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1
SCHIERE, J. B., A. L. JOSHI, A. SEETHARAM, S. J. OOSTING, A. V. GOODCHILD, B. DEINUM, and H. VAN KEULEN. "GRAIN AND STRAW FOR WHOLE PLANT VALUE: IMPLICATIONS FOR CROP MANAGEMENT AND GENETIC IMPROVEMENT STRATEGIES." Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 3 (June 24, 2004): 277–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479704001814.
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Straws and stovers are often called ‘by-products’ of grain production even though they are increasingly important, e.g. for animal feed, thatching, soil improvement, mushroom production and industrial use. As a result, plant breeders, agronomists, economists and animal nutritionists have to pay more attention than before to the total value of crops, i.e. whole plant value in which straws and grain both play a part. This paper reviews literature about the technical potential of breeding and/or management for more or better straw. It then discusses issues of the economic value (EV) and nutritional value (NV) of straw and stovers for livestock feed to guide research and development in cereal breeding and management. It is mainly based on experiences from the Indian subcontinent and semi-arid regions of the Near and Middle East. The paper shows that the quantity and quality of straw produced has changed considerably over recent decades as a result of breeding policies, new cultivation patterns and choice of cultivars. Both EV and NV depend on type of grain, animal production system and access to other feeds. A classification of these factors is provided and suggests that the EV of straw is particularly important in low-input systems with stovers from coarse grains.
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Capper, B. S., G. Sage, P. R. Hanson, and A. H. Adamson. "Influence of variety, row type and time of sowing on the morphology, chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of barley straw." Journal of Agricultural Science 118, no. 2 (April 1992): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185960006874x.
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SUMMARYLeaf proportions (LP) were determined in spring barley straws harvested at Cambridge in 1984 and 1985. Linear regression equations showed that a greater number of days to flowering increased LP whilst greater plant height decreased LP in spring barley straws. Plant height accounted for more than 70% of the variance in LP. By contrast, grain yield and stem diameter accounted for only a small percentage of the variance in LP. Straws from two-rowed winter barleys had slightly higher LP than six-rowed winter barleys but LP in winter and spring barleys were similar.Leaf blade and leaf sheath fractions of the straws had lower acid detergent fibre and lignin contents and were more digestible than the stem fractions. Linear regression equations of straw digestibility in spring barleys on LP, grain yields, days to flowering and plant heights showed that LP accounted for a higher percentage of the variance in digestibility in 1984 than the other characteristics. In 1985, when harvesting conditions were unusually wet, grain yield accounted for the highest percentage of the variance in straw digestibility.There were no differences in chemical composition and straw digestibility between two-rowed and six-rowed barleys, but winter barleys had higher straw digestibility than spring barleys. Date of sowing did not influence straw quality in two-rowed winter barleys.The ranking of two-rowed spring barleys for LP, chemical composition and digestibility suggested that varieties with consistently better straw quality could be identified.
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Narasimhalu, P., D. Kong, and T. M. Choo. "Straw yields and nutrients of seventy-five Canadian barley cultivars." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 78, no. 1 (March 1, 1998): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a97-020.
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Straw, grain, and total yields were compared among 32 two-row and 43 six-row barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars registered in eastern and western Canada, that were grown at Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island in 1991 and 1992. Straw nutrients was determined in 1991. Two-row cultivars yielded more straw and less grain than six-row cultivars (P < 0.05). The total yield (i.e., total aboveground dry matter) of two-row cultivars was approximately equal to that of six-row cultivars. Straw of two-row cultivars contained more cell contents but less hemicellulose, total-N, Ca, Na, Mn, and Zn than six-row cultivars straw (P < 0.05). Straw yields were not different between eastern and western cultivars regardless of whether they were two-row or six-row types. Eastern two-row cultivars showed higher grain yield and higher total yield than western two-row, and their straws contained less lignin and P than those of western cultivars. Straw of eastern six-row cultivars contained less Ca, but more Na and Mg than that of western six-row cultivars. Hulless barleys showed less grain yield and their straw contained less cellulose than covered barleys regardless of whether they were two-row or six-row types. Two-row hulless cultivars yielded more straw than two-row covered barleys. Straw of six-row hulless barleys contained more cell contents, total-N, and minerals (except for Na and Mn) than that of six-row covered barleys. Key words: Barley cultivars, straw, yield, crude protein, fibre, minerals
4
Sousa, Gustavo Dorneles de, Leandro Spíndola Pereira, Gustavo Silva de Oliveira, Estevam Matheus Costa, Jeovane Nascimento Silva, Higor Ferreira da Silva, and Adriano Jakelaitis. "Produtividade do feijão-caupi cultivado após plantas de cobertura com e sem aplicação de herbicida sem pós-emergência." COLLOQUIUM AGRARIAE 16, no. 5 (October 8, 2020): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5747/ca.2020.v16.n5.a395.
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The objective of this research was to evaluate the yield of the cowpea crop, when grown on cover crops straws, managed or not with herbicides applied in post-emergence. The experiment was conducted in the field, in a complete randomized block design with three replications. In a 5x2 factorial scheme, the first factor were featuredby five types of straw were tested: sorghum, congograss, Tanzania grass, palisadegrassand weeds. The second factor was characterized by the absence and application of the ready mix of bentazone + imazamox at the dose 600 + 28 g ha-1at 13 days after emergence (DAE) and the herbicide haloxifop-p-methyl at the dose of 62.35 g ha-1to 18 DAE. Weed density and dry matterwere evaluated at 20 and 85 DAE of the crop, plant height, stem diameter, chlorophyll content, dry matteraerial part and in the flowering of the crop (46 DAE). At harvest, the number of grains per pod, the number of grains per plant, the weight one hundred grains, the population of cowpea plants and grain yieldwereevaluated. The straws of congo grass, Tanzania grass and palisadegrasson the soil surface reduce the dry mass of weeds, constituting necessary management where chemical control has not been carried out. Regardless of the use of straw, the application of the herbicide is essential to guarantee the productivity of the crop. The cultivation of cowpea on sorghum straw, congograss, Tanzania grass and palisadegrassresults in higher grain yield.
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White, Ethel M. "Straw and grain production in spring barley cultivars." Journal of Agricultural Science 108, no. 2 (April 1987): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600079284.
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SummaryGrain and straw yields of a range of spring barley cultivars were assessed in field experiments conducted from 1981 to 1983 in Northern Ireland. Mean straw yields varied between 2·75 t/ha in Inga and 1·94 t/ha in Golden Promise over the 3-year period. Both grain and straw yields varied from year to year, with straw production being more consistent for individual cultivars than grain yield. High grain yields were not associated with high straw yields, straw to grain ratios varying between 0·72 in Midas and 0·51 in Corgi. Neither grain yield nor straw length were good predictors of straw yield of cultivars. The role for and assessment of straw yield in cultivar evaluation is discussed.
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Hu, J., X. Cui, J. Dai, J. Wang, R. Chen, R. Yin, and X. Lin. "Interactive effects of arbuscular mycorrhizae and maize (Zea mays L.) straws on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth and organic carbon storage in a sandy loam soil." Soil and Water Research 9, No. 3 (August 6, 2014): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/77/2013-swr.
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A pot experiment was conducted to study interactive effects of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AMs) and maize (Zea mays L.) straws on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth and organic carbon (C) storage in a sterilized sandy loam soil. The experiment included four treatments: control, inoculation with AM fungus Glomus caledonium (M), amendment with maize straw (S), and amendment with maize straw plus inoculation with G. caledonium (S + M). The inoculation of G. caledonium significantly (P < 0.05) increased wheat root biomass and root-to-straw ratio, but had no significant effects on shoot biomass, grain yield, and soil parameters. The amendment of maize straw significantly (P < 0.05) decreased soil pH, wheat root biomass, and root-to-straw ratio, and significantly (P < 0.05) increased soil invertase and alkaline phosphatase activities, but had no significant effects on shoot biomass, grain yield, soil organic C content, and urease activity. The combined application of G. caledonium and maize straw had no significant effects on root mycorrhizal colonization rate compared to the M treatment, while significantly (P < 0.05) increased wheat root biomass and significantly (P < 0.05) decreased soil pH compared to the S treatment, and also significantly (P < 0.05) increased grain yield, soil organic C content, and urease activity compared to the control. The Two-Way ANOVA also showed interactive effects of G. caledonium and maize straw on soil pH (P < 0.05) and wheat grain yield (P < 0.01), and the redundancy analysis result indicated the potential application of AM fungi in straw-returned fields.
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Roy, Tapas Kumar, Swapan Kumar Paul, and Md Abdur Rahman Sarkar. "Influence of date of transplanting on the growth and yield performance of high yielding varieties of Boro rice." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 17, no. 3 (September 29, 2019): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v17i3.43201.
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An experiment was conducted to find out the effect of variety, date of transplanting and its interaction on the growth and yield performance of high yielding Boro rice. The experiment comprised five varieties viz., BRRI dhan28, BRRI dhan58, BRRI dhan67, BRRI dhan69, BRRI dhan74 and five dates of transplanting viz., 15 December, 30 December, 15 January, 30 January and 15 February. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results revealed that growth parameters, crop characters, yield components and yield were significantly influenced by variety, date of transplanting and their interactions. The leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter production hill-1 were highest in BRRI dhan69 when transplanted on 15 January whereas the lowest value was found in BRRI dhan28 when transplanted on 15 February. The number of effective tillers hill-1 (11.80), number of grains panicle-1 (130.90), 1000-grain weight (22.07 g), grain yield (4.96 t ha-1) and straw yield (6.64 t ha-1) were highest in BRRI dhan69 whereas corresponding lowest values were recorded in BRRI dhan28. The crop transplanted on 15 January produced the highest number of effective tillers hill-1 (12.81), highest number of grains panicle-1 (131.20), heaviest 1000-grain weight (21.93 g), highest grain yield (5.36 t ha-1) and highest straw yield (7.71 t ha-1). In case of interaction, the highest grain (5.90 t ha-1) and straw yields (7.87 t ha-1) were recorded in BRRI dhan69 transplanted on 15 January whereas the lowest grain and straw yields were recorded in BRRI dhan28 transplanted on 15 February. Therefore, it can be concluded that BRRI dhan69 along with 15 January transplanting appears as the promising combination in terms of grain and straw yields.
