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1
Hur, Ju-Yeong, and Se-Hyeon Cheon. "Smartphone Digital Image Processing Method for Sand Particle Size Analysis." Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers 35, no. 6 (2023): 164–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.9765/kscoe.2023.35.6.164.
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The grain size distribution of sand provides crucial information for understanding coastal erosion and sediment deposition. The commonly used sieve analysis for grain size distribution analysis has limitations such as time-consuming processes and the inability to obtain information about individual particle shapes and colors. In this study, we propose a grain size distribution analysis method using smartphone digital images, which is simpler and more efficient than the sieve analysis method. During the image analysis process, we effectively detect particles from relatively low-resolution smartphone digital images by extracting particle boundaries through image gradient calculation. Using samples collected from four beaches in Gyeongsangbuk-do, we compare and validate the proposed boundary extraction image analysis method with the analysis method that does not extract boundaries, against sieve analysis results. The proposed method shows an average error rate of 8.21% at <i>D</i><sub>50</sub>, exhibiting a 65% lower error compared to the method without boundary extraction. Therefore, grain size distribution analysis using smartphone digital images is convenient, efficient, and demonstrated accuracy comparable to sieve analysis.
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B., Padmini, Likitha B., Venkata Kamesh B., Deepika B., Jagadeesh N, and Santhosh Kumar D. "Grain Fineness Number of Various River Sands for Metal Casting." Research and Reviews: Journal of Mechanics and Machines 3, no. 1 (2021): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4817506.
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<em>The Grain Fineness Number (GFN) is the quantitative indication of the grain size distribution of the sand Sample by carrying out sand sieve analysis. The current manuscript aims to determine the value of GFN of various river sands. I.e. to determine the suitability of sand with the physical requirements of sand moulding. Calculating the grain fineness number gives an estimate of the average grain size of the sand sample. The grain size distribution influences the properties of sand as follow refractoriness, green strength, dry strength, hot Strength, permeability, compatibility. Permeability is the gas evolution capability of the moulding sand. A sand contained a wide range of particle size will have low permeability as compared to that containing grains of average fineness. Sand that is too fine or too coarse can affect the quality of casting produced. Different sands have different GFN values and they are used for variety of castings. According to ASTM (American society for testing and materials) the standard values are in between 35 to 90 GFN and it is suitable for both medium and heavy meatal casting. If the grain fineness number is in between 35 to 90 then the sand is suitable for moulding. It is evident from the results that samples 1, 2 and 3 river sands selected from Nagavali, Godavari, Krishna rivers respectively are suitable for sand moulding whose values of GFN are between 35-90. On the other side sample4, beach sand is possessing GFN of less than 30, hence not suitable for moulding</em>
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Venkata Sai Prasad, Garapati, Hari Naga Prasad Chenna, Akella Naga Sai Baba, Prashant Hugar, P. Pavani, and Nikolai Ivanovich Vatin. "Evaluation of Grain Size Distribution by Digital Image Processing." MATEC Web of Conferences 392 (2024): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202439201007.
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Sieve analysis tests are frequently used to determine the grain size distribution of granular materials. This project proposes an ImageJbased image analysis approach for evaluating aggregate particle size distribution. Grain size in image analysis should be estimated to compare the graduation curves between the two methods.. Black sheets were more effective than white sheets for particle placement, perhaps due to light effects. This technology may be utilized for in-suit testing, as it requires a camera and computer. The study used monochromatic light and a highdefinition camera to capture grain photos while controlling for background, light direction, and intensity. A ground truth was established to evaluate errors in determining grain areas. All grain shape parameters are obtained using the ImageJ program. The grain size distribution curve is generated using image analysis.
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Fredlund, Murray D., D. G. Fredlund, and G. Ward Wilson. "An equation to represent grain-size distribution." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 37, no. 4 (2000): 817–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t00-015.
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The grain-size distribution is commonly used for soil classification; however, there is also potential to use the grain-size distribution as a basis for estimating soil behaviour. For example, much emphasis has recently been placed on the estimation of the soil-water characteristic curve. Many methods proposed in the literature use the grain-size distribution as a starting point to estimate the soil-water characteristic curve. Two mathematical forms are presented to represent grain-size distribution curves, namely, a unimodal form and a bimodal form. The proposed equations provide methods for accurately representing uniform, well-graded soils, and gap-graded soils. The five-parameter unimodal equation provides a closer fit than previous two-parameter, log-normal equations used to fit uniform and well-graded soils. The unimodal equation also improves representation of the silt- and clay-sized portions of the grain-size distribution curve.Key words: grain-size distribution, sieve analysis, hydrometer analysis, soil classification, probability density function.
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Bong, Charles Hin Joo. "Statistical Analysis and Determination of Representative Size for Sediment in Malaysian Urban Drains." Journal of Applied Science & Process Engineering 5, no. 2 (2018): 286–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/jaspe.950.2018.
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This paper highlights the statistical analysis done on sediment samples collected from concrete drains in Malaysian major urban areas in order to understand the characteristics of the sediment and also to determine the suitable representative grain size. Samples were collected from 12 urban areas in Peninsular Malaysia and 3 urban areas in East Malaysia and subjected to sieve analysis. Sieve analysis results had shown that the major component of the collected sediment samples was sand with a mean value of 72.2%, followed by gravel with a mean of 24.7% and silt and clay with a mean of 3.1%. Samples from 10 locations have shown a non normal distribution with the tenderness to skew to the right. Due to this, the conventional use of median grain size, d50 as the effective size for sediment samples might not be a good representation for the sediment distribution. Further statistical analysis in this paper have suggested that the mode grain size is a much better representative grain size due to its stability when compared to median and mean size. Thus, a much better representative for the sediment samples from Malaysian urban areas would be the mode size (in this case is d20).
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Ubani, Chikwendu E., Goodness O. Ani, and Toluope T. Womiloju. "Permeability Estimation Model from Grain Size Sieve Analysis: Data of Onshore Central Niger Delta." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 3, no. 12 (2018): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2018.3.12.503.
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Permeability is an important property of the soil and studies have shown that grain size distribution is a controlling factor to this property. Establishing an empirical equation that shows the relationship between permeability and grain size has been previously investigated by several researchers, all of whom have been able to develop models for fast permeability prediction using grain size data. But because of the complexity of permeability and the Earth’s anisotropic nature, the confidence level of using this models is low as was seen when a comparison was carried out in this project using some of these models. The aim of this project is to develop a model using grain sieve analysis data for permeability prediction tailored to the Niger Delta region. Using statistica7 software, multiple regression analysis was performed on the grain size distribution data from sieve analysis using parameters P10, P90 and mean grain size distribution. Three models were developed for permeability ranges of less than 10mD to greater than 10000mD with R2 values of (0.857, 0.820, 0.939) showing a good data and regression fitting and R values of (0.926, 0.906, 0.969) showing strong positive correlation between variables. Permeability values obtained from routine core analysis was compared to the predicted permeability gotten from the model equation produced by the regression analysis. The models displayed good correlation with the routine core analysis values as seen on the validation charts plotted. A coloured schemed 3-D surface plot was generated to display the integrated effect of the grain size and density on permeability. The sensitivity analysis carried out showed that proper grain sorting is essential in permeability prediction.
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Ubani, Chikwendu E., Goodness O. Ani, and Toluope T. Womiloju. "Permeability Estimation Model from Grain Size Sieve Analysis: Data of Onshore Central Niger Delta." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 3, no. 12 (2018): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2018.3.12.503.
Full textAbstract:
Permeability is an important property of the soil and studies have shown that grain size distribution is a controlling factor to this property. Establishing an empirical equation that shows the relationship between permeability and grain size has been previously investigated by several researchers, all of whom have been able to develop models for fast permeability prediction using grain size data. But because of the complexity of permeability and the Earth’s anisotropic nature, the confidence level of using this models is low as was seen when a comparison was carried out in this project using some of these models. The aim of this project is to develop a model using grain sieve analysis data for permeability prediction tailored to the Niger Delta region. Using statistica7 software, multiple regression analysis was performed on the grain size distribution data from sieve analysis using parameters P10, P90 and mean grain size distribution. Three models were developed for permeability ranges of less than 10mD to greater than 10000mD with R2 values of (0.857, 0.820, 0.939) showing a good data and regression fitting and R values of (0.926, 0.906, 0.969) showing strong positive correlation between variables. Permeability values obtained from routine core analysis was compared to the predicted permeability gotten from the model equation produced by the regression analysis. The models displayed good correlation with the routine core analysis values as seen on the validation charts plotted. A coloured schemed 3-D surface plot was generated to display the integrated effect of the grain size and density on permeability. The sensitivity analysis carried out showed that proper grain sorting is essential in permeability prediction.
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Layade, Gideon, Charles Ogunkoya, Victor Makinde, and Kehinde Ajayi. "Assessment and Analysis of Precambrian Basement Soil Deposits Using Grain Size Distribution." Materials and Geoenvironment 66, no. 4 (2020): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rmzmag-2019-0019.
