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Navrotska, Iryna, Alla Pavliuk, Iryna Kalynovska, and Iryna Kuzhel. "ONLINE LANGUAGE TEACHING EFFICIENCY IN COVID-19 ENVIRONMENT." ГРААЛЬ НАУКИ, no. 6 (July 6, 2021): 220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36074/grail-of-science.25.06.2021.037.
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The article represents the results of the survey conducted among the group of university and high school teachers to establish the specific tendencies in online language teaching and learning within the COVID 19-affected environment. The study hypothesis presupposed verification of the thesis that language learning needs adjustment to new circumstances. During 2020-2021, the major platform adopted by Lesya Ukrainka Volyn National University has been MS Office. It provided the participants of learning process with necessary tools such as calendar planning, lecture and seminar moderation, data submission and storage as well as assessment options and statistics. Incorporating the platform required tutorials for teachers since there were certain issues with registration and running the MS Office programme on various gadgets. At the initial stages alternatives were allowed to be used for online classes. The survey was conducted and analysed by means of quantitative and descriptive methods and on the basis of continuous academic discussions. It was concluded that the teachers treated the challenges of new learning environment differently. Namely, the respondents were invited to rate the general effectiveness of constant online language or language related subject learning, characterise institutional support, specify the prioritised digital platform and share feedback regarding their satisfaction with the educational process within late 2020 – first half of 2021. The majority of the respondents denoted the satisfactory effectiveness of online English language system. The educational institution was reported to provide sufficient support on distant learning platforms. Roughly one third of the answers pointed at the use of several distant learning platforms. Zoom has been defined as the main teachers’ preference probably due to simplicity of installation and running flexibility on various gadgets for both sides. The most burning issues of online learning during the COVID-19 period were associated with internet connection and access.
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J. L. Halderson. "Results of a Grain Storage Study in Idaho." Transactions of the ASAE 28, no. 1 (1985): 246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.32235.
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BABKOV, A., and М. ZHELOBKOVA. "STUDY OF PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN CORN GRAIN DURING STORAGE UNDER HERMETIC CONDITIONS." Grain Products and Mixed Fodder’s 19, no. 1 (April 24, 2019): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/gpmf.v19i1.1315.
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In recent decades, in addition to the traditional grain storage in dry conditions, the technology of grain storage without access of air - in hermetic conditions has gained a widespread in polymeric grain bags (silobags). The aim of the research was to study the regularities of the physiological processes of respiration in maize grain when stored in hermetic conditions, which would determine the terms of safe storage of different humidity grain in polymeric grain bags and reduce the costs of its processing and storage. The object of research is the technology and processes of freshly harvested corn grainstorage. As the main subject of the study, a dent-type hybrid of corn DKS 3705 was used, which, according to its botanical and agronomic properties, was better for use on food and non-food needs and for export. On the basis of the conducted researches it was established that with an increase in initial moisture of grain from 14% to21% and subsequent storage in hermetic conditions at constant temperatures the natural losses of dry matter of grain increase in comparison with losses of dry matter of grain with standardhumidity (14%), in particular, at a temperature of 18 ºС by 112%, at a temperature of 11 ºС by 296% and at a temperature of 4 ºС by 123%. Thus, it is shown that the decrease of the temperature regimes of grain storage of maize with different initial humidity under hermetic conditions contributes to the reduction of the intensity of thenatural physiological processes in it and, consequently, the natural losses of its dry matter. It has been established that during storage of corn grain for three months and reduction of temperature storage conditions from 18 ºС to 11 ºС in samples of grain with an initial humidity of 14% decrease: the absorption rate of oxygen by 34%, carbondioxide emissions, loss of dry matter and the production of thermal energy by 66%. For a grain with an initial humidity of 21%, the reduction in intensity under the same conditions is: for absorption of oxygen 22%, the production of carbon dioxide 28%, losses of dry matter 37% and the production of thermal energy 23%. Reducing the storage temperatures of corn from 11 ° C to 4 ° C in samples of grain with an initial humidity of 14% reduces the intensity: absorption of oxygen by 79%, carbon dioxide generation by 60%, dry matter loss by 60%, and the generation ofthermal energy by 60%. For grain with an initial moisture content of 21% under the same conditions, the intensity decreases: oxygen absorption by 28%, carbon dioxide generation by 77%, dry matter loss by 77%, and heat generation by 77%. Established regularities of the physiological processes in corn grain with different initial humidity when stored in hermetic conditions at different temperatures, it is possible to predict the characteristics of gas exchange processes in the grain mass, natural losses of dry matter and the generation of heat during storage of grain.
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Cui, Pengcheng, Tao Zhang, Xin Chen, and Xiaoyi Yang. "Levels, Sources, and Health Damage of Dust in Grain Transportation and Storage: A Case Study of Chinese Grain Storage Companies." Atmosphere 12, no. 8 (August 11, 2021): 1025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12081025.
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A large amount of mixed dust exists in grain, which can easily stimulate the respiratory system and cause diseases. This study explored contamination levels and health effects of this grain dust. A total of 616 dust samples from different stages and types of grain were collected in China—in Hefei (Anhui), Shenzhen (Guangdong), Chengdu (Sichuan), Changchun (Jilin), and Shunyi (Beijing)—and analyzed using the filter membrane method and a laser particle size analyzer. A probabilistic risk assessment model was developed to explore the health effects of grain dust on workers in the grain storage industry based on the United States Environmental Protection Agency risk assessment model and the Monte Carlo simulation method. Sensitivity analysis methods were used to analyze the various exposure parameters and influencing factors that affect the health risk assessment results. This assessment model was applied to translate health risks into disability-adjusted life years (DALY). The results revealed that the concentration of dust ranged from 25 to 70 mg/m3, which followed normal distribution and the proportion of dust with a particle size of less than 10 μm exceeded 10%. Workers in the transporting stage were exposed to the largest health risk, which followed a lognormal distribution. The average health risks for workers in the entering and exiting zones were slightly below 2.5 × 10−5. The sensitivity analysis indicated that average time, exposure duration, inhalation rate, and dust concentration made great contributions to dust health risk. Workers in the grain storage and transportation stage had the health damage, and the average DALY exceeded 0.4 years.
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Pei, Yu Bin, and Yong Feng. "The Underground Grain Storage Environment Regionalization." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 2043–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.2043.
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Our current storage work whether in grain storage concepts or grain storage technology with the green grain storage requirements have a large gap, due to national land resources increasingly tense at the same time, to save land and improve the quality of the food, the granary built underground is the trend, This paper by studying the different regions of our country's ground temperature, underground water, soil and other factors, and in accordance with the general principles of the partition,in accordance with the higher the score, the more favorable for the construction of underground building principle, using AHP to determine the weight of each indicator to study different regional underground grain storage buildings environmental suitability level, the establishment of underground grain storage environment regionalization research results to guide the construction of underground storehouse in our country has a certain application value.
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Kudryashev, G. S., I. V. Dykus, and S. V. Batishchev. "Solar energy storage by grain crops." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 82, no. 1 (May 15, 2020): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2020-1-59-63.
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Irkutsk region is rich in land that is suitable for agricultural activities. The total sown area of agricultural crops in the Irkutsk region is 759 thousand hectares (2019). The main place is occupied by grain and leguminous crops, the total area of which is 540 thousand hectares (71.1%). In their structure, the first place belongs to spring wheat, the second place is taken by spring barley, the third-by oats. Due to the need to strengthen the feed base, forage crops play an increasing role. Yield depends on many factors, primarily weather conditions. For photosynthesis, plant crops need sunlight. By the number of Sunny days, the Irkutsk region is not inferior to the Crimea. There are 221 Sunny days per year. If weather conditions are correctly predicted, a high yield can be achieved. To assess the absorption of solar energy by grain crops, the radiation balance was considered in this article. Photosynthetic plant pigments absorb light and convert it from solar energy to chemical energy, which results in active plant growth. To forecast the future harvest, it is necessary to calculate the intensity and duration of solar radiation, which is the most important condition for further production of agricultural products. A study was conducted on the effectiveness of using insolation in the Irkutsk region for sowing wheat. The radiation balance was compiled, which allowed us to identify the maximum solar radiation favorable for wheat growth. To determine the amount of effective radiation, measurements were made of soil temperature, air humidity, and meteorological conditions in the Irkutsk region.