J Bangladesh Agril Univ 17(3): 301–308, 2019
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Sun, Ling, Mingyung Lee, Seoyoung Jeon, and Seongwon Seo. "Evaluation of the Associative Effects of Rice Straw with Timothy Hay and Corn Grain Using an In Vitro Ruminal Gas Production Technique." Animals 10, no. 2 (February 18, 2020): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10020325.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the associative effects of rice straw with timothy hay and corn grain. Using an automated gas production system, in vitro ruminal fermentation was studied for six substrates: 100% rice straw, 100% timothy hay, 100% corn grain, 50% rice straw and 50% timothy hay, 50% rice straw and 50% corn grain, and 50% rice straw, 25% timothy hay, and 25% corn grain. Incubation was performed in three batches with different rumen fluids to assess the in vitro ruminal gas production kinetics and rumen parameters (pH, NH3-N, volatile fatty acid (VFA), and true dry matter digestibility (TDMD)). The associated effects were tested by comparing the observed values of the composited feeds and the weighted means of individual feeds. There was a significant increase in NH3-N when rice straw was fermented with timothy hay, corn grain, or both (p < 0.05). TDMD increased when corn grain was co-fermented, and the total gas and VFA production increased when all three feeds were co-fermented. We conclude that the feed value of rice straw increases when fed to animals along with timothy hay and corn grain.
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Tuah, A. K., E. Lufadeju, E. R. Ørskov, and G. A. Blackett. "Rumen degradation of straw 1. Untreated and ammonia-treated barley, oat and wheat straw varieties and triticale straw." Animal Science 43, no. 2 (October 1986): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100002440.
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ABSTRACTThe dry-matter degradation of 19 varieties of barley, 14 varieties of wheat, 11 varieties of oats and one variety of triticale straws, both untreated and ammonia treated were studied using the nylon-bag technique. There were significant differences between the untreated varieties of all the types of cereal straw studied with respect to dry-matter loss (DML) values. When the barley and wheat straws were treated with ammonia, the differences between the varieties were also significant although ammonia treatment tended to improve those with lower values to a greater extent than those with higher values. There were also significant differences between the DML values of the oat straws when they were treated with ammonia but only after 48-h incubation. There was a significant negative relationship between the 48-h DML values of the untreated oat straws and the improvement in the DML values with ammonia treatment (r = −0·65; P < 0·05). Grain yield, straw length and nitrogen concentration had no significant relationship with the DML values of the untreated straws. Barley and oat straws had generally higher DML than the wheat and triticale straws.
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Oliveira, Priscila de, Adriano Stephan Nascente, and João Kluthcouski. "Soybean growth and yield under cover crops." Revista Ceres 60, no. 2 (April 2013): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-737x2013000200014.
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The use of cover crops in no-tillage systems can provide better conditions for the development of soybean plants with positive effects on grain yield and growth analysis techniques allow researchers to characterize and understand the behavior of soybean plants under different straw covers. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize, using growth analysis, yield components and agronomic performance of soybean under common bean, Brachiaria brizantha and pearl millet straws. The experiment was performed on a soil under cerrado in the municipality of Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three treatments (cover crops) and five replications. Soybean grain yield was lower in the B. brizantha straw treatment (3,708 kg ha-1) than both in the pearl millet (4.772 kg ha-1) and common bean straw treatments (5,200 kg ha-1). The soybean growth analysis in B. brizantha, pearl millet and common bean allowed characterizing the variation in the production of dry matter of leaves, stems, pods and total and leaf area index that provided different grain yields. The cover crop directly affects the soybean grain yield.
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Ahmad, Mahmod Karem. "Comparison and Economic Feasibility Study of The Productivity of Five Varieties of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)." Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 2 (December 20, 2018): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24017/science.2018.3.7.
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In general, economic and agricultural policy of the successive Iraqi governments was not toward agricultural development and achieve food security, whether for humans or animals, for dependence on exports of oil to import country's food needs in a difficult currency, which cost the state budget amounts. Scientific and technological underdevelopment, lack of feasibility studies, economic performance,customs, social traditions, religious beliefs and neglect of the farmer caused a lack of interest in the cultivation of barley and its selection of high quality and quantity varieties of grains,straw,land, storage, and marketing operations.The study was conducted to assess the economic feasibility of the productivity of the five Asian barley varieties (Hordeum vulgare L.), (Arivat, Norma ,Iba99 ,NS313 andBip999) for grain and straw yield in Bakrajo area during the winter season of (2015 -2016). The results showed that grain and straw yield parameters were significantly varied according to varieties. Significant increase in grain yield (2720kg/ha), hay yield (3643kg/ha), grain and hay cost (736.180)1000ID/ha, hay revenue (582.880) 1000ID/ha, grain revenue (1019.997)1000ID/ha, profit (866.697)1000ID/ha, seed product (27.200) kg and 1000ID income (2.221) were recorded for NS313 and Bip999 varieties, while the number of grains / spike (44.133) and plant length (89.433) cm was recorded for Iba99 variety.
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Gorial, B. Y., and J. R. O'Callaghan. "Aerodynamic properties of grain/straw materials." Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 46 (May 1990): 275–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8634(05)80132-5.
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Islam, M. R., E. Owen, D. I. Givens, and A. R. Moss. "Effects of variety, sowing date and fertilizer nitrogen on botanical fractions of oat straw." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1996 (March 1996): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600031998.
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Sheep and goats are capable of selecting for leaf and leaf sheath, if offered barley straw generously i.e. allowing the animals to refuse about half the amount offered (Wahed et al., 1990). Recent results (M.R. Islam, unpublished results, Reading University) indicate sheep to be capable of selecting when offered oat straw generously. Factors affecting the botanical composition of straws will therefore affect their nutritive value, especially for small ruminants. The increasing use of oat and naked oat grain for humans will mean greater production of oat straw in the future. However, little is known of how agronomic factors affect the botanical fractions of oat straw. In the present study, straw was generated as part of an agronomic experiment sown in autumn 1993 at ADAS High Mowthorpe.
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Ye, Xiao Lan, An Guo Peng, Jing Qiu, Ting Ting Chai, Hua Lin Zhao, and Xing Hua Ge. "Enantioselective Degradation of Tebuconazole in Wheat and Soil under Open Field Conditions." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 348–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.348.
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This study assesses enantioselectivity on the degradation of tebuconazole in wheat grain, straw, and soil in Beijing and Zhejiang under open field conditions. After agricultural application, the analytes were extracted from soil and grain with acetonitrile, and from straw with acetonitrile containing 1% acetic acid through ultrasonic extraction. The extracts were cleaned by dispersive-solid phase extraction, and determined by chiral liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with a Lux amylose-2 column. The results of field trials indicated that the degradation of tebuconazole enantiomers followed first-order kinetics in straw and soil at the two sites. Their half-lives in straw ranged from 3.88 to 4.93 days, which were shorter than those in soil ranging from 40.76 to 43.86 days. The (-)-tebuconazole showed faster degradation in straw from Beijing and Zhejiang. In Zhejiang soil, preferential degradation of (+)-tebuconazole was observed, whereas (-)-tebuconazole was preferential in Beijing soil. The terminal residues of (-)-tebuconazole in most grains were higher than those of its antipode, indicating significant enantioselective residues.
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Islam, MS, H. Akter, S. Aktar, MJ Miah, and M. Farazi. "Effect of foliar and soil application of nitrogen on the growth and yield of wheat." Progressive Agriculture 28, no. 4 (April 12, 2018): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v28i4.36368.
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A pot experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture, Mymensingh during the period from November 2013 to March 2014 to examine the effect of nitrogen application methods on the growth and yield of wheat. Two application methods (Foliar spray and soil application) and three varieties viz. Sotabdi, Kanchan and BAW56 were included and experimental test crop. From the study it was found that plant height. Total tillers plant-1,effect tillers plant-1,root dry weight plant-1,grains panicle-1, 100 grain weight, grain weight plant-1, straw weight plant-1, biological yield plant-1, and harvest indexwere significantly higher by foliar spray method than the soil application of nitrogen, Higher grain yield (9.01 g plant-1) was observed by the foliar spray application and lower grain yield was 6.07 g plant-1 obtained from the soil application. Among 3 varieties Sotabdi was found to be better yielding ability and produced comparatively higher plant height, total tillers plant-1, effective tillers plant-1,root dry weight plant-1, grains panicle-1, 100 grains weight, grains weight plan-1, straw weight plant-1, biological yield plant-1, in respect of harvest index values. BAW56 was observed as medium performed variety and Kanchan was the least. Regarding interaction effect of the variety Sotabdi also showed the highest plant-1, total tillers plant-1, effective tillers plant-1, root dry weight plant-1, grains panicle-1,100 grains weight, grains weight plant-1, straw weight plant-1, biological yield plant-1 and harvest index by foliar spray. The results indicated that all the varieties gave higher grain yields under foliar spray application method.Progressive Agriculture 28 (4): 287-294, 2017
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Kakar, Kifayatullah, Tran Dang Xuan, Nguyen Van Quan, Imran Khan Wafa, Hoang-Dung Tran, Tran Dang Khanh, and Tran Dang Dat. "Efficacy of N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea Mutation on Physicochemical Properties, Phytochemicals, and Momilactones A and B in Rice." Sustainability 11, no. 23 (December 2, 2019): 6862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236862.