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AbstractThe article presents the grain size distribution of soil samples from the Precambrian basement within the purview of the textural properties, deduced transportation history and the numerical assessments using statistical parameters. The fourteen soil samples collected from the study area were subjected to sieve analysis in the laboratory for the determination of their grain size distribution. The statistical parameters’ study includes the graphic mean, skewness, sorting and kurtosis. The result of the analysis of the soil samples ranged from coarse to fine-grained samples, moderately and poorly sorted, positively and negatively skewed and the kurtosis also shows leptokurtic as the most dominant which suggests the samples poorly distributed and moderately sorted at the centre of the grain size distribution. These results also suggest the geological environment of the soil samples could be responsible for the poorly and moderately sorted exhibited by the samples deposited in the location.
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Purnawan, Syahrul, Tengku Putra Fajran Alamsyah, Ichsan Setiawan, Rizwan, Maria Ulfah, and Sayyid Afdhal El Rahimi. "SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS IN BALOHAN BAY, SABANG." Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis 8, no. 2 (2017): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.28930/jitkt.v8i2.15812.
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<em>We investigated the sediment properties and distribution in Balohan Bay, which is located in southern Weh Island, Aceh Province. The aim of this research was to clarify the sediment distribution mechanism in the Balohan Bay using a statistical approach. Samples were collected on January 2016 using coring method. Sediment grain-size distribution from 14 stations was obtained using wet sieve analysis. A large amount of fine sand and very fine sand were found in Balohan Bay, as a result of several tributaries discharged in those areas. The sediment distribution in eastern stations showed an indication as a coarser size and a poorer sorted area, as they were adjacent to the steep cliff.</em>
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Purnawan, Syahrul, Tengku Putra Fajran Alamsyah, Ichsan Setiawan, Rizwan, Maria Ulfah, and Sayyid Afdhal El Rahimi. "SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS IN BALOHAN BAY, SABANG." Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis 8, no. 2 (2017): 531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jitkt.v8i2.15812.
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We investigated the sediment properties and distribution in Balohan Bay, which is located in southern Weh Island, Aceh Province. The aim of this research was to clarify the sediment distribution mechanism in the Balohan Bay using a statistical approach. Samples were collected on January 2016 using coring method. Sediment grain-size distribution from 14 stations was obtained using wet sieve analysis. A large amount of fine sand and very fine sand were found in Balohan Bay, as a result of several tributaries discharged in those areas. The sediment distribution in eastern stations showed an indication as a coarser size and a poorer sorted area, as they were adjacent to the steep cliff.
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Al-Hashemi, Hamzah M. Beakawi, Omar S. Baghabra Al-Amoudi, Zain H. Yamani, Yassir M. Mustafa, and Habib-ur-Rehman Ahmed. "The validity of laser diffraction system to reproduce hydrometer results for grain size analysis in geotechnical applications." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (2021): e0245452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245452.
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The grain size analysis plays a significant role in any geotechnical study. The grain size analysis, by means of sieving, is usually used for coarse material of particle size > 75 μm. For the fine material; the sedimentation methods are frequently adopted (e.g., hydrometers). Other methods also exist such as electron microscopy, digital image analysis and laser diffraction. The fine geomaterials commonly undergo agglomeration which makes the recognition of individual grain size using digital image analysis or electron microscopy challenging. To facilitate and enhance the grain-size analysis, this study was conducted using the Laser Diffraction System (LDS). Seven samples with different nature (composition and texture) and sources were analyzed by hydrometer and LDS. For LDS, various factors were studied such as air pressure, sonication, dilution, refractive index, and distribution method (volume or number). The results were compared qualitatively and quantitatively based on soil classification systems, fractal dimensions, and other parameters. Furthermore, this study provided a novel criterion to determine which LDS distribution method (volume or number) is to be used depending on the Liquid Limit. A combined sieve-LDS system is recommended to obtain the entire grain size distribution. It is concluded that the LDS is a viable technique that can replace the time-consuming hydrometer method to assess the grain-size distribution.
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Zulfikar, Muhammad, Budi Muljana, and Ildrem Sjafri. "Silica sand distribution and their corelation with sediment characteristics in Tanjung Berikat waters, Central Bangka." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1148, no. 1 (2023): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1148/1/012012.
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Abstract Bangka Belitung has known as Island that is traversed by the Southeast Asian granite belt. Tanjung Berikat waters are one of the waters in Central Bangka Regency that is traversed by the Southeast Asian granite belt, so it has various potential mineral placers such as silica sand (that showed by quartz content). This study aims to determine the content and distribution of quartz minerals, sediment grain size, bathymetry, and the correlation between these variables with each other. We used shallow reflection single channel seismic and surficial seabed sediment sampling. Data processing and analysis consist of processing signals and seismic data interpretation, sieve grain mineralogy analysis, and grain size analysis. The correlation test was carried out on the distribution of quartz minerals, sediment grain size, and bathymetry using the Pearson correlation test. The results of the Pearson correlation test generally have a strong correlation between the distribution of quartz minerals with bathymetry and sediment grain size. This occurs because quartz distribution in the study area is a product of sediment supply originating from the mainland Klabat Granite rocks.
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Choi, Jongwon, Sulki Kim, Jaejoong Jin, Jinhoon Kim, Sungyeol Chang, and Inho Kim. "Estimation of Sediment Grain Size Distribution Using Optical Image-Based Spatial Feature Representation Learning with Data Augmentation." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 13, no. 6 (2025): 1108. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13061108.
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This study introduces a spatial encoder network designed to estimate sand size distribution from optical images of sediments. The model achieves sufficient network capacity by stacking two-dimensional convolution-based encoder blocks to learn the spatial features that relate sediment images to grain size distribution. Additionally, to improve robustness and reliability, data augmentation techniques, including horizontal and vertical flipping, are used during training. The proposed model was applied to 41 littoral systems located along the eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula and was developed using grain size distribution data through sieve analysis and images obtained from 2010 to 2024. The proposed model demonstrated an impressive correlation of 98% for the estimated mean diameter of grain size and improved root mean square error across all measures of grain size distribution when compared to previous deep learning-based methods. The improvement in the accuracy of grain size distribution estimation using the proposed image-based deep learning model is expected to contribute to the advancement of conventional approaches, which are labor-intensive and time-consuming.
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Hairan, Mohammad Haroon, Nor Rohaizah Jamil, Mohammad Noor Amal Azmai, Ley Juen Looi, Ahmad Zaharin Aris, and Mohd Hafiz Rosli. "The Analysis of Large Dam Impacts on Sediment Grain Size Distribution in a Tropical River System." Civil Engineering Journal 9 (March 4, 2023): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-sp2023-09-02.
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Sedimentation is a natural phenomenon of rivers that is enhanced by modification of the river basin. The presence of dams delays the exchange of sediments, nutrients, and organisms between the terrestrial and aquatic environments. This article assesses the impact of the Selangor dam on the sediment grain size distribution and its association with river velocity and discharge. The fieldwork for sampling is conducted in the normal and rainy seasons. The samples were analyzed through a sieve analysis procedure to determine the particle size of the sediments. After the sieve analysis technique, GRADISTAT analysis was performed on the output. The GRADISTAT analysis classifies the sediments between sandy gravel and sand, and the median grain size (D50) ranges from 4.00 to 0.18 mm. The spatial distribution of the D50 shows that the bed-load sediments of the upper Selangor River are becoming fine-grained downstream. The skewness of the sediments differs from 0.86 to 8.44, which indicates that the sediments are poorly to moderately well sorted. The Spearman's correlation of the D50 and river velocity and discharge determine no association of the D50 with river velocity and discharge. The stations near Selangor Dam have high slopes and receive "sediment hungry" water that washes small-sized sediments; therefore, the upper stations have a more significant amount of gravel and large sand. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-SP2023-09-02 Full Text: PDF
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Orrú, C., V. Chavarrías, W. S. J. Uijttewaal, and A. Blom. "Image analysis for measuring stratigraphy in sand-gravel laboratory experiments." Earth Surface Dynamics Discussions 1, no. 1 (2013): 973–1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurfd-1-973-2013.
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Abstract. Measurements of spatial and temporal changes in the grain size distribution are crucial to improving the modelling of sediment transport and associated grain size-selective processes. We present three complementary techniques to determine such variations in the grain size distribution in sand-gravel laboratory experiments, as well as the resulting stratigraphy: (1) particle colouring, (2) removal of sediment layers, and (3) image analysis. The resulting stratigraphy measurement method has been evaluated in two sets of experiments. In both sets three grain size fractions within the range of coarse sand to fine gravel were painted in different colours. Sediment layers are removed using a wet vacuum cleaner. Subsequently areal images are taken of the surface of each layer. The areal fraction content, i.e. the relative presence of each size fraction over the bed surface, is determined using a colour segmentation algorithm which provides the areal fraction content of a specific colour (i.e., grain size) covering the bed surface. Particle colouring is not only beneficial to this type of image analysis but also observing and understanding grain size-selective processes. The stratigraphy based on areal fractions is measured with sufficient accuracy. Other advantages of the proposed stratigraphy measurement technique are: (a) rapid collection and processing of a large amount of data, (b) very high spatial density of information on the grain size distribution (so far unequalled in other methods), (c) the lack of disturbances to the bed surface, (d) only minor disturbances to the substrate due to the removal of sediment layers, and (e) the possibility to return a sediment layer at its original elevation and continue the flume experiment. The areal fractions can be converted into volumetric fractions using a conversion model. The proposed empirical conversion model is based on a comparison between the photogrammetry results and dry sieve analysis.
