum tillage were the main plot treatments, whereas five different cropping systems namely, sole maize, and maize intercrop with cowpea (variety, Bechuana White), cowpea (variety, Agripers), Lablab bean (variety, Rongai) and Velvet bean were assigned as sub-plot treatments. Maize grain yield in 2002/2003 at Dalmada was significantly lower (357 kg/ha) under CT relative to 755kg/ha under MT. In 2003/2004 at Dalmada, grain yields under the two systems were similar, where as at Syferkuil, 15% higher grain yield results was obtained under MT. Minimum tillage systems resulted in higher number of maize cobs per plant at Dalmada in both growing seasons and weight per cob was higher under MT at both locations and seasons. At Dalmada, significantly higher soil moisture was recorded under the MT relative to the CT depending on depth and sampling dates. Chlorophyll content of the youngest fully expanded leaves of maize was generally higher under MT than CT, but this was observed only at the later stages of plant growth. The results also showed that the rate of senescence (reduced chlorophyll content in older leaves) was higher in maize plants grown under CT relative to those under MT. The minimum tillage system has shown the potential of being a superior system for dryland maize production, but further research involving additional locations is required to ascertain this fact.
15
Haddad, Ola. "The effects of burn severity on soil properties : Infiltration rate, moisture, grain size distribution and carbon content Hälleskogsbrännan as an example." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-135798.
Full textAbstract:
This study focuses on soil hydrological parameters that are expected to be related to burn severity in forests; infiltration rate, soil moisture, grain size distribution and carbon content along a burn severity gradient in Västmanland Sweden, where a major fire occurred in 2014. Hälleskogsbrännan was divided into two burn severities: a moderate severity and a high severity, and a control area. Ten soil samples were taken for laboratory analyses at each severity level. Soil moisture and infiltration rate was measured in situ. Infiltration rates and soil moisture were highest in the most severely affected site, whereas fire effects on soil texture were insignificant. Soil organic carbon content was highest at the low fire severity site, followed by control and high severity fire sites. Inorganic carbon content followed the opposite trend. These results had clear trends but were insignificant, this call for more comprehensive sampling to separate possible confounding site effects.
16
Яцуляк, Віталій Романович, and Vitalii Yatsuliak. "Розробка та дослідження системи автоматичного регулювання вологості зерна на базі «Тернопільського комбінату хлібопродуктів»." Master's thesis, Тернопільський національний технічний університет ім. І. Пулюя, Факультет прикладних інформаційних технологій та електроінженерії, Кафедра автоматизації технологічних процесів і виробництв, 2019. http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29677.
Full textAbstract:
Робота виконана на кафедрі автоматизації технологічних процесів і виробництв факультету прикладних інформаційних технологій та електроінженерії Тернопільського національного технічного університету імені Івана Пулюя Міністерства освіти і науки України.
Захист відбудеться «26» грудня 2019 р. о 8.00год. на засіданні екзаменаційної комісії №43 у Тернопільському національному технічному університеті імені Івана ПулюяВ дипломній роботі досліджується процес формування помольних сумішей і гідротермічної обробки зерна для оптимізації процесу зернопідготовки на млинах. Розглянуті основні технологічні схеми зволоження зерна, проаналізовані неконтрольовані збурення на процес зволоження від машин для мийки і мокрого лущення зерна. Розроблені методи контролю і компенсації збурень від машин мокрого лущення зерна. Запропоновані два типи структур автоматизованих систем управління процесом зволоження для технологічних схем з машинами мокрого лущення із оригінальним алгоритмом контроля і компенсації збурень на процес зволоження від машини мокрого лущення і двоконтурна система з оснасткою машини мокрого лущення дозатором води. Двоконтурна система включає встановлений на вході машини мокрого лущення вологомір і виключає необхідність контролю вологості на виході зволожувального апарата. Система забезпечує керованість процесу обробки зерна в машині мокрого лущення, обмежує величину збурення при зміні типу зерна, його початкової вологості і скловидність і виключає порушення режиму холодного кондиціонування для зерна всіх типів і якісних показників.
The thesis investigates the process of formation of grinding mixtures and hydrothermal treatment of grain to optimize the process of grain preparation at mills. The basic technological schemes of grain moistening are considered, uncontrolled perturbations on the process of wetting from machines for washing and wet peeling of grain are analyzed. Methods of control and compensation of perturbations from machines of wet peeling of grain are developed. Two types of structures of automated humidification process control systems are proposed for technological schemes with wet peeling machines with original algorithm for control and compensation of perturbations for wet peeling wetting process and two-circuit system with equipment of wet peeling machine with water dispenser. The double-circuit system incorporates a hydrometer-mounted wet-peeling machine at the entrance and eliminates the need for humidity control at the outlet of the humidifier. The system provides controllability of the grain processing process in the wet peeling machine, limits the amount of perturbation when changing the grain type, its initial humidity and glassiness and eliminates the violation of the cold conditioning regime for grain of all types and quality indicators.
Вступ 8 1 Аналітична частина 10 1.1 Аналіз актуальності вирішення проблем підготовки зерна до помолу на мукомельних підприємствах 10 1.2 Загальні відомості про зерно, як сировину для виробництва борошна 13 1.2.1 Поняття про класифікацію зернових культур 13 1.2.2 Типовий склад і класи пшениці 15 1.2.3 Будова зерна 17 1.2.4 Ознаки якості зерна і методи їх визначення 19 1.2.5 Вплив води на властивості зерна 21 1.2.6 Мукомельні властивості зерна пшениці 22 1.3 Аналіз обладнення, яке використовується для зволоження зерна 25 1.3.1 Пристрої зволоження зерна 25 1.3.2 Витратомір сипучих речовин в потоці 32 1.3.3 Датчик вологості зерна в потоці 34 2 Технологічга частина 37 2.1 Характеристика об’єкту автоматизації 37 2.2 Хімічний склад пшеничної муки і зерна 38 2.3 Етапи підготовки зерна до помолу 42 2.4 Вплив технологічних властивостей зерна на якість і вихід муки 49 2.5 Гідротермічна обробка зерна 52 2.6 Опис технологічного процесу зерноочисного відділення Тернопільського КХП 55 3 Конструкторська частина 57 3.1 Основні методи дослідження системи підготовки зерна, як об’єкту керування 57 3.2 Створення моделі для формування помольної суміші, в основі якої методи оптимального керування 58 3.3 Нові методи багатокомпонентного дозування при формуванні помольної суміші 69 3.4 Процес гідротермічної обробки зерна як об’єкт керування 75 4 Науково-дослідницька частина 87 4.1 Експериментальні дослідження процесу підготовки зерна до помолу 87 4.2 Дослідження методів багатокомпонентного дозування в системах формування помольної суміші 88 4.3 Експериментальні дослідження процесу гідротемічної обробки зерна 99 5 Спеціальна частина 108 5.1 Розробка систем автоматичного керування та контролю процесом підготовки зерна 108 5.2 Автоматизована система розрахунку та формування складу помольної суміші. 109 5.3 Автоматизована система гідротермічної обробки зерна 114 6 Обгрунтування економічної ефективності 123 6.1 Економічне обґрунтування ефективності 123 6.2 Вихідні дані 126 6.3 Проектнa потужніcть i oб’єм випуcку прoдукції 127 6.4 Розрaхунок змiни собівaртості прoдукції 128 6.4.1 Розрaхунок індeксів змiни витрaт 128 6.4.2 Анaліз зміни собівaртості 129 6.5 Розрaхунок тeхніко-eкономічних покaзників 130 6.6 Розрахунок показників економічної ефективності 134 7 Охорона праці та безпека в надзвичайних ситуаціях 135 7.1 Охорона праці 135 7.1.1 Загальні положення 135 7.1.3 Вимоги по охороні праці перед початком роботи 141 7.1.4 Вимоги по охороні праці при виконанні роботи 142 7.1.5 Вимоги по охороні праці по закінченню роботи 144 7.1.6 Вимоги по охороні праці в аварійних ситуаціях 144 7.2 Безпека а надзвичайних ситуаціях 146 7.2.1 Структура цивільного захисту на підприємствах харчової промисловості 146 8 Екологія 151 8.1 Вплив мукомельного підприємства на навколишнє середовище 151 8.2 Результати забрудненості продуктів харчування 155 8.3 Аналіз методів досягнення безпеки харчових продуктів 156 Висновки 158 Перелік посилань 160 Додатки 167
17
Fernandes, Juliana. "Influência de genótipo, maturidade e tempo de armazenamento na qualidade de silagens de grãos de milho com alta umidade." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-12082014-151639/.
Full textAbstract:
O experimento avaliou os efeitos da ensilagem, da maturidade e do genótipo na matriz amido-protéica e no valor nutritivo de silagens de grão de milho com alta umidade. O delineamento experimental foi blocos ao acaso, com esquema fatorial 2×3×5: dois genótipos (duro ou dentado), três pontos de maturação (ponto de ensilagem de planta inteira, ponto de grão úmido e ponto de grão seco) e cinco tempos de armazenamento (0, 7, 21, 60 e 120 dias), com 4 repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por híbridos de milho AG 1051 (dentado) e IAC 8390 (duro). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as suas médias comparadas pelo Teste Tukey (5%). Foram avaliadas as características físicas dos grãos ao longo da maturidade, características físico-químicas, composição química e perfil fermentativo das silagens, extração e quantificação de proteínas prolaminas (zeínas) e degradabilidade ruminal in situ da matéria seca e de amido das silagens. Nos grãos, as concentrações de proteínas prolaminas foram maiores para o híbrido duro (P < 0,01) e aumentaram conforme a maturidade, sendo que a vitreosidade teve alta correlação com a concentração dessas proteínas. Já na silagem, os teores de proteínas prolaminas foram similares para grão úmido e grão seco reconstituído ao longo do período de armazenamento, independentemente do híbrido ensilado. O teor de nitrogênio amoniacal e proteína solúvel das silagens aumentaram (P < 0,01) ao longo do período de armazenamento. Silagens de grão seco reconstituído apresentaram maiores valores de pH, maiores teores de ácido butírico, etanol, acetona e 2,3-butanodiol. A maior degradabilidade ruminal de amido foi correlacionada negativamente (P < 0,01) com a concentração de proteínas prolaminas e positivamente relacionada (P < 0,01) aos teores de proteína solúvel e nitrogênio amoniacal. O efeito de genótipo e maturidade foram superados por tempos de armazenamento superiores a 60 dias, no tocante à degradabilidade ruminal das silagens. Silagens de grão seco reconstituído apresentaram maiores perdas de matéria seca e qualidade higiênica inferior às silagens de grão úmido.The experiment evaluated the effects of silage maturity and genotype on starch-protein matrix and nutritive values of corn grain silage with high moisture. The experiment design was randomized blocks with 2 × 3 × 5 factorial: two genotypes (flint or dent), three maturity stages (whole plant silage stage, moisture grain stage and dry grain stage) and five lengths of storage (0, 7, 21, 60 and 120 days), with four replications. The treatments were composed by two corn hybrids - AG 1051 (dent) and IAC 8390 (flint). The data were subjected to analysis of variance and the averages were compared by Tukey test (5%). Corn grains physical characteristics along the maturity, physicochemical characteristics, chemical composition and fermentation characteristics of silages, extraction and quantitation of prolamin protein (zein) and dry matter and starch in situ silage degradability were evaluated. In corn grains, the concentration of prolamin protein was higher for hybrid flint (P < 0.01) and also increased with maturity, and the vitreousness had higher correlation with the concentration of these proteins. Furthermore in silages, prolamin proteins were similar to high moisture grain and dry grain reconstituted, along with storage, regardless of the hybrid. In silage, the ammonia nitrogen and soluble crude protein contents increased (P < 0.01) during the length of storage. Reconstituted dry grain silages had higher pH, higher concentrations of butyric acid, ethanol, acetone and 2,3 - butanediol. The highest ruminal starch degradability was negatively correlated (P < 0.01) with the prolamin protein concentration and positively (P < 0.01) related to soluble crude protein and ammonia nitrogen protein levels. The effect of genotype and maturity were overcome by 60 days length of storage, according to ruminal degradability of silages. Reconstituted dry grain silages had higher DM losses and the hygienic quality was lower compared with high moisture corn silages.