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Attempts regarding the improvement and development of novel rice with better quality and higher productivity have been increasing. Among approaches, mutation is a direct alteration on the genome and considered as one of the most beneficial routes to acquire new beneficial traits in rice. An experiment was carried out to explore the effects of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) mutation on the antioxidant activities, phytochemical compounds, and momilactones A (MA) and B (MB) in rice. Two rice cultivars, K1 (an original cultivar DT84) and K2 (mutated DT84), were examined. Antioxidant activities, phenolic compounds, and momilactones of the rice grain, husk, and straw portions were measured and quantified. Antioxidant activities were higher in grain and straw of K2, whereas K1 showed greater antioxidant activity in rice husk. Additionally, K2 displayed higher total phenolic contents (TPC) in grain and straw as well as lower of it in the husk, but these variations significantly differed only in the straw portion. An increase in total flavonoid contents (TFC) was observed in the husk of K1, while K2 significantly enhanced TFC in straw. Both MA and MB, two compounds obtaining antidiabetes, anticancer, antimicrobial, antigout, and antiobesity properties, were detected and quantified in grain, husk, and straw of K1 and K2 samples. Generally, the contents of MA were higher than MB in all tested portions of rice crop. MA and MB were higher in straw followed by those in husk and grain, respectively. K2 contained higher amounts of MA and MB in straw and husk, but lower contents in grain compared with those in K1. This study illustrates that MNU mutation can improve grain quality and enhance bioactive compounds in straw, husk, and grain of rice. This approach has the potential to develop functional foods from rice, and therefore help farmers in developing countries to improve value in rice production.
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Matías, Javier, Verónica Cruz, Antonio García, and Diana González. "Evaluation of Rice Straw Yield, Fibre Composition and Collection Under Mediterranean Conditions." Acta Technologica Agriculturae 22, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ata-2019-0008.
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Abstract Rice straw remains almost unutilised in the majority of cases and is usually burned. Data on rice residue production under European conditions are extremely limited. A detailed assessment of rice biomass yield, partitioning and straw collection was carried out in Spain. Eleven commercial rice varieties were evaluated in 2015, and two baling trials were performed in 2014 and 2015. The average straw yield was 9.7 t·ha−1. Straw yield, biomass partitioning indices and fibre composition varied significantly according to rice variety. Straw to grain ratio and harvest index were 1.00 and 0.50 on average for rough grain, and 1.25 and 0.41 for husked grain. Biomass partitioning indices significantly correlated with grain yield. Mean content of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and ash of rice straw was 32.5%, 19.8%, 6.5% and 13.7%, respectively. Straw amount of less than 3.0 t·ha−1 can be collected during the baling trials. Rice straw could represent an eco-friendly source of lignocellulosic biomass in Europe, however, in order to achieve this, baling machine improvements and special crop management should be carried out.
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White, B. H., E. H. Clayton, and M. A. Friend. "The effect of mechanical processing of wheaten straw on intake and rumen parameters following grain feeding in sheep." Animal Production Science 54, no. 9 (2014): 1455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14323.
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While the effect of roughage chop length on decreasing the risk of acidosis in cattle is well established, there is limited information on the effect of roughage processing on intake and rumen parameters in sheep. Intake and rumen parameters were assessed in 10-month-old crossbred wethers (n = 24, 48.4 kg ± 5.3) offered wheaten straw as finely chaffed (6 mm), coarsely chaffed (15–20 mm) or unprocessed (40 mm) lengths, along with barley grain. Animals were offered 300 g/head of barley grain on the first day of grain introduction, 450 g/head.day for Days 2–3, 550 g/head.day for Days 4–6, 650 g/head.day for Days 7–9 and 750 g/head on Day 10. Rumen fluid was collected 3 h post-feeding from each animal the day before grain introduction and on Days 1–3 of grain introduction. During Days 1–3 of grain introduction, roughage intake within 3 h of feed being offered was greater (P < 0.05) in sheep offered finely chaffed (0.20 kg ± 0.03) than those offered either coarsely chaffed (0.09 kg ± 0.03) or unprocessed (0.08 kg ± 0.03) straw. Rumen pH did not differ between treatments, but increased grain feeding significantly (P < 0.001) reduced pH. Sheep offered finely chaffed straw had a greater (P < 0.05) daily straw intake (0.59 kg ± 0.06) than sheep offered coarsely chaffed straw (0.37 kg ± 0.06), while sheep offered unprocessed straw had an intermediate intake (0.49 kg ± 0.06); sheep consumed all grain offered. Shorter straw particle lengths may have a role in reducing the risk of acidosis during grain introduction.
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Gismy, Salamun, Md Romij Uddin, Md Sohanur Rahman, Fakhar Uddin Talukder, and Md Shafiul Islam Rion. "Zinc, a micronutrient and its effect to performance of BARI gom30." International Journal of Advanced Geosciences 8, no. 2 (September 2, 2020): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijag.v8i2.30966.
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To evaluate the effect of Zinc fertilizer on performance of wheat cv. BARI gom30, an experiment was carried out at Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, from November 2015 to March 2016. The experiment comprised four levels of Zinc (Zn) viz., 0, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 kg/ha. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Application of Zinc (Zn) plant height, number of total tillers/plant, number of effective tillers/plant, spike length, number of fertile spikelets/spike numbers of sterile spikelets/spike number of grains/ spike, grain yield and straw yield were found significant. But there was no significant effect of the treatment on 1000-grain weight. The highest number of total tiller/plant (4.42), number of effective tillers/plant (3.92), number of grains/spike (47.70), 1000-grain weight (47.73 g), grain yield (5.06 t/ha), straw yield (6.21 t/ha) was obtained from 2 kg Zn/ha. The highest plant height (94.08 cm), spike length (9.92 cm), number of fertile spikelets/spike (19.59) and sterile spikelets/spike (3.22) and harvest index (46.16%) were recorded at 0 kg Zn/ha respectively. The control treatment indicated the lowest value for the yield attributing characters except the number of sterile spikelets/spike. Grain yield was found to be significantly and positively correlated with number of grains/spike and straw yield. It is recommended that application of 2 kg Zn/ha is the best for maximum yield of BARI gom30.
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Janmohammady, H., P. Yasan, A. Taghizadeh, D. J. Shoja, and A. Nikkhah. "Chemical composition of some feedstuffs in East Azerbaijan." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2003 (2003): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200013338.
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In Iran, East Azerbaijan province is the most important farm animal production area and alfalfa hay, barley grain, wheat straw are the most common ingredients of animal rations. Organic matter and minerals content of forages and grains can be influenced markedly by climate, soil and fertilizer treatment, growth stage and agronomic factors in a given area. Therefore, it is necessary that the chemical composition of forages and grains, which are produced under climate and agronomic condition of Azerbaijan, for using in formulating balance rations, were determined. The objectives of present study were to determine chemical composition and some macro elements of alfalfa hay, barley grain and wheat straw in Azerbijan.
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Dias, Danyllo Santos, Renan Caldas Umburanas, and Darly Geraldo de Sena Junior. "Sowing date of palisadegrass intercropped with grain sorghum and soybean yield in succession." Comunicata Scientiae 9, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): 194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/cs.v9i2.2487.
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The use of intercropping sorghum-palisadegrass for grain and straw production has become an advantageous cultivation option, can provide improvements in physical and chemical soil properties, maximizes production and income to the growers. There are still many management gaps to be improved in this intercropping in order that grower has the best outcome. Considering this, the objective of this study was to evaluate different sowing dates of palisadegrass in relation to sorghum, and evaluate the yield of soybean cultivated in succession. Palisadegrass was sown in monocrop and also between the lines of sorghum at different times (0, 15 and 25 days after sowing sorghum), as well the sorghum in monocrop. Soybeans were grown in succession on the straw of the mentioned treatments. It was evaluated biomass production and grain yield. Sowing palisadegrass and sorghum on the same day reduced sorghum grain yield and the palisadegrass biomass production. However, if palisadegrass are sowed 15 days after sorghum sowing, did not reduce the sorghum grain yield. Also, if the producer aims to produce sorghum grains, it is better to delay the sowing of palisadegrass in relation to sorghum. Although, if the producer aims to produce residual dry biomass, it is better to sow palisadegrass on the same day as sorghum or monocrop palisadegrass. Soybean yield did not differ among treatments when grown on different straws in the first year of cultivation.
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Wales, W. J., and P. T. Doyle. "Effect of grain and straw supplementation on marginal milk-production responses and rumen fermentation of cows grazing highly digestible subterranean clover pasture." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 5 (2003): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02083.