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Majka, Jerzy, Maciej Sydor, Marta Pędzik, et al. "Quantifying the finest particles in dust fractions created during the sanding of untreated and thermally modified beech wood." BioResources 17, no. 1 (2021): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.1.7-20.
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This article deals with the fractionation of wood dust by sieve after sanding. Dust from untreated beechwood was compared to dust from thermally modified beechwood (at 200 °C for 3 h). The authors hypothesized that the thermal modification changes the particle size distributions of the dust sieve fractions and that all the dust sieve fractions contain the finest particles, which are suspendable in the air and are potentially respirable. To obtain dust for testing, both wood materials were sanded with P120 paper at a belt speed of 14.5 m/s and a pressure of 0.65 N/cm2. A set of sieves with aperture sizes of 25, 80, and 250 µm were used to separate the dust into sieve fractions with grain sizes less than 25 µm, 25 to 80 µm, 80 to 250 µm, and greater than 250 µm. The content of the finest particles in the fractions was measured via a laser particle sizer. Both dusts had similar particle size distributions. In addition, each investigated fraction of both dusts contained the finest particles, i.e., less than 10 µm. It follows that the laser analysis method may be necessary to correctly assess the occupational risk at a sanding.
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Amakiri, A. R. C., I. Risi, and K. S. Okiongbo. "Estimation of grain size statistical parameters and Porosity of the Quaternary aquifers in part of Bayelsa State Nigeria." International Journal of Novel Research in Civil Structural and Earth Sciences 10, no. 2 (2023): 14–23. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8189272.
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<strong>Abstract:</strong> An attempt has been made in this study to estimate the grain sizes and statistical parameters of aquifer sediments, in parts of Bayelsa State, South-South Nigeria. Precise measurement of statistical parameters of sediments is a vital and significant factor for the comparative evaluation of sedimentary depositional environment. Particle size analysis is a vital tool for the determination of the cost, quality and performance of aggregates for several economic purposes, such as in the construction, hospitality, agricultural industrial and of course in ground water resource management. Particle size distribution parameters were determined through conventional sieve analysis, the graphical method for obtaining statistical parameters was mployed in this study. Sieve analysis is the process of measuring the particle size distribution of unbound sediments, it is a less costly and simple to access process. The resulting cumulative frequency distribution curves are continuous with only a single mode value, indicating that all the samples in the study are evidently homogeneous at their specific sites. The coefficient of uniformity (η) evaluated ranges from 2.81 to 5.6 for samples 1 and 3 respectively, while the porosity values estimated ranges from 0.34 (34%) to 0.43 (43%) for samples 2 and 4 respectively. The study indicated that the samples have average grain sizes ranging from 0.37 to 0.95 mm (average 0.60 mm), which were shown to be well graded. The inclusive graphic kurtosis of the sediment grains ranges from 0.12 – 1.5 (average 0.59), occupying sediments that are very platykurtic (very deficiently peaked) being less than 0.67 to mesokurtic and leptokurtic or excessively peaked (relatively better sorted in the central parts than in the tails). <strong>Keywords:</strong> particle size, graded, sorted, platykurtic, mesokurtic, and kurtosis. <strong>Title:</strong> Estimation of grain size statistical parameters and Porosity of the Quaternary aquifers in part of Bayelsa State Nigeria <strong>Author:</strong> Amakiri, A. R. C., Risi, I., Okiongbo, K. S <strong>International Journal of Novel Research in Civil Structural and Earth Sciences</strong> <strong>ISSN 2394-7357</strong> <strong>Vol. 10, Issue 2, May 2023 - August 2023</strong> <strong>Page No: 14-23</strong> <strong>Novelty Journals</strong> <strong>Website: www.noveltyjournals.com</strong> <strong>Published Date: 27-July-2023</strong> <strong>DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8189272</strong> <strong>Paper Download Link (Source)</strong> <strong>https://www.noveltyjournals.com/upload/paper/Estimation%20of%20grain%20size%20statistical-27072023-4.pdf</strong>
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Bulatov, S. Yu, V. G. Krestinkov, G. S. Malyshev, O. A. Tareeva, and A. E. Shamin. "Using the watershed method in determining the size of intersecting particles of crushed grain." Agricultural Science Euro-North-East 26, no. 2 (2025): 404–14. https://doi.org/10.30766/2072-9081.2025.26.2.404-414.
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The determination of the granulometric composition of ground grain is of great importance when feeding farm animals and poultry. The sieve method of determining the granulometric composition is traditionally used. With the development of modern digital technologies, it has become possible to determine the granulometric composition of grain without using special sieves. We have proposed a method for determining the particle sizes of crushed grain using color clustering and morphological segmentation. However, this method does not solve the problem of particle overlap, when several contacting components are perceived as one large particle, which ultimately affects the final result of the analysis and gives a serious error relative to the traditional sieving method. In this regard, it was decided to improve the method by additional image analysis using the watershed method. The article presents the results of estimating the particle sizes of crushed grain when they intersect and overlap each other. The sizing technique consisted in the implementation of the following operations: image acquisition; entropy filtering of a grayscale image; calculation of the average color value for each color cluster of the image; construction of a refined binary mask; calculation of the gradient representation of the image with grains; calculation of foreground markers; calculation of background markers; removal from the gradient representation of the image all local brightness minima outside the constructed markers; application of the watershed method; determination of the area and maximum diameter of the Feret and sorting of all areas by size. As a result of the analysis of images of crushed grain particles, histograms of the particle distribution by their areas and lengths were constructed according to the proposed method. The complexity of estimating the size of crushed grain by existing classical methods has been revealed and it has been established that the watershed method gives a sufficiently high error (about 32 %) in determining the particle area, but can be used to determine the linear particle sizes through which their equivalent diameter can be expressed.
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Granberg, H. B. "Distribution of Grain Sizes and Internal Surface Area and their Role in Snow Chemistry in A Sub-Arctic Snow Cover." Annals of Glaciology 7 (1985): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s026030550000608x.
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The variations in grain size and internal surface area in a seasonal snow cover have been studied near Schefferville, Quebec. Sieve analysis was applied to snow in very cold conditions and gave closely reproducible results.The studies show that grain-size distributions vary greatly with depth but show a pattern that is closely repeatable between sites in similar environments and which is also closely repeatable from one year to the next. Different environments produce variations on the general pattern.The measurements enable estimation of the internal surface area and its variations with depth in different snow covers. The effects of this variation in surface area on contaminants of the snow cover are discussed.
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Orobinsky, V. I., V. A. Gulevsky, and A. M. Gievsky. "The influence of the moisture content of the heap at the moment of threshing and the influence of width of the sieve holes on the content of grains with film." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 954, no. 1 (2022): 012055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/954/1/012055.
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Abstract Our own research and analysis of the literature cited in the work have identified a number of different factors that affect the quality of the harvested grain. The paper provides an assessment of the influence of such indicators as the physical and mechanical properties of the harvested crop, the design features of the threshing-separating devices, the relative humidity of the processed heap, the size of the openings of the screens of the separating device. Studies carried out for machines with various types of threshing and separating devices have shown the advantage of rotary machines. The heap obtained on them with minimal contamination contains 2.2 times less crushed grain and 1.5 times more grain with the film. The sowing qualities of seeds, both germination energy and laboratory germination, are higher than those of seeds obtained from combine harvesters with a classic threshing-separating device. Investigations of the distribution of the components of the grain heap coming from the combine harvesters were carried out at five different moisture levels of grain on sieves with a hole width of 2.0 to 3.2 mm. The experimental results showed that the relative humidity of the grain does not significantly affect the distribution of the grain heap. At the same time, studies have shown that the bulk of the heap entering post-harvest processing in a grain cleaning machine is allocated on sieves with a hole diameter of 2.4–3.0 mm. The largest amount of whole grain is allocated on sieves 2.4–3.0 mm. With an increase in the grain moisture content of the initial heap from 14.1 to 18.9% and the size of the sieve openings from 2.0 to 3.2 mm, an increase in the amount of grain with the film is observed. The results presented can be used in organizing the activities and substantiating the design and technological schemes for post-harvest grain cleaning.
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Granberg, H. B. "Distribution of Grain Sizes and Internal Surface Area and their Role in Snow Chemistry in A Sub-Arctic Snow Cover." Annals of Glaciology 7 (1985): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026030550000608x.
