Academic literature on the topic 'Grain size and Economical sand'
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Journal articles on the topic "Grain size and Economical sand"
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Md., Ramjan Ali, Ikramul Hoque Md., Akter Jhumana, and Kawsarul Islam Kabbo Md. "The Use of Various Sand in Foundation Engineering: Performance and Cost Comparison in Context of Bangladesh." Research and Review: Journal of Structural and Building Construction 1, no. 2 (2025): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15385869.
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<em>Sand pile technology is a method of ground improvement extensively used throughout Bangladesh to strengthen poor ground to achieve sufficient bearing capacity and minimize the settlement of foundations. One of the key advantages of the sand pile system is that it can be implemented to all forms of soil observed in Bangladesh, from sandy to clayey soils, and it has consequently been utilized as a liquefaction preventive measure. But the performance of the sandpile relies not only on the density of the soil, the space between piles but also on the size of the grain of the sand employed. This paper presents an experimental study examining the characteristics of various sand forms, namely Local Sand, Kushtia Sand, and Sylhet Sand, collected in Bangladesh from different geographical conditions. Effective particle size (D<sub>10</sub>), mean particle size (D<sub>50</sub>), Permeability, frictional angle has also investigated by combining different proportions of available sands. The test results were represented in terms of economic aspects with reference to market price analysis. The most economical sand mixture has been found to be 60 percent Sylhet sand with 40 percent Kushtia sand and it will save approximately 8.89 percent of the overall sand expenses for sand piling. However, the permeability value of 4.90 (cm/s) and the friction angle of 37.63 degrees were shown to be relatively lower than 100% Sylhet sand.</em>
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Kim, Hyun Dong, Shin-ichi Aoki, Nobuhisa Kobayashi, and Susumu Onaka. "THE EFFECTIVE METHOD OF BEACH NOURISHMENT PLACEMENT." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.sediment.66.
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When erosion occurs, sandy beach cannot maintain the sufficient sand width and the foreshore slope becomes steeper by the frequent erosion effect. As a result, the beach is trapped in a vicious circle of becoming vulnerable by the incident waves. In order to repair or protect the erosive beach, beach nourishment can be used as a countermeasure while minimizing the environmental impacts. However, beach nourishment is not a permanent solution and requires periodic renourishment after several years. To alleviate such problem, minimizing the period of renourishment must be an economical alternative. In that respect, selecting the optimum grain size of the sand for the beach nourishment is very important. Generally, larger grain sized sand is more resistant to the erosion, thus extending the period of renourishment. In addition to selecting the optimum grain size of the sand nourishment, determining the durability as well as maintaining the familiarity of the users of the native sand should be considered.
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Duszyński, Remigiusz, Angelika Duszyńska, and Stefan Cantré. "New Experiences in Dike Construction with Soil-Ash Composites and Fine-Grained Dredged Materials." Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica 39, no. 4 (2017): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sgem-2017-0033.
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Abstract The supporting structure inside a coastal dike is often made of dredged non-uniform sand with good compaction properties. Due to the shortage of natural construction material for both coastal and river dikes and the surplus of different processed materials, new experiments were made with sand-ash mixtures and fine-grained dredged materials to replace both dike core and dike cover materials resulting in economical, environmentally friendly and sustainable dikes. Ash from EC Gdańsk and dredged sand from the Vistula river were mixed to form an engineering material used for dike construction. The optimum sand-ash composites were applied at a field test site to build a large-scale research dike. Fine-grained dredged materials from Germany were chosen to be applied in a second full-scale research dike in Rostock. All materials were investigated according to the standards for soil mechanical analysis. This includes basic soil properties, mechanical characteristics, such as grain-size distribution, compaction parameters, compressibility, shear strength, and water permeability. In the field, the infiltration of water into the dike body as well as the erosion resistance of the cover material against overflowing water was determined. Results of both laboratory and field testing are discussed in this paper. In conclusion, the mixing of bottom ash with mineral soil, such as relatively uniform dredged sand, fairly improves the geotechnical parameters of the composite, compared to the constituents. Depending on the composite, the materials may be suitable to build a dike core or an erosion-resistant dike cover.
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Oliveira, Igor Rafael Buttignol de, Alan Rodrigo Sorce, Marcos Vinicius Vieira Gaglieri, Fabia Castro Cassanjes, and Sylma Carvalho Maestrelli. "Influence of the addition of glass from long neck bottles in the properties of the reactive powder concrete." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 13 (2022): e519111335853. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i13.35853.
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This work presents an economical, technical, and environmentally correct solution for the disposal of long neck bottles (which cannot be bottled more than once), by replacing fine aggregates (sand) with residue of ground glass from long neck bottles in the production of reactive powder concrete (RCP). Using a reference formulation for RCP containing natural sand, this raw material was replaced in 12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100 wt.% by glass residues, evaluating the physical and mechanical properties in the specimens at the ages of 7, 14, and 28 days. The ground glass was characterized by X-ray Fluorescence and DSC tests, indicating that it is a typical sodo-calcium glass, with a glass transition temperature equals to 560C. Grain size distribution and optical microscopy assays of natural sand and ground glass indicated that the comminution let to the acquisition of glass with granulometry similar to that of natural sand, but with very different geometries and roughness. The replacement of natural sand by 100% of ground glass presented the best results of mechanical properties, reaching 85% of the mechanical strength value of the reference composition, with about 96MPa; this composition also presented the lowest water absorption value (3.94%) and the lowest void index (9.33%) among all compositions. The results indicated that the replacement of sand by powder from long neck bottles is potentially feasible, promoting an environmentally correct destination for this residue in the construction sector, bringing a reduction in environmental impact, and generating concrete within the technical standards required by the norm.
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Hussain, Mazhar, Hafida Zmamou, Antony Provost, et al. "Stabilization and Recycling of Sand in Pedestrian Walkways." Buildings 14, no. 1 (2024): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010205.
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The production of construction and demolition waste (CDW) in urban areas is growing rapidly. While the storage and disposal of CDW waste is costly, its recovery can help to conserve natural resources. This study investigates the characteristics of recycled sand obtained from the processing of CDW waste and the possibility of its reuse for pedestrian pathways. Physico-chemical and mineralogical characteristics of the recycled sand were investigated for its reuse. The percentage of fine particles in sand (below 0.63 μm) is 2.8%. The grain size of sand fulfills the particle size requirement of French standards. The methylene blue value of sand is 0.05 g/100 g. The GTR classification of recycled sand is D2 which is insensitive to water and suitable for road applications. A mineralogical analysis of soil shows that quartz, albite and microcline are important minerals in recycled sand. XRF analysis shows that CaO and SiO2 are major oxides in the recycled sand. The characterization of sand was followed by a manufacturing of cylindrical specimens of sand to observe the compressive strength. Samples were compacted with dynamic compaction by applying the Proctor normal energy of 600 kN·m/m3. The compressive strength testing of specimens shows that non-stabilized sand samples have compressive strength around 0.1 MPa which is considerably lower for its reuse in pedestrian pathways and road applications. Due to the low bearing capacity of sand, recycled sand was stabilized with the addition of binders such as Rolac (hydraulic binder), ground-granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and ECOSOIL® (slag mixes) with different percentages of the binder ranging from 0 to 7% for the optimization of the binder and for economic efficiency. The compressive strength of sand samples increases with the increasing percentage of the binder. The increase in strength is more important with a higher percentage of binders (5%, 6% and 7%). At a 7% binder addition, specimens with Rolac, GGBS and ECOSOIL binders show the compressive strength of 1.2 MPa, 0.5 MPa and 0.5 MPa. At a 7% Rolac addition, specimens have a compressive strength higher than 1 MPa and meet the strength requirement for soil reuse in the foundation and subbase layers of roads with low traffic. The experimental work shows that recycled sand can replace conventional quarry sand for road applications and pathways with the addition of a local binder, which is an eco-friendly and economical practice.