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Ansari, Shahida. "Understanding Storage Pits: An Ethno-Archaeological Study of Underground Grain Storage in Coastal Odisha, India." Asian Perspectives 60, no. 1 (2020): 97–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/asi.2020.0038.
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Yuan, Fu Cai, Zhen Qing Wang, Hai Min Han, and Yong Wang. "Test and Study of Soybean Storage Anti-Grading Device." Applied Mechanics and Materials 192 (July 2012): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.192.46.
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Automatic classification of grain warehousing is a long-standing problem, particularly for soybean. Automatic classification of soybean brought a series of questions such as warehousing, discharging, storage and processing. To solve these problems, we analyzed the status quo of anti-grading technology and device at home and abroad, and proposed an anti-grading device that consisted of warehousing distributor and multi-channel feeding tube. We changed the traditional single-point discharge to a more coordinated discharge, and reduced the work of topping barn and the phenomenon of grain gradation. From the tests and analysis of single-tube and multi-tube inside and outside warehouse repeatedly, we confirmed the reasonable parameters, and acquired practical achievement of the anti-grading of soybean storage. It has some practical application value.
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Tursunova, Nargiza, Mirzo Narziev, Nodirjon Sharipov, Firuza Kuldosheva, and Firuz Aripov. "Study of physical and chemical parameters of soybean grain during storage." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 848, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 012184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/848/1/012184.
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Tefera, Tadele, Addis Teshome, and Charles Singano. "Effectiveness of Improved Hermetic Storage Structures Against Maize Storage Insect Pests Sitophilus zeamais and Prostephanus truncatus." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 8 (July 10, 2018): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n8p100.
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A study was conducted for 12 months to evaluate the effectiveness of two improved hermetic storage structures against two maize storage pests Sitophilus zeamais and Prostephanus truncatus at Liwufu Research Station, Malawi. The storages were metal silo and hermetic bag; Actellic super dust was included as a control. The treatments (storages) were replicated four times under natural and artificial infestations. Grain stored in metal silo had the lowest mean percentage weight loss, 1.04% to 1.25%, 12 months after storage followed by hermetic bag, 2.46% to 6.64%. Grain treated with Actellic super had the highest weight loss, 4.86% to 18.72%. The study showed that hermetic storage structures can be promoted as effective alternative non-chemical methods of grain storage for small holder farmers in Malawi.
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Bakoye, Ousmane N., Baoua Ibrahim, Haoua Seyni, Laouali Amadou, Larry L. Murdock, and Dieudonne Baributsa. "Comparative Study of Cowpea Storage Technologies in the Sahel Region of Niger." Insects 11, no. 10 (October 12, 2020): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11100689.
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Cowpea stored on smallholders’ farms suffers serious losses to insect pests. A study conducted in Niger compared five postharvest technologies marketed in sub-Saharan Africa to protect stored grain. Naturally-infested cowpea stored for eight months showed adult Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) mortality of 97% to 100% in the hermetic bags (PICSTM, SuperGrainbagTM, AgroZ®, EVAL™, and ZeroFly® bags). There was no change in grain damage and weight loss of cowpea stored in hermetic bags. There was, however, a loss of up to 10 to 16% in germination when the grain was stored in hermetic bags. Results observed for grain stored in ZeroFly® bags impregnated with deltamethrin were substantial and similar to those in control woven bags. In both ZeroFly® and woven bags, (1) adult C. maculatus population augmented by 35.7% and 78.6%, (2) increased weight losses of 27.3% and 25.2%, and (3) reduced germination of 37.0% and 28.8%, respectively. After opening the bags, abrasions were noted on the liners of hermetic bags, potential damage that could limit their reuse if they only have a single liner. Smallholder farmers in the Sahel can safely store their cowpea in all the hermetic bags tested. However, further research is needed to mitigate insect damage on liners of hermetic bags to improve their performance and reusability.
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Guryeva, K. B., S. L. Beletskiy, and N. A. Khaba. "The study of the quality of flour obtained from wheat at the stages of long-term storage." Tovaroved prodovolstvennykh tovarov (Commodity specialist of food products), no. 6 (May 20, 2021): 449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/igt-01-2106-07.
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This article presents an analysis of the results of the study of flour obtained from batches of wheat grain at the stages of storage. It is shown that during the observed period of grain storage, the quality of the obtained wheat flour was stable and corresponded to the highest grade in terms of physicochemical parameters. Wheat of the 3rd class after 6 years of storage can be used for milling purposes for the production of bakery flour.
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Looze, V. V., A. V. Gavrilov, K. B. Gurieva, and S. L. Beletskiy. "Study of the temperature regime of wheat storage In the elevator of the far eastern region of the Russian Federation." Tovaroved prodovolstvennykh tovarov (Commodity specialist of food products), no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/igt-01-2010-11.
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The article presents and analyzes the temperature conditions of storage of wheat grain batches during the six-year storage period in silos of precast concrete elevators in the Far Eastern Region of the Russian Federation. The time intervals of grain temperature changes depending on the corresponding climatic conditions are considered. It is shown that the grain mass in the silos of elevators is in a cooled state, at a temperature below 10 °C, most of the annual cycle.
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Mat Isa, Zaiton, Glenn Fulford, and Neil Kelson. "Simulation of phosphine flow in vertical grain storage: a preliminary numerical study." ANZIAM Journal 52 (September 8, 2011): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.21914/anziamj.v52i0.3933.
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Mohammadi Shad, Zeinab, and Griffiths Atungulu. "Physical Integrity of Long-Grain Hybrid, Pureline, and Medium-Grain Rice Kernels as Affected by Storage Conditions." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 36, no. 4 (2020): 579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.13727.
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Highlights Rice kernel physical integrity diminished at higher storage temperature and moisture content. Variation in rice kernel physical integrity was noticeable among rice cultivars. Fungal attack lessened rice kernel physical integrity. Abstract . Rice kernel physical integrity directly correlates with rice milling yield and quality. In this study, the impact of storage conditions on rice kernel physical integrity was examined by assessing changes in head rice yield (HRY) and kernel microstructure. Long-grain hybrid (XL753), long-grain pureline (Roy J), and medium-grain (Titan) rice were stored at different storage moisture contents (16% and 21% MCs, wet basis), storage temperatures (20°C, 30°C, and 40°C), and storage durations (4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks); the samples were also treated with antifungals, sodium chloride, and natamycin. Results show that kernel physical integrity was highly dependent on the rice storage environment. At the same storage conditions, the physical integrity of medium-grain cultivar was significantly higher than that for the two long-grains. Generally, the long-grain hybrid rice exhibited more resilience to breakage than pureline under the same storage conditions. An average of 4% reduction in HRY was seen for the three cultivars when 16% MC rice was stored at 40°C compared to at 20°C; however, the HRY reduction was 12% for rice stored at the highest MC (21%). Decreases in kernel physical integrity were also associated with unique microstructural changes in rice kernels. Sodium chloride treatment of rice kernels significantly and negatively impacted their physical integrity during storage compared to natamycin treatment and untreated control samples. Multiple regression models, developed for each cultivar were applicable for predicting changes in rice kernel physical integrity as a function of studied storage conditions and antifungal treatments. Keywords: Antifungal treatment, Head rice yield, Microstructure, Milled rice quality, Storage, Rice kernel physical integrity.