18
Nawi, Nazmi Mat. "Development of a climate-based computer model to reduce wheat harvest losses in Australia." University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Engineering and Surveying, 2009. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/archive/00006241/.
Full textAbstract:
[Abstract]Grain harvest represents a period of high risk and is also a bottleneck in a grain production. This study develops a climate-based systems simulation model toinvestigate the economics of high moisture grain harvesting in Australia. The optimum harvesting and drying strategies were determined. The role of grain aeration cooling was also examined. The model software was developed in MATLAB. This model was run on an hourly basis using 15 years of historical weather data (1991-2005) for three main wheat production areas in Australia, represented by Goondiwindi (QLD), Tamworth (NSW) and Scaddan (WA).The Wheat Harvest System Simulation Model (WHSSM) consists of four submodels of weather data, machinery performance, crop loss and economic calculations. Each submodel is represented by mathematical functions and supportedby available theoretical and field data. The weather submodel is used to predict dynamic grain moisture contents for a standing crop in the field. Machinerysubmodel was developed to calculate machinery performance and its operating costs at different grain and weather conditions. The main machinery involved are combineharvester, cooling aerator, and four categories of grain driers. Crop loss submodel is used to quantify grain losses involved during harvest and storage periods, including shedding (yield) losses, header losses, threshing losses, crop quality downgrading losses (due to rainfalls), and storage spoilage losses.The model has been used to predict and compare the possible return for different harvesting and postharvest management strategies. For the reference case (a 1000 ha farm with a high-capacity harvester and medium-capacity drier in Goondiwindi), it is found that the optimum harvest moisture content for using continuous flow drier and batch drier is 14 and 13% (wet basis) respectively. Foraeration simulation, it is found that the use of an aeration cooling system would slightly increase grower’s return when the drier capacity is inadequate. No positiveimpact can be achieved on return if growers use either high or medium capacity driers. Generally, high capacity harvester travelling at lower speed is preferred.It is also demonstrated that local weather conditions/rainfall patterns can have a very significant influence on grower returns. Growers in dry and warmlocation (e.g. Goondiwindi) will gain better return. It is predicted that at the given model control values, the long-term optimum harvest moisture contents for Goondiwindi, Scaddan and Tamworth are 14, 15 and 17% respectively.
19
Tye, Braden M. "Effects of Feeding High-Moisture Corn Grain with Slow-Release Urea in Dairy Diets on Lactational Performance, Energy and Nitrogen Utilization, and Ruminal Fermentation Profiles by Lactating Cows." DigitalCommons@USU, 2016. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4923.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this experiment was to determine if nutrient utilization and energy partitioning by lactating dairy cows would differ in response to dietary corn grain (CG) types [steam-flaked corn (SFC) vs. high-moisture corn (HMC)] and to test if the types of CG would interact with slow-release urea (SRU) on lactational performance and energy utilization. Eight multiparous Holstein cows (32 ± 8.2 days-in-milk) were used in a duplicated 4 × 4 Latin square with one square consisting of ruminally cannulated cows. A 2 × 2 factorial arrangement was used to test 4 dietary treatments: SFC without SRU, SFC with SRU, HMC without SRU, and HMC with SRU. The experimental diets contained 60.5% dry matter (DM) of forages, whereas 12.9% or 14.4% DM of SFC or HMC was added in the diets, respectively. The SRU was supplemented at 0.46% DM, replacing a mixture of soybean meal and canola meal in a 50:50 ratio. Feeding HMC decreased intakes of DM, crude protein, and fiber compared with SFC. Supplementation of SRU did not affect intakes of DM and nutrients, whereas it tended to increase intakes of DM or increased crude protein intake under SFC but no effect under HMC, leading to CG ×SRU interactions on DM and crude protein intakes. Neither type of CG nor SRU supplementation affected milk production except that cows fed HMC-based diets tended to decrease energy-corrected milk yield compared to those fed SFC-based diets. Utilization of HMC in the diet had a tendency to increase dairy efficiency based on milk yield over SFC utilization. Cows fed HMC diets gained more body weight (BW) than those fed SFC diets, whereas supplementing SRU tended to reduce BW gain regardless of type of CG. Cows fed HMC diets shifted more net energy into BW compared with those fed SFC diets, whereas supplementing SRU tended to decrease a portion of net energy partitioned into BW gain under both SFC and HMC diets. Dietary treatments exerted minor impacts on ruminal fermentation profiles. Feeding HMC diets decreased fecal N excretion compared with SFC diets. In addition, supplementing SRU increased fecal N excretion under SFC, but it was decreased by SRU with HMC, leading to an interaction between CG and SRU. These collective results demonstrate that feeding HMC with SRU can be a practical option in high-forage lactation diets to maintain or improve nutrient and energy utilization efficiency and minimize negative environmental impacts.
20
Friske, Élcio. "Diversidade genética e mapeamento por associação em linhagens de milho para maturação de grãos." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2016. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1310.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Elcio_Friske.pdf: 2134254 bytes, checksum: a68baa9abb11f51692fe7500a517561f (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2016-02-29Fundação Araucária
The aim of this work was to evaluate the genetic diversity and map genomic regions associated with grains maturation in common corn lineages. The phenotypic attributes of 81 elite inbred lines of corn were assessed in field experiment implanted in square lattice design with three repetitions. The variance and multivariate analysis were carried out considering complete randomized blocks due to its equivalence with the estimation for the lattice efficiency. For the mapping by linkage disequilibrium, 72 elite inbred lines have been genotyped for SNP markers at platform 650K (Affymetrix®) and associated with the genotypic values of the traits related to maturation: number of days for the male flowering (DFM) and female (DFF), and the grain moisture loss, determined by the area below the moisture curve (AACUM). The results of the variance analysis pointed out the existence of genetic diversity in the germplasm for all the assessed traits, detecting a wide variability for DFM, DFF and AACUM. Weak genetic correlations between yield and maturation components indicated the possibility of selection for earliness without compromising the grain yield. The genetic diversity quantified by the distances of Mahalanobis enabled the suggestion of hybrid combinations of higher heterotic effect for earliness and grain yield. There were similarities in the Tocher and UPGMA grouping, which were efficient to classify the genetic variability. By the mixed linear model (MLM) it was possible to detect associations among days for male and female flourishing with SNP markers in all chromosomes, with predominance of chromosomes 1 and 3 and for the loss of moisture in the chromosomes 5 and 6. With of multiple regression analysis of stepwise for DFM, DFF and AACUM, the complete models explained 79%, 93% and 56% of the variation for the genotypic values, respectively, being found predominantly significant markers in the chromosomes 1 and 3. The detection of similar and also different genomic regions for these traits, which are highly correlated, makes possible to raise the hypothesis of the importance of the genetic linkage and pleiotropy to explain the maturation of grains in corn inbred lines. The results obtained are promising and the genomic regions associated with DFM, DFF and AACUM, will be evaluated in validation experiments, which will be useful in selection programs of genotypes with the maturity sought by the breeder
O trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar a diversidade genética e mapear regiões genômicas associadas com maturação de grãos em linhagens de milho comum. Os atributos fenotípicos de 81 linhagens elites de milho foram avaliados em experimento de campo implantado em delineamento de látice quadrado com três repetições. Procedeu-se a análise de variância e multivariada considerando blocos completos casualizados devido a sua equivalência com a estimação para eficiência do látice. Para o mapeamento por desequilíbrio de ligação, 72 linhagens elites foram genotipadas para marcadores SNP na plataforma 650K (Affymetrix®) e associados aos valores genotípicos dos caracteres relacionados à maturação: número de dias para o florescimento masculino (DFM) e feminino (DFF), e perda de umidade dos grãos, determinada pela área abaixo da curva de umidade (AACUM). Os resultados da análise de variância indicaram a existência de diversidade genética no germoplasma para todos os caracteres avaliados, detectando-se ampla variabilidade para DFM, DFF e AACUM. Correlações genéticas fracas entre os componentes de rendimento e de maturação indicaram a possibilidade de seleção para precocidade sem comprometer a produtividade. A diversidade genética quantificada pelas distâncias de Mahalanobis permitiu sugerir combinações hibridas de maior efeito heterótico para precocidade e produtividade. Houve semelhanças no agrupamento de Tocher e UPGMA, que foram eficientes para classificar a variabilidade genética. Pelo modelo linear misto (MLM) foi possível detectar associações entre dias para o florescimento masculino e feminino com marcadores SNP em todos os cromossomos, com predominância nos cromossomos 1 e 3, e para perda de umidade nos cromossomos 5 e 6. Com a análise de regressão múltipla de stepwise para DFM, DFF e AACUM, os modelos completos explicaram 79%, 93% e 56% da variação para os valores genotípicos, respectivamente, encontrando-se predominantemente marcadores significativos nos cromossomos 1 e 3. A detecção de regiões genômicas semelhantes e também distintas para esses caracteres, que são altamente correlacionados, torna possível levantar a hipótese da importância de ligação gênica e de pleiotropia para explicar a maturação de grãos em linhagens de milho. Os resultados obtidos são promissores e as regiões genômicas associadas com DFM, DFF e AACUM, serão avaliadas em experimentos de validação, que poderão ser úteis em programa para seleção de genótipos com a maturidade buscada pelo melhorista
21
Bengtsson, Asplin Björn, and Tommy Norén. "Fasadpanelens fuktskydd : Har droppnäsan någon betydelse?" Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för byggnadsteknik, energisystem och miljövetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-32395.