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Irvani, Irvani, and Elsha Delvi Artasari. "Studi Karakteristik Tailing Pada Lokasi Eks Penambangan Timah di Bukit Sambung Giri Kecamatan Merawang Kabupaten Bangka." PROMINE 6, no. 2 (2018): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/promine.v6i2.1086.
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Tailing deposits at ex-tin mining area in Bangka and Belitung Island has a large number of economical
 residual minerals. This study is to identify tailing characteristic and its potential mineralogy and
 elements based on shallow hand boring (Auger) samples, along stream line in west part of Sambung
 Giri Hill. Every coordinate sample plotted on base map. Loboratory analisys using Strereo
 Mikroscope for identify minerals characteristics, and geochemical analysis using XRF for identification
 the presence of elements. The tailing deposits has laterally grain size gradation to down stream,
 composed above 94% sand fraction, and small amount of shale and granule fraction. Quartz mineral
 presence more then 90%, followed by iron oxide (hematite), clay, zircon, cassiterite, ilmenite, monazite
 and tourmaline minerals, showed low consistency in lateral spatial exept quartz, with its Rare Earth
 Elementh (REE) composition is Cerium (Ce), Lanthanum (La), Yttrium (Y), Neodymium (Nd) and
 Samarium (Sm).
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Norsham, Nur Fatinhanani Fatimah, and Istikamah Subuki. "Synthetization and Characterization of Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Powder from Amang Zircon Sand." Journal of Advanced Research in Micro and Nano Engineering 28, no. 1 (2024): 105–17. https://doi.org/10.37934/armne.28.1.105117.
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Zirconia is widely used in industry as it exhibits high strength and amazing properties. However, pure zirconia powder is often unstable to be used in high temperature applications due to phase transformation that will lead to fracture and crack. Hence, zirconia is doped with yttrium oxide in order to enhance zirconium content and stability as it helps to hinder the phase transformation of zirconia. Locally available Amang zircon sand from tin tailing industry in Malaysia can be an economical alternative to synthesize zirconia due to the high zirconium content. Sadly, the study on utilizing Amang zircon sand is scarce despite decomposition of zircon sand to zirconia has been intensely done by other countries. Therefore, a study on Amang zircon sand was done with alkali sodium hydroxide fusion to obtain zirconium oxychloride. Zirconium oxychloride precursor was then stabilized with yttrium oxide in varied concentration using coprecipitation method with ammonia solution. Amang yttria stabilized zirconia powder was then characterized in order to study the effect of yttrium oxide concentration on Amang yttria stabilized zirconia powder. X-ray florescence analysis confirmed the high zirconium content of 71.01 wt.% after increasing the yttrium oxide concentration to 5 wt.% with lesser silicon impurity of 2.94 wt.%. The diffraction patterns satisfied monoclinic yttria stabilized zirconia with minor tetragonal and cubic phase. The peaks became sharper as concentration increased due to the stabilization of zirconia powder. Tetragonal and cubic phase increased along with the concentration, but the concentration of yttrium oxide was insufficient to fully stabilized the synthesized zirconia powder. Morphology analysis showed yttria stabilized zirconia powder was angular and pyramidal with large grain size in which led to high tendency of monoclinic phase.
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Polivanov, Helena, Antonio Carlos Jacome de Castro, Franklin Dos Santos Antunes, and Luiz Cláudio de Araújo Camara. "Estudo de um perfil podzólico e de brunizem da zona oeste do estado do Rio de Janeiro." Anuário do Instituto de Geociências 13 (December 1, 1990): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.11137/1990_0_17-29.
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This work describes the study of two types of soil profiles , podzolic and brunizem . The profiles are localized at Avenida Brasil near the Cabritos viaduct in the city of Rio de Janeiro . Chemical analyses, pH values, sulfuric digestion (SiO2, Al2O3,Fe2O3, TiO2, K2O, Na2O), X-ray diffraction of the clay and silt fractions, mineralogical analyses of sand under the microscope , physical measurements of the Atterberg limits, grain size analyses and specific gravity of solids, were undertaken. The analysed soils have values of the Atterberg limits coherent with the grain size and mineralogy, and the geochemical behavior of the elements analysed is compatible with the pedogenetic processes of formation of these profiles.
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Fattahpour, Vahidoddin, Mahdi Moosavi, and Mahdi Mehranpour. "An experimental investigation on the effect of grain size on oil-well sand production." Petroleum Science 9, no. 3 (2012): 343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12182-012-0218-5.
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Bitan, Menashe, and Dov Zviely. "Sand Beach Nourishment: Experience from the Mediterranean Coast of Israel." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 4 (2020): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8040273.
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Beach nourishment along the Mediterranean coast of Israel represents a new approach to mitigate coastal erosion by adding suitable sand to threatened beaches. This ‘soft’ solution has become more environmentally and economically acceptable than traditional ‘hard’ solutions, such as seawalls, revetments, detached breakwaters and groins. Beach nourishment projects have been implemented on the Israeli coast north of Ashdod Port (2011), north of Ashkelon Marina (2015) and in the south of Haifa Bay (2016–2017). The performance of these projects was analyzed and compared with nourishment projects along the Mediterranean beaches of Italy, France and Spain. Despite a lack of detailed documentation on most of the European nourishment projects, they proved more durable than the Israeli projects, which were compromised when the imported sand eventually washed offshore. Key factor for the Israeli projects’ failure include the unsuitable morphology of the beaches; insufficient unit sand volume (m3/m—volume of nourished sand per meter of the beach length); and imported sand that was too fine versus native sand. The unique physical conditions of the Israeli coast specifically, its open shelf and straight coastline subject to relatively high waves with a very long fetch—also contributed to the poor durability of the nourishment. To improve durability on future projects: imported grain size should be at least 1.5–2.0 times the native sand; unit sand volume should be 400–500 m3/m; and supporting measures should be utilized as appropriate.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Grain size and Economical sand"
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Bloomer, Daniel John. "Sediment sorting in the gravel-sand transition along rivers : a field and modelling investigation." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341852.
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Smith, David A. "Effect of particle shape on grain size, hydraulic, and transport characteristics of calcareous sand." Thesis, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2003. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=764803691&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1233275673&clientId=23440.
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Kalumba, Denis. "Effect of grading and grain size on the friction characteristics of a sand/geotextile inteface." Master's thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32297.