Full textAbstract:
The marginal milk-production response to cereal grain supplementation of dairy cows grazing irrigated subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) pasture in spring was investigated. We also determined whether the addition of a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) straw supplement would improve that response. There were 8�replicated treatments in a factorial design with 2 amounts of cereal grain pellet [0 and 5.0 kg dry matter (DM)/cow.day] and 4 amounts of straw (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 kg DM/cow.day), 48 cows in total. Cows in all treatments grazed subterranean clover at an allowance (measured to ground level) of 19 kg DM/day. The barley and wheat pellet and straw had a neutral detergent fibre (NDF) concentration of 164 g/kg DM and 704 g/kg DM, respectively. Cows from all treatments consumed pasture with an in vitro DM digestibility of 743�g/kg DM and NDF concentration of 313 g/kg DM, compared with the pregrazed pasture on offer of 707 and 360, respectively. Pasture DM intake was not affected (P>0.05) by supplementation with either grain or straw, and averaged 12.7�kg�DM/cow.day. Cows supplemented with grain achieved a marginal milk-production response of 1.0�kg�fat-corrected milk (FCM)/kg DM grain. However, with increasing amounts of straw, responses of 0.0, 0.9 and 0.5 kg FCM/kg DM grain were observed. Fat-corrected milk yields were not different (P>0.05) between straw treatments and averaged 25.8 kg FCM/cow.day. Grain feeding significantly (P<0.05) reduced milk fat concentration and increased (P<0.05) milk protein concentration, although offering increasing amounts of straw had no significant (P>0.05) effect on either milk fat or milk protein concentration. Average ruminal fluid pH was significantly (P<0.05) lower when cows consumed cereal grain pellets than with those treatments without cereal grain (5.82 v. 6.09). There were no differences (P>0.05) in ruminal fluid pH among cows that consumed different amounts of straw. When cows were managed to limit intake of subterranean clover by restricting pasture allowance, supplementation with cereal grain resulted in acceptable marginal milk-production responses of 1.0 kg FCM/kg DM cereal grain. Under these circumstances, providing additional NDF as straw did not improve the milk-production response to cereal grain, with NDF ranging from 290 to 337 g/kg DM when 0–1.7 kg DM straw was consumed.
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Abati, Julia, Cristian Rafael Brzezinski, Claudemir Zucareli, Flávia Werner, and Fernando Augusto Henning. "Seed vigor and amount of soybean straw on seedling emergence and productive performance of wheat." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 38, no. 4 (August 4, 2017): 2179. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n4p2179.
Full textAbstract:
The use of high-quality seeds is essential to minimize the possible suppressive effect of straw on seedling emergence, contributing to stand establishment and high grain yield. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of seed vigor associated with soil cover with different amounts of soybean straw on seedling emergence and productive performance of wheat. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using two wheat cultivars (CD 150 and BRS Gralha Azul) under a completely randomized design in a 2 × 5 factorial scheme with four replications. Factors consisted of two seed vigor levels (high and low) and five amounts of soybean straw (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 t ha?1). The following assessments were performed: seedling emergence, dry mass of seedling shoot, number of tillers, plant height, yield components (number of spikes per plant, number of grains per spike, and mass of one thousand seeds), grain yield, and harvest index. The use of high vigor seeds favors the emergence and dry mass production of seedling shoot for both cultivars. The increased amount of soybean straw reduces seedling emergence in both cultivars. In the cultivars CD 150 and BRS Gralha Azul, the amounts of soybean straw of 2.45 and 5.40 t ha?1, respectively, result in a higher wheat grain yield.
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Moursy, Ahmed A., and MM Ismail. "Effects of Different Nitrogen Fertilizers and Humic Acid On Wheat Crop Irrigated With Different Water Regime Using 15N." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 50, no. 2 (June 18, 2021): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v50i2.54081.
Full textAbstract:
A field experiment was conducted to observe effects of water requirements and different fertilizers on wheat crop’s yield, production and N uptake. Data showed that dry matter yield of wheat grain was higher with Hu + AS (5.82 mt/ha) compared with applied water 100% ETC. Concerning the rate of water regime, the best significant grain yield of wheat was obtained with 100% ETc (4.23 mt/ha). Nitrogen derived from fertilizer Ndff% with 50% ETC of water was 28.41 and 27.28% for grain and straw, respectively. At 100% ETC of water the Ndff% was 30.16 and 27.75% for grain and straw, respectively. Nitrogen utilized by grains and straw was more efficient under treatment Hu + AS combined with 50% Etc, 100% Etc recording 15.6 and 32.23%, respectively. At 50% ETC of water requirements for wheat crop, higher N remained in 0 - 15, 15 - 30 and 30 - 45 cm soil depth were nearly closed to each other compared with the treatment made at 100% ETC of water requirements.
Bangladesh J. Bot. 50(2): 261-267, 2021 (June)
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Hikmawati, Meiyana. "PENGARUH PEMBERIAN JERAMI DAN JARAK TANAM TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI TANAMAN PADI (Oryza sativa L)." Agrotechbiz 6, no. 1 (August 14, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.51747/agrotechbiz.v6i1.443.
Full textAbstract:
The objectives of this research is the effect of straw and range on the yield of rice (Oryza sativa L).
The method of the research use factorial design based on the Randomized Block Design with two factors of treatment. The first factor was straw (without straw (P0), fermented straw (P1) dan straw burned (P2)) and second factor was range (spacing of 25 x 20 cm (J1), spacing of 25 x 25 cm (J2) and spacing of 25 x 30 cm (J3)) and each kombination of treatment three times replicated so that it is obtained 9 trial combinations and 27 trial plots.
The result of the research : (1) There was not interaction between straw and range on the yield of rice (Oryza nivara). (2) The highest yield was treatment P1(fermented straw) for all parameters except plant height in 14 hst, penicle length per clump and weight of 1000 grains of dry grains milled. (3) The highest yield was treatment J3 (spacing of 25 x 30 cm) for all parameters except weight of grain per plot dan weight of 1000 grains of dry grains milled.
Key word : straw, range and interaction.
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Jafari, Mohammad, Gholam Reza Chegini, and Javad Khazaei. "Determination of Physical Properties, Moisture Absorption Process and Aerodynamic Properties of Grain and Cluster Straw of Two Wheat Cultivars." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 68, no. 5 (2020): 831–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun202068050831.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, physical properties of grain and cluster straw including geometric dimensions, moisture absorption and aerodynamic properties of two wheat cultivars were investigated. The effect of cultivar on width, thickness, geometric diameter, spheroid coefficient and mass density was significant at 1% probability level whilst there were no significant effect on grain projected area, length and weight. Moisture absorption of the grains was rapid during the first 30–40 min and then turned to zero. The terminal velocity of wheat grain and straw in three shapes was measured by calculating the projected area in horizontal, lateral and perpendicular directions and then, the drag coefficient was obtained by the equilibrium of the gravity and drag forces at the terminal velocity. Results also showed that increasing moisture content resulted in an increase in the terminal velocity and a decrease in the drag coefficient. Results obtained in this study can be used in designing wheat- cluster straw separation and processing.
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Goodchild, A. V., F. Jaby El-Haramein, and T. T. Treacher. "Predicting the voluntary intake of barley straw with near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS)." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1994 (March 1994): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600026581.
Full textAbstract:
In developing countries, straws, stovers and stubbles provide a large proportion of the nutrient intake of ruminants. Cereal breeders working for these countries need a rapid test to predict the nutritional value of straw. An important component of nutritional value of straw is voluntary intake (Goodchild et al. 1992). Voluntary intake (DMT) is usually measured in samples of straw weighing 100 kg or more: in contrast, only a few plants weighing tens of grams are available for each genotype in the early stages of breeding. Indirect methods of estimating voluntary intake, like in vitro gas production, are available but relatively costly. For these reasons, and because selecting for grain yield and stem stiffness has been a priority in developed countries, breeders have tended to ignore straw quality.
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Reid, G. W., E. R. Ørskov, and M. Kay. "The effect of variety, type of straw and ammonia treatment on digestibility and growth rate in steers." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1987 (March 1987): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600035078.
Full textAbstract:
The gross energy content of cereal straw is almost as high as that of grain, but, because straw is relatively indigestible even to ruminants, much of this energy passes right through the digestive system and so makes no contribution to nutrition. Treatment of straw with alkali (normally ammonia or sodium hydroxide) improves digestibility and thus increases the amounts of energy available to animals. Straw which has been improved in this way is often said to be of similar nutritional value to medium quality hay; but responses in terms of animal performance demonstrate that this is not always so.It has been observed that the nutritive values of straws of the various cereals and of the varieties within each cereal differ considerably and that, though alkali treatments generally improve the least digestible straws the most, the differences between improved straws may still be large enough to be important. Degradability measurements carried out on large numbers of wheat, barley and oat straws to obtain an indication of nutritive value, confirm this (Tuah et al. 1986), but further evidence was needed using feeding trials with animals to support these findings and demonstrate their practical significance.
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REN, YUJIE, CHAO GAO, ZHENXING YAN, RUI ZONG, YUZHAO MA, and QUANQI LI. "EFFECTS OF PLANTING SYSTEMS AND STRAW MULCHING ON CARBON EMISSIONS AND WINTER WHEAT GRAIN YIELD IN THE NORTH CHINA PLAIN." Experimental Agriculture 54, no. 4 (June 27, 2017): 520–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479717000217.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARYTo explore effective ways to decrease soil CO2 emission and increase winter wheat grain yield in the North China Plain, a field experiment was conducted using two planting systems (wide-precision planting and conventional-cultivation planting) and two straw mulching rates (0 and 0.6 kg m−2) to study carbon emission, carbon cumulative emission flux, grain yield and yield carbon utilization efficiency. In the 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 winter wheat growing seasons, CO2 emission rate and cumulative CO2-C fluxes following straw mulching treatment were significantly lower than those following non-mulching treatments, whereas the yield carbon utilization efficiency was significant higher following straw mulching treatment. Straw mulching significantly reduced winter wheat grain yield, which was mainly due to the significant decrease in spike numbers and 1000-kernel weight. However, wide-precision planting system significantly increased winter wheat grain yields by increasing spike numbers under straw mulching conditions. Therefore, wide-precision planting system could compensate for the reduction in winter wheat grain yield under carbon sequestration conditions in the North China Plain.