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Alam, MS, MA Ashraf, MIA Mia, and MZ Abedin. "Study on Grain Storage Facilities as Food Security Measure in Flood Prone Areas of Bangladesh." Progressive Agriculture 18, no. 2 (March 5, 2014): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v18i2.18244.
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The present study aimed at obtaining the existing grain storage facilities - their problems and prospects at farmers, commercial, common and co-operative levels on some selected flood prone areas of Bangladesh. The study was conducted at Belkuchi upazila under Sirajgonj district. A total of randomly selected forty farmers and ten traders were surveyed from four villages under four different unions through structured questionnaire. Farmers and traders were classified as small, medium and large on the basis of their total land ownership and annual income status. The farmers used traditional storage structures such as Dole, berh, Motka, Jala, steel drum, gunny and plastic bags and Gola. On the other hand, the traders used gunny and plastic bags and privately owned godowns for storing food grains for short time basis. Average production, consumption, sale, farm use, labour wage, storage volume, cost, durability and losses of different storage structures for major grain crops like paddy, wheat and mustard were identified by farmers and traders category. Considering the capital cost, expected life and storage loss steel drum, gunny and plastic bags and Motka/Jala were found more economical for the farmers. The advantages and disadvantages of farmers, commercial, common and co-operative level storage structures were also identified. As the study area was a flood prone one, average 60% farmers were affected and average 8% stored grains were damaged by the flood of 2007. A total of 73% farmers and traders expressed their interest on co-operative storage system at the time of flood to store food grains with paying cost as they have no alternative storage facilities other than the proposed safely constructed co-operative storage structures. On the basis of the opinion of farmers and traders, the suitable location and type of storage structure were also proposed. A layout design and the cost of an operational storage structure for storing 60 metric tonnes of paddy and the possible management of the co-operative storage system were also proposed.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v18i2.18244 Progress. Agric. 18(2): 223 - 233, 2007
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Vaz, Elisangela Domingues, Régio Marcio Toesca Gimenes, João Augusto Rossi Borges, Rafael Todescato Cavalheiro, and Andréia Maria Kremer. "Own Grain Storage Structures: Is It Worth Investing?" Journal of Agricultural Studies 8, no. 2 (March 2, 2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v8i2.15704.
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Grain storage is strategic for agribusiness and therefore, it is important to consider the usefulness and benefits of its implementation. This study aims to identify the economic and financial viability of investing in grain storage structure at farm level using capital budgeting techniques. Considering the particularities of farms in the Midwest region of Brazil, the following investment valuation techniques were used: Net Present Value (NPV), Equivalent Uniform Annual Worth (EUAW), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR), Discounted Payback (DP), Profitability Index (PI), Benefit/ Cost Ratio (B/C), Sensitivity Analysis and Monte Carlo simulation. The results of NPV and EUAW were positive. The results of IRR was 14.08% and MIRR was 11.39%, with a payback of 11.81 years, an PI of US$ 1.31 and a B/C ratio of 3.16. From the risk analysis, it can be inferred that the investment is low risk since there is a 99.97% probability of NPV being greater than zero. Therefore, grain storage is a potentially viable alternative for increasing the competitiveness and wealth of Brazilian farmers, even in the context of an emerging economy.
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Yashchuk, Nadiia, Liudmyla Matseiko, Anatolii Bober, Matvei Kobernyk, Sergiy Gunko, Natalia Grevtseva, Yuriy Boyko, Oksana Salavor, Natalia Bublienko, and Iryna Babych. "The technological properties of winter wheat grain during long-term storage." Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 15 (September 27, 2021): 926–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/1642.
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In the world, the demand for quality and safe grain products is increasing. The need to preserve wheat in the event of a natural disaster requires the study of optimal storage times of grain without degrading technological indexes. The purpose of the work was to study the dynamics of technological properties of winter wheat grown after peas, clover, corn for silage and the industrial, ecological, biological growing systems during 1, 3, and 5 years of storage in the conditions of the ordinary granary. The absence of significant differences in the technological parameters of the grain of wheat grown at industrial and ecological systems, but significantly lower indicators at a biological growing system was found. The highest hectolitre weight obtained when wheat grain was grown after corn for silage, and vitreousness – after the clover. Significantly higher biochemical parameters of grain and alveographic properties of flour were for the cultivation of wheat after peas, which provided additional accumulation of protein substances. There are no significant changes in the indicator of hectolitre weight during the grain storage. Other indicators increased significantly after 1 year of storage (on average by 10 – 30%). For further storage, vitreousness growth was insignificant. After 5 years of storage, the falling number significantly increased (on 21% compared to the initial values and on 7% – after 3 years of storage). The content of protein, gluten in the grain, and alveographic properties of flour significantly decreased after 5 years of storage. The possibility of obtaining grain of wheat with high technological parameters for a more safe ecological growing system was established. It was also confirmed to need for grain storage up to 1 year to improve quality indicators and it was established that it safely stored for 3 years.
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Khuttiyamart, Nut, and Warisa Yomsatieankul. "Numerical Simulation of Moisture and Temperature in Stored Grains." Applied Mechanics and Materials 866 (June 2017): 414–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.866.414.
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This project aims to study the factors causing moisture migration and moisture loss of grain in storage grain that subsequently affect production costs by compensating lost weight due to its moisture. From reviewing a related mathematical model, it is found that physical changes of grain in silo, both the temperature and moisture, are caused by its oxidation during storage and aeration. Therefore, suitable grain storage can reduce its weight loss. To control storing process, the numerical solution of the model, a system of partial differential equations, is obtained by finite difference method. Moreover, a Java program has developed based on overall processes of the model as an information for decision making in grain production and storage.
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Kolomiets, S. S., O. M. Nechaj, O. V. Turaieva, and O. V. Hnelytsia. "THE METHOD OF STUDYING WATER CONSUMPTION OF CROPS IN FIELD VEGETATION EXPERIMENTS." Міжвідомчий тематичний науковий збірник "Меліорація і водне господарство", no. 2 (December 12, 2019): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/mivg201902-186.
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Facing the global climate change, the study of the water consumption of new varieties and hybrids of crops becomes an urgent problem because of the need for economical use of available water resources in the production process and adaptation of agro-technologies to climate change. The purpose of the research is to study the patterns of water consumption of new varieties of crops on the basis of instrumental daily measurement of the dynamics of components of the total water consumption of crops – evaporation and transpiration under different systems of their fertilizers and different levels of soil moisture. The developed method of instrumental measurement of the components of total water consumption is based on the use of ceramic membranes to automatically maintain different levels of soil moisture in the field vegetation experience under the influence of natural climatic factors. A two-factor vegetation experiment allows a comparative analysis of the structure of water consumption of crops at different levels of soil moisture and different fertilizer systems. The constructive decisions and history of creation and formation of field vegetation experiments with controlled level of soil moisture supply, their advantages and disadvantages are presented. Since 2017, the field of vegetation field experiments has functioned on a permanent basis in the village of Gora, Boryspil district, Kiev region. The advantage of these experiments is the high reliability of the obtained patterns, which provides a sufficient number of replicates in each variant; instrumental measurement of constituents of water consumption – evaporation from soil, total water consumption and, by difference, transpiration of plants that can be monitored on a daily basis, and even on an hourly basis; the dual action of the moisture supply device allows both to supply water to the soil and to divert excess water after precipitation to the storage tanks, which prevents anaerobiosis in the soil. According to the results of the conducted experiments, regularities of fundamental character were established: the ratio of evaporation and transpiration during the period of vegetation of crops was quantified; the influence of different fertilizer systems on the components of total water consumption of crops has been reliably established, in particular the influence of microbiological preparations and the participation of soil biota in the water consumption have been proved; factor analysis proved the equivalence of moisture supply factors (38 %) and fertilizer (36 %) on buckwheat grain productivity; under conditions of guaranteed moisture supply, soil biota improves soil fertility parameters. Conclusions. The fundamental result of vegetation experiments is the reliable establishment of the influence of different fertilizer systems on the components of water consumption of crops and in particular microbiological preparations, the participation of soil biota in soil moisture consumption, as well as its positive effect on the growth of the parameters of soil fertility substance, most likely due to the development of micro- and mesobiota (algae, moss, etc.) under conditions of guaranteed soil moisture. The method of conducting field vegetation experiments with regulation of soil moisture level developed at the Institute of Water Problems and Land Reclamation is indispensable for instrumental study of the patterns of evaporation and transpiration during the growing season of agricultural crops, which are further used in the scenario modeling of agrotechnological technologies. also rainfed agriculture for long-term forecasts of security and the growing season, which is aimed at the economical use of moisture in the production process.The possibility of a direct comparative assessment of water consumption of different new varieties and hybrids of crops at different levels of soil moisture in the field vegetation experiment remains unrealized.Field vegetation experiment has a high demonstration and educational potential for teaching undergraduate and graduate students.