Full textAbstract:
Fuktinnehållet i fasadpaneler av trä varierar över tid beroende på faktorer som till exempel frekvensen av slagregn. Fasadpaneler kan ta skada av inträngande fukt och bör därför skyddas på bästa sätt för att inte förlora den primära funktionen att stoppa snö och regn att ta sig innanför byggnadens omslutande klimatskal. Forskningsstudier visar att ett grundläggande fuktskydd kan skapas genom att ytbehandla fasadpanelen och välja rätt träslag. Ett annat känt fuktskyddsråd inom byggbranschen är att snedsåga ändträet på fasadpanelen (även kallad droppnäsa), men inga studier kunde identifieras som styrker att det verkligen gör någon skillnad för fuktinnehållet i materialet. För att undersöka det här närmare togs en bevattningsmodell fram med syftet att ta reda på droppnäsans betydelse för fasadpanelens fuktskydd. Hypotes 1 var att fasadpaneler med droppnäsa generellt absorberar mindre fukt jämfört med fasadpaneler där ändträet inte är snedsågat, oavsett utförande. Det baserades på antagandet att en snävare vinkel på ändträet resulterar i att vattnet från vattenfilmen rinner av fasadpanelen istället för att fastna på ytan av ändträet och sugas upp kapillärt. Hypotes 2 var att ytbehandlade fasadpaneler med droppnäsa tar upp mindre fukt jämfört med ytbehandlade fasadpaneler utan droppnäsa, baserat på att försöka efterlikna rådet gällande snedsågning och ytbehandling, där ytbehandlingen används i syftet att reducera kapilläruppsugningen. Experimentet genomfördes med tre testställningar där alla hade utrustats med likadant stående fasadpanel som var grupperade efter ändträvinkel och ytbehandling. Resultaten från de tre testställningarna kunde sedan jämföras och kontrolleras mot varandra för att undersöka reliabiliteten i studien. För att efterlikna den vattenfilm som kan uppstå vid slagregn och öka den ekologiska validiteten bevattnades fasadpanelerna via en hängränna av trä. Resultatet visade att fuktkvoten för fasadpaneler med droppnäsa fluktuerade över och under fuktkvoten för fasadpanel där ändträet inte var snedsågat, oavsett om utförandet beaktades eller inte. Det snedsågade ändträet visade sig därmed inte vara bättre jämfört med det icke snedsågade ändträet, vilket innebar att ingen av hypoteserna kunde få något stöd. En något lägre fuktkvot kunde däremot observeras på grundbehandlade fasadpaneler, oavsett vinkel på ändträet. Slutsatsen utifrån använd bevattningsmodell var att droppnäsan inte hade någon betydelse för fuktskyddet av fasadpaneler av trä. Istället fanns det indikationer på att det är ytbehandlingen som gör skillnad på fuktinnehållet, vilket stöds av befintlig forskning.The moisture content of wooden façades changes over time due to external factors, for example the frequency of driving rain. Wooden façades can take damage from penetrating moisture and therefore should be protected so they do not lose their primary function of stopping snow and rain from getting inside the climate shell of the building. Science studies have shown that a fundamental protection from moisture can be created through surface treatment of the façade and choosing the right type of wood. Another known moisture protecting advice within the field of construction is to mitre the corners on the lower part of the façades (also known as dripping channel) but no studies could be found that confirmed that it actually effect the moisture content of the material. To investigate this a little further an irrigation model was created which the purpose to find out the significance of the dripping channel for the moisture protection of the façades. Hypothesis 1 was that façades with dripping channels generally absorb less moisture then façades with an end grain without a mitred corner, regardless of treatment. This was based on the assumption that a more narrow angle on the end grain causes the water from the water film to drip of the façades instead of getting trapped on the surface, and be absorbed by capillary forces. Hypothesis 2 was that treated façades with dripping channels absorb less moisture then treated façades without dripping channels, based on the attempt to mimic the advice regarding mitre and surface treatment, where the surface treatment is used for the purpose of reducing capillary uptake. The experiment consisted of three testing riggs with vertical wooden façades which were sorted by the angle of the end grain and surface treatment. The results from the three testing riggs could then be compared to each other to evaluate the reliability of the study. To mimic the water film that can appear during driving rain, the façades were irrigated through a wooden gutter. The results showed that the moisture ratio for façades with dripping channels was fluctuating under and above the moisture ratio for façades where the corner of the end grain was not mitred, regardless of treatment. The same results could be seen even when the treatment was considered. Façades with mitred end grains could therefore not be seen as better then façades without mitred end grains, so none of the hypotheses could get any support. However, a slightly smaller moisture ratio could be observed on surface treated façades, regardless the angle of the end grain. The conclusion based on the used irrigation model was that the dripping channel is of no significance for the moisture protection of the wooden façades. Instead there were indications that it is the surface treatment which makes a difference on the moisture content, something that is supported by existing research.
22
Morais, Greiciele de. "A fermentação de grãos de milho reidratados influenciada pela aplicação de aditivos: aspectos da conservação e do valor nutritivo para vacas leiteiras." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-27092016-170206/.
Full textAbstract:
A ensilagem de grãos de milho reidratados é uma estratégia de armazenamento vantajosa, economicamente viável e que melhora a digestibilidade do amido. Este estudo foi dividido em dois experimentos - Experimento 1: Utilização de aditivos químicos e microbianos sobre aspectos fermentativos e estabilidade aeróbia de silagens de milho reidratado. Os tratamentos consistiram em silagens de milho tratadas com Lactobacillus buchneri (LB - 5×105 ufc/g da matéria natural); Bactérias homoláticas (Homo - 5×105 ufc/g MN); Lactobacillus buchneri + homoláticas (Combo - 1×106 ufc/g MN); Lactobacillus buchneri + nitrito de sódio (LB - 5×105 ufc/g MN + 1,5 g/kg MN de nitrito) e benzoato de sódio (Benz - 2,0 g/kg MN). Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com 6 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Experimento 2: Utilização de silagem de grãos de milho reidratados com ou sem a adição de benzoato de sódio sobre a digestibilidade e desempenho de vacas leiteiras. Foram utilizadas 18 vacas Holandês, alocadas em três quadrados latinos para avaliação dos tratamentos: Controle (silagem de milho reidratado); Benz (silagem de milho reidratado + benzoato de sódio - 2,0 g/kg MN) e MiS (milho seco moído). Em todas as dietas o nível de inclusão do milho foi de 17,3%. No primeiro experimento, a composição química das silagens foi adequada e as perdas fermentativas foram baixas (<1,6%) para todos os tratamentos. A presença de aditivos microbianos resultou em silagens bem fermentadas, enquanto silagens Benz preservaram carboidratos solúveis e resultaram em menor concentração de produtos de fermentação. A estabilidade aeróbia foi máxima para LB, Combo e Benz (240h) e intermediária para LBNit (151h). A silagem inoculada com bactérias homoláticas foi menos efetiva em promover estabilidade aeróbia (74,7h), comparada à controle (53,5h). Os melhores parâmetros de degradabilidade ruminal da MS foram obtidos para a silagens LB e Combo. Silagem Benz e Homo foram semelhantes à Controle e o LBNIT piorou a degrabilidade ruminal da MS. No segundo experimento, O CMS foi similar entre os tratamentos, com média de 21,1 kg/dia, ao passo que a digestibilidade do amido e CNF foi maior para os grãos fermentados. O maior aporte energético das silagens gerou tendência de aumento na produção de leite corrigido para 3,5% de gordura. Ao relacionar essa produção com o CMS, os animais alimentados com silagens de grãos reidratados tenderam a uma maior eficiência alimentar. Vacas leiteiras alimentadas com silagens apresentaram menor excreção de nitrogênio ureico no leite (11,9 vs 13 mg/dL), o que sugere um melhor uso de nitrogênio para produção de proteína microbiana. O uso dos aditivos benzoato de sódio, L. buchneri e L. buchneri combinado com bactérias homoláticas é aconselhável para promover a fermentação, estabilidade aeróbia e valor nutritivo de silagens de grãos de milho reidratados.Rehydrated corn grain silage is an advantageous storage method, economically viable and improves starch digestibility. This study was carried out in two experiments - Experiment 1: Use of chemical and microbial additives on fermentation aspects and aerobic stability of rehydrated corn grain silage. The treatments consisted of rehydrated corn silage with different types of additives: control (no additive); Lactobacillus buchneri (LB - 5 × 105 cfu/g of fresh matter); homolactic bacteria (Homo - 5 × 105 cfu/g FM); Lactobacillus buchneri + homolactic bacteria (Combo LB - 5 × 105 cfu/g + LP - 5 × 105 cfu/g FM); Lactobacillus buchneri + sodium nitrite (LB - 5 × 105 cfu/g FM + nitrite - 1.5 g/kg FM) and sodium benzoate (Benz - 2.0 g/kg FM). The experiment was made in a completely randomized design with six treatments and four replications. Experiment 2: Use of rehydrated corn silage with or without sodium benzoate on the digestibility and performance of dairy cows. Eighteen Holstein cows were distributed in a replicated 3×3 latin square design with three periods (22-d) to evaluate the effect of control treatment (rehydrated corn silage); Benz (rehydrated corn silage plus sodium benzoate - 2.0 g/kg FM) and DGC (dry ground corn). In all diets the inclusion of corn was 17.3% in dry matter basis. In the first experiment, the chemical composition of silages was adequate and the fermentative DM losses were low (<1.6%) for all treatments. The presence of microbial additives resulted in well fermented silages, while Benz silages preserved WSC and showed lower concentration of fermentation products. The aerobic stability was highest for LB, Combo and Benz (240h) and intermediate for LBNit (151h). The Homo silages was less effective in promoting aerobic stability (74.7h), compared to the control (53.5h). The best parameters of ruminal DM degradability were obtained for LB and Combo silages. Benz and Homo silages were similar to the control, while LBNIT worsened the ruminal degrability of DM. In the second experiment, dry matter intake was similar across treatments with average of 21.1 kg/day, whereas starch and CNF digestibility was higher for fermented grains. The higher energy of silages tended to increase the production of 3.5 % fat-corrected milk. Therefore, animals fed rehydrated grain silages tended to present increased feed efficiency. Dairy cows fed silages had lower excretion of milk urea nitrogen, suggesting a better use of nitrogen for microbial protein synthesis. The use of additives sodium benzoate, L. buchneri and L. buchneri combined with homolactic bacteria is advisible to improve the fermentation, the aerobic stability and the nutritive value of rehydrated corn grain silages.
23
Carvalho, Paula de Almeida. "Influência do genótipo e maturidade na diversidade microbiológica em milho grão para silagem." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-11082014-162817/.
Full textAbstract:
O histórico agronômico da cultura, em geral, explica a comunidade microbiana presente na massa ensilada, entretanto, a diversidade e o grau de contaminação da população microbiana epifítica pode auxiliar na compreensão do padrão de fermentação da silagem e da estabilidade desse produto quando em exposição ao ambiente aeróbio. No presente trabalho, foram avaliados a influência do genótipo, maturidade e período de estocagem na composição da comunidade bacteriana em silagens de grãos de milho. Para isso, dois cultivares de milho AG 1051 (\"dent\") e IAC 8390 (\"flint\") foram colhidos em três estágios de maturidade (ponto de silagem de planta inteira, ponto de silagem de grão úmido e ponto de grão seco), moídos e ensilados por 0, 7 e 120 dias. Atualmente, a aplicação de técnicas de microbiologia molecular permite acessar alterações causadas nestas comunidades de maneira independente do cultivo bacteriano, por esse motivo, a comunidade bacteriana foi avaliada por meio da técnica de Eletroforese em Gel de Gradiente Desnaturante (DGGE) e sequenciamento dos produtos de PCR via sistema MiSeqTM Illumina. Foi demonstrado que em silagens de grãos de milho contendo alta umidade, os diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento da cultura, e por conseguinte, do grão, são os principais determinantes da composição da comunidade bacteriana deste, sendo menos importantes o genótipo das plantas e os tempos de estocagem das silagens. Aos 120 dias de estocagem nas amostras de grão seco reconstituído, as sequências afiliadas ao gênero Clostridium representaram total de aproximadamente 40% das sequências afiliadas aos gêneros encontrados, enquanto o gênero Lactobacillus representou menos de 7% das sequências afiliadas a este gênero. Provavelmente, grãos secos sofrem mais estresse a campo, o que consequentemente, pode interferir na qualidade higiênico sanitária das silagens desses grãos. Com base nestes resultados fica evidenciada a possibilidade de realização de recomendações potenciais de aditivos específicos para ensilagem de grãos de milho, direcionados para cada ponto de maturidade da cultura.The agronomic background of crops in general, explains the microbial community present in silage, however, diversity and contamination status may help on understanding the silage fermentation profile and aerobic stability. In the present work, the influence of factors such as different genotypes, different stages of plants development and storage time in the composition of bacterial communities were evaluated. On this way, maize cultivars AG 1051 (\"dent\") and IAC 8390 (\"flint\") were harvested in three physiological stages (whole plant silage, wet grain silage and dry grain), the grain were grounded and ensiled for 0, 7 and 120 days. Nowadays, the applications of techniques of molecular microbiology allow assessing the shifts caused on these communities by a culture independent approach, therefore, bacterial community were evaluated by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis technique (DGGE), and PCR products were sequenced by Illumina MiSeqTM System. It was demonstrated that in high moisture corn silage, different stages of plants development are main determinants of bacterial community composition rather than the plants genotypes and storage time. In addition in the samples of reconstituted dry grain, it was demonstrated that after 120 days of storage, sequences affiliated to the gender Clostridium accounted for a total of approximately 40% of total sequences affiliated to genera found, while the genus Lactobacillus represented less than 7% of sequences affiliated to this gender. Probably dried grains suffer more stress at field conditions, which in turn can interfere with the sanitary hygienic quality of silages obtained from these grains. At least, based on these results it is clear the possibility of performing potential specific additives recommendations, unique at each stage of maize plants development.