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Geofabrics are incorporated in geotechnical engineering structures for various reasons and functions. This study addresses the reinforcement function whereby geotextiles are utilised as reinforcing elements in reinforced slopes and fills. It particularly focuses on the soil/geotextile interface behaviour. Geotextile reinforcements transfer a majority of the shear stress from the soil to the reinforcement and vice versa by friction. This interfacing ability manifested by the soil/geotextile frictional contact is very important in the performance of reinforced soil structures, and depends on the physical characteristics of the backfill as well as the geotextile. In this investigation, the interaction behaviour of geotextiles with sand is evaluated by conducting extensive laboratory interface tests both in direct shear and pull-out. A comprehensive test program was established to include a needle punched non-woven geotextile interacting with sands of different grading, grain size distributions and grain shapes namely; Cape Flats, Klipheuwel and Munich sands. The respective responses were primarily presented in terms of shear stress/horizontal displacement and pUll-out resistance/front displacement relationships; showing the frictional performance of the geotextile in these sands of different physical characteristics. Interface shear strength in both test methods was determined using Mohr-Coulomb's law. The ensuing shear strength values were compared with each other and with the direct shear strengths of the respective sands used in this investigation Specific emphasis and detailed analyses went into the pull-out experiments in which local displacements of the geotextile specimens were measured as the test progressed. The measurements enabled the study of the stretching characteristics of the geofabric in the different sands. Applying an extrapolation procedure to approximate the constantly changing deformation modulus of the geotextile as it stretched in the respective sands, allowed the back-prediction of the pull-out force/displacement relationship, and thus enabled the study of skin friction distribution along the geotextile specimen during pull-out. The effect of the grading and grain size on the development of the interface shear stress, the peak values, and the type of interface failure could be demonstrated. The analysis of the skin friction along the geotextile specimen led to the development of a generalised shear stress distribution graph which, if validated in further research, may be adopted in practical design situations. In a design example, it was shown that the assumption of interface shear parameters based on direct shear tests provides too optimistic a factor of safety. This study recommends the use of interface shear parameters derived from pull-out tests. The in-depth analysis of the tests in a variety of sands showed clearly that the shear stress is not uniformly distributed over the embedment length of the reinforcement. This skin friction drops dramatically from a peak value near the loaded end to zero at the free end in all investigated confinements.
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Sagga, Abdulhafiez Mohamed. "Variations in sand grain size and shape over barchan dunes in the Jafurah Desert, Saudi Arabia." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278433.
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Ehlmann, B. L., K. S. Edgett, B. Sutter, et al. "Chemistry, mineralogy, and grain properties at Namib and High dunes, Bagnold dune field, Gale crater, Mars: A synthesis of Curiosity rover observations." AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626565.
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The Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover performed coordinated measurements to examine the textures and compositions of aeolian sands in the active Bagnold dune field. The Bagnold sands are rounded to subrounded, very fine to medium sized (similar to 45-500m) with 6 distinct grain colors. In contrast to sands examined by Curiosity in a dust-covered, inactive bedform called Rocknest and soils at other landing sites, Bagnold sands are darker, less red, better sorted, have fewer silt-sized or smaller grains, and show no evidence for cohesion. Nevertheless, Bagnold mineralogy and Rocknest mineralogy are similar with plagioclase, olivine, and pyroxenes in similar proportions comprising >90% of crystalline phases, along with a substantial amorphous component (35%15%). Yet Bagnold and Rocknest bulk chemistry differ. Bagnold sands are Si enriched relative to other soils at Gale crater, and H2O, S, and Cl are lower relative to all previously measured Martian soils and most Gale crater rocks. Mg, Ni, Fe, and Mn are enriched in the coarse-sieved fraction of Bagnold sands, corroborated by visible/near-infrared spectra that suggest enrichment of olivine. Collectively, patterns in major element chemistry and volatile release data indicate two distinctive volatile reservoirs in Martian soils: (1) amorphous components in the sand-sized fraction (represented by Bagnold) that are Si-enriched, hydroxylated alteration products and/or H2O- or OH-bearing impact or volcanic glasses and (2) amorphous components in the fine fraction (<40m; represented by Rocknest and other bright soils) that are Fe, S, and Cl enriched with low Si and adsorbed and structural H2O. Plain Language Summary The Bagnold dune field is an active sand field with moving dunes and sits between the landing site of the Curiosity rover and rocks of interest higher up on Mount Sharp. When passing through the dune field, we used all of Curiosity's instruments to measure the chemistry, mineralogy, and grain size of sands in the Bagnold dune field in order to figure out where they came from, how the sands are transported, and what volatile materials (like water) lie within Martian soils. We found that the Bagnold sand dunes are very well sorted; no dusty materials are found within them, in stark contrast to soils seen previously with Curiosity and with rovers at other landing sites. We found that the coarser sand grains are enriched in the volcanic minerals olivine and pyroxene, confirming a prediction from orbit that wind-related activity seems to concentrate these phases. We also found that the dunes were much lower in water and other volatile elements like sulfur and chlorine versus all previous Mars soils. Using a combination of the rover's sieving system and chemical measurement tools, we figured out that two types of materials host water. In the first type of material, common in these sands, water is low in abundance (similar to 1%), very tightly bound to the grains, and is not released until temperatures >200 degrees C. In the second type of material, water is higher in abundance (2%) and more easily released by heating. Sieved water-bearing fine materials may be a useful resource for human explorers.
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Knappett, Peter. "Evaluating the Effects of Grain Size and Divalent Cation Concentration on the Attenuation of Viruses and Microspheres through Crushed Silica Sand." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/906.
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Over the last decade in North America, an increasing number of microbiological drinking water regulations have been used to manage groundwater resources that are potentially influenced by surface water. Regulations such as the Ontario Ministry of Environment Regulation 505, which requires at least a 60 day groundwater travel time between surface waters and drinking water wells, have been created with limited understanding of subsurface pathogen transport processes. Groundwater Under Direct Influence studies (GUDI or GWUDI in USA) are conducted to assess the need to treat well water at an extraction point. Currently, there is a lack of knowledge regarding factors that affect the transport of pathogens through porous media at the surface water-groundwater interface. Such information is required to supply sufficient quantities of drinking water in a cost effective and safe manner. <br /><br /> Factors that affect pathogen transport through porous media include: properties of the pathogen (i. e. surface charge, size, and morphology), properties of the granular media (i. e. mineralogy, size, texture, angularity) and properties of the water (i. e. pH, ionic strength and content, and natural organic matter). This study examines the effects of ionic strength, grain size and influent virus concentrations on pathogen transport in porous media. Fourteen column tests were conducted using the bacteriophage MS2 and 1. 5 µm microspheres; two commonly used non-pathogenic surrogates representative of human viruses and bacteria, respectively. Two size distributions of crushed silica sand, with median grain diameters of 0. 7 and 0. 34 mm, and two ionic strengths of 8 and 95 mmol/L were used. A 2<sup>2</sup> partial factorial design was used with a minimum of two replicates of each combination of the parameters. <br /><br /> The results show that complete breakthrough of both viruses and microspheres occurred in medium sand at low ionic strength. It was found that increasing ionic strength by Ca<sup>2+</sup> addition precluded breakthrough of MS2 in both the medium and fine sands. This represents a greater than 8 log reduction in peak effluent concentration and essentially complete attenuation. <br /><br /> In fine sand, with low ionic strength water, a 5 log reduction in peak MS2 concentrations was observed. In the same sand at high ionic strength, no MS2 broke through the column, corresponding to a greater than 8 log removal. Since complete attenuation occurred in both grain sizes at high ionic strength, the effect of higher ionic strength in the fine sand was indistinguishable from the effect observed from raising the ionic strength in the medium sand. <br /><br /> In contrast to the viruses, microsphere transport was essentially unaffected by increasing ionic strength under the conditions investigated. A 1 log reduction in peak concentration was observed in the high ionic strength water in the medium sand. In spite of this, grain size had a profound effect on the attenuation of microspheres. There was no evidence of microsphere breakthrough in any of the fine sand columns at the low or high ionic strengths, yielding a greater than 5 log reduction in microsphere concentration associated with grain size alone. The effect of varying virus concentration was also investigated. It was found that varying the concentration of viruses between 10<sup>5</sup> and 10<sup>7</sup> pfu/ml had no discernable effect on their observed transport characteristics; normalised peak breakthrough concentration, percent attenuation and retardation relative to a bromide tracer. <br /><br /> Based on the results from this Thesis, in a riverbank filtration environment, there is reason to expect that, at comparable water qualities and in similar porous media, multiple logarithmic reductions of viruses and bacteria would occur over the much longer (than column length) flowpaths associated with RBF. There is also reason to expect this attenuation capability to vary based on riverbank grain size and water chemistry.