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Yamuangmorn, Supapohn, Suchada Jumrus, Sansanee Jamjod, Narit Yimyam, and Chanakan Prom-u-Thai. "Stabilizing Grain Yield and Nutrition Quality in Purple Rice Varieties by Management of Planting Elevation and Storage Conditions." Agronomy 11, no. 1 (January 3, 2021): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010083.
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Purple rice has become an interesting source of nutritional value among healthy cereal grains. The appropriate cultivation together with post-harvest management would directly benefit farmers and consumers. This study aimed (i) to determine the yield, grain nutritional quality, and antioxidant capacity of purple rice varieties grown at lowland and highland elevations, and (ii) to evaluate the effects of storage conditions on the stability of the rice nutritional value during six months of storage. The high anthocyanin PES variety grown in the lowlands had a higher grain yield than the plants grown in the highlands, but grain anthocyanin concentration had the opposite pattern. In the high antioxidant capacity KAK variety, grain yield and DPPH activity were not significantly different between plants grown at the two elevations. The storage of brown rice and vacuum-sealed packages were both found to preserve greater anthocyanin concentrations in PES, but there was no effect on the DPPH activity of KAK. The grain properties were not significantly different between storage at 4 °C and room temperature. This study suggests that the optimal cultivation practices and storage conditions would result in the higher yield and grain quality of purple rice varieties.
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Luo, Huilong, Ruzhu Wang, Yanjun Dai, and Jiamin Shen. "Low-Temperature Grain Storage with a Solar-Powered Adsorption Chiller: A Case Study." International Journal of Green Energy 11, no. 1 (July 29, 2013): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2013.766884.
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Kechkin, I. A., V. A. Ermolaev, A. I. Romanenko, V. V. Tarakanova, and K. D. Buzetti. "Management of air flows inside steel silo during grain storage." BIO Web of Conferences 17 (2020): 00108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20201700108.
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A study was conducted concerning effects of temperature and relative air humidity during long-term storage of wheat grain in a steel silo. The study was aimed at identifying the possibility of condensed moisture appearing under the silo roof. The probable periods of condensate in the space under the silo roof depending on the temperature difference inside and outside the silo have been determined. Some ways to prevent the condensate formation are proposed in the paper.
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Rucins, Adolfs, Evita Straumite, Dainis Viesturs, and Alberts Kristins. "STUDIES OF THE POSSIBILITIES TO USE OZONE FOR THE GRAIN STORAGE." ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 3 (June 16, 2021): 304–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2021vol3.6519.
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In this study was impact of ozone treatment efficiency of wheat quality (physical-chemical and microbiological parameters, chemical composition and germination rate) during storage analysed. Ozone is a powerful oxidizer, used in processing the agricultural products, including inactivation of pathogens and microorganisms.Investigations in the grain storage by using ozone were performed under farm conditions during two grain storage stages. The first stage – August 2019 – February 2020 and the second stage August 2020 – January 2021. In both stages after harvesting winter wheat yield was 6 t ha-1. Winter wheat was ventilated and then stored for about five months in two identical 20 m3 tanks, with an initial grain layer height of 5.1 m and moisture content the first stage of about 14% and the second stage of about 11% and initial grain mass 17.4 t.At the beginning of the storage period the grain in both tanks was ventilated for 8 hours - in one grain storage tank with the outdoor air, in the other with an ozone supply of 28 mg (m3)-1 in the ventilation air. The grain ventilation and storage process was monitored with a specially designed sensor system; the additional parameters of the process (the grain moisture content, temperature, the ozone concentration) were periodically controlled with hand tools. There were analysed changes of the grain parameters during the storage periods in the ozone-supplied tank and in the tank without ozone treatment.The microbiological contamination during storage did not exceed the allowed level; however it was lower in the ozone treated wheat grain than in the ozone untreated grain. The ozone treatment did not affect the grain quality parameters. The grain germination rate for 3 and 5 days of the ozone treated grain was about 20% higher than that of the untreated grain. During storage, microbiological contamination did not exceed the permissible level, but ozone treated grains were lower than those of untreated, grain quality indicators were not affected by ozone treatment, germination of ozone treated grains was about 20% higher than untreated, baking properties were not affected by ozone treatment. The treatment of grain with ozone makes stored grain more expensive approximately 5.00 EUR per ton, due to additional technical equipment required to ensure the ozone treatment process. One can conclude from the attained results that processing the restored grain under the conditions mentioned reduces the grain microbiological contamination; it does not affect the grain quality parameters and baking properties; it slightly improves the grain germination rate and has no impact upon the shell of the grain.
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Angelovič, Marek, Koloman Krištof, Ján Jobbágy, Pavol Findura, and Milan Križan. "The effect of conditions and storage time on course of moisture and temperature of maize grains." BIO Web of Conferences 10 (2018): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20181002001.
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Characteristics of stored cereals significantly affect the technical solution of individual storage facilities, as well as the technical appliances used to provide storage technologies, i.e. storing aeration and off-loading. The objective of the study was to monitor the influence of atmospheric temperature and extraneous moisture on the course of temperature and moisture of maize grain during the storage. An average value of maize grain moisture was 13.6% and an average value of temperature inside of the silo was 12.3°C within a defined timeframe. An average moisture value of maize grain stored in the floored warehouse was 13.7%, but an average temperature inside the warehouse was 21.9°C, however extraneous conditions during the storage were unchanged. Average value of extraneous moisture was 86.5 % and an average value of atmospheric temperature was 9.17°C. It was not recorded any occurrence of animal pests in stored maize grain during the storage. Grain water content differs with the change of air moisture and temperature. Reduction of grain water content is most frequently realized by residual drying (moisture is less than 15%); the storage stability is provided at the moisture of 12%.
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Baributsa, Dieudonne, Ousmane Nouhou Bakoye, Baoua Ibrahim, and Larry L. Murdock. "Performance of Five Postharvest Storage Methods for Maize Preservation in Northern Benin." Insects 11, no. 8 (August 17, 2020): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11080541.
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Several postharvest technologies are currently being commercialized to help smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa reduce grain storage losses. We carried out a study in Northern Benin to compare the effectiveness of five technologies being sold to protect stored grain. Maize that had been naturally infested by insects was stored in four hermetic storage technologies (SuperGrainbag™, AgroZ® bag, EVAL™, and Purdue Improved Crop Storage-PICS™ bags), an insecticide impregnated bag (ZeroFly®), and a regular polypropylene (PP) woven bag as control. Oxygen levels in hermetic bags fluctuated between 0.5 ± 0.0 (v/v) and 1.0 ± 0.3 (v/v) percent during the seven months of storage. No weight loss or insect damage was observed in grain stored in any of the hermetic storage bags after seven months. However, grain stored in ZeroFly® and PP woven bags had weight losses of 6.3% and 10.3%, respectively. These results will help farmers and development agencies when making decisions to use and/or promote storage technologies to reduce postharvest grain losses.