24
Câmara, Tassiano Maxwell Marinho. "Mapeamento de QTLs de caracteres relacionados à tolerância ao estresse hídrico em milho tropical." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11137/tde-04042007-145739/.
Full textAbstract:
Caracteres relacionados à tolerância ao estresse hídrico e correlacionados à produção de grãos têm sido considerados em programas de melhoramento de milho em função dos insucessos obtidos na seleção direta para produção de grãos sob estresse hídrico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi mapear QTLs de caracteres relacionados à tolerância ao estresse hídrico, estimar seus efeitos genéticos, e estudar a interação QTL por ambientes em duas populações de milho tropical. Duzentas e cinqüenta e seis progênies F2:3 de cada uma das duas populações, denominadas posteriormente U e D, foram avaliadas no delineamento em látice simples 16 x 16 em nove ou sete ambientes. As parcelas foram uma fileira de 4,0 m de comprimento, espaçadas entre si por 0,8 m, e 0,2 m entre plantas (62.500 plantas ha-1). Os caracteres avaliados foram produção de grãos com 15% de umidade dos grãos (PG), prolificidade (PROL), florescimento feminino (FF), florescimento masculino (FM), intervalo entre florescimentos (IF), número de ramificações do pendão (NRP) e stay-green (SG). Para o mapeamento de QTLs foi utilizado o mapeamento por intervalo composto expandido para múltiplos ambientes. Em ambas populações foi detectada variância genética para todos os caracteres. Produção de grãos apresentou correlação genética significativa nas populações D e U com PROL (0,88 e 0,79), e FF (-0,44 e -0,76); PG também foi geneticamente correlacionado com FM (-0,74) na população U, e com SG (-0,50) na população D. Vinte e quatro, 19, 16, 14, 15, 12 e 20 QTLs foram mapeados na população D, e 17, 22, 34, 28, 17, 26 e 33 QTLs foram mapeados na população U para PG, PROL, IF, FF, FM, NRP e SG, respectivamente. Os QTLs foram distribuídos por todos os 10 cromossomos, mas um menor número de QTLs foi mapeado nos cromossomos 6, 7, 9 e 10 em ambas populações. QTLs para diferentes caracteres foram mapeados em posições coincidentes para várias regiões genômicas em ambas populações. Cerca de 90% dos QTLs mapeados apresentaram pequenos efeitos genéticos, cada um explicando menos de 5% da variância fenotípica dos caracteres. A variância fenotípica total explicada pelos QTLs variou de 32,17% (FF) a 64,55% (FM) na população D, e de 41,70% (PG) a 69,30% (IF) na população U. O grau médio de dominância variou de dominância parcial a sobredominância na população D, enquanto na população U a sobredominância foi o grau médio de dominância para a maioria dos caracteres. Para todos os caracteres a maioria dos QTLs interagiu significativamente com os ambientes em ambas populações. Os QTLs com efeitos mais pronunciados foram, em geral, mais estáveis entre ambientes. Esses QTLs estáveis foram previamente relatados em outras populações sugerindo que eles também poderiam ser mais estáveis entre germoplasmas. QTLs estáveis poderiam ser úteis em estratégias de seleção assistida por marcadores para desenvolver híbridos de milho com alta produtividade e com baixa redução na produção de grãos sob estresse hídrico.Traits related to moisture stress tolerance and correlated to grain yield have been considered in maize breeding programs because direct selection for grain yield under moisture stress has been unsuccessful. The objectives of this paper were to map QTLs of traits related to moisture stress tolerance, to estimate their genetic effects, and to study the QTL by environment interaction in two tropical maize populations. Two hundred and fifty-six F2:3 progenies from each of the two populations, thereafter named U and D, were evaluated in 16 x 16 simple lattice designs at nine or seven environments. Plots were one row 4.0 m long, 0.8 m spaced apart, and 0.20 m between plants (62,500 plants ha-1). The traits were recorded on grain yield at 15% grain moisture (GY), prolificacy (PRO), days to silk extrusion (SD), days to anthesis (AD), anthesis-silking interval (ASI), number of tassel branches (TB), and stay-green (SG). The composite interval mapping extended to multiple environments was used to map QTLs. Significant genetic variances were detected for all traits in both populations. Grain yield showed significant genetic correlations in populations D and U with PRO (0.88 and 0.79), and SD (-0.44 and -0.76); GY was also genetically correlated with SD (-0.74) in population U, and with SG (-0.50) in population D. Twenty-four, 19, 16, 14, 15, 12, and 20 QTLs were mapped in population D, and 17, 22, 34, 28, 17, 26, and 33 QTLs were mapped in population U for GY, PRO, ASI, SD, AD, TB, and SG, respectively. The QTLs were distributed along the 10 chromosomes, but a lower number of QTLs was mapped in both populations in chromosomes 6, 7, 9, and 10. QTLs for different traits were mapped in the same positions for several genomic regions in both populations. About 90% of the QTLs mapped presented lower genetic effects, each explaining less than 5% of the phenotypic variance of the traits. The total phenotypic variance explained by the QTLs ranged from 32.17% (SD) to 64.55% (AD) in population D, and from 41.70% (GY) to 69.30% (ASI) in population U. The average level of dominance ranged from partial dominance to overdominance in population D, but in population U overdominance was the average level of dominance for most of the traits. For all traits most of the QTLs interacted significantly with environments in both populations. The QTLs with larger effects were, in general, more stable across environments. These stable QTLs were previously reported in other populations suggesting that they could also be more stable across germplasms. Stable QTLs could be useful in marker-assisted selection strategies to develop high yielding maize hybrids with low grain yield decrease under moisture stress.
25
Reis, Wagner dos [UNESP]. "Degradabilidade de grãos secos e ensilados de híbridos de milho submetidos a formas de processamento." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104543.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Previous issue date: 2006-07-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:23:16Z : No. of bitstreams: 1
reis_w_dr_botfmvz.pdf: 184462 bytes, checksum: 5f5c576d65a1f089737e2cdacf2f315d (MD5)Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi de avaliar o efeito do processamento (moagem) em dois híbridos de milho (textura dura e mole), conservados secos e grãos úmidos ensilados, sobre a degradabilidade in situ da matéria seca (MS) e da proteína bruta (PB). Determinou-se a granulometria do material onde foi verificada diferença no DGM (Diâmetro Geométrico Médio) dos ingredientes processados, quando submetidos à moagem com diferentes peneiras. Foram utilizados três ovinos adultos fistulados no rúmen, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 3, sendo dois híbridos de milho (textura dura e mole), dois métodos de conservação e três formas de processamento (moído grosso, médio e fino), com cinco tempos de incubação (3, 6, 12, 24 e 48 horas). Os valores verificados para a fração A na SMM (silagem de milho mole) da MS foram superiores ao GMM (grão de milho mole) em todas as granulometrias. O processo de ensilagem aumentou a solubilidade da MS dos ingredientes, diminuindo a fração B quando comparado com o grão seco; disponibilizando mais facilmente para o ataque microbiano. Os valores referentes às frações DP e DE a 5%/h da proteína, foram maiores para SMM e GMM, apresentando maior desaparecimento quando avança o tempo de incubação. Para a MS o processo de ensilagem aumentou a degradabilidade ruminal da MS do milho com textura mole. O mesmo não se verifica com relação ao milho com textura dura. A taxa de fermentação (kd) mostra-se superior para SMM e GMM. O processo de ensilagem tem efeito positivo no desaparecimento da MS e PB quando se compara com o GMM.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the processing (grinding) in two corn hybrids (flint and dent) conserved, dry and humid grains, on the dry matter (DM) and crude protein (PB) degradability in situ. Was determined the material particle size and difference was verified in DGM (Medium Geometric Diameter) of the processed ingredients, when submitted to the grinding with different sieves. Three adult sheeps were used with rumen canulated, distributed in a compltely randomized design, using a factorial outline 2 x 2 x 3, being two corn hybrid (flint and dent), two conservation methods and three processing forms (whole, coarsely and finely ground), with five times of incubation (3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours). The values verified for the fraction A in SMM (silage of dent corn) of DM were superior to GMM (grain of dent corn) in all of the particles size. The ensiling process increased the DM solubility of the ingredients, reducing the fraction B when compared with the dry grain; making available more easily for the microbial attack. The values regarding the fractions DP and DE the 5%/hour of the protein, were larger for SMM and GMM, it presents a larger disappearance when it advances the incubation time. For DM show that the ensiling process has increased the DM degradability ruminal of the corn with soft texture. The same is not verified regarding the corn with flint texture. The fermentation rate (kd) is superior for SMM and GMM. The ensiling process has positive effect in the disappearance of DM and CP when it is compared with GMM.
26
Reis, Wagner dos 1963. "Degradabilidade de grãos secos e ensilados de híbridos de milho submetidos a formas de processamento /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104543.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Ciniro CostaBanca: Clóves Cabreira Jobim
Banca: Ulysses Cecato
Banca: Armando de Andrade Rodrigues
Banca: Heraldo César Gonçalves
Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi de avaliar o efeito do processamento (moagem) em dois híbridos de milho (textura dura e mole), conservados secos e grãos úmidos ensilados, sobre a degradabilidade in situ da matéria seca (MS) e da proteína bruta (PB). Determinou-se a granulometria do material onde foi verificada diferença no DGM (Diâmetro Geométrico Médio) dos ingredientes processados, quando submetidos à moagem com diferentes peneiras. Foram utilizados três ovinos adultos fistulados no rúmen, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 3, sendo dois híbridos de milho (textura dura e mole), dois métodos de conservação e três formas de processamento (moído grosso, médio e fino), com cinco tempos de incubação (3, 6, 12, 24 e 48 horas). Os valores verificados para a fração A na SMM (silagem de milho mole) da MS foram superiores ao GMM (grão de milho mole) em todas as granulometrias. O processo de ensilagem aumentou a solubilidade da MS dos ingredientes, diminuindo a fração B quando comparado com o grão seco; disponibilizando mais facilmente para o ataque microbiano. Os valores referentes às frações DP e DE a 5%/h da proteína, foram maiores para SMM e GMM, apresentando maior desaparecimento quando avança o tempo de incubação. Para a MS o processo de ensilagem aumentou a degradabilidade ruminal da MS do milho com textura mole. O mesmo não se verifica com relação ao milho com textura dura. A taxa de fermentação (kd) mostra-se superior para SMM e GMM. O processo de ensilagem tem efeito positivo no desaparecimento da MS e PB quando se compara com o GMM.
Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the processing (grinding) in two corn hybrids (flint and dent) conserved, dry and humid grains, on the dry matter (DM) and crude protein (PB) degradability in situ. Was determined the material particle size and difference was verified in DGM (Medium Geometric Diameter) of the processed ingredients, when submitted to the grinding with different sieves. Three adult sheeps were used with rumen canulated, distributed in a compltely randomized design, using a factorial outline 2 x 2 x 3, being two corn hybrid (flint and dent), two conservation methods and three processing forms (whole, coarsely and finely ground), with five times of incubation (3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours). The values verified for the fraction A in SMM (silage of dent corn) of DM were superior to GMM (grain of dent corn) in all of the particles size. The ensiling process increased the DM solubility of the ingredients, reducing the fraction B when compared with the dry grain; making available more easily for the microbial attack. The values regarding the fractions DP and DE the 5%/hour of the protein, were larger for SMM and GMM, it presents a larger disappearance when it advances the incubation time. For DM show that the ensiling process has increased the DM degradability ruminal of the corn with soft texture. The same is not verified regarding the corn with flint texture. The fermentation rate (kd) is superior for SMM and GMM. The ensiling process has positive effect in the disappearance of DM and CP when it is compared with GMM.
Doutor
27
Umoru, Joseph Adejo. "Characteristics assessment of aspen logs used in the production of matches." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för skog och träteknik (SOT), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-75913.
Full textAbstract:
Aspen (Populus tremula L.) accounts for about 2% of the total wood stock in Sweden. Sawmills use only a small part (about 5,000 m³fub) of round wood aspen per year. Since there are no Swedish gradings and design values for aspen, no aspen is used for structural purposes. This also applies to other hardwood trees in Sweden. Aspen is mainly used for pulp and paper with a mass consumption of 800,000 m³fub per year of which about 50% is imported. Most imported aspen is from Russia and the Baltics. The other major use of aspen is in match industries. Consumption for matches amounts to approximately 30,000 m³fub per year in Sweden. The aim of the research work was to increase knowledge on the wood quality of aspen used in the production of matches. Aspen (Populus tremula L.) logs were collected from two different sites in Sweden and a non-destructive tools weas used to estimate the modulus of elasticity in logs. To measure the dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEdyn), Fakopp resonance log grader used. Other properties like density and moisture content were measure and were correlated with the MOEdyn values in order to identify the site that has a better log quality. Besides, horizontal and vertical variation of different wood properties were measured and compared within and between trees from two different sites in order to justify the variation of log quality. A total of 20 trees from Askaremåla and Vimmerby, Sweden were felled and used in this study. From each tree, 3 m long logs were sampled from each base, middle and top. After that, non-destructive evaluations were performed in those logs. Besides, 5 cm thick discs were collected in every tree height (base, middle and top) to measure horizontal and vertical variations. This study shows that there were differences in MOEdyn between and within trees. It was evident that trees collected from Vimmerby had a better log property than that in Askaremåla. Using non-destructive tools, it is possible to sort out quality logs for the production of Swedish matches.
28
Silayo, Valerian Cosmas Kanyengele. "Sun drying of grains." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262986.
Full text
29
Ottman, Michael J. "Planting methods for small grains in Arizona." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/555983.
Full textAbstract:
Revised; Original Published: 20042 pp.
Small grains are planted for a variety of reasons, but their rotational benefit makes them a popular crop all over the world and influences the way they are planted. One of the major benefits of small grains as rotational crops is that they cover the soil and suppress weeds. Thus, small grains are most commonly solid seeded with a grain drill.
30
Kumar, Rajesh. "Non-traditional grains in low and high moisture extrusion applications –residence time, physico-chemical properties and resistant starch." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/38210.
Full textAbstract:
Master of ScienceDepartment of Grain Science and Industry
Sajid Alavi
Sorghum, millets and teff are important staple crops worldwide, especially in semi-arid regions of Africa and India because of their drought tolerance. However, lack of research and other limitations have restricted their usage in food products. This study is focused on extrusion processing of low and high tannin sorghum varieties, millet and teff for high and low moisture applications, and to investigate process characteristics such as residence time distribution and specific mechanical energy, physico-chemical properties of resultant food products (such as pre-cooked pasta and expanded snacks) and their resistance starch content. Results from preliminary lab scale extrusion, including optimization of starch type and level for pre-cooked pasta and in-barrel moisture for expanded snacks, were used to design pilot-scale studies on a twin-screw extruder. In the first pilot-scale experiment, decorticated white sorghum blends prepared with addition of mono-glycerides (0.5%, 1% and1.5%) and salt (1%) were processed at three different in-barrel moisture contents 40%, 44% and 48% (wet basis) for processing of precooked pasta. The optimum formulation containing 1% mono-glycerides and process conditions corresponding to 48% in-barrel moisture were also used to develop precooked teff and millet pasta. The non-traditional grain based pastas were investigated for cooking quality, thermal characteristics using differential scanning calorimeter, pasting properties using rapid visco analyzer and texture profile analysis. In general, increasing in-barrel moisture led to reduction in solid losses (ranging from 4.0-8.2% for all treatments), indicating improvement in cooking quality. On the other hand, increase in mono-glycerides concertation led to higher cooking losses, and also affected pasting and textural properties significantly. Sorghum-based precooked pasta was of best quality while millet pasta was poorest in cooking quality, visual and textural attributes. Cooking loss for control pre-cooked pasta produced in this experiment using semolina was 4.5%, and commercial semolina pasta was 3.2%. Residence time distribution in pilot-scale twin screw extruder, during high moisture process conditions used for pre-cooked pasta, was also investigated at three different in-barrel moistures (40%, 44% and 48%) and monoglycerides/ lipid (0.5, 1% and 1.5%) concentrations. Increase in in-barrel moisture significantly decreased mean residence time. For example, mean residence time was 4.47 min at 40% moisture, 3.89 min at 44% and 3.74 min at 48%. On the contrary, residence time significantly increased with lipid level. For example, mean residence time was 3.87 min at 0.5% concentration of mono-glycerides, 4.48 min at 1% and 4.70 min 1.5%. In the second experiment focusing on low moisture applications, pilot-scale twin screw extrusion was used to process decorticated white sorghum and high tannin sumac sorghum for expanded snacks. The addition of sumac bran decreased the specific mechanical energy input (366-578 kJ/kg) and expansion ratio (6.4-7.9), and resulted in higher piece density of extrudates. Use of sumac bran and sumac flour led to increase in resistant starch content, although it was less than 1% for all treatments. Therefore, extrusion with ingredients having high tannin content does not provide value, despite tannins being associated with resistant starch at least in raw materials.
31
Marks, Leanne R. "Straw-Bale as a Viable, Cost Effective, and Sustainable Building Material for Use in Southeast Ohio." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1125775864.
Full text
32
Souza, Carla Giselly de [UNESP]. "Degradabilidade de grãos secos e ensilados de sorgo, com e sem tanino, submetidos à granulometrias." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92400.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Previous issue date: 2009-05-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:14:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1
souza_cg_me_botfmvz.pdf: 278641 bytes, checksum: 2c6856fd3f09ad74fc57c4c34c33e6c0 (MD5)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da granulometria (moagem) nos grãos de dois híbridos de sorgo (com e sem tanino), conservados secos ou ensilados úmidos, sobre a degradabilidade in situ da matéria seca (MS) e proteína bruta (PB) em ovinos. Foram utilizados três ovinos adultos, fistulados no rúmen, distribuídos em um delineamento experimental em blocos, com arranjo fatorial de 2 x 2 x 3 , sendo dois híbridos de sorgo (com e sem tanino), duas formas de conservação (seco e ensilado), três granulometrias (inteiro, moído grosso e moído fino), e o tempo como sub parcela. Recomenda-se a moagem dos grãos de sorgo, pois proporciona aumento da degradabilidade ruminal e efetiva da matéria seca, proteína bruta e amido. A presença do tanino no grão de sorgo alterou a degradabilidade potencial da proteína bruta e amido. Pelos resultados inferidos recomenda-se a moagem dos grãos de sorgo, por aumentar a degradabilidade ruminal e efetiva da matéria seca, proteína bruta e amido. O melhor tratamento foi a moagem grossa no grão sem tanino armazenado na forma de grãos secos.
The main research purpose was evaluate the grinding effect on two sorghum genotypes grain with and without tannin, in dry grain or humid silage conservation above the dry matter in situ degradability and crude protein. Three rumen fistulated sheep was used, in a bloc design, in a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial out line, with two sorghum genotypes (with and without tannin), two conservation ways (dry grain and high moisture grains silage) and three grinding ways (role, thick grinding and fine grinding) and time like sub-portion. To sorghum grains is recommended the grinding just because increases the dry matter and crude protein, ruminal and effective degradability. The tannins presence depressed the crude protein effective degradability, in a soft way. The fine grinding became a huge increasing in dry matter degradability rate. In this way the better treatment was the fine grinding without tannin in dry grain. We recommend the grinding, to sorghum grains independent the conservation way or utilized genotype, just because increase the ruminal and effective ruminal degradability. Mainly to without tannin genotype in dry grain way.
33
Souza, Carla Giselly de 1980. "Degradabilidade de grãos secos e ensilados de sorgo, com e sem tanino, submetidos à granulometrias /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92400.
Full textAbstract:
Resumo: O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da granulometria (moagem) nos grãos de dois híbridos de sorgo (com e sem tanino), conservados secos ou ensilados úmidos, sobre a degradabilidade in situ da matéria seca (MS) e proteína bruta (PB) em ovinos. Foram utilizados três ovinos adultos, fistulados no rúmen, distribuídos em um delineamento experimental em blocos, com arranjo fatorial de 2 x 2 x 3 , sendo dois híbridos de sorgo (com e sem tanino), duas formas de conservação (seco e ensilado), três granulometrias (inteiro, moído grosso e moído fino), e o tempo como sub parcela. Recomenda-se a moagem dos grãos de sorgo, pois proporciona aumento da degradabilidade ruminal e efetiva da matéria seca, proteína bruta e amido. A presença do tanino no grão de sorgo alterou a degradabilidade potencial da proteína bruta e amido. Pelos resultados inferidos recomenda-se a moagem dos grãos de sorgo, por aumentar a degradabilidade ruminal e efetiva da matéria seca, proteína bruta e amido. O melhor tratamento foi a moagem grossa no grão sem tanino armazenado na forma de grãos secos.Abstract: The main research purpose was evaluate the grinding effect on two sorghum genotypes grain with and without tannin, in dry grain or humid silage conservation above the dry matter in situ degradability and crude protein. Three rumen fistulated sheep was used, in a bloc design, in a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial out line, with two sorghum genotypes (with and without tannin), two conservation ways (dry grain and high moisture grains silage) and three grinding ways (role, thick grinding and fine grinding) and time like sub-portion. To sorghum grains is recommended the grinding just because increases the dry matter and crude protein, ruminal and effective degradability. The tannins presence depressed the crude protein effective degradability, in a soft way. The fine grinding became a huge increasing in dry matter degradability rate. In this way the better treatment was the fine grinding without tannin in dry grain. We recommend the grinding, to sorghum grains independent the conservation way or utilized genotype, just because increase the ruminal and effective ruminal degradability. Mainly to without tannin genotype in dry grain way.
Orientador: Jozivaldo Prudêncio Gomes de Morais
Coorientador: Ciniro Costa
Coorientador: Wagner dos Reis
Banca: Paulo Roberto de Lima Meireles
Banca: Luciana Thie Seki
Mestre
34
Keisu, Tanja. "Barrandel och fukthalt i färsk grot från gran i södra Sverige." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för skog och träteknik (SOT), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-44554.