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Meskar, Mahmoud. "Treatment of Petroleum Contaminated Soil using Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) Technology." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37393.
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In Canada, about 60% of contaminated sites involve petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) contamination and most of these sites have been abandoned due to contamination. Among current technologies used for soil remediation, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a relatively recent and potentially viable method. The main aim of this research was to investigate the application of SFE for removal of PHCs from contaminated soils.
In the first phase, the effects of SFE operational parameters including fluid pressure, fluid temperature, time duration and mode of extraction on the removal efficiency of PHCs from a spiked sandy soil (with diesel fuel with a ratio of 5 wt%) were investigated. SFE experiments were performed at different pressures (15, 33 and 50 MPa) and temperatures (30, 75 and 120 °C). The combination of 10 min static mode followed by 10 min dynamic mode, repeated for 3 cycles (60 min in total) led to the highest PHC removal percentage. According to response surface methodology (RSM), the optimum pressure and temperature were found to be 50 MPa and 69.3 °C, respectively. According to experimental results, the optimum combination of pressure and temperature determined to be 33 MPa and 75 °C; which resulted in the extraction percentages of 99.2%, 91.7% and 86.1% for PHC F2, F3 and F4 fractions, respectively.
In the second phase, the influence of several parameters including soil water content, soil pH and addition of modifier on PHCs removals from a field-contaminated sandy soil using SFE were experimentally investigated. SFE experiments were performed at 33 MPa pressure and temperatures of 45 and 75 °C. Three water content levels of 8%, 14% and 20% at two levels of pH 6.5 and 7.5 were investigated. The extraction of total petroleum hydrocarbon fractions (TPHF), the sum of F2, F3, and F4 fractions, decreased due to the increase in the water content from 8% to 20% at both pH 6.5 and 7.5. The difference of extractions of all PHC fractions at pH values of 6.5 and 7.5 were not statistically significant (at p < 0.05 confidence level) at all three water content levels and pH did not have a significant influence on the PHC removal efficiency. Addition of acetone as a modifier (33.7% TPHF removal) was more effective than hexanes (24.3% TPHF removal) to decrease the concentrations of PHCs for the field contaminated soil.
In the third phase, the influence of soil texture and grain size on the extraction of PHC fractions was investigated. SFE experiments were performed at 33 MPa pressure and 75 °C temperature. Three types of soils (soil A, B and C) were spiked with diesel fuel with a ratio of 5 wt%. Soil A, B and C had different particle sizes and were categorized as sand, silt loam and clay, respectively. Soil A (sand) which had the largest particle size resulted in the highest TPHF removal percentage while soil C (clay) with the smallest particle size led to the lowest TPHF removal percentage. A higher clay content in soil C resulted in a lower extraction of PHCs.
In the fourth phase, the effects of pressure and temperature on the extraction of PHC fractions from a clay soil spiked with diesel fuel with a ratio of 5 wt% were investigated. SFE experiments were performed at three pressures (15, 33 and 50 MPa) and temperatures (30, 75 and 120 °C). According to the statistical analysis including factorial design and RSM, the optimized combination of pressure and temperature was selected at 42.8 MPa and 120 °C; which resulted in the removal percentages of 74.9% and 65.6% for PHC F2 and F3 fractions, respectively. The optimum combination of pressure and temperature based on the experimental results was selected at 33 MPa and 120 °C that led to 70.3%, 58.4% and 32.6% removal of PHC F2, F3 and F4 fractions, respectively.
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Marggraf, Jessica. "Amélioration des méthodes pour le suivi hydroacoustique en continu de la concentration et granulométrie du sable en suspension : application à l'Isère à Grenoble Campus." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO10051.
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Connaître les concentrations et la granulométrie du sable en suspension dans les cours d'eau reste des forts enjeux de gestion, car ces grandeurs sont difficiles à mesurer en raison de leur variabilité spatio-temporelle importante. Un exemple particulier en est l'Isère, une rivière aménagée avec de fortes concentrations en sables se propageant sur un lit de graviers. L'objectif de ces travaux de thèse est d'améliorer et d'évaluer des méthodes pour le suivi hydro-acoustique de la concentration et la granulométrie des sables en suspension applicables à des rivières comme l'Isère. Pour cela, des mesures avec des Horizontal Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (HADCPs) de 400 et 1000 kHz ont été effectuées dans l'Isère à la station hydro-sédimentaire de Grenoble Campus pendant 27 mois. Les concentrations et granulométries des sédiments en suspension ont été déterminées à l'aide de 31 jaugeages solides basés sur des prélèvements ponctuels. La méthode de jaugeage solide développée par Dramais (2020) a été rendue opérationnelle et complétée avec une méthode originale d'estimation des incertitudes. L'application de différentes méthodes de mesure de la suspension en sable a aussi permis d'améliorer certaines méthodologies et de discuter les limites de certains instruments comme la sous-estimation inexpliquée des flux avec la bouteille de Delft. Aussi, le masquage des sables dans des mesures granulométriques par diffraction laser des mélanges limoneux/sableux a été mis en évidence et quantifié. La mesure a été améliorée en réalisant une séparation préalable des sédiments fins et des sables. Des méthodes hydro-acoustiques mono- et bi-fréquentielles proposées par Topping et Wright (2016) ont été appliquées et adaptées ; elles ont fourni des bonnes estimations de la concentration des sables en suspension à haute résolution, tandis que les estimations hydro-acoustiques de la granulométrie n'apportent pas de valeur ajoutée par rapport aux connaissances a priori. Les résultats des méthodes hydro-acoustiques sont cohérents avec ceux obtenus par des courbes de tarages empiriques bien calibrées pour les flux sableux à long terme, mais les méthodes acoustiques fournissent des estimations plus fiables à l'échelle de l'événement<br>The knowledge of the suspended sand concentrations and grain sizes in rivers remains a challenge for river management as these quantities are difficult to measure due to their high spatio-temporal variability. A typical example is the engineered Isère River in France with its high suspended sand concentration over a gravel bed system leading to potential costly troubles for navigation and hydropower generation, depending on reservoir management operations. The aim of this PhD work is to improve and evaluate methods for the hydroacoustic monitoring of suspended sand concentration and grain size applicable to the Isère River. Therefore, measurements with 400 and 1000 kHz Horizontal Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (HADCPs) were performed in the Isère River at the Grenoble Campus hydrosedimentary station during 27 months. The concentration and grain size of suspended sediments were determined by 31 suspended sediment measurements using the point sampling method. The Sand Discharge Computation method developed by Dramais (2020) was made operational through an open-access toolbox and supplemented with an original uncertainty estimation method. The application of different tools for measuring sand suspension allowed to improve some methodologies and to discuss the limits of some instruments such as an unexplained flux bias using the Delft bottle. Moreover, the masking of sand particles in laser diffraction grain size measurements of silt/sand mixtures was demonstrated and quantified, and further avoided by separating the fine sediments from the sand prior to analysis. Existing single- and dual- frequency hydroacoustic methods introduced by Topping and Wright (2016) were applied and adapted, and provided good estimates of the suspended sand concentration at high temporal resolution, while the hydroacoustic estimations of the grain size do not provide any added value to prior knowledge. The outputs of the hydroacoustic methods are consistent with those of well calibrated empirical rating curves for long-term sand fluxes, but the acoustic methods provide more accurate estimates at the event-scale
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Roháčová, Denisa. "Vliv zrnitosti krycí vrstvy na hydraulickou drsnost dna." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226139.