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Chiputula, Jonathan P., Ray A. Bucklin, and Ann R. Blount. "Effect of Moisture Content on Coefficients of Friction between Triticale and Galvanized Steel." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 34, no. 3 (2018): 599–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.12575.
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Abstract. Grain physical properties such as coefficients of friction are required to design harvesting, cleaning, and handing equipment, and storage structures. The objective of this study was to measure coefficients of friction between triticale grain and galvanized steel at grain pressures and velocities typical of those seen when filling and emptying storage bins and hoppers. Coefficients of friction were measured using an apparatus consisting of a box with openings so that a galvanized steel blade could be pulled through a sample of grain. The forces required to pulling the blades through the grain were measured for three different moisture contents [8%, 12%, and 16% wet basis(wb)] and three different normal pressures (6.9, 10.3, and 13.8 kPa). The velocity of the blade being pulled through grain was kept constant at 50 mm/min for all pressures and moisture contents. Keywords: Grain bin, Grain pressure, Grain storage.Coefficients of friction were found to be statistically significantly dependent (p <0.0001) on moisture contents of triticale grain and were not statistically significantly influenced (p=0.149) by normal pressures. Coefficients of friction increased with increasing moisture content as has been observed in similar studies for grains including corn, wheat and soybeans. These results provide guidance for selecting physical properties for design of storage structures for triticale. Keywords: Grain bin, Grain pressure, Grain storage.
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Girma, Anbesse, and Elias Ali. "Comparative Study of Underground Pit Grain Storage System through Use of Different Lining Materials." Agricultural Science 1, no. 1 (December 12, 2019): p11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/as.v1n1p11.
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Sorghum occupies highest area of cultivation in East and West Hararghe of Ethiopia. Farmers in the area are poor and do not afford an advanced storage systems. Hence, storage is done mainly in underground pit storage with different lining materials. This study was therefore aimed at evaluating those different lining materials in maintaining the sorghum quality. Four different lining materials which are commonly used by the farmers (mud/straw/cow dung mixture (3:3:1 ratio), plastic (thick rubberized canvas), chaff and cement) were used. Ten pits (duplicated), flask shaped with 1 m depth and 1 m diameter with a capacity of about two quintals (200 kg) were constructed. The finding in this comparative study is that, among all underlining materials, underground pit with plastic lining material was good barrier compared to all linings. Moisture migration to the grain increased in each month in all lining materials and the least was recorded in plastic lining. Germination capacity and thousand grain weight were reduced significantly in each material except plastic lining which showed the least change compared to the others. Fungi infestation was also increased in all underground pits with different lining materials. However, lower infestation was found in plastic and cement linings. Based on the quality measurements, plastic lining showed the least change in grain quality compared to the others. It can be concluded that, since the farmers can’t afford advanced storage system, it can be recommended to use plastic lining material among the existing lining materials.
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Wan Yusoff, Wan Yusmawati, Azman Jalar, Norinsan Kamil Othman, and Irman Abdul Rahman. "Nanoindentation Study on Heat Treated Gold Wire Bonding." Materials Science Forum 857 (May 2016): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.857.31.
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The effect of high temperature storage of gold ball bonds towards micromechanical properties has been investigated. Gold wire from thermosonic wire bonding exposed to high temperature storage at 150 °C for 10, 100 and 1000 hours. The nanoindentation test was used in order to evaluate the high temperature storage effect on wire bonding in more details and localized. Prior to nanoindentation test, the specimens were cross-sectioned diagonally. The constant load nanoindentation was performed at the center of gold ball bond to investigate the hardness and reduced modulus. The load-depth curve of nanoindentation for the high temperature storage gold wire has apparent the discontinuity during loading compared to as-received gold wire. The hardness value increased after subjected to high temperature storage. However, the hardness decreased when the storage period is extended. The decreasing in the hardness value may due to the grain size of Au metal which recrystallized after subjected to high temperature storage. The results obtained from nanoindentation is important in assessing the high temperature storage of wire bonding.
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Marley, JM, and JW Littler. "Winter cereal production on the Darling Downs dash an 11 year study of fallowing practices." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 6 (1989): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890807.
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A long term field experiment to compare 4 methods of fallowing for annual winter cereal production on a Darling Downs Vertisol was started in 1968 on the Hermitage Research Station near Warwick, Queensland. Fallowing systems being investigated are (i) tined tillage with stubble burnt (TcSb); (ii) tined tillage with stubble retained (TcSr); (iii) zero tillage with stubble burnt (TzSb); and (iv) zero tillage with stubble retained (TzSr); each at 3 rates of nitrogen (N) fertiliser application. This paper reports the effect of these treatments on fallow water accumulation, fallow N mineralisation, crop growth and yield, for the period 1968-79. Average values for available soil water in the 0-150 cm zone at sowing were 195 mm for TcSb, 212 mm for TcSr, 225 mm for TzSb and 252 mm for TzSr, and for storage efficiency (percentage of fallow rainfall stored) were 18, 20, 25 and 27% respectively. The relatively greater water storage efficiency of Tz treatments occurred mainly in fallow seasons when initial storage was low. Nitrogen mineralisation during fallows averaged 61 kg/ha and was depressed in some years by Sr. Carryover of available N in excess of crop requirements was shown at the higher rate of N fertilisation. Grain yields averaged over 12 crops were similar for the 4 fallowing systems. The lack of grain yield response to the improved water storage under TzSr was probably caused by yellow spot disease (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) and root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus thornei), which were most prevalent under this treatment in wheat crops. Poor early growth of barley under TzSr limited its water use and grain yield potential, however, the cause of the poor early growth of barley is not known. A reduction in grain yield of 232 kg/ha associated with Sr was overcome with the addition of 23 kg N/ha as urea.
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Pan, Wen Geng, Tao Li, Guang Rong Bian, and Jin Rong Cao. "The Aero-Thermodynamic Effect Simulation Study of Solid Motor Grain." Applied Mechanics and Materials 419 (October 2013): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.419.81.
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The long-stored missile as a result of environment temperature stress functions and so on, it will cause the missile material aging. For high-speed flight's missile, thermal coefficient of expansion between the different structural and element will be different simultaneously, when the aerodynamic heating will produce, the grain and the thermal insulation layer will also be appeared the crack phenomenon in the influence of expand with heat and contract with cold rules. For the example of some infra-red missile, aero-thermodynamic effect of the missile is carried on the forecast using the ANSYS software simulation, it has the important meaning to analyze the storage performance and failure mechanism of flying missile and so on.
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Lubich, V., and V. Zhelyezna. "Bakery properties of spelt wheat grain depending on fertilization and storage period." Agrobìologìâ, no. 1(163) (May 25, 2021): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9270-2021-163-1-75-84.