Full textAbstract:
Skogen är en förnyelsebar energikälla som möjliggör för ett minskat beroende av fossila bränslen. Ur ett politiskt perspektiv minskar såväl klimatpåverkan som beroendet av importerad energi från oroliga delar av världen genom att ta tillvara skogsbränsle lokalt. I Sverige är sågverkens biprodukter fullt utnyttjade och därför har skogsbränsle i from av grot (GRenar Och Toppar) en av de största potentialerna till ökat uttag. Barrträdens barr är en omstridd fråga i samband med tillvaratagandet av grot. Barren står för en liten del av biomassan, men för en stor del av näringen i ett bestånd. Därför är det önskvärt att så mycket som möjligt av barren lämnas på föryngringsytan. Om barrandel i färsk grot är känd kan den även användas för att beräkna hur mycket barr som egentligen lämnas kvar på hygget. Den energiomvandlande industrin vill inte heller ha för mycket barr i bränslet, då de anses skapa problem i förbränningen. Studien är ett fältexperiment genomförd på tio olika hyggen i södra Sverige under mars och april 2015. En grothög lastades på ett personbilssläp och transporterades till företaget Skogsbränsle Smålands flishugg för sönderdelning. Provmaterialet bearbetades sedan på Linnéuniversitetet där bl.a. fukthalt och barrandel bestämdes. Resultatet i denna studie genomförd i södra Sverige pekar på att medelvärdet för barrandelen i färsk grot från gran är 22,2 %, men där variationen mellan olika hygge kan variera stort (17,5–32,4 %). Medelvärdet ligger dock i nedre delen av det vedertagna intervallet motsvarande 20–30 %. Studien visade på ett medelvärde för fukthalt på 38,7 %, vilket är lägre än vad tidigare studier fastställt. Barrträd har lägst fukthalt under vårvintern, dvs. under genomförandet av denna studie vilket kan förklara en relativt låg fukthalt som annars generellt brukar vara 50–55 %. Denna studie har konstaterat att barrandelen för färsk grot från gran i södra Sverige är lägre än vedertaget intervall för hela Sverige. Det har även kunnat konstateras att det förekommer stora lokala avvikelser i barrandel, varför slutsatsen dras att det inte är rätt att anta ett generellt värde för barrandelen. Ett generellt antagande innebär t.ex. att bedömningen av hur mycket barr som lämnats kvar på föryngringsytan blir missvisade. Den ursprungliga barrandelen har en stor inverkan på hur mycket barr som lämnas kvar. Vidare har denna studie fastställt att fukthalten för grot från gran är lägre under vårvintern.The forest is a renewable source of energy, enabling a reduction in dependence on fossil fuels. From a political point of view both climate impact as the dependence on imported energy from troubled parts of the world can be reduced by making use of forest fuel locally. In Sweden sawmill byproducts are fully exploited and therefore there is a potential to increase the proportion of forest fuels, particularly the removal of logging residues in form of branches and tops. Needles is a contentious issue in connection with the utilization of logging residues. The needles accounts for a small proportion of the biomass, but for a large part of the nutrients in a forest stand. Therefore, it is desirable that as much needles as possible is left in the harvesting area. If the needle proportion in fresh logging residues is known, it can also be used to calculate how much needles actually is left in the harvesting area. The energy converting industry does not want too much needles in the fuel, as it seems to create problems with combustion. The study is a field experiment conducted on 10 different harvesting areas in southern Sweden during March and April 2015. A pile of logging residues were loaded on a car trailer and then transported to Skogsbränsle Småland's chipper for decomposition. The test material was then processed at Linnaeus University, where needle and moisture content was determined. The results of this study conducted in the south of Sweden indicate that the average value of the needle content in fresh logging residues from spruce in southern Sweden is 22.2 %. The variation between different harvesting areas can vary greatly (17,5–32,4 %). This study showed a mean moisture content of fresh logging residues from spruce in southern Sweden of 38.7 %, which is lower than previous studies found. Softwood has the lowest moisture during early spring, during the implementation of this study, which may explain a relatively low moisture content which otherwise generally tend to be 50–55 %. This study found that the needle content in fresh logging residues from spruce in the south of Sweden is lower than the established range of 20–30 %. It has also been noted that there are large local variations in the needle content, therefore concluded that it is not right to adopt an overall value of the needle content. A general adoption of the needle content means e.g. that the assessment of how much needles left on the harvesting area becomes misleading. The needle content in fresh logging residues has a great impact on how much needles is left. Furthermore, this study found that the moisture content of logging residues from spruce is lower during early spring.
Metsä on uusiutuva energianlähde, jolla on mahdollista vähentää riippuvuutta fossiili polttoaineista. Poliittisesta näkökulmasta metsäpolttoaine vähentää sekä ilmastovaikutusta kuin tuontienergian riippuvaisuutta peräisin levottomista osista maailmaa. Ruotsissa sahan sivutuotteita hyödynnetään täysimääräisesti, siksi on iso mahdollisuus nostaa metsäpolttoaineiden osuutta, erityisesti hakkuutähteiden oksia ja latvoja. Havupuiden neulaset on kiistanalainen kysymys. Neulasten osuus on pieni osa metsän biomassasta, mutta suuri osa ravinteesta. On toivottavaa että niin paljon neulasia kuin mahdollista jätetään hakkuupaikalle. Energiateollisuus ei halua neulasia polttoaineeseen, koska se näyttää luovan ongelmia poltossa. Osuus neulasia tuoreissa hakkuutähteissä käytetään arvioimaan kuinka paljon neulasia todellisuudessa jää hakkuupaikalle. Tutkimus on kenttäkoe suoritettu kymmenellä eri hakkuupaikalla Etelä-Ruotsissa maalis-huhtikuun aikana 2015. Yksi kasa hakkuutähteitä lastattiin auton perävaunuun ja kuljetettiin Skogsbränsle Småland:in hakkurille hajottamista varten. Testimateriaali käsiteltiin sitten Linnaeus yliopistossa, jossa muun muassa osuus neulasia ja kosteuspitoisuus määritettiin. Tämän tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, että osuus neulasia tuoreissa hakkuutähteissä kuusesta Etelä-Ruotsissa on 22,2 %, mutta osuus eri hakkuupaikoilla vaihtelee suuresti (17,5–32,4 %). Yleinen arvo Ruotsissa on 20–30 %. Tämä tutkimus osoittaa myös, että kosteuspitoisuus tuoreissa hakkuutähteissä kuusesta Etelä-Ruotsissa on 38,7 %, joka on vähemmän kuin aiemmissa tutkimuksissa todettu. Havupuilla on alhaisin kosteus kevättalvella, samaan aikaan kun tämän tutkimuksen kenttätyö. Tämä voi selittää suhteellisen alhaisen kosteuspitoisuuden, joka muutoin yleensä pyrkii olemaan 50–55 %. Tutkimuksessa todettiin, että osuus neulasia tuoreissa hakkuutähteissä kuusesta Etelä-Ruotsissa on alempi kuin koko Ruotsin yleinen arvo. On myös todettu, että on olemassa suuria paikallisia vaihteluja hakkutähteiden neulasten osuudessa. Siksi päätellään, ettei ole oikein käyttää yleistä arvoa. Alkuperäisellä neulasosuudella on suuri vaikutus siihen, miten paljon neulasia on jätetty. Lisäksi tässä tutkimuksessa todettiin, että kuusen hakkutähteiden kosteuspitoisuus on alhaisempi kevättalvella.
35
Lopes, Ana Beatriz Rocha de Castro. "Efeito de métodos de preservação dos grãos úmidos de milho e de sorgo sobre a estrutura do endosperma, dos grânulos de amido e desempenho de leitões /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104121.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Dirlei Antonio BertoResumo: Para avaliar os efeitos da ensilagem e da preservação química dos grãos úmidos de milho e sorgo sobre as modificações no endosperma e nos grânulos de amido, foram estudados os seguintes tratamentos (T): T1- Milho seco (variedade A) inteiro; T2- Milho seco (variedade A) moído; T3- Milho úmido (variedade A) moído e ensilado, T4- Milho úmido(variedade A) moído, acidificado com 1,2% de propionato de cálcio e ensilado; T5- Milho úmido (variedade B) moído e ensilado; T6 - Milho úmido (variedade B) moído e preservado quimicamente (2,4% de propionato de cálcio); T7- Sorgo seco (baixo tanino) moído, T8- Sorgo seco (alto tanino) moído; T9- Sorgo úmido (baixo tanino) moído e ensilado;. T10- Sorgo úmido (alto tanino) moído e ensilado. Os processamentos de ensilagem e preservação química dos grãos úmidos, determinaram redução no teor de amido em relação ao milho ou sorgo secos. No processo de ensilagem ocorreu rompimento da matriz protéica que envolve os grânulos de amido e alterações estruturais nos grânulos, como aumento no diâmetro dos poros e concavidade central, semelhante ao que ocorre nos processos de digestão enzimática, sendo que estas alterações foram mais intensas nos grânulos de amido de milho do que de sorgo. A temperatura máxima no interior do silo não é suficiente para geleificar o amido.
Abstract: To evaluate the effect of ensiling or chemical preservation of high-moisture corn and sorghum grain on the modifications occurring in the endosperm and starch granules, the following treatments (T) were studied were studied: T1 - whole dry corn grain (variety A); T2 - ground dry corn grain (variety A); T3 - high-moisture corn grain(variety B), ground and ensiled; T4 - high-moisture corn grain (variety A), ground, acidified with 1.2 % calcium propionate and ensiled; T5 - high-moisture corn grain (variety B), ground and ensiled; T6 - high-moisture corn grain (variety B), ground and chemically preserved with 2.4 % calcium propionate; T7 - dry and ground low-tannin sorghum; T8 - dry and ground high-tannin sorghum; T9 - high-moisture, low-tannin sorghum, ground and ensiled; T10 - high-moisture, high-tannin sorghum, ground and ensiled. Ensiling or chemically preserving reduced the starch content, as compared to dry corn or sorghum. A rupture of the protein matrix (which covers the starch granules) was observed during the ensiling process; structural changes were also detected, such as the increase in pore diameters and in the central concavity, similar to what occurs during enzymatic digestion. These changes were more intense in the corn starch granules than in the sorghum granules. Even the highest temperature detected inside the silos was not enough to gelatinize starch.
Doutor
36
Lopes, Ana Beatriz Rocha de Castro [UNESP]. "Efeito de métodos de preservação dos grãos úmidos de milho e de sorgo sobre a estrutura do endosperma, dos grânulos de amido e desempenho de leitões." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104121.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Previous issue date: 2004-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:44:42Z : No. of bitstreams: 1
lopes_abrc_dr_botfmvz.pdf: 812380 bytes, checksum: ddab19b874f77950395dc0a6733cba09 (MD5)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Para avaliar os efeitos da ensilagem e da preservação química dos grãos úmidos de milho e sorgo sobre as modificações no endosperma e nos grânulos de amido, foram estudados os seguintes tratamentos (T): T1- Milho seco (variedade A) inteiro; T2- Milho seco (variedade A) moído; T3- Milho úmido (variedade A) moído e ensilado, T4- Milho úmido(variedade A) moído, acidificado com 1,2% de propionato de cálcio e ensilado; T5- Milho úmido (variedade B) moído e ensilado; T6 - Milho úmido (variedade B) moído e preservado quimicamente (2,4% de propionato de cálcio); T7- Sorgo seco (baixo tanino) moído, T8- Sorgo seco (alto tanino) moído; T9- Sorgo úmido (baixo tanino) moído e ensilado;. T10- Sorgo úmido (alto tanino) moído e ensilado. Os processamentos de ensilagem e preservação química dos grãos úmidos, determinaram redução no teor de amido em relação ao milho ou sorgo secos. No processo de ensilagem ocorreu rompimento da matriz protéica que envolve os grânulos de amido e alterações estruturais nos grânulos, como aumento no diâmetro dos poros e concavidade central, semelhante ao que ocorre nos processos de digestão enzimática, sendo que estas alterações foram mais intensas nos grânulos de amido de milho do que de sorgo. A temperatura máxima no interior do silo não é suficiente para geleificar o amido.