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This master thesis is divided into two parts: theoretical and practical one. In the theoretical part there is described hydraulic roughness, velocity distribution in the case of hydraulically rough surface and the process of grain sorting in surface layer. The practical part of the thesis resolves the influence of surface layer on hydraulic roughness of bed, expressed by Nikuradse sand grain size ks. The results are formulas explaining dependence of ks on characteristic grain size dx from grain-size distribution curve and comparison with coefficient ks according to different authors.
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Lin, Ting-An, and 林庭鞍. "Evolution of Sand Grain Size Distribution during Bedding Shear." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/43560749836183039979.
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碩士<br>淡江大學<br>土木工程學系碩士班<br>104<br>Consequent slope is a smooth layer structure and because by the bedding shear between the layers, there is often present interlayer friction shear move called "seam", which the particle broken after often than upper and lower rock more or a level of fine clay, so often surpasses the original rock friction angle lower and more absorbent.Therefore, this paper mainly two rough granite face sandwich sand particulate material grinding test, the purpose is to explore the distribution characteristics of sand particulate material change of distance between the after shear particle size, shape, gradation and fine particles produced by the amount of material (less than #200) change.
The results obtained to the following main conclusions:(1) Simple homemade comb foot instrument used to measure the surface roughness of the rock, in order to facilitate the calculation JRC. 108 diameter 0.88 mm using soil nails arranged in two iron sheet, and then placed in a granite surface roughness measuring height, measured after each soil nail pictures sectional height of the projector into graphics software, calibration baseline, 108 soil nails can be connected elevation points to draw a cross-section of rock face, and calculate the value of JRC. The paper also use the new handsets combined with the microscope, the microscope can phone the shape of fine sand particles are applied after the observation.(2) Stress is applied to the positive phase, the particles will be broken so that the particle size becomes smaller, but still larger than in particle size # 200; fine aggregate size of less than #200 is in the shear with only dynamic displacement increases. Because the interlayer shear crushing smaller and smaller, so the overall shear angle of friction will gradually lower.(3) Interlayer particles under low normal stress (
Books on the topic "Grain size and Economical sand"
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N, Haggar Thomas, and University of South Dakota. Science Center., eds. Grain-size analysis of post-cretaceous sand and gravel units in southeastern South Dakota. Science Center, University of South Dakota, 2002.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Grain size and Economical sand"
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Al-Dousari, Noor, Modi Ahmed, Ali Al-Dousari, Musaad Al-Daihani, and Murahib Al-Elaj. "Dust Particle Size and Statistical Parameters." In Atlas of Fallen Dust in Kuwait. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66977-5_3.
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AbstractGrain ‘size’ can be specified and measured in several different ways. All methods of grain size determination have blemishes, and the choice of the most appropriate method is governed by the nature of the sample and the use to which the data are placed. Four main methods are currently used for size analysis of sands: (a) sieving; (b) settling tube analysis; (c) electro-optical methods, including Coulter Counter analysis and laser granulometry; and (d) computerized image analysis. The classification of the particle size distribution of Kuwait dust was mapped according to the parameters proposed by Folk And Ward (1957) which were widely used for quantitative comparisons between natural grain size distribution and the lognormal distribution that shows better sorted sediments have lower values of σ1. Maps of the distribution of dust in Kuwait were obtained that included: fine sand (F.S.), Coarse sand (C.S), Medium Sand (M.S), Very Fine Sane (V.F.S), Very Coarse Silt (V.C.Silt), Coarse Silt (C.Silt), Medium Silt (M.Silt), Fine Silt (F.Silt), Very Fine Silt (V.F.Silt), in addition to that, the deposition percentage of Clay, Sand, mud (silt plus clay) and silt were provided.
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Van Hoa, Cao, Vu Anh Tuan, Nguyen Thanh Sang, Nguyen Tuong Lai, and Pham Duc Tiep. "Effect of Grain Size on Shear Strength of Coral Gravel Sand." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0053-1_11.
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Bhattacharya, Raj Kumar, and Nilanjana Das Chatterjee. "Sediment Grain Size Analysis and Mining Intensity: Estimation by GRADISTAT, G-STAT and LDF Techniques." In River Sand Mining Modelling and Sustainable Practice. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72296-8_4.
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Wright, Scott, and Gary Parker. "Grain-Size Specific Suspended Sediment Transport and Flow Resistance in Large Sand-Bed Rivers." In Sedimentation and Sediment Transport. Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0347-5_35.
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Viggiani, G., M. Küntz, and J. Desrues. "An experimental investigation of the relationships between grain size distribution and shear banding in sand." In Continuous and Discontinuous Modelling of Cohesive-Frictional Materials. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-44424-6_8.
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Luu, Xuan Loc, Tuan Duc Ho, Quang Hung Phan, Thong Nguyen, and Thanh Thao Tran. "Influence of Grain Size on the Sediment Budget for Nourished Sand Bars in Hoi-An Area." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-7434-4_204.
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Tsoar, Haim. "Two-Dimensional Analysis of Dune Profile and the Effect of Grain Size on Sand Dune Morphology." In Physics of desertification. Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4388-9_8.
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Carey, Trevor J., Nicholas Stone, and Bruce L. Kutter. "Grain Size Analysis and Maximum and Minimum Dry Density Testing of Ottawa F-65 Sand for LEAP-UCD-2017." In Model Tests and Numerical Simulations of Liquefaction and Lateral Spreading. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22818-7_2.
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Gkiousas-Kapnisis, Marios, Edward Andò, Alessandro Tengattini, Itai Einav, and Gioacchino Viggiani. "Development of Image Analysis Tools to Evaluate In-Situ Evolution of the Grain Size Distribution in Sand Subjected to Breakage." In Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13506-9_36.
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Ueda, Kyohei, Yoshikazu Tanaka, Anurag Sahare, et al. "LEAP-ASIA-2019 Simulation Exercise: Calibration of Constitutive Models and Simulations of the Element Tests." In Model Tests and Numerical Simulations of Liquefaction and Lateral Spreading II. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48821-4_2.