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The article presents the study results of spelt wheat grain baking properties depending on fertilization and storage period. Europe (huskless) winter spelt wheat variety obtained by hybridization of Triticum aestivum L./Triticum spelta L. was studied. For fertilization, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, granular superphosphate, potassium chloride were used. Spelt wheat grain was stored for a year without air access at an unregulated temperature regime dry (moisture content during storage – 13.0–13.5 %) in airtight polyethylene sleeves in the conditions of usual storage. It was found that spelt wheat has a high response to the application of nitrogen fertilizers. The protein content increased from 18.6 to 22.8 % in P60K60 + N120 variant. The spelt wheat grain quality varied depending on the storage period. Thus, before storage, the gluten content was 41.1–50.4 % depending on the fertilizer variant. The lowest indicator was in the control variant and for P60K60 introduction – 41.1–41.2 %. In other fertilizer variants, the gluten content was at the level of 49.1–49.9 %. The largest was in P60K60 + N60S70 + N60 –50.4 % variant or 9 % compared to the control. Storage had a positive effect on the gluten content in spelt wheat grain as its content increased signifcantly. It can be explained by the post-harvest grain ripening, in the process of which the protein-proteinase complex changes due to the oxidizing action, oxygen, in particular. Thus, after storage for 30 days, this indicator was 41.8–52.1 % depending on the experiment variant. It was the largest when N60S70 + N60 was applied – 52.1 %, and the smallest in the variant with no fertilizers and with phosphorus-potassium (P60K60) fertilizer – 41.8–42.3 %. These indicators exceeded the gluten content before storage by an average of 1.2 abs. %. The content of protein and gluten-forming fractions is the highest after storage for 90 days. These indicators almost did not change after 180–270 days of storage. After 360 days they decreased to the grain quality indicators before storage. The gluten deformation index increased to 105–108 units of GSI instrument or by 4–8 % depending on the fertilization compared to fresh grain. Gluten moisture content decreased after 30 days of grain storage, and then increased to 68.0–69.8 % after 360 days, depending on the experiment variant. The grain acidity also increased from 3.0 to 4.0–4.1 degrees. Key words: spelt wheat, fertilization, storage, protein, gluten, dynamics, moisture content, acidity.
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Jia, Jing-Fu, and Wei He. "Study on Heat Insulation Performance of External wall of Low Temperature Grain Storage Granary." Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology 8, no. 4 (May 20, 2015): 306–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.19026/ajfst.8.1514.
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Dai, Y. J., R. Z. Wang, and Y. X. Xu. "Study of a solar powered solid adsorption–desiccant cooling system used for grain storage." Renewable Energy 25, no. 3 (March 2002): 417–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-1481(01)00076-3.
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Buyantogtokh, P., G. Adyasuren, Ch Enkhbayar, and Ch Myagmar. "RESULTS ON DEVELOPMENT OF MONITORING TOOLS FOR STORAGE GRAIN INSECTS." Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 13, no. 2 (June 22, 2015): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v13i2.523.
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For the purpose of monitoring poisonous insects in storage of grain, flour mills, food industry, and plant originated products it was developed a rapid method to reveal it and insects’ density, distribution, level of harm and control method was determined. Two different pest traps were developed: paper trap and cylinder trap. Results of experimental study showed that these traps were suitable in order to reveal and catch the pests and possible for the use in monitoring studies for the storage poisonous insects. The distribution and density of poisonous insects was established using these traps. The number of caught poisonous insect and their distribution was established by the method of G.A. Zakladnoi and level of harm was determined.Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Vol.13(2) 2014: 84-87
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Lively, F. O., T. W. J. Keady, B. W. Moss, and D. J. Kilpatrick. "The effects of grain storage and processing method and level of feeding on the meat quality of beef cattle offered two contrasting grass silages." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175275620001084x.
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Feed is a major cost in beef production during the winter feeding period. One potential method of reducing cost is to purchase grain at harvest. However, grain must be processed either by rolling or milling prior to feeding and this is a labour intensive process. Currently labour is an expensive and scare resource on many beef units. Recently different techniques have been developed for storing and feeding grain to beef cattle, which involve the processing of the grain prior to storage. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of grain storage and processing method, and grain feed level on the meat quality of beef cattle offered two contrasting grass silages.
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Likhayo, Paddy, Anani Y. Bruce, Tadele Tefera, and Jones Mueke. "Maize Grain Stored in Hermetic Bags: Effect of Moisture and Pest Infestation on Grain Quality." Journal of Food Quality 2018 (November 4, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2515698.
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Maize (Zea mays) is an important staple food crop produced by the majority of smallholder farmers that provides household food security through direct consumption and income generation. However, postharvest grain losses caused by insect pests during storage pose a major constraint to household food security. Hermetic storage technology is an alternative method that minimises postharvest losses by depleting oxygen and increasing carbon dioxide levels within the storage container through metabolic respiration of the grains, insects, and microorganism. Maize grain was stored for 180 days in hermetic bags or open-weave polypropylene bags to compare quality preservation when subject to initial grain moisture contents of 12, 14, 16, and 18 percent and infestation by Sitophilus zeamais. The moisture content of grain in hermetic bags remained unchanged while in polypropylene bags decreased. Dry grains (12% moisture content) stored well in hermetic bags and suffered 1.2% weight loss while for equivalent grains in polypropylene bags the weight loss was 35.8%. Moist grains (18% moisture content) recorded the lowest insect density (7 adults/kg grain) in hermetic bags while polypropylene bags had the highest (1273 adults/kg grain). Hermetic and polypropylene bags recorded the lowest (0–4 adults/kg grain) and highest (16–41 adults/kg grain) Prostephanus truncatus population, respectively. Discoloured grains were 4, 6, and 12 times more in grains at 14, 16, and 18 than 12 percent moisture content in hermetic bags. Grains at 18% moisture content recorded significantly lower oxygen (10.2%) and higher carbon dioxide (18.9%) levels. Holes made by P. truncatus in the hermetic bags were observed. In conclusion, storage of moist grains (14–18% moisture content) in hermetic bags may pose health risk due to grain discolouration caused by fungal growth that produces mycotoxins if the grains enter the food chain. The study was on only one site which was hot and dry and further investigation under cool, hot, and humid conditions is required.
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Mutambuki, Kimondo, Hippolyte Affognon, Paddy Likhayo, and Dieudonne Baributsa. "Evaluation of Purdue Improved Crop Storage Triple Layer Hermetic Storage Bag against Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." Insects 10, no. 7 (July 12, 2019): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10070204.
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Hermetic technologies are being promoted in Africa as safer and more effective methods of grain storage on smallholder farms. However, farmers and policy makers lack knowledge of their efficacy in controlling major stored grain pests. An on-station study was conducted to evaluate the triple layer Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) airtight bags against two major storage insect pests. Two sets each of PICS, jute and polypropylene bags were filled with 50 kg maize grain per bag. Each set was replicated four times. One set of PICS bags was each infested with 50 insects each of the larger grain borer P. truncatus and the maize weevil S. zeamais; while the other set was not. One set of jute and polypropylene woven bags was treated with a cocktail of 1.6% Pirimiphos methyl and 0.3% Permethrin, serving as positive controls; while the remaining sets with untreated maize grain formed negative controls. Gas analysis in the PICS bags followed the expected trend with oxygen levels falling sharply below 10% and carbon dioxide increasing to almost 10% after 12 weeks hence resulting in insect death. After 16 weeks, increase in oxygen levels may be attributed to perforation of the bags from outside by the P. truncatus. Results showed that PICS bags were significantly (P < 0.05) superior to treated and untreated controls of polypropylene and jute bags in suppressing insect development, maize grain damage and weight loss during storage. Weight loss in polypropylene and jute bags reached 40% and 41%, respectively, at 24 weeks after storage compared to PICS (2.4–2.9%). These results demonstrate that PICS bags can be used to store maize against P. truncatus and S. zeamais attack.
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Cui, Kaidi, Leiming He, Guangrui Cui, Tao Zhang, Yue Chen, Tao Zhang, Wei Mu, and Feng Liu. "Biological Activity of trans-2-Hexenal Against the Storage Insect Pest Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Mycotoxigenic Storage Fungi." Journal of Economic Entomology 114, no. 2 (January 28, 2021): 979–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab001.