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The variations in grain size and internal surface area in a seasonal snow cover have been studied near Schefferville, Quebec. Sieve analysis was applied to snow in very cold conditions and gave closely reproducible results. The studies show that grain-size distributions vary greatly with depth but show a pattern that is closely repeatable between sites in similar environments and which is also closely repeatable from one year to the next. Different environments produce variations on the general pattern. The measurements enable estimation of the internal surface area and its variations with depth in different snow covers. The effects of this variation in surface area on contaminants of the snow cover are discussed.
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Ji, Jiejie, Qiang Yao, Faming Wu, and Hongtao Li. "Evaluation of particle size distribution of granular blasting materials based on the fractal theory." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 10 (2019): 168781401988156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814019881562.
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The particle size distribution of granular blasting materials has a vital influence on the filling quality of earth-rockfill dams. The engineering experience-based method used to evaluate the particle size distribution has shortcomings at both the theoretical and practical aspects. This article proposes a new evaluation method based on the fractal theory. Grading sieve tests on granular materials, mass fractal analysis of particle size distribution, and a probability distribution model test of the characteristic parameters are used to revise the functional relationships between the fractal dimension D and the uniformity coefficient/curvature coefficient ( Cu/ Cc) of the grading curve. The feasibility of using D to evaluate the particle size distribution and the optimal fine grain content is then analyzed and determined. According to the results, the geometric shapes of the granular blasting materials have fractal characteristics, and their particle size distribution has a fractal distribution. The ranges of D where the rockfill and transition materials have a good particle size distribution are D = 2.254–2.529 and D = 2.358–2.559, corresponding to optimal fine grain content of 1.953%–11.805% and 10.268%–23.123%, respectively. Fractal dimension has a solid theoretical basis and strong practical applicability as an evaluation index for the particle size distribution of granular blasting materials.
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Khan, Usman Ali, and Roberto Valentino. "Investigating the Granulometric Distribution of Fluvial Sediments through the Hybrid Technique: Case Study of the Baganza River (Italy)." Water 14, no. 9 (2022): 1511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14091511.
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Sediment characterization is a key parameter to understand the geomorphological attributes of a catchment (i.e., assessing the variability of the sediment transport capacity and surface roughness of a hydraulic channel). This assessment can be performed in several ways, for instance, through numerous sampling techniques (i.e., pebble count and zig-zag methods). Sediment sampling using manual sieving inside a laboratory is a hectic process as it requires ample time and physical effort, particularly when the scale of interest is at the catchment level. In order to find the granulometric distribution of some sections of the Baganza streambed (northern Italy), in order to carry out analysis at the catchment scale, a hybrid technique (a combination of the conventional and photogrammetric method) is introduced. Different grain size distribution curves (GSDs) obtained from the image processing technique using Digital Gravelometer software and traditional sediment sieve analysis (sieve-by-weight method) were compared. Sediment sampling was limited to sections of the streambed that were visible during lower flows in the dry summer season. Sediment samples including fine soil fraction, were collected up to a depth of 30 cm, although the exposed areas behaved as gravels and cobble bars. The adopted hybrid technique approach for the characterization of fluvial sediments is desirable in order to accommodate the full range of particle sizes inside the riverbed. Digital photography was performed at ten different cross sections, along the longitudinal profile of the 30 km long reach of the Baganza River, to examine the sediment distribution, grading, and representative particle sizes (D10, D50, D90) at each of the respective cross sections. A comparison of the photogrammetric method and traditional sieve analysis revealed strong agreement in coarser segments of the grain size distributions, but it was deficient in the finer part (<2 mm) due to the shielding effect produced by bigger particles. However, the adopted hybrid technique appears to be quite efficient and promising in determining the GSD by reducing the costs and the sediment sample collection time in the field.
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Kayode-Ojo, N., and J. O. Odemerho. "The Particle Size Distribution of Laterite Soil at Ekosodin, Benin City, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 27, no. 3 (2023): 519–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v27i3.15.
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The laterite soil particle-size distribution provides a preliminary knowledge of the rate of failure and the strength of soil to resist load pressure and subsequent susceptibility to gully erosion. This study was carried out to determine the particle size distribution of laterite soil at Ekosodin, Benin City, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. This was achieved by collecting a total of twenty soil samples from the gully zone of Ekosodin and carrying out sieve and hydrometer analyses on the recovered soil. The average percentage weight of fines smaller than the following grain diameters: 1.18mm, 0.425mm, 0.075mm, 0.040mm, 0.010mm, 0.003mm, and 0.001mm, were approximately 96%, 74%, 45%, 35%, 28%, 21%, and 15% respectively. The coefficient of uniformity and coefficient of curvature classified the laterite soil as a well graded soil consisting of a representative of all grain sizes in a good complementary proportion. However, the significant quantity of fine in the soil composition made it susceptible to gully erosion in the presence of intense water movement.
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Alghamdi, Mohammed A. M. "Relationship between Grain Size Distribution and Radon Content in Surficial Sediments of Wadi Arar, Saudi Arabia." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 8, no. 1 (2018): 2447–51. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1207254.
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Surficial sediments with low radon content are desirable materials in construction applications. In this study, the relationship between grain size and radon content was investigated in sediments collected from seven sites in Wadi Arar, Saudi Arabia, with the intent of determining whether grain size analysis could be used for rapidly assessing the suitability of potential construction materials. Thirty-five samples were collected (five per site) and the grain size distribution was determined using sieves. Radon contents were measured on composite samples with a RAD7 radon detector. Among the sediment types (gravel, coarse sand, medium sand, fine sand, and silt and clay), the best linear correlations between grain size and radon contents were found for the coarse sand (negative slope, r=0.82) and fine sand (positive slope, r=0.78). Polynomial relationships were also tested. A fourth-degree polynomial equation effectively described the correlation between grain size and radon content (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.933). As shown by this model, the highest correlations with radon contents were detected at grain sizes smaller than 2.0 mm. Thus, grain size may be useful for preliminary site assessment work.
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Zhigarev, V. G., and E. E. Kazakova. "Approximate analytical description of the grain-size distribution of a disperse product by the method of sieve analysis." Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 42, no. 9-10 (2006): 560–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10556-006-0142-x.
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Alghamdi, M. A. M. "Relationship between Grain Size Distribution and Radon Content in Surficial Sediments of Wadi Arar, Saudi Arabia." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 8, no. 1 (2018): 2447–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.1698.
Full textAbstract:
Surficial sediments with low radon content are desirable materials in construction applications. In this study, the relationship between grain size and radon content was investigated in sediments collected from seven sites in Wadi Arar, Saudi Arabia, with the intent of determining whether grain size analysis could be used for rapidly assessing the suitability of potential construction materials. Thirty-five samples were collected (five per site) and the grain size distribution was determined using sieves. Radon contents were measured on composite samples with a RAD7 radon detector. Among the sediment types (gravel, coarse sand, medium sand, fine sand, and silt and clay), the best linear correlations between grain size and radon contents were found for the coarse sand (negative slope, r=0.82) and fine sand (positive slope, r=0.78). Polynomial relationships were also tested. A fourth-degree polynomial equation effectively described the correlation between grain size and radon content (R2 = 0.933). As shown by this model, the highest correlations with radon contents were detected at grain sizes smaller than 2.0 mm. Thus, grain size may be useful for preliminary site assessment work.
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Alotaibi, Musaad A., and Mohammed A. M. Alghamdi. "Evaluation of grain size distribution of Wadi As Suqah, Northeast of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia." International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES 9, no. 9 (2022): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2022.09.008.
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Wadi As Suqah, Makkah Governate, Western Saudi Arabia, has surficial sediments covering 300-422 square kilometers. The deposits may be used for any suitable construction material. Therefore, thirty-one samples of the Quaternary sands were collected from different locations along the study area to achieve this goal. The natural surficial grain sizes of Wadi As Suqah deposits in the Makkah region were assessed geotechnically, spatially, and mathematically. Rarely comprehensive exploration methodology, such as sieve analysis, 3D modeling, triangulation, and GIS, have been used to categorize the content percentage of grain sizes. Statistics and mathematics were also used to evaluate the correlations and assess the relationship between the fractions. This sophisticated approach is adapted for the first time on Wadi As Suqah, which concludes different results compared to previous studies. According to the unified soil classification system, gravel, sand, and fine had an average content of 85.1%, 11.7%, and 3.2%, respectively. Therefore, Wadi As Suqah, based on the fractions percentage, is categorized into four spatially sandy zones. At a coefficient of determination, R²=0.98, sand, and fine have a linear relationship. The major mathematical model is y=-1.02 x+100.5, in which y is the fine % content, and x is the sand % content. It can be merged with mineralogy for future studies to evaluate sediment from a geological engineering point of view.
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Adeola, Adewole John, and Modupe Adefunmi Olaleye. "Mineralogical and Geochemical Appraisal of Clay Deposits in Papalanto and Its Environs, Southwestern, Nigeria." Earth Science Research 7, no. 1 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/esr.v7n1p1.