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AbstractThis chapter presents a summary of the calibration exercises (i.e., element test simulations) submitted by nine numerical simulation teams that participated in the LEAP-ASIA-2019 prediction campaign. The standard sand selected for the campaign is Ottawa F-65, and researchers have developed several efforts to increase the database of laboratory tests to characterize the physical and mechanical properties of this sand (Carey TJ, Stone N, Kutter BL, Grain Size Analysis and Maximum and Minimum Dry Density of Ottawa F-65 Sand for LEAP-UCD-2017. Model tests and numerical simulations of liquefaction and lateral spreading: LEAP-UCD-2017. Springer, 2019; El Ghoraiby MA, Park H, Manzari MT. Physical and mechanical properties of Ottawa F65 sand. In: Model tests and numerical simulations of liquefaction and lateral spreading: LEAP-UCD-2017, Springer, 2019; Ueda K, Vargas RR, Uemura K, LEAP-Asia-2018: Stress-strain response of Ottawa sand in Cyclic Torsional Shear Tests, DesignSafe-CI [publisher], Dataset, https://doi.org/10.17603/DS2D40H, 2018; Vargas RR, Ueda K, Uemura K, Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 133:106111, 2020; Vargas RR, Ueda K, Uemura K, Dynamic torsional shear tests of Ottawa F-65 Sand for LEAP-ASIA-2019. Model tests and numerical simulations of liquefaction and lateral spreading: LEAP-ASIA-2019, Springer, 2023). The objective of this element test simulation exercise is to assess the performance of the constitutive models used by the simulation teams for simulating the experimental results of a series of undrained stress-controlled cyclic torsional shear tests on Ottawa F-65 sand for two different relative densities (Dr = 50% and 60%) (Ueda K, Vargas RR, Uemura K, LEAP-Asia-2018: Stress-strain response of Ottawa sand in Cyclic Torsional Shear Tests, DesignSafe-CI [publisher], Dataset, https://doi.org/10.17603/DS2D40H, 2018; Vargas RR, Ueda K, Uemura K, Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 133:106111, 2020; Vargas RR, Ueda K, Uemura K, Dynamic torsional shear tests of Ottawa F-65 sand for LEAP-ASIA-2019. Model tests and numerical simulations of liquefaction and lateral spreading: LEAP-ASIA-2019, Springer, 2023). The simulated liquefaction strength curves demonstrate that majority of the constitutive models are capable of reasonably capturing the measured liquefaction strength curves both for Dr = 50% and 60%. However, the simulated stress paths and stress-strain relationships show some differences from the corresponding laboratory tests in some cases.
Conference papers on the topic "Grain size and Economical sand"
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Fedorko, Patrik, Alena Pribulova, Jozef Petrik, Peter Blasko, and Peter Futas. "EXPERIENCES WITH THE USE OF CUPOLA FURNACE SLAG IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 24. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/4.1/s18.34.
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Gray cast iron is still the most used material for the production of castings. It can be made in several ways, but the most efficient and economical way to make gray cast iron is in a cupola furnace. A by-product in its production is slag, which arises from impurities that may be present in the charge, from coke, which is used as fuel for the cupola furnace and part of it also passes into the slag, from the lining of the cupola furnace as well as from oxides formed during of the smelting process, sulfides and phosphides. The amount of slag from the cupola furnace represents 5-10% of the weight of the produced metal. Gray cast iron can be melted in a hot-air or cold-air cupola furnace, and the slag can be cooled on the air to form lump slag, or it can be water-cooled to form granular slag. In the article, the authors dealt with the treatment of slag and its use in the preparation of concrete. In the first series of experiments, slag was used as a substitute for sand in concrete, being added in different amounts and the properties of the concrete were tested after 28 days, 3 months, 6 months and after a year. In the second series of experiments, it was ground to the grain size of cement and was added as a substitute for cement in concrete. The quality of the raw concrete was monitored by the cone test and the quality of the hardened concrete by measuring the compressive strength and hardness. However, the achieved results did not meet our expectations and were the worst compared to other metallurgical slags.
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Othman, Nabihah, Mohd Idham Mustaffar, Syarifah Aminah Ismail, and Mohd Hakim Ibrahim. "A Study on the Potential of Local Silica Sand for the Production of Coloured Glass." In International Conference on X-Rays and Related Techniques in Research and Industry 2023. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-iv4kzi.
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There are abundant silica sand resources in Malaysia, however many have not yet been fully discovered. The primary component used in the production of glass is silica sand. The objective of this research was to determine whether local silica sand might be used to make coloured glass. The chemical composition and mineralogy of silica sand were determined using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The physical properties such as particle size distribution were determined by using a mechanical shaker whereas grain morphology was identified by using a digital microscope. Additional equally significant properties such as moisture content, clay content, pH value and the specific gravity of silica sand were also measured by using standard laboratory testing method. The obtained results were compared to Malaysian Standard MS 701:2017, the standard specification for the production of coloured glass. From XRF analysis, the silica sand contained silicon dioxide at a concentration of 97.84%, alumina at 0.56%, iron oxide at 0.12% as well as several other oxides at around 1.5%. XRD diffractogram also revealed that quartz is a major constituent having the highest peaks at about 26.7° with an intensity of 13,7786. More than 95% of the particle sizes of the silica sand are in the size range from 150 µm to 1000 µm and in the category of fine sand and coarse sand. The grain shape was determined to be angular, and the silica sand had a moisture content of 2.54%, a clay content of 7.80%, a pH value of 5.93, and a specific gravity of 2.63. Based on the chemical and physical properties, it appears that this particular silica sand satisfies the standard requirements for coloured glass production.
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Haberl, Joachim, Gregor Mori, Markus Oberndorfer, et al. "Influence of Impact Angles on Penetration Rates of CRAs Exposed to a High Velocity Multiphase Flow." In CORROSION 2008. NACE International, 2008. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2008-08096.
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Abstract A combined flow loop - jet impingement pilot plant has been used to determine mass loss rates in a mixed gas - saltwater - sand multiphase flow at impact velocities up to 70 m/s. Artificial brine with a salt content of 27 g/l was used as liquid phase. Sand content, with grain size below 150 μm, was 2.7 g/l brine. CO2 at a pressure of 15 bar was used as gas phase. The impact angle between jet stream (nozzle) and sample surface was varied between 30 and 90°. Rectangular stainless steel disc samples with a size of 20 x 15 x 5 mm were used. They were mechanically ground and polished prior to testing. Damaged surfaces of specimens exposed to the high velocity multiphase flow were investigated by stereo microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and an optical device for 3D surface measurements. Furthermore, samples were investigated by applying atomic force microscopy (AFM), magnetic force microscopy (MFM) and nanoindentation. Influence of impact velocity and impact angle on penetration rates (mass loss rates) of two CRAs (UNS S30400 and N08028) are presented. Moreover effects of chemical composition and mechanical properties are critically discussed.
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Haberl, Joachim, Gregor Mori, Peter Wagner, Wolfgang Havlik, and Peter Hosemann. "How do Microstructure and PREN Affect the Erosion Corrosion Behaviour of Stainless Steels?" In CORROSION 2009. NACE International, 2009. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2009-09480.