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Abstract Grain commodities in postharvest storage often deteriorate because of fungal and insect attacks. With the green consumption requirements of consumers, ecofriendly and safe pesticides are needed for grain storage. The current study investigated the efficacy of the plant volatile compound trans-2-hexenal against the storage insect pest Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and three commonly occurring storage fungi, viz., Fusarium graminearum, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus niger, to recommend its application as a botanical fumigant for grain commodities. trans-2-Hexenal weakly repels T. castaneum but has favorable insecticidal activity against multiple developmental stages of T. castaneum, ranging in sensitivity as follows: eggs (LC50 = 14.3 µl/l) > adults (31.6 µl/l) > young larvae (42.1 µl/l) > mature larvae (64.5 µl/l) > pupae (70.5 µl/l). Moreover, trans-2-hexenal caused a high malformation rate and high mortality in adults developed from fumigated pupae. In a 7-d grain, trans-2-hexenal at 0.8 µl/ml provided an appreciable efficacy (81.3%), and concentrations ≥ 0.1 µl/ml completely inhibited the offspring of T. castaneum. trans-2-Hexenal was nonphytotoxic to the seed germination and seedling growth of wheat seeds. Furthermore, trans-2-hexenal completely inhibited the growth of A. flavus, F. graminearum, and A. niger at 5, 10, and 10 µl/l, respectively. The favorable biological activity of trans-2-hexenal against T. castaneum and three frequently occurring mycotoxigenic storage fungi indicated the potential of trans-2-hexenal for simultaneously controlling pests and pathogens, which could reduce its application frequency in grains and decrease pesticide resistance risks.
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Gavrichenkov, Yu D., A. S. Razvorotnev, I. A. Kechkin, and I. A. Verezhnikova. "CHANGE OF THE ACID NUMBER OF WHEAT GRAIN FAT WHILE STORED IN LABORATORY CONDITIONS." Food systems 2, no. 2 (July 14, 2019): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21323/2618-9771-2019-2-2-27-30.
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To establish the deadline for freshness and shelf life of wheat during long-term storage, the indicator is considered — acid number of fat (ANF) mg KOH per gram of fat in the stored grain sample. To study the nature of the change of this indicator from temperature and relative humidity of the air, the present studies were performed. Samples of grain, harvest 2017, were placed in a desiccator over salt solutions, which were used to set a certain relative air humidity above the surface of the solution in the range from 35% to 75%. In each desiccator were placed two samples of wheat grain III and IV class weighing about 500 g each. The grain layer in the desiccators was 70–80 mm. To monitor the state of the samples, the Logger 100 TV temperature and relative humidity recorders were placed inside the grain layer with a recording interval of readings after 2 hours. Periodically sampled grain from each desiccator for the determination of ANF and humidity. Acid number of fat was determined by the accepted standard method.The uniformity of humidity values in the desiccators 60% and 75% occurred after two months of storage. For a relative humidity of 35%, 44% arrived after approximately one month of storage. Some fluctuations in relative humidity values are associated with temperature changes at the storage location (laboratory room), as well as with the opening of a desiccator when taking grain samples to determine humidity and ANF. Fluctuations in relative humidity did not exceed 3%. Significant changes (growth) of ANF were observed in the fourth to fifth month of storage the samples at temperatures above 20 °C, at a storage temperature of 10 °C, practically no significant changes in ANF were observed during 9 months of storage.
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Anne, Kimani, Tadele Tefera, Olubayo Florence, and Kilalo Dora. "Effect of Sealing Method and Lighting Candle in Metal Silos on Survival of the Larger Grain Borer, Prostephanus Truncatus, in Stored Maize." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 8 (July 10, 2018): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n8p90.
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The aim of this study was to determine the effect of sealing methods, grain volume and lighting candle in metal silo for the control of Prostephanus truncatus in stored maize. Metal silos with 100 kilograms holding capacity were loaded with 90 kilograms of grain, in-let and out-let were covered with lids and sealed either with rubber band, grease, rubber band combined with grease and lid without sealing (control). The control suffered highest grain damage of 6.6% and weight loss of 1.9% compared to metal silo sealed using rubber band combined with grease which had grain damage 4.5% and weight loss 0.6%, thirty-five days after storage. Metal silo sealed with rubber band combined with grease had significantly higher CO2 level of 2.1% v/v than the control 0.5% v/v. In a separate experiment, metal silos with: 90 kilograms of grain, with and without lighted candle; 45 kilograms of grain, with and without lighted candle and a polypropylene bag with 90 kilograms of grain were compared. Ninety days after storage, grain stored in all metal silos regardless of grain volume and candle lighting suffered the least weight loss 0.2% to 1.1%, and damage 4.1% to 10.5% compared to grain in polypropylene bags which had the highest loss 7.3% to 25.3% and damage, 28.9% to 37.5%. All metal silos irrespective of grain volume and candle lighting during storage had 100% insect mortality while in control the number of live P. truncatus increased from 100 to 1786, ninety days after storage. Proper sealing of metal silo with either rubber band or grease and use of lighted candle effectively controlled P. truncatus in stored maize irrespective of grain volume.
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Ziegler, Valmor, Cristiano Dietrich Ferreira, Jorge Tiago Schwanz Goebel, Alvaro Batista, Daiane Kroning, and Moacir Cardoso Elias. "Effects of storage temperature on the technological and sensory properties of integral rice with pericarp brown, black and red." Brazilian Journal of Food Research 7, no. 3 (September 19, 2016): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3895/rebrapa.v7n3.4013.
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Rice storage is essential to meet the demand of processing industries and consumers. Thus, the objective with the study was to evaluate the effects of time and temperature storage whole grain rice grain with brown pericarp, black, and red on the percentage stained, sour, and yellow, colorimetric profile, gravimetric and volumetric yields and sensory parameters. Whole rice grains with brown, black, and red pericarp were stored in 13% at temperatures of 16, 24, 32, and 40 °C for 6 months. After 6 months of storage at 40 °C, the larger increments of yellow grains is observed, which reduces the typification of the grains, reducing the L* value, and increases the values of a* and b* for grains with brown and black pericarp and reducing L*, a* and b* for the grain pericarp red. Brown grain pericarp stored at 40 °C showed increases in the gravimetric and volumetric yield and grain with red pericarp showed an increase in volumetric yield in storage at 40 °C, compared to the beginning of storage. The firmness parameters, flavor, acceptance, and purchase intent, had the best ratings in grains with brown and red pericarp, stored at 24 °C. In general, the storage of whole rice grains in the temperature range between 16 and 24 °C is what provides the smallest changes of the parameters evaluated.
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Lin, Lei, Yong He, Zhitao Xiao, Ke Zhao, Tao Dong, and Pengcheng Nie. "Rapid-Detection Sensor for Rice Grain Moisture Based on NIR Spectroscopy." Applied Sciences 9, no. 8 (April 22, 2019): 1654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9081654.
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Rice grain moisture has a great impact on th production and storage storage quality of rice. The main objective of this study was to design and develop a rapid-detection sensor for rice grain moisture based on the Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) characteristic band, aiming to realize its accurate and on-line measurement. In this paper, the NIR spectral information of grain samples with different moisture content was obtained using a portable NIR spectrometer. Then, the partial least squares (PLS) and competitive adaptive reweighted squares (CARS) were applied to model and analyze the spectral data to find the rice grain moisture NIR spectroscopy. As a result, the 1450 nm band was sensitive to the rice grain moisture and a rapid-detection sensor was developed with a 1450 nm light emitting diode (LED) light source, InGaAs photodiode, lens and filter, whose basic principle is to establish the relationship between the rice grain moisture and the measured voltage signal. To evaluate the sensor performance, rice grain samples with 13–30% moisture content were detected, the coefficient of determination R2 was 0.936, and the sum of squares for error (SSE) was 23.44. It is concluded that this study provides a spectroscopic measuring method, as well as developing an effective and accurate sensor for the rapid determination of rice grain moisture, which is of great significance for monitoring the quality of rice grain during its production, transportation and storage process.