To evaluate the effect of ensiling or chemical preservation of high-moisture corn and sorghum grain on the modifications occurring in the endosperm and starch granules, the following treatments (T) were studied were studied: T1 - whole dry corn grain (variety A); T2 - ground dry corn grain (variety A); T3 - high-moisture corn grain(variety B), ground and ensiled; T4 - high-moisture corn grain (variety A), ground, acidified with 1.2 % calcium propionate and ensiled; T5 - high-moisture corn grain (variety B), ground and ensiled; T6 - high-moisture corn grain (variety B), ground and chemically preserved with 2.4 % calcium propionate; T7 - dry and ground low-tannin sorghum; T8 - dry and ground high-tannin sorghum; T9 - high-moisture, low-tannin sorghum, ground and ensiled; T10 - high-moisture, high-tannin sorghum, ground and ensiled. Ensiling or chemically preserving reduced the starch content, as compared to dry corn or sorghum. A rupture of the protein matrix (which covers the starch granules) was observed during the ensiling process; structural changes were also detected, such as the increase in pore diameters and in the central concavity, similar to what occurs during enzymatic digestion. These changes were more intense in the corn starch granules than in the sorghum granules. Even the highest temperature detected inside the silos was not enough to gelatinize starch.
37
Nilsson, Bengt. "Extraction of logging residues for bioenergy : effects of operational methods on fuel quality and biomass losses in the forest." Doctoral thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för skog och träteknik (SOT), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-58307.
Full textAbstract:
Wood products play a key role in the transformation to a more sustainable society based on renewable bio-based resources, together with the positive effects on climate mitigation by replacing fossil fuels. However, to increase the use of forest fuel in practice it is important to understand the effects of handling and storage on its quality and removal of nutrients from the forest. This thesis addresses these effects with special focus on a comparative evaluation of the traditional dried-stacked with “new” and to some extent more controversial fresh-stacked methods for extraction of logging residues from Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst). The results indicate that a normal extraction of logging residues will leave at least 20% of logging residues at the clear-felled area, in accordance with Swedish Forest Agency recommendations. However, the results also indicate that the ambition of the dried-stacked method to leave the majority of the needles well spread over the clear-felled area does not meet these recommendations. In fact, the harvesting operation is more important than the extraction method, with respect to how much logging residues (nutrients) being left in the forest. The results also show that the quality of fuel yielded by the two handling methods differs only to minor extent, indicating that other factors have stronger effects, where “dried-stacked” and “fresh-stacked” logging residues from different clear-felling areas is often similar. Generally, logging residues stored over summer (regardless method), seem to provide sufficiently dry forest fuel, with a needle content of about 5–10%. There is a clear correlation between drying and effective loss of needles from twigs, but the loss does not necessarily mean that the needles will remain in the forest. However, needle color (green or brown) is not a strong indicator for a reduction in needle content. Acceptance of the fresh-stacked method would provide opportunities for the development of new technologies, more efficient use of machinery throughout the whole year, reduced costs, shorter lead times and increased amounts of logging residues extracted from each clear-felled area. This is mainly because it would enable extraction at optimal times from a logistical, financial and/or forestry perspectives. Written in English with summary and conclusion in Swedish.Skogen och dess produkter har en nyckelroll i omställningen till ett framtida hållbart samhälle eftersom användande av träråvara har en positiv effekt på klimatet, t.ex. genom träbyggande eller att fossila bränslen ersätts med bioenergi. Men för att kunna ta tillvara mer skogsbränsle i form av grenar och toppar (grot) från bestånd dominerade av gran (Picea abies (L.) Karst) är det viktigt att förstå hur hanteringen påverkar såväl bränslekvalitet som bortförsel av näringsämnen från skogen. Denna avhandling belyser hanteringens effekter på bränslekvalitet och näringsförluster genom att jämföra den traditionella metoden (skotning av torkad grot, ”brunrisskotning”), med den ”nya” och till viss del ifrågasatta skotningen av färsk grot (”grönrisskotning”). Resultatet visar att ett normalt grot-uttag kommer att lämna minst 20 % av groten kvar på hygget, helt i linje med Skogsstyrelsens rekommendationer. Däremot uppfylls inte rekommendationerna med avseende på att lämna merparten av barren väl spridda på hygget, detta trots att det är ambitionen med den traditionella hyggestorkningen av grot. Hur mycket grot (och således näringsämne) som lämnas kvar på hygget påverkas i själva verket mer av hur avverkningen utförs, än när groten skotas ihop. Resultatet visar också en skillnad i bränslekvalitet mellan de båda beskrivna hanteringsmetoderna. Denna skillnad är dock så liten att andra faktorer sannolikt påverkar mer än hanteringsmetoden. Hyggestorkad grot från ett enskilt hygge i södra Sverige, kan i verkligheten ofta vara ganska likt färskskotad grot från ett annat hygge. Grot som har lagrats över sommaren kan alltså förväntas ha torkat tillräckligt, samt ha en barrandel på ca 5–10 % oavsett hanteringsmetod. Det verkar också finnas ett klart samband mellan torkning och att barren släpper från kvisten, men det betyder inte nödvändigtvis att barren blir kvar i skogen. Hur som helst, barrens färg (gröna eller bruna) är inte en rättvisande indikator på avbarrning. Om skotning av färsk grot accepteras ger det möjligheter för utveckling av ny teknik, effektivare användning av maskinresurser över hela året, minskade kostnader, kortare ledtider, samt möjligt ökat grot-uttag från enskilda hyggen. Detta beror främst på att det skulle vara möjligt att utföra grot-uttaget när det passar bäst ur ett logistiskt, ekonomiskt och/eller skogligt perspektiv. Skriven på engelska, men med sammanfattning och slutsatser på svenska
Tidigare handledare har också varit:
Thomas Thörnqvist, Professor, Linnéuniversitetet
Dick Dandberg, Professor, Linnéuniversitetet
Åsa Blom, Docent, Linnéuniversitetet
Sammanläggningsavhandlingen består av totalt fyra Paper:
Paper I
Nilsson, B., Blom, Å., Thörnqvist, T. 2013. The influence of two different handling methods on the moisture content and composition of logging residues. Biomass and Bioenergy, 52, 34–42.
Paper II
Nilsson, B., Nilsson, D., Thörnqvist, T. 2015. Distributions and losses of logging residues at clear-felled areas during extraction for bioenergy: Comparing dried- and fresh-stacked method. Forests, 6, 4212–4227.
Paper III
Nilsson, D., Nilsson, B., Thörnqvist, T., Bergh, J. 2016. Amount of nutrients extracted and left behind at the clear-felled area using the fresh- and dried-stacked method of logging residue extraction. Submitted to Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research (2016-11-01).
Paper IV
Nilsson, B., Lerman, P. 2016. Experimental study of relations between defoliation, moisture content and color change in logging residues. Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden. Manuscript.
38
Johansson, Martin. "Hårdgörning av Asp." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Technology and Design, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-2291.
Full textAbstract:
Hårdgörning av trä syftar till att göra materialet hårdare. Detta går att åstadkomma genom komprimering, det komprimerade materialet tenderar dock att återgå mot sin ursprungsform då materialet utsätts för fukt om ingen låsning sker. Låsningen kan ske mekaniskt i en treskiktskonstruktion som motverkar träets fuktrörelser. Dessa skivor har dock visat sig vara instabila och tidigare försök har uppvisat deformationer i form av kupning. Denna undersökning syftar till att utreda förutsättningarna för att använda komprimerad asp samt att ta fram underlag för framtagning av en kommersiell produkt.
Praktiska tester har genomförts för att studera hårdhet, återfjädring och densitet hos det komprimerade virket. Vidare har treskiktsskivor tagits fram för att testa om det går att få en stabil konstruktion genom att variera tjockleken på spärrskiktet. Även skillnader i acklimatiseringstid och fuktkvotens inverkan för virkets återfjädring har studerats.
Resultaten visar på att aspens hårdhet efter komprimering blir i samma nivå som bok och ask, en låg fuktkkvot vid komprimering av materialet ger en låg återfjädring, komprimerat material har en längre acklimatiseringstid till jämviktsfuktkvot och materialet går att låsa tvärs fiberriktningen i en treskiktskonstruktion.
To make wood harder it can be densified. This can be achieved by compression, the compressed material tends to return to the original shape when it is exposed to moisture fluxations and if no form of fixation occurs. The fixation can be done mechanically in a three-layer panel construction which reduce movements in the timber. These panels have been found to be unstable and previous attempts have shown deformations in form of cupping. This study aims to evaluate the conditions for using compressed aspen wood, and to provide a basis for development of a commercial product.
Practical tests have been conducted to study hardness, springback and density of the compressed wood. In addition, three-layer panels have been developed to test whether it is possible to have a stable construction by varying the thickness of the buttom layer. Differences in acclimatisation time and the moisture contents effect on the springback has aslo been studied.
The results show that the hardness of aspen wood after compression is in equal levels with beech and ashes, a low moisture contet provides a low springback, compressed timber have a longer time for acclimatisation and it is possible to fixate the material in the direction across the grain in a three-layer panel construction.
39
Guritno, Purboyo. "Moisture sorption of bagged grain stored under tropical conditions." 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/22197.
Full text
40
Lin, Yuping, and 林玉萍. "Study on the Testing System of Grain Moisture Meters." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/25091453547079703231.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
生物產業機電工程學系
92
Nowadays there are about ten kinds of moisture content meters used by domestic Farmers Association and grain dealers that differ by brand and machine type. The measure ranges, applicable spices, operating methods and cautions are different for type to type. Even the same type machines made by the same company may have different readout values. The objective of this research is to actually examine if the moisture content meter used in Taiwan conform with the “Standards of grain moisture content meters” issued by Standard Examine Administration of Executive Yuan. And it discusses the applicability of the norm. The readout value of machines is always-higher than the standard grain water-contained-rate. The higher the water-contained- rate is, the greater the inaccuracy. Take buying wet grain as an example, the more water of the grain will cost the more lost which causes the argument between the farmers and purchasing farmers association and grain dealer. The result of the experiment reveals that we can use regression analysis technology on readout values and the standard grain-water-contained rate to find out the rectifying program and produce the comparison chart which can be used to check the machine readout. But the comparison chart can only be used for one moisture content meters. Even the moisture content meter of the same brand and same type can’t use the same comparison chant.