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Kaisar, Nahid, Abu Zofar Md. Moslehuddin, Md Mahbubul Alam Tarafder, and Md Sohanur Rahman. "Effects of integrated nutrient management on performance of t. aus rice (BRRI dhan48) in old brahmaputra floodplain soil." International Journal of Advanced Geosciences 8, no. 1 (June 14, 2020): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijag.v8i1.30658.
Full textAbstract:
A field experiment was conducted at Sutiakhali, Mymensingh to see the effect of integrated nutrient management on performance of T. Aus rice (BRRI dhan48) during March to July 2015 following Randomized Complete Block Design with five treatments and four replications. The treatments were T1: RD (N75 P12 K45 S9), T2: STB (N74 P11 K36 S7), T3: INM (N54 P5 K27 S5+ CD @ 5.0 t ha−1), T4: Farmer’s practice (N69 P30 K37), and T5: Control (no fertilizer). The highest values for plant height (97.35 cm), effective tillers hill-1(19.45) panicle length (23.49 cm), filled grains panicle-1 (123.7), 1000-grain weight (25.39 g), grain yield (4.823t ha-1), straw yield (8.462 t ha-1) and biological yield (13.29 t ha-1) were obtained from T3: INM. Lowest values found in T5: Control. The maximum N, P, K and S uptake by grain (35.55, 6.99, 15.20 and 3.38 kg/ha respectively) were obtained from the application of INM. The minimum N, P, K and S uptake by grain (20.08, 3.64, 8.35 and 1.74 kg/ha respectively) were found from T5: Control. Similarly, the maximum N, P, K and S uptake by straw (3.38, 5.43, 99.25 and 7.37 kg/ha respectively) were found from T3: INM. The minimum N, P, K and S uptake by straw (1.74, 2.67, 49.70 and 3.87 kg/ha respectively) were obtained from T5 (Control). Among treatments, T3 produced highest grain and straw of BRRI dhan48. Chemical fertilizers in combination with manure based on INM could be recommended for BRRI dhan48 production in aus season.
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Arshadullah, Muhammad, Syed Ishtiaq Hyder, and Arshad Ali. "Sulphur Supply Enhances Wheat Growth and Yield on Saline-Sodic Soil." Biological Sciences - PJSIR 54, no. 3 (December 26, 2011): 122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.biol.sci.54.3.2011.122.125.
Full textAbstract:
. The effect of different S levels (0, 25, 50 and 75 kg S/ha) on growth and ionic concentration of wheat variety Inqlab-91 directly sown on saline-sodic soil (ECe=5.65 dS/m, pH=8.57 and SAR=17.38) was evaluated in a field experiment. Treatments were arranged using randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The crop was harvested at maturity, data on tillering, plant height, spike length, number of grains/spike, 1000- grain weight and yields (grain and straw) were recorded. Na, K, Ca and S concentrations in grain and straw were estimated using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Tillering, number of grains/spike, 1000- grain weight and grain yield significantly (p :: 0.05) increased by enhancing the S application. Maximum wheat yield (4.66 t/ha) was recorded when S was applied at 75 kg/ha, which was 43% more than the control treatment. Maximum number of tillers/plant (161) and number of grains/spike
(56) were recorded with sulphur applied at 75 kg/ha. Positive correlation (r = 0.85), (r = 0.88) between calcium, potassium and negative correlation (r = -0.84) between grain sodium content and wheat grain yield was recorded. It indicates that presence of significantly higher Ca and K contents of grain receiving S application might possibly help plants to attain more Ca and K and avoided sodium uptake to alleviate salinity/sodicity stress. Economical analysis showed that maximum value cost ratio (5.5:1) was achieved with the application of 25 kg S/ha.
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Abdul Mannan, Md, Md Abul Hashem, Md Sohanur Rahman, Fakhar Uddin Talukder, and Md Kamrujjaman. "Yield contributing characters of BRRI dhan49 as influenced by integrated use of banana leaves with inorganic potassium fertilizer." International Journal of Advanced Geosciences 8, no. 2 (November 28, 2020): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijag.v8i2.30909.
Full textAbstract:
A field experiment was carried out at the Soil Science Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh during aman season of 2014 to study the integrated use of banana leaves with inorganic potassium fertilizer on the growth and yield of BRRI dhan49 following Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with eight treatments and three replications. The highest plant height (85.55cm), panicle length (21.46cm), number of effective tillers hill-1 (11.54), number of filled grains panicle-1 (149.53), 1000-grain weight (21.85gm), grain yields (5.66 t ha-1) and straw yield (6.81 t ha-1) were obtained in the treatment T3 and the lowest plant height (77.10cm), panicle length (18.85cm), number of effective tillers hill-1 (8.64), number of filled grains panicle-1 (112.11), 1000-grain weight (19.96gm), grain yields (3.50 t ha-1) and straw yield (4.73 t ha-1) were recorded in the control. It can be recommended to integrated use of 50% K from banana leaves+50% K from MoP on growth and yield of BRRI dhan49.
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Koné, Brahima, Zadi Florent, Gala bi Trazié Jeremie, Akassimadou Edja Fulgence, Konan Kouamé Firmin, Traoré Minignan Joachim, Kouamé René N’ganzoua, and Yao Kouamé Albert. "Lowland Rice Yield as Affected by Straw Incorporation and Inorganic Fertilizer Over Cropping Seasons in Fluvisol." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE 3, no. 1 (September 26, 2014): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v3i1.5409.
Full textAbstract:
Grain yield stabilization of lowland rice over cropping seasons was explored using different compositions of inorganic fertilizers (NPK, NPKCa, NPKMg, NPKZn, NPKCaMg, NPKCaZn and NPKCaMgZn) and straw incorporation (3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 tha-1 ). No fertilizer and no straw amended plot was the control in a split-plot design with three replications laid in a Fluvisol of Guinea savanna in Centre Cote d’Ivoire. Three weeks old nursery rice variety NERICA L19 was transplanted. No significant difference of grain yield was observed between the different treatments excluding the highest yields recorded for treatments NPKMg (5.09 tha-1 ), NPKZn (5.15 tha-1 ) and NPKCaéMg (5.31 tha-1 ) compared with 12 (3.95 tha1 ) and 15 tha-1 (4.14 tha-1 ) as straw rates respectively. Grain yield declining trend was more pronounced for mineral fertilizer treatments showing twice greater depressive effect of cropping cycle compared with the straw especially, for treatments characterized by highest grain yield in the first cropping season and similar grain yields were recorded for both sources of nutrient in the third cropping cycle. Of slowness of nutrients releasing by straw, highest grain yield was expected for this soil amender within a longer period of cultivation whereas, unbalance soil micronutrients should be relevant to studious declining yield under inorganic fertilizer effect. Nevertheless, the straw rate of 12 tha-1 supplying 0.58% of NPK as mineral fertilizer equivalent can be recommended for sustaining lowland rice production in the studied agro-ecosystems unless for three cropping seasons.
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Jenkyn, J. F., O. J. Stedman, G. V. Dyke, and A. D. Todd. "Effects of straw inoculum and fungicides on leaf blotch (Rhynchosporium secalis), growth and yield of winter barley." Journal of Agricultural Science 112, no. 1 (February 1989): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600084148.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryFive experiments in harvest years 1980–2 tested the effects of straw inoculum and fungicides on leaf blotch (Rhynchosporium secalis), growth and yield of winter barley. Inoculating plots with rhynchosporium-infected straw increased the rate of disease development and greatly decreased seedling growth but inoculating plots with wheat straw or sterilized barley straw had no effect. In 1982, plots inoculated with infected straw gave less grain than uninoculated plots, but in all years fungicide sprays applied in winter or early spring had mostly small effects on grain yield that were only poorly related to their effects on leaf blotch and seedling growth.
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Devi, Sapna, and Geeta Sumbali. "Suitability of three different cereal grains for spawn development and their impact on the growth and yield of Macrocybe gigantea (Massee) Pegler & Lod." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 13, no. 1 (March 8, 2021): 204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i1.2547.
Full textAbstract:
Mushroom cultivation is an economical biotechnological process for the conversion of various unused lignocellulosic wastes into protein rich food. The present study was conducted to assess the suitability of three different cereal grains viz., bajra (Pennisetum glaucum L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) for spawn production of Macrocybe gigantea (Massee) Pegler & Lod. and further its cultivation on two agrowastes (wheat straw and paddy straw) for assessing biological efficacy. It was observed that among the three cereal grains tested, bajra grains took significantly (P?0.05) less time for spawn development. Moreover, a minimum period of spawn run (16.3 days), highest sporophore yield (343.6g/500g of dry substrate) and biological efficiency (68.7%) were also recorded from substrate bags inoculated with bajra grain spawn. These results suggest the use of bajra grain spawn for quick and successful cultivation of M. gigantea.
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Bhowmik, SK, MAR Sarkar, and F. Zaman. "Effect of spacing and number of seedlings per hill on the performance of aus rice cv. NERICA 1 under dry direct seeded rice (DDSR) system of cultivation." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 10, no. 2 (April 20, 2013): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v10i2.14681.