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Three residual clay occurrences in Papalanto, Ifo, and Imoto areas which belong to the sedimentary basin of southwestern Nigeria were investigated to determine their industrial applications.The samples were pulverized, sieved, digested with mineral acids and characterized. Clay mineralogy was determined using X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Elemental compositions of the clay samples were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). Grain size distribution data were obtained by conducting grain size analysis in two parts; sieve analysis and sedimentation. Thermal properties, plasticity tests, density measurement, linear shrinkage and water absorption capacity were determined to evaluate their industrial potentials. Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) was calculated to determine the degree of weathering in the area.The X-ray diffraction results showed that kaolinite is the dominant mineral, while quartz, anatase and hematite are the major non clay minerals. Chemical data showed that the average values of SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3were 59.46%, 22.16%, and 3.06% respectively constituting 98.3% of the bulk compositions. Papalanto possessed high plasticity and mouldability.Evaluation of the clay thermal characteristics, firing colour, water absorption capacities and shrinkage values showed that the whitish Ifo clay and Papalanto kaolinitic clays could serve as raw materials for ceramics, building bricks, and other structural wares. Kaolin which is the dominant mineral in all the clays can be used for cosmetics, tooth paste, pharmaceutical purposes
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Karimpour, Hamid, and Poul V. Lade. "Creep behavior in Virginia Beach sand." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 50, no. 11 (2013): 1159–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2012-0467.
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Triaxial compression tests were performed on dense specimens of Virginia Beach sand at low and high confining pressures to study time effects that relate to grain crushing due to static fatigue or delayed fracture. Experiments to study effects of loading strain rate on subsequent creep showed negligible time effects and no grain crushing at low confining pressures, while tests at high confining pressures indicated increasing amounts of creep with increasing initial loading strain rates and with increasing deviator stress at creep. Investigation of effects of grain-size distribution indicated stiffer initial response and smaller amounts of creep for more uniformly graded soils at high confining pressures. The experimental results showed that structuration effects were not present in the dense Virginia Beach sand. A long-term creep test at high confining pressure indicated continuous creep with no indication of its termination. Sieve analyses following each triaxial test showed that grain crushing, as quantified by Hardin’s relative breakage factor, was proportional to energy input and amount of creep observed for each soil specimen. The creep is due to the time-dependent static fatigue by which the grains crush and cause rearrangement of the grain structure, and this is the reason behind the time effects in granular materials.
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Moradifar, R., A. Rahi, M. H. Kadivar, F. Eslami, and S. Salimi. "The Mechanical Strength of Granular Sulphur and its Relation to Size Distribution and Storage Silo Clogging." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.83.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of particle size distribution on the mechanical properties of granular sulphur and its relation to silo blockage at South Pars Gas Complex Phases 2 & 3. Solid elemental sulphur is a relatively hard, friable crystalline material that tends to break up into smaller particles when subjected to force or stress of any magnitude. Conglomeration of the dust so produced clogs storage silos, making truck loading difficult. Grain size selection is based on the “friability value” and “maximum entropy” for granules in a static state. The model of the behavior of confined granular sulphur is based on the principle of continuum mechanics. Granules were formed by feeding liquid sulphur and water to a rotating granulation drum. Sample granules were classified into different size fractions (300 μm – 4.75 mm) by sieve analysis, and friability tests were done by the Fines 28-inch tumbler S5-77 test. Friability and granule size data collected over four years were studied. The implication of field analysis and laboratory tests is that the granule size should be controlled during sulphur solidification while ensuring that only granular material with the correct mechanical characteristics is stored in the silo and shipped.
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Terzic, Anja, Lato Pezo, and Ljubisa Andric. "Chemometric analysis of alternations in coal ash quality induced by application of different mechano-chemical processing parameters." Science of Sintering 49, no. 4 (2017): 381–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1704381t.
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The coal fly ash mechano-chemical activation conducted via high energy ultra-centrifugal mill was optimized using mathematical and statistical tools. The aim of the investigation was to accent the merits of alternations in ash processing schemes with a referral regarding the enhancement of the ash reactivity that will lead to its higher volume utilization as a cement replacement in concrete design. The impact of the processing parameters sets (number of rotor revolutions, current intensity, activation period, circumferential rotor speed, mill capacity) on the on the product?s quality factors (grain size distribution, average grain size, micronization level, agglomeration tendency, specific surface area) was assessed via Response surface method, Standard score analysis and Principal component analysis in order to obtain the most favorable output. Developed models were able to meticulously predict quality parameters in an extensive range of processing parameters. The calculated r2 values were in the range of 0.846-0.999. The optimal ash sample, that reached the Standard Score as high as 0.93, was produced using a set of processing parameters appropriate to experimental sequence with applied 120 ?m sieve mesh. The microstructural characteristics were assessed using image-processing values and histogram plots of the activated fly ash SEM images.
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Akpofure, Edirin, and Desmond Eteh. "Grain Size Distribution of the Sediments from Odi River, Bayelsa State, Nigeria." European Journal of Environment and Earth Sciences 3, no. 3 (2022): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejgeo.2022.3.3.285.
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Ten samples from Odi River bed were collected by divers at different locations and sent to the laboratory for granulometric analysis. Samples were dried to remove moisture content and poured into a set of BSS standard sieves and mechanically vibrated for at least fifteen minutes to enable the grains to separate into their different sizes. Textural and statistical parameters were then calculated from the results of the particle size distribution. The result shows that the grain size ranges from -2 φ – -1 φ (granules) to 3 φ – 4 φ (very fine sand). The average mean of the population is 0.89 φ, with a modal class in the 1 φ – 2 φ size grade. The average sorting value is 1.26 σ which indicates a poorly sorted population. Skewness varies through the population, but, the average skewness is -0.16 (Negatively skewed). 60% of the sediments range from leptokurtic to extremely leptokurtic, 10% are very platykurtic, 10% are platykurtic and 20% are mesokurtic. Traction and saltation transport modes were inferred from the cumulative curves of the sediments. The plot of skewness versus kurtosis shows the energy of deposition to be fluctuating between high and low, depositing coarse and fine sands facies respectively. The grain size distribution is observed to be finer downstream.
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Hakim, Abi Maulana, Samira Albati Kamaruddin, Andhika Sahadewa, Ramli Nazir, and Haris Eko Setyawan. "Effect of Grain Size Distribution on Shear Strength Characteristic of Random Fill Material at Keureuto Dam, Indonesia." Key Engineering Materials 970 (December 15, 2023): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-h30laq.
Full textAbstract:
Earth-fill dams are commonly constructed by composing different geomaterials to optimally utilize local natural resources. In Indonesia, random fill materials are frequently used as a major composition in dam construction. The term random fill material originated from its broad range of grain size. Grain size distribution influences shear strength characteristics of geomaterials. There are 2 shear strength equations to model the behavior of fill material, i.e., linear Mohr-Coulomb and non-linear power curve. Two series of large scale in situ direct shear tests were performed at Keureuto Dam, Indonesia. Sieve analysis tests were performed accordingly. The random fill material was composed of cobbles, gravel, and less than 25% of sand. The stress-displacement characteristics of random fill material indicated that plastic deformation occurred at shear strain of 1% to 4%. The shear failure was reached in shear displacements of 60 – 90 mm, equivalent to shear strain of 8% – 12 %. Stress-strain relationships showed a dilative behavior indicating the random fill was in a relatively dense form. The dilatancy tends to decrease as the normal stress increases. The linear Mohr-Coulomb failure criteria and non-linear power curve equation are suggested to characterize the shear strength of the random fill material. To obtain a realistic value of the non-cohesive strength parameter of granular material, the Mohr-Coulomb approach should be intercepted at zero. A relationship between secant friction angles for different normal stresses is presented. This angle tends to decrease at higher normal stresses.
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Wnorowska, Joanna, Mateusz Tymoszuk, and Sylwester Kalisz. "Investigation on internal structure of pellets with halloysite additive and effect of moisture content before the pelletizing process." E3S Web of Conferences 82 (2019): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198201015.
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The article presents analysis of the particle size distribution inside pellets and the influence of moisture content before pelletization process on final product mechanical strength. The following types of biomass were used without and with the content of additive (halloysite): Polish wheat straw – (SP-K), miscanthus (DM), cereal straw (DS) and herbaceous pellets (BZ). Particles inside pellets were characterized by a grain size smaller than 3 mm and the cumulative weight percent passing through the sieve with mesh screen 1 mm for each sample was higher than 70 %. The moisture content before pelletization process for tested materials was in the range of 25% - 30% depending on the material which was used, while values of mechanical strength of pellets were within the range of 77.7% - 96.2% (depending on the type of material and moisture content before the pelletization process).
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Liang, Tiancheng, Jinwei Zhang, Chuanyou Meng, Nailing Xiu, Bo Cai, and Haifeng Fu. "Conductivity prediction of proppant-packs based on particle size distribution under variable stress conditions." E3S Web of Conferences 205 (2020): 03010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020503010.