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Cima, Elizabeth Giron, Miguel Angel Uribe-Opazo, Jerry Adriani Johann, Weimar Freire da Rocha Junior, and Willyan Ronaldo Becker. "Analysis of static and dynamic capacity in Paraná State, Brazil." Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy 42 (May 27, 2020): e44440. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v42i1.44440.
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This study had two objectives - firstly, to analyze the total static and dynamic capacity of agricultural storage in Paraná State, Brazil and secondly, to verify if the storage followed the growth of grain production. The study was performed by mesoregion for the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop years. The methodology used was descriptive from an agricultural database of the Secretariat of Agriculture and Supply (SEAB), of the National Register System of Storage Units (SICARM), interviews were also made with agroindustrial cooperatives and official agencies. It was identified that in Paraná State there is an insufficiency of 17.75% of total static capacity of warehouses to comply with the total grain production (soybean, 1st and 2nd corn crops, and wheat). The results showed that the total dynamic capacity of warehouses is sufficient in the mesoregions of Eastern Center, Southern Center, Northern Center, and Metropolitan. Therefore, storage units vary uniformly in most municipalities, not following the growth of total grain production in the state of Paraná.
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Quirino, José R., Osvaldo Resende, Natalia N. Fonseca, Daniel E. C. de Oliveira, and Elivânio S. Rosa. "Comparison of equipment for grain sampling." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 23, no. 3 (March 2019): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v23n3p209-214.
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ABSTRACT Grain sampling requires the use of appropriate and accurate equipment. This study aimed to compare grain samplers, manual and mechanical, used in the sampling of soybean loads, during their reception by storage units. The used devices were the manual sampler with 1.80 m length and three opening stages, 2.10 m length and three opening stages; and 2.10 m length and one opening stage, besides the mechanical sampler (pneumatic) and the pelican sampler. The analyzed parameters were the contents of impurity, broken grains, pods, immature grains, and moisture. The significance of effect of treatment was determined by F Test and the means were compared by Tukey test (p < 0.05). The devices used for sampling of soybean grains in vehicles, during their reception by storage units, affect the determination of broken grains, pods and immature grains. However, there was no difference between the types of sampling equipment in the determination of impurity content, and the pelican sampler collected greater percentages of pods and immature grains from the sampled vehicles.
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Carvalho, D. R., I. S. Santos, G. Vargas, M. A. Martins, and A. P. S. Ferreira. "UTILIZATION OF NITROGEN GAS FOR REFRIGERATION AND ATMOSPHERE MODIFICATION IN GRAIN STORAGE: A SIMULATION STUDY." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1008 (October 2013): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2013.1008.16.
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Peltonen, Jari, and Tuula Sontag-Strohm. "Genotypic differences of storage proteins in four Scandinavian spring wheat cultivars during seed development." Agricultural and Food Science 1, no. 5 (September 1, 1992): 499–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72463.
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Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is grown under a wide range of climatic conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the underlying physiological phenomena which affect the quality of grain yield. The aim ofthis project was to study the interactions between cultivars in theiraccumulation and relative concentrations of the different protein groups of storage proteins at various stages of wheat grain development. Yield components, protein quantity and the quality of flour were examined. The study was carried out at the University of Helsinki, Department of Plant Production during 1989-1990. The cultivars used were Heta, Ruso, Reno and Kadett. Innorthern latitudes the early maturity class of a genotype is an important selection criterion associated with good breadmaking quality. The short grain filling period leads to a high rate of accumulation ofhigh molecular weight glutenins, because it coincides with a rapid expansion of the endosperm in the middle of grain filling. The associated yield loss in these cultivars may be compensated by higher number of grains per ear. Therefore, selection ofproductive wheat lines with earlymaturity, high protein concentration and high relative amount ofhigh molecular weight glutenins, and high grain number per ear instead of high kernel weight may lead to more stable yield and improved breadmaking quality.
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Liang, Yan, Shahbaz Khan, Ai-xia Ren, Wen Lin, Sumera Anwar, Min Sun, and Zhi-qiang Gao. "Subsoiling and Sowing Time Influence Soil Water Content, Nitrogen Translocation and Yield of Dryland Winter Wheat." Agronomy 9, no. 1 (January 16, 2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9010037.
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Dryland winter wheat in the Loess Plateau is facing a yield reduction due to a shortage of soil moisture and delayed sowing time. The field experiment was conducted at Loess Plateau in Shanxi, China from 2012 to 2015, to study the effect of subsoiling and conventional tillage and different sowing dates on the soil water storage, Nitrogen (N) accumulation, and remobilization and yield of winter wheat. The results showed that subsoiling significantly improved the soil water storage (0–300 cm soil depth) and increased the contribution of N translocation to grain N and grain yield (17–36%). Delaying sowing time had reduced the soil water storage at sowing and winter accumulated growing degree days by about 180 °C. The contribution of N translocation to grain yield was maximum in glume + spike followed by in leaves and minimum by stem + sheath. Moreover, there was a positive relationship between the N accumulation and translocation and the soil moisture in the 20–300 cm range. Subsoiling during the fallow period and the medium sowing date was beneficial for improving the soil water storage and increased the N translocation to grain, thereby increasing the yield of wheat, especially in a dry year.
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Rakic, S., S. Jankovic, M. Krivokapic, R. Jovanovic, and J. Ikanovic. "Grain quality and status of oats (Avena sativa L.) during storage." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 28, no. 4 (2012): 863–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1204863r.
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The purpose of this study has been to determine the effect of storage on grain quality of three oat cultivars selected in Serbia - Dunav, Vrbas and NS Tara. Freshly harvested oats were stored at the temperature of 25?2?C for 12 and 20 months. There was a significant decrease in the volume mass (458.4 to 408.9 kg/m-3) and the absolute mass of grains (26.6 to 24.2%) during the storage. The germination potential of the grains decreased over time (96.2-94.1%). The changes in the acid degree values (3.77-3.99 ml 1(Na OH/100 g) are highly significant (p<0.01). Initially, the pH level of the fresh samples was 6.2, and it decreased to 5.8 after 20 months. Genotypes and volume mass have great effect on storage duration (?2=0.8130 ?2 =0.7621 and ?2=0.6780). The interaction between the studied factors did not show statistically significant effects on the change in germination of oat grains (p>0.05). What mostly affects an increase in the acid degree value of oat grains is storage duration, followed by a genotype and the interaction between these two factors. The studied oat genotypes show no significant differences in glassiness (p>0.05).
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Chiputula, Jonathan, Emmanuel Ajayi, Ray Bucklin, and Ann R. Blount. "Effects of Moisture Content and Compaction Pressure on Bulk Density of Rye." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 37, no. 3 (2021): 491–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.14385.
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HighlightsRye grain compaction was measured for three different moisture contents (8%, 12%, and 16% wet basis) at five different compaction pressures (7, 14, 34, and 55 kPa)Bulk densities were found to be statistically significantly dependent (p < 0.0001) on both the moisture content and applied pressure.Compacted bulk densities increased with increasing applied pressure for all moisture contents.Abstract. Bulk density of agricultural grains is needed to determine the quantity of grain in storage structures and to calculate grain pressures. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of moisture content and applied pressure on bulk density of rye grain at moisture contents and pressures typical of those seen in storage structures. Rye compaction was measured for three moisture contents (8%, 12%, and 16% wet basis) at four compaction pressures (7, 14, 34, and 55 kPa) using a square box (based on the design used by Thompson and Ross, 1983). Data from the compaction tests were used to calculate the bulk densities for the three moisture contents and four compaction pressures. The bulk densities were found to be significantly dependent (p <0.0001) both on moisture contents and the pressure applied. Bulk densities varied with increasing moisture content as has been observed in similar studies for rye and other agricultural grains such as wheat and soybeans. These results provide guidance for estimating bulk density of rye in bins and other storage structures. Keywords: Grain compaction, Grain storage, Kernel rearrangement, Kernel elasticity.