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Abstract Critical fluid velocities and erosion corrosion rates are often limiting production rates in oil and gas production. A combined flow loop - jet impingement pilot plant has been used to determine mass loss rates in mixed gas - saltwater - sand multiphase flow conditions at impact velocities up to 60 m/s. Artificial brine with a salt content of 27 g/l was used as liquid phase. The sand content, with grain size below 150 μm, was up to five times higher than field conditions to accelerate testing. CO2 at a pressure of 1,500 kPa was used as the gas phase. Rectangular stainless steel samples were cut out from bars and pipes, mechanically ground and polished prior to testing. Damaged surfaces of specimens exposed to the high velocity multiphase flow were investigated by stereo microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and an optical device for 3D surface measurements. Metallographic cross sections of the tested samples were prepared to characterize the microstructure underneath the damaged surface areas. Electrochemical investigations according to ASTM G 61 were performed to determine electrochemical behavior of tested materials including critical pitting potentials Epit and repassivation potentials Erepass. The influence of impact velocity on mass loss rates (penetration rates) of an austenitic, a martensitic and a duplex stainless steel grade are presented. Effects of chemical composition, pitting resistance equivalent number (PREN), microstructure and mechanical properties are critically discussed.
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Sosa, A. D., M. D. Echeverría, O. J. Moncada, and S. N. Simison. "Surface Reactivity of Thin Wall Ductile Iron. The Effect of Nodule Count and Microstructure." In CORROSION 2008. NACE International, 2008. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2008-08252.
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Abstract Thin Wall Ductile Iron (TWDI) castings are an attractive alternative to light alloys when the strength to weight ratio becomes a key design variable. For conventional sand casting operations, wall thickness reduction implies an increase in the number of graphite nodules (NC) and a decrease in grain size. As TWDI castings have a particularly high surface area to volume ratio, surface properties become relevant. The aim of this paper is to analyze the effect of nodule count and microstructure on surface reactivity on unalloyed ductile iron samples. Ductile Iron (DI) was produced with nodule counts ranging from 260 to 1700 nodules/mm2. Ferritic, ferritic-pearlitic and ausferritic (ADI) matrix microstructures were obtained by heat treatment. Surface reactivity was characterized by means of electrochemical experiments conducted in a 3.5% NaCl solution at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Surface attack was evaluated from SEM images of transversal cuts. The obtained results indicate that surface reactivity depends on microstructure and increases with nodule count. Regarding microstructure, ADI samples show the deeper attack.
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Setiadi, Rahman, Yulianto Jong, Nur Mahfudhin, Mutawif Ilmi Muwaffaqih, and Albert Richal Dading. "Novel Reservoir Sand Grain Size Map Based on Open Hole Gamma Ray Log as Im-Proved ThruTubing Sand Screen Size Selection Guideline on Tunu Multi-Layer Un-Consolidated Gas Reservoir." In Offshore Technology Conference Asia. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31573-ms.
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Abstract Tunu is one of Mahakam fields with majority gas production. The depositional nature of fluvial with minimum tidal influence results in the signature of delta sedimentation by hundred layers of gas-bearing sand lenses as pay zone. They are constructed of unconsolidated clean and shaly sand reservoirs at the shallower burial and higher consolidation at deeper burial due to compaction and diagenesis. The unconsolidated section requires sand control as mandatory means to unlock it safely. The combined challenge of numerous sand layers and marginal reserves makes it economically impossible to perform regular detailed physical sand grain assessment by individual conventional coring completed with Laser Particle Sieve Analysis (LPSA). An economic approach is through performing sand bailing. However, the bailed sand dry-sieve results were confusing with wide particle size distribution (PSD) curve variation from several well samples. Referring to this PSD uncertainty, installing straddled thru-tubing screen in front of the reservoir as sand control resulted in good production and plugged indication at the beginning of the initiative by utilizing a similar screen opening size. Thus, a new fit-for-purpose methodology was required. A study to predict sand grain size on each reservoir target was initiated by analyzing three available shallow reservoir cores in Mahakam, which could cover most of Tunu's shallow sedimentation type. The result was that most of the sand grain size distribution on each sample core correlated with their calculated shale volume content (v-shale). Lower v-shale is respected to larger sand grain size. Unconsolidated Tunu Shallow reservoir doesn't contain any specific radioactive minerals. Thus, v-shale could be easily calculated from gamma-ray logs, which are always available on each reservoir target at any drilled wells. The relationship between sand grain size and v-shale was gathered on a single map. The map was then validated by historical screen installation. Positive results were seen when screen size selection respects specific patterns on the generated sand map at the v-shale value of perforation intervals. Thru-tubing screen installation campaign was continued following the new sand map reference. It could deliver more than 80% successful installation with no plugging or sand at a new perforated reservoir when no screen integrity issue due to erosion was encountered. This novel approach allowed better prediction of thru-tubing screen opening size requirements and perforation interval selection in Tunu unconsolidated reservoir and was successfully expanded in offshore Mahakam field at similar facies.
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Dimter, Sanja, Martina Zagvozda, Branimir Milovanović, and Miroslav Šimun. "Usage of wood ash in stabilization of unbound pavement layers." In 6th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2020.1016.
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Unbound base layers are an important part of the pavement, which consume a considerable amount of granular stone material. Favorable grain size distribution of materials, necessary for the construction of unbound base layers, is achieved by selecting a suitable material from nature or favorable material composition is achieved through mechanical stabilization. The basic principle of mechanical material stabilization is the addition of finer or larger granular material to the material of unfavorable, uniform granulometric composition, which is inherently unstable. In designing economical pavement structures, the availability of local materials of natural or industrial origin is of great importance. From natural local materials for the road construction in the area of Slavonia and Baranja, the Drava sand, a material of uniform granulometric composition of medium grain size D50 = 0.3 mm, is interesting and often in use. With the increasing number of biomass power plants in eastern Croatia, waste local material, wood ash, is also being created. Wood biomass ash, which is generated as a residue of biomass burning for electricity and heat production, is one of the newer and less explored alternative materials, which finds its application in construction as evidenced by the results of previous foreign studies. One possibility of using wood bio ashes in mixtures for unbound base layers is to modify / repair the granulometric composition of the base material. By combining the aforementioned local materials, that is, by designing a mixture of Drava sand and wood ash in appropriate proportions, it would be possible to obtain a mechanically stable mixture of increased load-bearing capacity for construction of unbound base layers. In this paper testing of mixtures composed from different proportions of Drava sand and wood ash for unbound base layers is described with the purpose of proving the stabilizing effect of wood ash.
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Nadeem, Asad, Ronald E. Vieira, and Siamack A. Shirazi. "Sand Detection Using Acoustic Sand Monitors for Liquid-Dominated Multiphase Flow Production." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/215115-ms.