Full textAbstract:
An experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period from April to August 2011 to find out the effect of spacing and number of seedlings hill-1 on the performance of Aus rice cv. NERICA 1. Four spacing viz. 25 cm × l5 cm, 20 cm × l5 cm. 20 cm × 10 cm and 15 cm × 10 cm and four number of seedlings hill-1 viz. 2, 3, 4 and 5 were included in the experiment. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The highest number of total tillers m-2, number of effective tillers m-2, number of grains panicle-1, grain yield, straw yield, biological yield and harvest index were obtained from 20 cm × 10 cm spacing. Plant height and 1000- grain weight were not significantly affected by spacing. Number of seedlings hill-1 exerts a significant effect on plant height. The highest value of total tillers m-2, number of effective tillers m-2, total grains panicle-1, grain yield, straw yield, biological yield and harvest index were obtained from five seedlings hill-1. The interaction between spacing and number of seedlings hill-1 significantly influenced yield and plant characters. The highest number of effective tillers m-2, grains panicle-1, grain yield, straw yield and biological yield were recorded from the interaction between 20 cm × 10 cm and five seedlings hill-1. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v10i2.14681 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 10(2): 191-195, 2012
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Paramesh, Venkatesh, Shiva Dhar, Anchal Dass, Bipin Kumar, Amit Kumar, Diaa O. El-Ansary, and Hosam O. Elansary. "Role of Integrated Nutrient Management and Agronomic Fortification of Zinc on Yield, Nutrient Uptake and Quality of Wheat." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (April 25, 2020): 3513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093513.
Full textAbstract:
Phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) are essential plant nutrients, and their deficiency in soils and the antagonistic effect of P on Zn are important concerns world-over. Thus, a two-year (2012–13 to 2013–14) experimentation was carried out to assess grain yield, nutrient uptake and quality parameters of wheat by various levels of P and Zn. The results revealed that 50% recommended dose of P (RDP) through phospho-enriched compost (PEC) + 50% RDP through fertiliser and soil application of 12.5 kg ZnSO4.7H2O ha−1 + one foliar spray of 0.5% ZnSO4.7H2O recorded significantly higher grain yield (4.81 and 4.61 t ha−1, respectively), straw yield (7.20 and 6.92 t ha−1, respectively) and protein content (11.5% and 11.3%, respectively). The concentrations of Zn in grain (35.6%) and straw (57.3%) were not affected due to organic P application but 100% P through P fertilizer reduced the Zn content in the grains. Both soil and foliar application of Zn were found to be more promising in increasing Zn and Fe concentration in grains (37.5 and 30.9 mg kg−1, respectively) and straw (60.3 and 398 mg kg−1, respectively). Overall, the treatment combination of 50% RDP through PEC + 50% RDP through fertiliser and soil applied 12.5 kg ZnSO4.7H2O ha−1 + one spray of 0.5% Zn was beneficial in reducing antagonistic effect of P on Zn and increasing Zn and Fe concentration in wheat grain and, thus, could be used for improving the yield of Zn and Fe enriched wheat grains.
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Josiane, TIENDREBEOGO, SAWADOGO Nerbéwendé, KIENDREBEOGO Timbilfou, KIEBRE Zakaria, SAWADOGO Boureima, KIEBRE Mariam, ZERBO Afoussatou, NANEMA Kiswendsida Romaric, and SAWADOGO Mahamadou. "Réponse agro-morphologique de 14 génotypes de sorgho grains sucrés du Burkina Faso à la fertilisation minérale." Journal of Applied Biosciences 145 (January 31, 2020): 14880–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/jabs.145.4.
Full textAbstract:
Le sorgho grains sucrés est une culture produite essentiellement pour ses grains sucrés et riches en oligoéléments consommés au stade grains pâteux. Objectif: L’étude vise à déterminer l’effet de la fertilisation minérale (NPK) sur l’expression des paramètres agro-morphologiques du sorgho grains sucrés [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. Méthodologie et résultats: L’essai a été réalisé en saison pluvieuse selon un dispositif en split plot avec trois répétitions. Quatorze génotypes de sorgho grains sucrés ont été soumis à trois niveaux de fertilisation à savoir 100 kg NPK/ha (TR); 125 kg NPK/ha (T1) et 150 kg NPK/ha (T2). Au total, neuf variables quantitatives relatives à la phénologie de la plante, au tallage et aux rendements grains et paille ont été mesurées. Les résultats ont révélé que seule la teneur en matière sèche de la paille (TMS) a présenté une différence significative (p ˂ 0.05) en fonction du facteur traitement. La dose TR (100 kg NPK/ha) a été optimale pour la production en grains et en paille du sorgho grains sucrés. Les rendements à l’hectare pour l’ensemble des trois traitements ont varié respectivement de 3397,092 kg (MTC2) à 8969,937 kg (SBR7) pour le grain et de 4154,948 kg (MTC2) à 12683,594 kg (SBR7) pour la paille. Conclusion et applications : Il ressort de cette étude que le niveau de fertilisation a eu très peu d’influence sur la plupart des paramètres agro-morphologiques de la plante. La dose de 100 kg NPK/ha est une dose optimale pour la production de cette culture. Cela permet d’orienter le producteur en matière de fertilisation et sur le choix des génotypes de sorgho grains sucrés à double usage (grains et fourrage). Mots clés: Sorgho grains sucrés, génotypes, NPK, diversité, Burkina Faso. Agromorphological response of 14 genotypes of sweet grain sorghum from Burkina Faso to mineral fertilization ABSTRACT Sweet grain sorghum is a crop produced mainly for its sweet grains and rich in trace elements consumed in the pasty grains stage. Objective: The study aims to determine the effect of mineral fertilization (NPK) on the expression of agro-morphological parameters of sorghum sweet grains [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. Methodology and results: The experiment was carried out in the rainy season according to a split plot design with three repetitions. Fourteen sweet grain sorghum genotypes were submitted to three levels of fertilization, defined as 100 kg NPK/ha (TR); 125 kg NPK/ha (T1) and 150 kg NPK/ha (T2). A total of nine quantitative variables related to plant phenology, tillering and grain and straw yields were measured. The results revealed that only the dry matter content of straw (TMS) showed a significant difference (p ˂ 0.05) depending on the treatment factor. The TR dose (100 kg NPK/ha) was optimal for grain and straw production of sweet grain sorghum. Yields per hectare for all treatments varied from 3397.092 kg (MTC2) to 8969.937 kg (SBR7) and from 4154.948 kg (MTC2) to 12683.594 kg (SBR7) respectively for grain and straw. This study shows that the level of fertilization has had very little influence on most of the agromorphological parameters of the plant. The 100 kg NPK/ha dose is an optimal dose for the production of this crop. This allows to guide the producer in fertilization and the choice of sweet grain sorghum genotypes for dual-use (grains and feed). Key words: Sweet grain sorghum, genotypes, NPK, diversity, Burkina Faso.
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Adhikari, Jyoti, Abdur Rahman Sarkar, Md Romij Uddin, Uttam Kumer Sarker, Kawsar Hossen, and Umme Rosemila. "Effect of nitrogen fertilizer and weed management on the yield of transplant aman rice." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 16, no. 1 (April 30, 2018): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v16i1.36473.
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The research work was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during aman season from July to December 2015 to study the effect of nitrogen fertilizer and weed management on the growth and yield of transplant aman rice cv. BRRI dhan46. The experiment consisted of four fertilizer treatments viz. 0 kg N ha−1 (N0), 40 kg N ha−1(N1), 80 kg N ha−1(N2) and 120 kg N ha−1(N3) and four weeding treatments viz. one hand weeding at 20 DAT (W1), two hand weedings at 20 and 35 DAT (W2), three hand weedings at 20, 35 and 50 DAT (W3), weeding by Japanese rice weeder twice at 20 and 35 DAT (W4) and unweeded control (W5). The experiment was laid out in the randomized complete block design with three replications. The highest plant height (113.00 cm), number of total tillers hill−1 (8.74), number of effective tillers hill−1 (6.18), panicle length (21.98 cm), number of grains panicle−1 (114.20), grain yield (4.00 t ha−1), straw yield (5.25 t ha−1) and biological yield (9.25 t ha−1) were recorded in N2 (80 kg N ha−1) treatment. The lowest plant height (106.00 cm), number of total tillers hill-1 (7.20), number of effective tillers hill−1 (5.00), panicle length (20.70 cm), number of grains panicle−1 (97.60), grain yield (3.52 t ha−1), straw yield (4.46 t ha−1) and biological yield (7.97 t ha−1) were recorded from N0 (No nitrogen fertilizer control) treatment. On the other hand, the highest grain yield 4.23 t ha−1 was observed in three weedings condition because of the highest number of effective tillers hill−1 (6.81), number of grains panicle−1(111.10). The highest straw yield (5.51 t ha−1) was also found in three weeding condition. The lowest grain yield (3.40 t ha−1) was recorded in W5 (unweeded control) treatment. The lowest straw yield (4.31 t ha−1) was also observed in W5 (unweeded control) treatment because of the smallest plant (106.97 cm) and lower number of total tillers hill−1 (7.20). Therefore, 80 kg N ha−1along with three hand weedings at 20, 35 and 50 DAT may be used for obtaining the highest grain and straw yields of BRRI dhan46J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 16(1): 12-16, April 2018
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Juhász, Evelin Kármen, and Andrea Balláné Kovács. "The effect of sulphur and nitrogen supply on the growth and nutrient content of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 74 (June 30, 2018): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/74/1666.