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The conductivity of the proppant-packs is critical in the productivity of hydraulically fractured wells. Proppants are also the best medium for studying particle packing. Sand and ceramic media are two most common proppants used for hydraulic fracturing. This study focuses on investigate the relation between conductivity and properties of proppant-packs, the particle-size distribution, porosity and mean particle diameter have been measured. The porosity of the proppant pack under zero pressure is determined from bulk density and apparent density. To accurately measure the porosity under variable closed stress conditions, the compressed width was taken into consideration. The particle size distribution was measured from sieve analysis. The paper presents results obtained by conducting routine conductivity test on a variety of proppants. The conductivity-porosity relationships are nonlinear. The conductivity is most sensitive to mean grain size, followed by closed stress, and then sorting. Larger median diameter always correlates to higher conductivity at low stress. Loss of conductivity with stress is more severe for large particles sands than small particles. The binomial method can be used to calculate the conductivity of different types and mesh proppants, which is shown to fit conductivity-mean diameter data successfully. The research is of guiding significance to choose the proper size distribution proppants in hydraulic fracturing. Meanwhile, the binomial method is a better predictor of proppant-packs conductivity based on particle size distribution.
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Ausif, Hussain Dangroo, and Dalal Deepak. "An Experimental Study on Shear Strength of Soil Subgrade using Cement as Stabilizing Agent." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 2, no. 3 (2018): 2251–61. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd12704.
Full textAbstract:
Construction of any civil engineering structural project whether it is building, bridge, dam or road etc is done on or below the surface of earth. The main purposes of any structure is to transmit the load to the soil beneath, so the soil beneath should be strong enough to bear the upcoming loads without undergoing any failure. Construction of any structure over a weak soil is highly difficult and unsafe as the soil undergoes differential settlements due to high compressibility and poor shear strength. Hence it is most important for us to check the engineering properties of soil before construction.Sub grade is the underlying soil that supports the applied wheel load .If the sub grade of the soil is too weak to support the wheel loads, the pavement will flex excessively which ultimately causes the pavement to fail.The current study deals with the enhancement of shearing strength of soil which is one of the most engineering property of soil using cement as an additive to reduce sub grade failure.Therefore the present study gives an idea for improving the geotechnical engineering properties of the soil used for the pavement sub grade by using the additive which have mixed into the soil to get the desired improvement to fulfill the strength criteria. This criteria can be applied to the roads and air fields having a much stabilized surface layer. This can be achieved by mixing the sandy soil and Ordinary Portland Cement with the water and compacting the mix to get a stronger composite materialTherefore, the present investigation describes the behavioral aspect of soils mixed with 0 , 5 , 10 and 15 cement by volume of soil to improve the load bearing capacity of the soil. Shear strength and index properties such as water content, MDD, OMC, etc. were determine and analyzed for the purpose of enhancement of pavement sub grade.The resultant material becomes hard and durable structural material as cement get hydrated and gained strength by adding 5 , 10 and 15 of the cement by volume with the sandy soil. Compaction test was applied to determine the maximum dry density and the optimum moisture content of the soil by adding 5 ,10 and 15 of cement, in this the dry density first increases at 5 and 10 .The bearing capacity of any soil usually increases with increasing dry density and decreasing moisture content. The shear strength also increases, because increase in cementing content causes increase in shear strength by 13.75 , 19.19 and 9.4 respectively with respect to soil containing 0 of cement. High density assures high shear strength and greater imperviousness .Overall we can say that soil stabilization for pavement sub grade using cement as additive is a good ground improvement technique especially in engineering projects on weak soils. the geotechnical engineering properties of the soil used for the pavement sub grade by using the additive which have mixed into the soil to get the desired improvement to fulfill the strength criteria. This criteria can be applied to the roads and air fields having a much stabilized surface layer. This can be achieved by mixing the sandy soil and Ordinary Portland Cement with the water and compacting the mix to get a stronger composite materialTherefore, the present investigation describes the behavioral aspect of soils mixed with 0 , 5 , 10 and 15 cement by volume of soil to improve the load bearing capacity of the soil. Shear strength and index properties such as water content, MDD, OMC, Liquid limit, specific gravity etc. were determine and analyzed for the purpose of enhancement of pavement sub grade.The resultant material becomes hard and durable structural material as cement get hydrated and gained strength by adding 5 , 10 and 15 of the cement by volume with the sandy soil. Compaction test was applied to determine the maximum dry density and the optimum moisture content of the soil by adding 5 ,10 and 15 of cement, in this the dry density first increases at 5 and 10 .The bearing capacity of any soil usually increases with increasing dry density and decreasing moisture content. The shear strength also increases, because increase in cementing content causes increase in shear strength by 13.75 , 19.19 and 9.4 respectively with respect to soil containing 0 of cement. High density assures high shear strength and greater imperviousness .Overall we can say that soil stabilization for pavement sub grade using cement as additive is a good ground improvement technique especially in engineering projects on weak soils. Ausif Hussain Dangroo | Deepak Dalal "An Experimental Study on Shear Strength of Soil Subgrade using Cement as Stabilizing Agent" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12704.pdf
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Rustiati, NB, S. Lipu, VM Andiese, and W. Kaseng. "Estimation of bed load sediment rate at sabo dam 2 bangga river." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1355, no. 1 (2024): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1355/1/012022.
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Abstract The flood that occurred on November 2018 was a sediment disaster in the upstream of the Bangga River which resulted in the entire village being buried by sediment. The current research will estimate the volume of bed sediment transport at Sabo Dam. Measurements of the width of the riverbed were carried out on the specified river section. Measurements were carried out along 300 m and divided by 50 m per segment. Data obtained from primary data and secondary data are processed to obtain parameters that will be used when calculating the distribution of sediment. So, it can be seen that the characteristics of sediment grains in the 18 samples have grain sizes that are not much different. Based on the average data, segment 1, 2 and 3 can be classified as having poor gradation gravel, sand from gravel fragments, little/no fine grains. From the results of sieve analysis testing, it can be seen that the characteristics of sediments are dominated by sand and gravel. The bed sediment has a size of d50 0.2 mm - 12 mm and d90 0.44 mm - 50 mm. which is spread along the Bangga River Sabo Dam.
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Mude, Shyam Narayan, Shyam Yawale, and Vishal Choudhari. "Sedimentological and Geochemical Charectesization of Manaveli and Cuddalore Formations, Puducherry Basin, India." Journal of The Indian Association of Sedimentologists 37, no. 2 (2020): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.51710/jias.v37i2.112.
Full textAbstract:
Sedimentological and Geochemical Charectesization of Manaveli and Cuddalore Formations, Puducherry Basin, India 
 
 Shyam N. Mude, Shyam Yawale and Vishal Choudhari 
 
 Department of Geology, Fergusson College (Autonomous), Pune- 411004, India
 Email: shyam.mude@fergusson.edu; shyammude25@yahoo.co.in
 
 Abstract: The lithostratigraphically rocks of Puducherry basin (Sub-basin of Cauvery Basin) have been classified as Valudavur, Mettuveli, Karasur, Manaveli, Cuddalore formations in ascending order of deposition. The sedimentological and geochemical studies of sediments from Manavali (Paleocene) and Cuddalore (Mio-Pliocene) formations were carried out to understand grain size variation and distribution of major oxides and trace elements. 
 The sieve analysis was used to study grain size variation and on the basis of grain sizes various geo-statistical parameters were calculated to understand depositional environment. The discriminant function analysis of the sediments from the Cuddalore Formation infers that mostly the sedimentation was occurred in fluvio-deltaic environment with incursions of shallow marine environment whereas bivariate plots suggests that the deposition was occurred in riverine to deltaic environment.
 The major element geochemistry of the Manaveli and Cuddalore formations have been carried out to understand the provenance, paleoclimate and source area weathering conditions. The values of CIA (Chemical Index of Alteration), CIW (Chemical Index of Weathering), ICV (Index of Compositional Variability) and PIA (Plagioclase Index of Alteration) of the sediments infer high weathering was occurred in source area of sediments for Manaveli and Cuddalore formations. The ratio (Al2O3+K2O+Na2O)/SiO2 indicate semi-humid climatic conditions during deposition of Cuddalore Formation whereas Manaveli Formation was deposited in semi-arid climatic conditions. The discriminant function diagram (A-CN-K Plot), suggest Quartzose sedimentary provenance for Cuddalore and Mafic igneous provenance for Manaveli Formation. 
 
 Keywords: Grain Size, Geochemistry, Manaveli, Cuddalore, Puducherry Basin
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Mahannopkul, Krairoj, and Chollada Kanjanakul. "Some Approaches to the Prediction of Permeability Parameters in a Finite Element Program for Early Warning." Civil Engineering Journal 8, no. 12 (2022): 3854–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2022-08-12-014.