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Abstract Solid particle erosion in the oil and natural gas industry can be damaging to pipes fittings and equipment, which can lead to maintenance or in the worst case a production shutdown. In both cases, this represents a huge economic loss for the industry. Acoustic sand monitoring is one of the most widely used practices to estimate the amount of sand in the flow. In addition to being commercially available, they can be easily clamped to the outside of a pipe wall, measuring the acoustic energy generated by sand grain impacts on the inner side of a pipe wall. In this work, a broad range of multiphase operating conditions has been experimentally investigated with acoustic sand monitors in large-scale flow loop facilities to determine the effectiveness of sand monitoring in liquid-dominated multiphase flow. The main objective is to use acoustic sand monitors to determine the Threshold Sand Rate (TSR). This is the minimum sand rate necessary to achieve monitor output higher than the background noise level. Acoustic monitors were placed upstream and downstream of standard (r/D = 1.5) elbows while varying superficial gas and liquid velocities, sand size (25, 75, 150, 300 and 600 micron), pipe diameter (2-inch and 3-inch) in vertical orientation. The experimental conditions were selected to cover slug-churn, dispersed-bubble flow and liquid-sand flow conditions. These results are compared to the previously obtained test results on 50.8 mm (2-inch) ID test loops. The TSR results for liquid-dominated multiphase flow regimes are determined experimentally. The effects of sand size and flow regimes on TSR had been obtained. In 50.8 mm (2-inch) threshold limits were observed for dispersed-bubble flows regimes and liquid-sandas compared to gas-dominated flow conditions. While TSR is highest in dispersed-bubble flows regimes. The present data was compared to previous results obtained for annular, slug and stratified flow patterns in vertical flow. It was observed that the annular flow regime has the lowest TSR values showing an increase in TSR when the liquid rate increased. The results from this work can help operators understand how acoustic monitors can detect and distinguish sand impact noise from the background flow noise in liquid-dominated multiphase flow in production facilities. In this way, greater assurance is provided to operators for optimizing oil and gas production rates, especially in wells that tend to produce solids.
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Abdallah, Wael, Ping Zhang, Gong Li Wang, and Shouxiang Mark Ma. "Downhole Characterization of Clays and Formation Water Salinity Using Low Frequency Permittivity Dispersion." In Middle East Oil, Gas and Geosciences Show. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/213213-ms.
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Abstract Clays in reservoir rocks have a significant impact on formation evaluation. An important property of clay minerals is their ability to adsorb ions on their exposed surface, which is measured by its cation exchange capacity (CEC). This property can affect saturation calculation if not properly accounted for. Many techniques have been developed for clay characterization, but it remains a focus of frontline research to find an accurate method for quantifying clays in situ and is the main objective of this study. Extensive numerical studies have been conducted and the results have indicated that for a shaly sand formation, strong dielectric dispersions were observed for all the simulated models at frequencies below 1MHz, which allowed an equation to be established that can be used to calculate clay volume through derivatives of the permittivity dispersive curves. In deriving this equation, parameters used for the studies include water-filled porosity, formation water salinity, grain size, clay type and volume, and Archie cementation exponent. The developed model contains two calibration constants, a and b, which need to be predefined. Results indicate that, for the simulated models, b is a constant while a depends on water-filled porosity, formation water salinity, grain size, clay content, and Archie cementation exponent. Data shows that there is no simple way to define constant a, due to its complex relationship with the various parameters. When focusing on relationships between constant a and clay volume and formation water salinity, by assuming other parameters can be estimated either by conventional petrophysical interpretations or laboratory measurements, then the current developed workflows can be used to estimate either clay volume or formation water salinity: Workflow 1: knowing formation water salinity, computing constant a, then estimating clay volume and Workflow 2: knowing clay volume, computing constant a, then estimating formation water salinity. To our knowledge, such an equation is the first model that has never been published before. The correlation works well in the synthetic data. It has a potential to provide a new method for characterizing formation clays and water salinity from low frequency resistivity measurements such as induction logs that is routinely run in almost every well drilled. Thus, it provides a powerful economical tool for enhanced reservoir characterization. Field testing is being conducted.
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Patil, Ravindra M., P. V. Murthy, Kutbuddin Bhatia, Mayur Deshpande, and Karan Pande. "Implementation of Multistack Sand Exclusion Methodology in Extremely Unconsolidated Wells: Learnings from Marginal Daman Field, Western Offshore India." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21310-ms.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The Daman marginal field is a prolific gas-producing clastic field with highly unconsolidated Paleo-Miocene sandstone formations and a wide variety of lithologies across multistack sand layers. As such, high-rate water packs (HRWPs) are the ideal completion method in many Mumbai fields. Because multistack reservoirs require good zonal isolation, and to prevent crossflow between reservoirs with different pressure regimes, multistack sand exclusion (MSSE) methodology was selected for primary well completions with minimum rig time and a high degree of treatment placement accuracy. From an operational standpoint, exploiting these layers using this method means more control points can be achieved across these heterogeneous layers, and the MSSE completion is ideal for multiple applications in a shorter period, helping sustain sand-circumscribed gas production from these unconsolidated layers. During the design phase, grain-size distributions and core study defined the sand range from generally clean, coarse, and sorted to poorly sorted, with high-fines content and clay rich. To address the unique challenges of deep offshore operations, formation technical difficulties, high-stakes economics, and the significant untapped potential from these Daman sands, the MSSE approach was designed and implemented in this field. Historically, for multistack wells, an HRWP is performed zone by zone whereby the process of sump packer installation, perforation run, deburr run, screen assembly installation, and pumping is repeated for each zone. In Well A, the MSSE system was applied without any repetition and all in one phase. All layers were perforated and positively isolated. Each interval was individually opened for the HRWP treatment using a low-friction low-residue carrier fluid. Using a high-packing-factor proppant at a higher rate, the well was treated sequentially from the bottom of the interval to the top. Many marginal fields in this basin have become uneconomical because of the high cost and complexity of sand control methodology. Therefore, reducing costs and time becomes vital to help ensure economic viability, as well as achieving significant operational efficiencies. Additionally, reducing near-wellbore (NWB) mechanical skin and ensuring good productivity from the reservoir are among the major solutions when implementing an MSSE completion. The methodology adopted significantly helped reduce expenditures by standardizing completion design, simplifying the core complexity, and enhancing overall reliability and operational efficiency. The optimized engineering workflow was fit for purpose, rather than the conventional “cookie-cutter” method to address sanding propensity in this field. This paper discusses the cutting-edge MSSE completion systems that focused on downhole completion and modifications for pumping operations. Additionally, the paper reviews challenges addressed during this campaign, workflow adapted, detailed strategy success factors, and positive results obtained during evaluation. This has helped reduce potential risks and improve reliability and performance, which can act as best practices and can be applied within similar fields.
Reports on the topic "Grain size and Economical sand"
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Montalvo-Bartolomei, Axel, Bryant Robbins, Erica Medley, and Benjamin Breland. Backward erosion testing : Magnolia Levee. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42140.
Full textAbstract:
Using a confined flume device, an experimental study investigated the critical horizontal gradient of soils obtained from a site identified as potentially vulnerable to backward erosion piping (BEP). Tests were conducted on glacial outwash material obtained from a sand and gravel quarry in the vicinity of Magnolia Levee in the community of Magnolia, OH. The two bulk samples collected from the quarry had similar grain-size distributions, grain roundness, and depositional environments as the foundation materials beneath the levee. Samples were prepared at various densities and subjected to gradual increases of flow in a wooden flume with an acrylic top until BEP was observed. The critical average horizontal gradient ranged from 0.21 to 0.30 for a bulk sample with a coefficient of uniformity of 1.6, while tests conducted on a bulk sample with a coefficient of uniformity of 2.5 yielded critical average horizontal gradients of 0.31 to 0.36. The critical average gradients measured during these tests compared favorably to values in the literature after applying adjustments according to Schmertmann’s method.