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Sulphur is an essential element for plants. Decreasing sulphur deposition from the air, and the use of more concentrated phosphate fertilizers, which contain no sulphur, has led to reports of sulphur deficiencies for wheat. Sulphur deficiency significantly affects yield and also the quality of wheat. The pot experiment was set up on calcareous chernozem soil at Látókép, Hungary, test plant was spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L). Seven treatments were used where nitrogen and sulphur were supplied as soil fertilizers in increasing rates (NS1, NS2, NS3) and in foliar fertilizer as well (NS1+fol., NS2+fol., NS3+fol.). Plant aboveground biomass production was determined in samples taken in the stages of development BBCH 29-30, 51-59, 61-69, 89. The nitrogen and sulphur content of straw and grain were measured. N/S ratios of grain and straw were calculated. The weights of grain were ranging between 8.6–16.1 g/pot. NS2 and NS2+fol. treatments produced the highest values. Foliar fertilizer had no further effect on grain. Analysing the values of the straw, it was observed that tendencies were similar to values of grain. The NS2 treatment produced the highest weight of straw and the NS3 rate already decreased that amount. The obtained results show the unfavourable effect of excessively high rate applied in NS3 treatment. The supplementary foliar fertilizer had no significant influence on the weight of straw. Both N and S-uptake of plant was very intensive at the stem elongation stage, then the N and S-content of plant continuously decreased in time in all treatments. The N-content of grain ranged between 2.215–2.838%.
The N-content of grain slightly increased with increasing of nitrogen doses. In the higher doses (NS2, NS3) foliar fertilization slightly increased the nitrogen content of grain, although this effect was not statistically proved. The N-content of straw varied from 0.361 to 0.605%. The growing dose of soil fertilizer also considerably increased the nitrogen content of straw. Foliar fertilization further increased the nitrogen content of straw. The S-content of grain ranged between 0.174–0.266%. The lowest fertilizer dose (NS1) significantly increased the sulphur content of grain. The further increasing fertilizer doses (NS2, NS3) did not cause additional enhance in sulphur content of grain.
The foliar fertilizer also did not change the sulphur value of plant. The increasing amount of soil fertilizer and the supplementary foliar fertilizer had no effect on the sulphur content of straw. The treatments influenced the N/S ratios of grain and straw. On the basis of experimental results it can be concluded that the examined nitrogen and sulphur containing soil fertilizer had positive effect on the growth and yield of spring wheat grown on the calcareous chernozem soil. The soil fertilizer application enhanced the grain nitrogen and sulphur content. The highest rate of fertilizer (600 kg ha-1) proved to have decreasing effect on the yield. The sulphur and nitrogen containing foliar fertilizer did not have significant effect on the yield parameters but slightly increased the nitrogen content of plant.
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Thomas, Cathy L., Gifty E. Acquah, Andrew P. Whitmore, Steve P. McGrath, and Stephan M. Haefele. "The Effect of Different Organic Fertilizers on Yield and Soil and Crop Nutrient Concentrations." Agronomy 9, no. 12 (November 20, 2019): 776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120776.
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At present, organic fertilizers are not widely used in intensive arable agriculture, and not much is known about their effects on crop nutrition. In a field experiment at Rothamsted, UK, anaerobic digestate (AD), compost, farmyard manure (FYM), straw, and mixes of amendment + straw, were applied at: 1, 1.75, 2.5 or 3.5 t carbon ha−1, with all plots receiving the same input of mineral fertilizer. After five seasons of application, plots receiving non-straw amendments had greater straw and grain yield of 28% and 18% respectively, and plots receiving the highest amendment rate had a 37% higher straw and 23% higher grain yield, compared to control plots. Whereas, the straw-only amendment did not increase yield compared to the control. The concentrations of secondary and micro nutrients in the crop, particularly P, Ca, and S in the straw, and P and Fe in the grain, were significantly greater in the crop receiving non-straw amendment compared to the control. Interestingly K, Fe, and Zn were greater in the crop straw treated with the straw-only amendment. Therefore ‘biomass dilution’ of secondary and micro nutrients did not occur in the higher-yielding amended plots after five seasons, and organic fertilizers would improve the quality of high-yielding, intensively produced crops. The study also demonstrates that portable x-ray fluorescence (pXRF) could be a reliable, cost-effective tool for screening potential organic fertilizers.
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Suardi, Alessandro, Sergio Saia, Walter Stefanoni, Carina Gunnarsson, Martin Sundberg, and Luigi Pari. "Admixing Chaff with Straw Increased the Residues Collected without Compromising Machinery Efficiencies." Energies 13, no. 7 (April 7, 2020): 1766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071766.
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The collection of residues from staple crop may contribute to meet EU regulations in renewable energy production without harming soil quality. At a global scale, chaff may have great potential to be used as a bioenergy source. However, chaff is not usually collected, and its loss can consist of up to one-fifth of the residual biomass harvestable. In the present work, a spreader able to manage the chaff (either spreading [SPR] on the soil aside to the straw swath or admixed [ADM] with the straw) at varying threshing conditions (with either 1 or 2 threshing rotors [1R and 2R, respectively] in the combine, which affects the mean length of the straw pieces). The fractions of the biomass available in field (grain, chaff, straw, and stubble) were measured, along with the performances of both grain harvesting and baling operations. Admixing chaff allowed for a slightly higher amount of straw fresh weight baled compared to SPR (+336 kg straw ha−1), but such result was not evident on a dry weight basis. At the one time, admixing chaff reduced the material capacity of the combine by 12.9%. Using 2R compared to 1R strongly reduced the length of the straw pieces, and increased the bale unit weight; however, it reduced the field efficiency of the grain harvesting operations by 11.9%. On average, the straw loss did not vary by the treatments applied and was 44% of the total residues available (computed excluding the stubble). In conclusion, admixing of chaff with straw is an option to increase the residues collected without compromising grain harvesting and straw baling efficiencies; in addition, it can reduce the energy needs for the bale logistics. According to the present data, improving the chaff collection can allow halving the loss of residues. However, further studies are needed to optimise both the chaff and the straw recoveries.
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Płoszyński, Michał, and Bogdana Runowska-Hryńczuk. "The influence of Avadex BW on the yield and chemical composition of spring barley variety 'Aramir', with different NPK fertilization." Acta Agrobotanica 33, no. 1 (2013): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1980.011.
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The combined influence of two doses of herbicide Avadex BW (3 and 6 l/ha) and three levels of NPK fertilization on spring barley variety 'Aramir' was studied in a pot experiment. Only with the highest NPK dose, and only during the initial stage of vegetation the herbicide showed the phytotoxicity toward barley. Avadex BW manifested no significant effect on the yields of ,grain and straw. Increasing doses of N~P brought about significant yield increases of above-ground parts during shooting stage, and of the grain and straw in the final yield. Fertilization gave much more evident qualitative changes in barley than the herbicide. The latter increased Ca content in the straw and decreased that of potassium in the straw and grain.
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Luna, MA, MAR Sarkar, MR Uddin, and UK Sarker. "Effect of age of seedlings at staggered planting and nitrogen rate on the growth and yield of transplant Aman rice." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 15, no. 1 (August 11, 2017): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v15i1.33526.
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An experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during July to December 2015 to find out the effect of age of seedlings at staggered planting and nitrogen rate on the growth and yield of transplant Aman rice (cv. BRRI dhan46). The experiment comprised three ages of seedlings viz. 30, 45 and 60-day old and six nitrogen rate viz. 0, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120k kg N ha1. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The effect of age of seedlings and nitrogen rates and their interaction were significant on yield and yield contributing characters of transplant Aman rice. The highest plant height, total dry matter production hill1 and leaf area index were recorded in 30-day old seedlings with 80 kg N ha1. Grain yield gradually increased with the use of relatively younger seedlings and 30-day old seedlings produced the highest number of effective tillers hill1 (5.34), grains panicle1 (110.9), 1000-grain weight (24.60 g), grain yield (4.06 t ha1) and straw yield (5.17 t ha1). In case of nitrogen rate, 80 kg N ha1 produce the highest grains panicle1 (113.1), 1000-grain weight (25.39 g), grain yield (4.37 t ha1) and straw yield (5.59 t ha1). In interaction, 30-day old seedlings with 80 kg N ha1 produced the highest effective tillers hill1 (6.22), grains panicle1 (124.1), 1000-grain weight (26.91g), grain yield (4.71 t ha1) and straw yield (6.16 t ha1). Therefore, 30-day old seedlings with 80 kg N ha1 appeared as the promising technique to obtain the highest grain yield. It was also observed that under adverse situation delaying in transplanting may be continued up to 15 September with aged seedlings (60-day old) from the same source and application of nitrogen ranging from 100120 kg ha1 to obtain grain yield ranging from 3.84.0 t ha1.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 15(1): 21-25, January 2017
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Zamir, M. S. I., G. Yasin, H. M. R. Javeed, A. U. H. Ahmad, A. Tanveer, and M. Yaseen. "Effect of Different Sowing Techniques and Mulches on the Growth and Yield Behavior of Spring Planted Maize (Zea Mays L.)." Cercetari agronomice in Moldova 46, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10298-012-0076-8.
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Abstract A field trail was carried out to evaluate the effect of different sowing techniques and mulches on the growth and yield attributes of maize. The experiment was conducted at the Agronomic Research Farm, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad during spring season, 2011. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with split plot arrangement having three replications with net plot size of 7.0 m × 4.5 m. Field experiment comprised of five sowing methods (S1: ridge sowing, S2: ridge sowing alternate double sided, S3: bed sowing, S4: furrow sowing and S5 flat sowing) and three mulches (M1: maize pith, M2: wheat straw, M3: rice straw) was conducted during 2011 spring season under the tropical condition. The results showed that cobs length, cob diameter, and number of grains per cob, 1000-grain weight, biological yield and grain yield were maximum under ridge sowing method (S1) following the ridge sowing alternate double sided (S2). Furrow sowing shows least response to the agronomic and yield related parameters of spring maize. Among the mulch treatments; wheat straw mulch (M2) perform better and gave higher grain yield (6.21 Mg ha-1) as compared to the rice straw mulch and maize pith. Sowing techniques and mulches showed statistically non significant results for quality parameters (starch contents, oil contents and protein contents). Interaction of all three quality parameters was also observed non significant.