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Recently, landslides often occurred in natural soil slopes in the tropical region, which correlate with the rainy season. Rainfall infiltration leads to groundwater level fluctuations. The increased positive pore-water pressures due to rainfall influence have affected the properties and behavior of the unsaturated soil slope. In this research, the Finite Element Method of SEEP/W and SLOPE/W analyzes the factor safety of the slope affected by pore water pressure change due to rainfall. The Soil Water Characteristic Curve (SWCC) and Hydraulic Conductivity function were obtained from sieve analysis and Atterberg's limit. In addition, unsaturated soil properties from the UNSODA code are estimated based on grain-size distribution using the SWRC program. The study area is in Khanom District, southern Thailand. The results show that the soil slope at the site became unstable on November 18, 2021, with F.S. = 1.0, which agrees well with the date of the disaster. In conclusion, the slope stability analysis without the parameters from the unsaturated soil hydraulic database (UNSODA) leads to the F.S. value being higher than the actual value, and the alarm estimation would be inaccurate. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-12-014 Full Text: PDF
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Smejtková, A., P. Vaculík, M. Přikryl, and Z. Pastorek. "Rating of malt grist fineness with respect to the used grinding equipment." Research in Agricultural Engineering 62, No. 3 (2016): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/41/2015-rae.
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Grain size distribution of grist is dependent on the type of grinding mill. The most widely used crushers used for malt grinding are roll grinding machines and dispersants are the disc mills. For rating of grist fineness grists made in the two-roller mill KVM 130/150 and dispersant the disk mill Skiold SK 2500 was used. The selected types of barley malt were processed: light malt, Munich malt, caramel malt and colouring malt. Rating of malt grist fineness was made with a help of sieve analysis using a “Pfungstadt sifter”. Conclusions from the measurements are as follows: by using the two-roller mill the coarsest grist is got from caramel malt and the finest malt from the light malt. The dispersant was processing grist at a speed of 1,500 rpm and 2,800 rpm. For each speed, the coarsest grist was obtained from caramel malt and the finest grist was obtained by crushing colouring malt.
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Florek, Jacek, and Maciej Wyrębek. "Procedure of Numerical Modelling and Estimation of Sieve Curve Changes as a Tool to Define Riverbed’s Erodibility." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (2023): 1468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021468.
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The numerical 1-D HEC-RAS modelling tool was supported by the estimation of the sieve curve changes procedure to measure the scale of predicted discharges along a stretch of stream in southern Poland on the Olkusz Upland. The procedure was calibrated in southern Poland on the mountain streams during high-stage events, using a radiotracer application in bedload transport. Particular terrain hypsometry, created by the dissolution of limestone, forced the deep erosion of the river valley bottom; it is here that the current shape of the riverbed of the Prądnik stream is placed. While numerical modelling is widely used in hydraulics, standards have been set for the estimation of flood risk zones; these estimations suggest that the densities of the measured cross-sections are less then optimal, and that the erosive processes are more frequent. This was proved by identifying a number of erosive sections. A new procedure proposed combining the prediction of grain size distribution with hydraulic modelling. Calculations using the estimation of sieve curves, based on the processes of creation and destruction in the armouring layer, have proven to be a challenge for the existing standards of hydraulic modelling. We believe that it is easy to expand the usefulness of the 1D model by utilising its results for this procedure. For the purpose of this type of analysis, dense cross-section measurements are involved, careful modelling is required and a wide range of additional in-field data has to be gathered. For the interpretation of the results, the relation between channel-forming discharge, bankfull discharge, present and critical shear stresses, as well as the mean diameter of the grain size and other estimated sieve curve parameters, were evaluated. Channel-forming discharge is smaller than the bankfull discharge in more than one third of the segment where the erosion process is more frequent and the stability of the riverbed is compromised. Channel-forming discharge was at least twice as high in the stable sections, compared to the erosive section. The presented method will help to find unstable riverbed sections, in order to mitigate the dimension of river training techniques and protect the natural state of the river. While we are in the period of development in this region of Europe, limiting the scope of interference in rivers and streams by applying this method may create an opportunity for the concept of river training close to nature.
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Andriulaityte, Ieva, Marina Valentukeviciene, and Ramune Zurauskiene. "Research on the Reusability of Bentonite Waste Materials for Residual Chlorine Removal." Materials 17, no. 22 (2024): 5647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17225647.
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Recyclable construction waste can be used as a low-cost material to reduce stormwater pollution caused by various pollutants. In recent years, studies have reported increased water contamination from chlorine and chlorine compounds and its negative impact on aquatic ecosystems. When assessing the need for waste recycling, circularity, and stormwater reuse, it is worth evaluating the capacities of construction waste materials to reduce stormwater pollution from residual chlorine. Laboratory experiments using bentonite waste material (bentonite clay) and sodium hypochlorite solutions were carried out to analyze the potential of bentonite clay to retain residual chlorine in stormwater and evaluate its capacity to be applied as filtration media in green infrastructure. In the first stage, the particle size distribution and texture of bentonite clay were assessed using laboratory sieve analysis and microscopy. The results of the experiments indicated that the optimal grain size to retain pollutants was 0.8–2.0 mm. The microstructure analysis showed the capacity of bentonite to retain residual chlorine. The results of the static and dynamic experiments (leaching and filtration tests) show that the bentonite clay retained up to 44% of the residual chlorine. The obtained results indicate that bentonite clay might be suitable for application as filtration media in green infrastructure to reduce stormwater contamination.
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Абидуев, А. А., А. С. Пехутов, Д. Ц. Б. Бадмацыренов, П. А. Болоев та Г. Е. Кокиева. "Очистка семенного зерна ячменя". Вестник Бурятской государственной сельскохозяйственной академии имени В. Р. Филиппова, № 3(76) (26 вересня 2024): 156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.34655/bgsha.2024.76.3.019.
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Семенной материал ячменя в хозяйствах Республики Бурятия имеет неудовлетворительное качество, в основном, по содержанию семян сорных и культурных растений, в частности пшеницы. Анализ размерных характеристик семян ячменя и пшеницы показывает, что мелкие семена пшеницы могут быть выделены из обрабатываемого материала на подсевном сите с продолговатыми отверстиями как мелкие примеси, а оставшиеся в нем семена данного засорителя могут быть выделены в зерноочистительной машине с ячеистым цилиндром как короткие примеси. Путем анализа нормальных распределений длины семян ячменя и пшеницы установлено, что при разделении зерновой смеси по максимальной длине последней обеспечивается высокое качество обработки. Разработана методика выбора размера ячеек цилиндра зерноочистительной машины для очистки семян ячменя от коротких примесей (пшеницы). Размер ячеек цилиндра рекомендуется выбрать 1,10 – 1,25-кратным максимальной длины коротких примесей. Для окончательной очистки семян от пшеницы в хозяйствах Республики Бурятия рекомендуется обработать их в зерноочистительной машине с ячеистым цилиндром с размером ячеек 8,5 мм. Теоретическими и экспериментальными исследованиями обоснована технология очистки семенного зерна ячменя от трудноотделимых примесей и методика выбора размера ячеек цилиндров The barley seed material on the farms of the Republic of Buryatia is of unsatisfactory quality mainly due to the presence of seeds of weed and cultivated plants, in particularly the presence of wheat grains. Analysis of the size features of barley and wheat seeds showed that the smaller wheat seeds can be isolated from the sowing material on a pre-sowing sieve with oblong holes as small impurities, and the remained seeds of this weed can be isolated in a grain cleaning machine with a cellular cylinder as short impurities. After analyzing of the normal length distributions of barley and wheat seeds, it was found out that during separating the grain mixture according to the maximum length of the latter, the high quality of processing is ensured. A method of selecting sizes of the cylinder cells of a grain cleaning machine for cleaning barley seeds from short impurities (wheat) was developed. It is recommended to choose the size of the cylinder cells equaled to 1.10 – 1.25 times of the maximum length of short impurities. For the final cleaning barley seeds from the wheat grains on the farms of the Republic of Buryatia, it is recommended to process them in a grain cleaning machine with a cellular cylinder with a cell size of 8.5 mm. The technology of cleaning barley seed grains from hard-to-separate impurities and the method of choosing the size of the cylinder cells of a grain cleaning machine for cleaning barley seeds from short impurities (wheat) were proved by the theoretical and experimental studies.
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Vethra Prasetyo, A., M. Mirda Sukman, A. Vahreza, et al. "Identification of candidate paleotsunami deposit from sediment layers drilled in Seubadeh located in South Aceh of Indonesia." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2582, no. 1 (2023): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2582/1/012032.
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Abstract This study is conducted to identify prehistoric tsunami deposit (paleotsunami) in Seubadeh village, located in South Aceh Regency, Aceh province, Indonesia. Regional morphologic and seismic characteristics suggest that Seubadeh village is an area that stores tsunami deposits, both new tsunami deposits and prehistoric tsunami deposits. Therefore, in this study, the search for paleotsunami deposits was carried out in Seubadeh village. The tsunami deposit samples were taken at several points in Seubadeh village using a hand drill with a depth of more than 2 m. Sediment classification of the collected samples using Troels-Smith method shows a candidate layer of paleotsunami tsunami deposit was found between two clay deposits. The layer is dominated by plant roots and shell material. In addition, the sediment samples were sieved using a mesh to evaluate the grain size distribution of clay, silt and sand. The results of the grain size distribution and color evaluation of the respective layer are presented. The results of the analysis of the particle size distribution in the sample and the color of the sample indicate that there are 2 layers that show characteristics as a paleotsunami deposit, namely at a depth of about 170-200 cm and 280-292 cm. The paleotsunami deposit found will be further characterized by an emission spectroscopic technique.