41
Chen, Yeong-jou, and 陳勇州. "Research in An Acoustic Moisture Meter of Flowing Rice Grain." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59167801282149340192.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
農業機械工程學系
85
The value of sound pressure level(SPL) result from the continuousflowing rece grain varies with the moisture content and the flow droppingheight. The relationship between the moisture content of rice, the flow dropping height and the equivalent continuous sound pressure level (Leq) isestablished by regression analysis technique in this research. The regression equation then was served as the foundation the measurement for the on-linereal-time continuous acoustic rice grain moisture meter. The dry weight of therice grain was measured under the condition of 105 C,72 hours by the air oven. The result of the experiment indicated that Leq values have thesignificant relation with the flow dropping height and moisture content. By theregression of Leq on the dropping height and moisture content was established to obtain two predict models.1.Model A:Indirect model Leq values were serredas dependent variables, moisture content and dropping height values were serredas in dependent variables to established theregression model. The predict equation of M. C. then be transformed bythe algebra formula from the regression model.2. Model B:Direct model M. C. values were adopted as dependent variables, Leq and droping height values were served as independent variables. The prediction equationof M. C. then be established directly by regression technique. The values of the rice grain flow dropping height is ranged from 250mmto 550mm, and the rice grain moisture content is ranged from 12.6368(%) to25.3157(%). The validation data independent with the data set for modelestablished were used to compare the predictive performance of two models.The average absolute errors(Dave) of Model A was lower than those of Model B.The average relative error percentage values(Per) of Model A was more close to unity than those of Model B. The predictive performance of Model A was superior to Model B. By the continuous acoustic rice grain moisture meter which hasdeveloped in this reason. The variety of Taikeng No.1 rice grain. Therelationship of between the equivalent continuous sound presure level andmoisture content and dropping height was established the predict models ofmoisture content. They both have the good predictive performance. Themeasurement of the Leq for rice grain could be applied on the on-line real-time, in- situ measurement of the rice grain moisture meter.Keyword:rice grain, acoustic, moisture content, moisture meter.
42
Hsu, Chia-Jui, and 許家瑞. "Using Frequency Domain Reflectometry to Rapidly Measure Grain Moisture Content." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/cgi-bin/gs32/gsweb.cgi/login?o=dnclcdr&s=id=%22107NCHU5415007%22.&searchmode=basic.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
生物產業機電工程學系所
107
In the automatic and precision agriculture age, a grain moisture content measurement system that could measure rapidly for avoiding the toxin in the grain during the drying and storage process is an important issue. In this study, a grain moisture content measurement system was designed and developed by combining a dual-probe frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) and Latte Panda micro-computer for measuring the grain moisture content. This system is capable of measuring the moisture content of three kind high economic value grains which are peanuts, food corns and animal corns in Taiwan. The relative dielectric constant of these grain samples can be measured by this system and be transformed to the moisture content by the calibration curve. The affecting factors of the relative dielectric constant measurement will be discussed and studied in this work. Furthermore, the calibration curve between the measured relative dielectric constant and grain moisture content has been estimated and analyzed. After optimizing the grain calibration curves, the coefficient of the calibration curves has been used in this FDR system to measure the moisture content during the drying process in the factory and comparing with other commercial grain moisture content measuring instuments. As the experimental results shows, the relative dielectric constant measured in high temperature 50oC is higher than it measured in room temperature. The different measured relative dielectric constant is 1.8 which will not effect the accuracy of the calibration curve. For the applied pressure experiment, the results show the higher accuracy and repeatability of the calibration curve can be obtained when the measuring grain sample were in the pressured state. This is resulted from the unstable air volume between the grain sample is influence to the measured relative dielectric constant. When the grain sample was under pressure the air volume decreased and become a stable volume. To get the calibration curve experiment, three calibration curves of peanuts, food corns and animal corns have been estimated. The coefficient of determination of these three calibration curves are 0.935 for peanut, 0.898 for food corns and 0.834 for animal corns, respectively. Besides, this grain moisture content measurement system was integrated with the automatic compaction system and auto-loading system successfully for achieving the automatic requirment. This automatic measurement system is able to auto-loading the grain sample and compacting the pressure into the grain sample for the high accuracy grain moisture content measurement. This prompt wide measurement range and high accuracy of moisture content measurement system would be satisfies the business requirement.
43
Tseng, Jui-Tien, and 曾瑞田. "Development of a Small-Scale Grain Moisture Meter Using NIR." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/72363894191045041462.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
生物產業機電工程學研究所
89
ABSTRACT Determining grain moisture content is an important issue to study grain characteristics. Near-infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy is a well-established technique for constituent analysis of agricultural and food products. The goal of this research was to develop a moisture content meter. This paper describes the development, calibration and utilization of the NIR moisture content sensor. Reflectance properties were also compared with oven moisture content of whole grains. The lead sulfide （PbS） detector was selected to measure the energy reflected from the surface. Instrumentations of the NIR moisture meter such as choppers design, detector circuits design and analog circuits design was discussed. To analyze the sensor signal, digital signal processing algorithms were developed and compared. Three absorption wavelengths of 940nm, 1460nm and 1940nm and a reference wavelength of 1300nm were selected to estimate the moisture content of whole grains. The relationships between moisture content and NIR absorptance were established by multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis. The R2 of the calibration curve of the absorptance MLR models was 0.90, and the SEC and SEP at selected wavelengths of 1460nm, 1940nm and 1300nm were 1.81% and 2.12%, respectively. The R2 of the calibration curve of the reflectance MLR models was 0.87, and the SEC and SEP at the selected wavelengths of 1460nm, 1940nm and 1300nm were 2.10% and 2.17%, respectively. Experiments were performed to compare the measurement results using different sensors. Effect of sample graininess was also examined by experiments on milled grains and whole grains separately.
44
Yang, Yi-Fang, and 楊宜芳. "Application of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Method on the Determination of Grain Moisture Content." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/17818959804760110255.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
農業機械工程學系研究所
87
Abstract The purpose of the research is to discuss the application of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method on the determination of grain moisture content. The most part of the research is to analyze the relationship between grain moisture content and FID signal. In our experiments, estimating rice moisture content by specific calibrate line, we will gain a more accurate result. There are six types of rice in this research: Tainung No.67, Kaohsiung No.139...etc, estimating rice moisture content by specific calibrate line. The mean absolute errors are equal to 0.35~0.55%WB, standard deviance is equal to 0.10~0.35%WB.When we measure it by general calibrate line, all the absolute errors are not exceed 1.00%WB.It is more accurate than other method. The general calibrate line equation is Y=8.032X+2.583.Y: moisture content estimated by NMR; X: NMR signal/mass of sample. We measure other grains by specific calibrate lines, the error is also not so huge. Kaoliang: mean absolute error: 0.41%WB, standard deviance: 0.22%WB; Adlay: mean absolute error: 0.58%WB, standard deviance: 0.10%WB; Millet: mean absolute error: 0.83%WB, standard deviance: 0.46%WB. Besides, we also to look into whether measure only one grain is practicable and the relation between sample quantity and accuracy of result. We found the least rice quantity is 0.5cm height, but measuring only one grain is unable. According to the demand of analyses, programs are written. So we can modify the parameter settings and contents in programs, it can expand the research field. When we composing the programs, the principal factors are pulse length, delay time and duration. After experimenting, we obtained pulse length is 1.45μs, delay time is 0.01ms,duration is 1.0ms. Key words: nuclear magnetic resonance NMR、grain moisture content、FID
45
Emeterio, Francisco San. "Effect of grinding and moisture level of corn grain on performance of lactating dairy cows." 1998. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/42902285.html.
Full text
46
Blackburn, Jarrod Jeffrey. "Utilizing near-infrared technology to assess changes in corn silage dry matter and the effects of feeding a starling resistant supplement to dairy cattle." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/39370.
Full textAbstract:
Master of ScienceDepartment of Animal Sciences and Industry
Micheal J. Brouk
Two studies were conducted that focused on either the accuracy of hand-held near infrared spectrophotometer (NIR) units and two on-farm testing methods compared to conventional 105°C oven drying of corn silage or the use of a starling resistant supplement in total mixed rations (TMR) for lactating dairy cattle. Study 1 evaluated the accuracy of three NIR units (Digi-Star Moisture Tracker, Topcon Agriculture, Fort Atkinson, WI), food dehydrator (FD) (Nesco®, Two Rivers, WI), and a Koster Tester (KT) (Koster Moisture Tester, Inc., Brunswick, OH) to conventional 105°C forced air oven drying. Samples were taken at four Kansas dairy farms and analyzed for DM daily for 20 d. Two calibrations were tested within each NIR unit: NIRu was the DM predicted from the factory-preset calibration, and NIRc was a bias-adjusted DM prediction based on the average difference of oven-dried corn silage and NIRu over the 20-d study. Average oven DM of corn silage was 38.38% ± 0.59 for the 20-d experiment. All three NIRu measurements were lower (P<0.05) than the oven value. While all 3 NIRc predictions were similar (P>0.05) to oven value. KT value was similar (P>0.05) to the oven, while FD value was over estimated DM. (P<0.05). The hand-held NIRS units accurately predicted DM content of the corn silages when the factory preset calibrations were corrected for bias. While the food dehydrator over-estimated the DM of the corn silage and the Koster Tester accurately predicted DM. Study 2 was designed to evaluate the lactation performance of post-peak dairy cattle when using a starling resistant grain supplement. Sixteen prim- and multiparous Holstein cows were housed individually in a tie-stall barn, milked 3x daily, and fed 2x daily. Cows were fed two nutritionally similar diets: 1. TMR with grain in mash form and 2. TMR with grain supplement in a pellet with a 0.953-cm diameter. This study was designed as a single reversal experiment with two 14 d periods with the first 7 d used for an adaptation period and the last 7 d used for data collection in each period. Dry matter intake (DMI), water intake, and milk production was recorded daily. Feed ingredients, TMRS, refusals, and milk samples were collected the last 3 d of each period for analysis. TMRs and refusals were analyzed for particle size distribution with a Penn State Particle Separator. The pelleted supplement had a higher (P<0.05) percentage of DM retained on the 8.0-19.0mm sieve than the mash supplement as the pellet diameter was >8.0mm and could not pass through that sieve. There was no effect of diet (P>0.05) for DMI, feed efficiency, milk component percentage, and protein yield. There was a diet effect (P<0.05) for milk production, fat-corrected milk, energy-corrected milk, solid-corrected milk, and fat yield with lower observed values when cows were fed the pelleted supplement. This leads to the conclusion while a 0.953-cm diameter pellet will reduce starling consumption, it may result in lower milk production of post-peak Holstein cows.
47
HOU, MING-YUAN, and 侯明源. "A study on the relationship between grain moisture contents and drying air temperatures in a rice circulating dryer." Thesis, 1991. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/82498581723239662718.
Full text
48
Beaver, Michelle Denine. "The effect of whole grain rye flour arabinoxylans on the physical and chemical characteristics of a low moisture baked good." 2010. http://hdl.rutgers.edu/1782.2/rucore10001600001.ETD.000052100.
Full text
49
Bourassa, Justin. "Analysis of initial condensation and the effects of distillers' spent grain pellet orientation and superheated steam operating parameters on effective moisture diffusivity." 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/30667.
Full textAbstract:
Distillers’ spent grain (DSG) is a by-product of ethanol production and used for swine feed supplement due to its nutrient composition. Lowering the moisture content of DSG using superheated steam (SS) drying can be more energy efficient compared to hot air drying. One objective was to investigate parameters associated with SS drying on DSG including maximum condensation, condensation time, and restoration time. Increasing SS temperature from 120 to 180 °C and SS velocity from 1.0 to 1.4 m/s resulted in a 97% and 67% decrease in maximum condensation, respectively. Another objective was to determine the effect of SS temperature, velocity, and pellet orientation on effective moisture diffusivity of DSG pellets. The diffusion model was based on finite cylinder geometry accounting for volumetric shrinkage. The diffusivity coefficient was determined to be 1.56 × 10-8 m2/s. A significant effect of pellet orientation on moisture diffusivity was found during the constant drying-rate period.October 2015
50
Hao, Deshun. "Effects of moisture content of stored grain and bin vibration on dynamic loads during discharge in a corrugated steel model bin." 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/29378.
Full text