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ANNICCHIARICO, P., Z. ABDELLAOUI, M. KELKOULI, and H. ZERARGUI. "Grain yield, straw yield and economic value of tall and semi-dwarf durum wheat cultivars in Algeria." Journal of Agricultural Science 143, no. 1 (February 2005): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859605004855.
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In cereal-livestock farming systems of North Africa and West Asia the straw of durum wheat [Triticum turgidum (L.) Thell. ssp. turgidum conv. durum (Desf.) MacKey] is frequently used for feeding animals during the dry season and may enhance the sustainability and the flexibility of farming in various respects. In Algeria the average sale price per unit weight of the durum straw is around 30% of that of grain. Six tall and 18 semi-dwarf locally well-adapted cultivars were grown in the season 2000/01 at five Algerian locations representing the main durum wheat cropping areas to verify: (i) the impact of straw yield on the economic merit of cultivars for recommendation and (ii) the interest of tall v. semi-dwarf plant types for breeding. The tall material comprised four cultivars derived from local landraces and two old varieties. The semi-dwarf germplasm originated from CIMMYT, ICARDA or various Mediterranean countries. In the economic assessment the straw value was expressed in terms of grain-equivalent, defining an economic yield as: grain yield+(0·30×straw yield). The merit of individual cultivars was markedly affected by ignoring or taking into account the straw yield. On average, tall germplasm had a moderate (about 3%) but significant (P<0·02) economic advantage over semi-dwarf material as a result of much higher straw yield (+25%) and aerial biomass (+12%) and somewhat lower grain yield (−7%). However, three semi-dwarf varieties from CIMMYT were top-ranking for economic yield. They possessed outstanding aerial biomass and similar harvest index compared with the mean response of other semi-dwarf germplasm. On average, the tall germplasm showed higher grain yield stability (P<0·01), lower straw yield stability (P<0·01) and slightly higher stability of economic yield (P<0·11) than the semi-dwarf group as measured by Shukla's stability variance. Grain yield was negatively correlated with straw yield (r=−0·41, P<0·05), and was not correlated with aerial biomass, in the whole set of cultivars. However, it was not correlated with straw yield, and was positively correlated with aerial biomass (r=0·61, P<0·01), within the semi-dwarf germplasm. Information on straw yield can improve the targeting of cultivars for cereal-livestock farming systems. Breeding for these systems may target either a tall type within semi-dwarf material (i.e. a ‘tall dwarf’), or a truly tall plant type.
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MANSOUR, E., A. M. A. MERWAD, M. A. T. YASIN, M. I. E. ABDUL-HAMID, E. E. A. EL-SOBKY, and H. F. ORABY. "Nitrogen use efficiency in spring wheat: genotypic variation and grain yield response under sandy soil conditions." Journal of Agricultural Science 155, no. 9 (November 2017): 1407–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859617000600.
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SUMMARYAgricultural practices are likely to lower nitrogen (N) fertilization inputs for economic and ecological limitation reasons. The objective of the current study was to assess genotypic variation in nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and related parameters of spring wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) as well as the relative grain yield performance under sandy soil conditions. A sub-set of 16 spring wheat genotypes was studied over 2 years at five N levels (0, 70, 140, 210 and 280 kg N/ha). Results indicated significant differences among genotypes and N levels for grain yield and yield components as well as NUE. Genotypes with high NUE exhibited higher plant biomass, grain and straw N concentration and grain yield than those with medium and low NUE. Utilization efficiency (grain-NUtE) was more important than uptake efficiency (total NUpE) in association with grain yield. Nitrogen supply was found to have a substantial effect on genotype; Line 6052 as well as Shandawel 1, Gemmiza 10, Gemmiza 12, Line 6078 and Line 6083 showed higher net assimilation rate, more productive tillers, increased number of spikes per unit area and grains per spike, extensive N concentration in grain and straw, heavier grains, higher biological yield and consequently maximized grain yield. The relative importance of NUE-associated parameters such as nitrogen agronomic efficiency, nitrogen physiological efficiency and apparent nitrogen recovery as potential targets in breeding programmes for increased NUE genotypes is also mentioned.
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Ladislav, Holík, Hlisnikovský Lukáš, and Kunzová Eva. "The effect of mineral fertilizers and farmyard manure on winter wheat grain yield and grain quality." Plant, Soil and Environment 64, No. 10 (October 15, 2018): 491–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/342/2018-pse.
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This study evaluated how organic manures and mineral fertilizers affect winter wheat grain and straw yields and grain quality properties. The analysed period of the long-term fertilizer experiment was established in Čáslav, Czech Republic, in 1955 and covers the seasons 2011–2014. The fertilizer treatments were: control; farmyard manure (FYM); FYM + P; FYM + K; FYM + PK; FYM + N<sub>1</sub>; FYM + N<sub>2</sub>; FYM + N<sub>1</sub>PK; FYM + N<sub>2</sub>PK and FYM + N<sub>3</sub>PK. The highest grain yields were recorded in the FYM + P and FYM + N<sub>3</sub>PK treatments (8.9 t/ha). The highest straw yields were recorded in the FYM + N<sub>3</sub>PK treatment (6.52 t/ha). The lowest yields were provided in the unfertilized control and FYM treatments. Qualitative parameters were evaluated in the control, FYM and FYM + N<sub>3</sub>PK treatments between the years 2011 and 2013. The best quality of wheat grain was provided by the FYM + N<sub>3</sub>PK treatment. Combination of the farmyard manure with NPK is the best way to achieve high grain yields with good quality and leads to sustainable food production.
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McAndrew, D. W., L. G. Fuller, and L. G. Wetter. "Grain and straw yields of barley under four tillage systems in northeastern Alberta." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 74, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): 713–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps94-128.
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The agronomic feasibility of reduced tillage management for barley (Hordeum vulgare) production in northeastern Alberta was evaluated with respect to grain and straw yield. Five sites were established in 1988 and continued until 1992 within the Dark Brown, Black, and Gray soil zones. Four tillage management systems were studied including zero (ZT), minimum (MT), and two conventional systems (C1 and C2). Fungicide (propiconazole) was applied to one-half of the plots to evaluate the need for fungicide in a continuous barley rotation using reduced tillage systems. Fungicide had no effect on grain and straw yields and no interaction between fungicide and tillage system occurred thus indicating that fungal diseases controllable by propiconazole did not limit yields during this study. Tillage system significantly affected grain and straw yields in approximately one-third of the site-years studied. Grain yields averaged over 5 yr ranged from 2.55 to 4.27, 2.61 to 3.93, 2.51 to 4.08, and 2.63 to 3.99 Mg ha−1 for ZT, MT, C2 and C1, respectively. Straw yields averaged over 5 yr ranged from 2.56 to 4.32, 2.61 to 3.90, 2.48 to 4.08, and 2.59 to 4.07 Mg ha−1 for ZT, MT, C2 and C1, respectively. In general, grain and straw yields of barley under ZT were equal or superior to yields obtained under C1, C2 and MT systems. Straw yields followed closely the trends observed for grain yields. Zero tillage grain yields significantly exceeded those of C1, C2 and MT in 30–50% of the site-years when growing season precipitation was below normal. This is believed to be related to better soil water conservation and greater water use efficiency under ZT compared with other tillage systems in years with below normal precipitation and particularly when June and July precipitation was low. Key words: Zero tillage, minimum tillage, fungicide
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Harine, Israt Jahan, Mohammad Rafiqul Islam, Mahmud Hossain, Hasina Afroz, Rounok Jahan, Abu Bakkar Siddique, Shihab Uddin, et al. "Arsenic Accumulation in Rice Grain as Influenced by Water Management: Human Health Risk Assessment." Agronomy 11, no. 9 (August 30, 2021): 1741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091741.
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Rice is a staple food for humans and a key source of soil arsenic (As) transfer to the human food chain. As a result, it is critical to develop ways for reducing As accumulation in rice. A pot experiment with seven different water management practices was done to examine the impacts of water management on rice (cv. BRRI dhan28) growth, yield, and As accumulation in rice grain. Any health risk due to As accumulation in rice grain was also determined. The soil used in the experiment was artificially contaminated with As and the source of As was sodium arsenate (Na2HAsO4 7H2O). Water management practices affect different plant growth and yield parameters including filled grains per panicle, unfilled grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight, grain yield and straw yield of rice. The number of filled grains per panicle and 1000-grain weight were found to be at their highest in the T7 (alternate wetting and drying) condition, whereas the number of unfilled grains per panicle was at its lowest in the same treatment. The T7 also demonstrated the highest grain yield (21.08 g/pot) and straw yield (22.02 g/pot), whereas the lowest values were noted in T1 (flooding throughout the growth period). The highest As concentration in rice grain (0.52 mg kg−1) was found in T1 and the lowest As concentration in grain (0.27 mg kg−1) was found in T7. Estimation of the human health risk revealed that the non-carcinogenic risks (HQ > 1) and carcinogenic risks (CR > 1.0 × 10−4) were greatly affected by different water regimes. The rice plant grown under alternate wetting and drying condition (T7) showed the lowest health risks compared to other water management practices. Thus, alternate wetting and drying conditions are a good water management strategy for increasing rice output while reducing arsenic buildup in rice grain.