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Chy, A. B. M. Tausif Ullah, Saurav Barua, and Mehedi Ahmed Ansary. "Effectiveness of Geogrid for Protecting Polder in Sundarban Coastal Region." Advanced Engineering Forum 28 (June 2018): 96–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.28.96.
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Numbers of large scale polders are constructed to protect low-lying coastal area of Sundarban in Bangladesh during 1960s. At present, there are number of polders occupying an area of about 1.2 million hectares, which are vulnerable to breach and cause immense misery to millions of people every year. The purpose of this study is to assess the safety factors (FoS) of those Polder embankments during diurnal tidal cycle in coastal area and provide solution to improve the stability of embankment through installation of geogrid layers. To investigate vulnerability of the embankment failure, soil samples are collected from several borehole locations in Satkhira, a coastal site of Sundarban area. Field test—SPT and several Laboratory tests—direct shear test and Sieve analysis test have been carried out to determine shear strength, angle of internal frictions and grain size distribution. Slope stability analysis are performed using Geo5 software under several conditions—high water table (HWT), low water table (LWT) and rapid drawdown (RD) with side slope are 1:1, 1:1.5 and 1:2 and embankment height are 5m, 7.5m and 10m. The safety factor has been found lowest at rapid drawdown condition because of rapid recession of external water level. The lower FoS have been found 0.68, 0.89 and 0.92 which can be improved to 1.23, 1.34 and 1.24 respectively by installing several geogrid layers. Simplified Bishop Method have been used in Geo5 to perform the stability analysis under various conditions. In our investigation, HDPE biaxial geogrid have been taken to strengthen of polder embankments, which are timesaving, cost effective and efficient, side by side suitable for Sundarban area. The findings and solutions proposed by the study will help geotechnical engineers to reduce the vulnerability of Polder embankment under similar coastal conditions.
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Muhammad Shalahuddin, Andre Novan, Safridatul 'Audah, Azhari, Gussyafri, and Sri Djuniaty. "Mechanical Review of Fine Sand-Clay Varians." Jurnal Inotera 8, no. 2 (2023): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31572/inotera.vol8.iss2.2023.id264.
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 Clay in nature consist of a mixture of grains and minerals with or without the content of organic matter. The variation in the size of clay grains and the proportion of their distribution is a very useful indicator for knowing soil behavior. Testing the combination of fine sand - clay (FSC) using clay from Kulim Pekanbaru and fine sand from Teratak Buluh Riau. Variants of the percentage of FSC are carried out with the types of tests carried out are Standard Proctor Test, Unconfined Compressive strength test, Direct Shear Test and sieve analysis test and hydrometer. Increasing the percentage of clay in the FSC variant, increases the liquid limit, increasses the plastic limit and increases the plasticity index. Increases optimum moisture content, decreases maximum dry density and increases soil friction angle and decreases compressive strength
 
 
 
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Shi, Hu, Richard L. Stroshine, and Klein Ileleji. "Differences in Kernel Shape, Size, and Density between Healthy Kernels and Mold Discolored Kernels and their Relationship to Reduction in Aflatoxin Levels in a Sample of Shelled Corn." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 33, no. 3 (2017): 421–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.12037.
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Abstract. Unacceptably high levels of aflatoxin in shelled corn drastically reduce its market value and result in substantial economic losses. This study looked at the reduction in aflatoxin levels that could be achieved by removal of kernels discolored by mold and presumed to contain aflatoxin. The study related kernel physical characteristics to the reduction achieved using screening and density separation techniques which are currently in use in the grain industry. Physical properties of corn kernels discolored by mold and healthy corn kernels were determined in a sample taken from a 737 kg corn lot known to have relatively high levels of aflatoxin. Properties measured included kernel diameters, sphericity, and kernel density. Differences between discolored and healthy kernels in major diameter, minor diameter, sphericity, and density were statistically significant. Tests were also conducted at a commercial inbred seed corn processing facility using a screen cleaner and a gravity table. Removal of fine material (approximately 10% by weight) reduced aflatoxin levels by 84%. In two successive passes through a screen cleaner, removal of smaller kernels and kernel pieces with a round-hole sieve further reduced aflatoxin levels by 1.8% and 9.4%, respectively. After the smaller kernels and kernel pieces were added back to the lot, two successive passes through a gravity table reduced aflatoxin levels by 12.6% and 16.4%, respectively. Kernel density distributions of a sample taken before gravity table density sorting, and of samples of the higher and lower density fractions after sorting, were also determined. The effect of screening with a slotted sieve was studied by screening a 3 kg sample from the corn lot using a table top Clipper cleaner. This 3 kg sample had been previously screened to remove fines. The results indicate that, at least for some corn lots, aflatoxin levels can be reduced using a screen cleaner and a gravity table. The authors also concluded that insight into the effectiveness of aflatoxin reduction in corn by size and density sorting could be gained by conducting a size and density analysis on a representative sample of kernels taken from the corn being sorted. Keywords: Aflatoxin, Corn, Density, Gravity table, Physical properties, Screening, Sieves.
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Prayitno, Budi, Musyarofah Musyarofah, Gusti Umindya Nur Tajalla, Azmia Rizka Nafisah, Siti Norhidayah, and Siska Ayu Kartika. "THE EFFECT OF CALCINATION TEMPERATURE AND HOLDING TIME ON STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF CALCIA POWDERS DERIVED FROM EGGSHELL WASTE." Indonesian Physical Review 8, no. 1 (2025): 281–99. https://doi.org/10.29303/ipr.v8i1.450.
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This study investigates the effects of calcination temperature and holding time on the structural properties of calcia (CaO) powders. The raw material used in this study is chicken eggshell waste, which was cleaned, dried, ground, and sieved for uniform particle size. The synthesis of calcia powder was performed by calcining the powder at 900°C and 1000 °C for 5, 10, and 15 hours. XRD, BET, and SEM analyses were employed to evaluate crystal structure, textural properties, and microstructure of the calcined powders. The Rietveld analysis reveals the identified crystalline phases were calcia up to 95.6 mol% and calcium hydroxide as secondary phase. Results indicate that higher calcination temperatures and extended holding times increase particle size and reduce BET surface area, significantly altering pore size distribution. Specifically, elevated temperatures promote sintering and grain growth, leading to smaller average pore radii and decreased total pore volume. The BET surface area ranges from 7.431 m2/g to 1.772 m2/g for samples calcined at 900 °C and from 3.202 m²/g to 0.711 m²/g for samples calcined at 1000 °C. Correspondingly, the average particle radius increases from 183.51 nm to 769.55 nm at 900 °C and from 425.83 nm to 1918.10 nm at 1000 °C as the holding time extends. BJH analysis reveals that longer holding times broaden pore size distribution due to the merging of smaller pores.
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Zhao, Yumeng, Mehari Z. Tekeste, Matthew W. Schramm, and Matthew Francis Digman. "Simulation of Mechanical Fractionation of Chopped Whole-Plant Corn (WPC) Using Discrete Element Method (DEM)." Journal of the ASABE 66, no. 5 (2023): 1281–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/ja.15315.
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Highlights Mechanical separation whole-plant corn (WPC) was simulated with DEM flexible fibers model. Mass percent WPC was sensitive to DEM particle shape distribution. DEM predicted mass fraction within 10% error compared with ASABE sieving test data. Abstract. Fractionating whole-plant corn (WPC) in a single-pass harvesting system requires studies on the WPC-to-equipment interaction for improved property control, as well as mechanical and air-driven separation processes compared to the traditional multi-pass grain and stover harvesting system. The discrete element method (DEM) technique has the potential to simulate WPC mechanical fractionation and support simulation-based design of WPC separation processes. In this study, methods to develop DEM particle models of WPC (kernel, cob, stalk, and husk) and their material properties for simulating mass fractionation using the ASABE standard mechanical shaker were proposed. Measurement was done on the axial dimensions (major, intermediate, and minor) and mass of each WPC type (mean sample size is 56), sampled from single-pass harvesting. Applying gaussian multivariate regression and bootstrapping re-sampling techniques, a DEM particle approximate to each WPC was developed. Sensitivity analysis of the DEM Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and interaction parameters of coefficient of restitution, coefficient of rolling friction, and coefficient of static friction on mass fraction was performed after 156 ASABE sieve-shaking DEM simulation runs, generated using Latin Hypercube Design (LHD) design of experiment (DOE) from 19 DEM material parameters. DEM simulation using Hertz-Mindlin with flexible bond contact laws and DOE optimized material properties successfully reproduced the mass fractions retained in ASABE sieves at 9.8% mean relative error and a coefficient of determination of R2 = 0.87. The DEM methodology developed for mechanical WPC mass fractionation could be deployed to perform virtual design of feedstock handling equipment and performance analysis of mechanical fraction systems. Keywords: Chopped whole-plant corn (WPC), Corn cob, Corn husk, Corn kernel, Corn stalk, Discrete element method (DEM), Flexible-bonded particle.