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Journal articles on the topic 'Grain trade China'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Lyons, Thomas P. "Grain in Fujian: Intra-provincial Patterns of Production and Trade, 1952–1988." China Quarterly 129 (March 1992): 184–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000041291.

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Over the past 20 years, studies of grain production and use in China have figured prominently in debates concerning economic efficiency, income disparities and the contours of the Maoist development strategy. Virtually all analysts now agree that grain production in China exhibited a strong tendency toward provincial self-sufficiency and that the inter-provincial grain trade declined during the Maoist era (from the 1950s to 1978), that provincial self-sufficiency obstructed efficient allocation of agricultural resources and contributed to the persistence of poverty, and that the tendency towar

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2

Lyons, Thomas P. "Feeding Fujian: Grain Production and Trade, 1986–1996." China Quarterly 155 (September 1998): 512–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000049985.

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Recent years have seen a flurry of debate about China's ability to feed itself. In his article “Who will feed China?” and his book of the same title, Lester Brown predicted that China would need grain imports of 200 million tonnes by the year 2030 – an amount that would severely tax the world grain market. Scholars and journalists, both in China and abroad, have weighed in with contradictory analyses and predictions.

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3

Shiue, Carol Hua. "Grain Trade and Storeage in Late Imperial China." Journal of Economic History 60, no. 2 (June 2000): 511–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700025237.

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4

SHIUE, CAROL HUA. "Grain Trade and Storage in Late Imperial China." Journal of Economic History 60, no. 02 (June 2000): 511–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700250237.

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5

Felloni, Fabrizio, John Gilbert, Thomas I. Wahl, and Philip Wandschneider. "Trade policy, biotechnology and grain self-sufficiency in China." Agricultural Economics 28, no. 3 (May 2003): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2003.tb00136.x.

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6

Kostecki, M. M. "Canada's Grain Trade with the Soviet Union and China." Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie 30, no. 2 (November 13, 2008): 223–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7976.1982.tb01980.x.

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7

Shi, J., J. Liu, and L. Pinter. "Recent evolution of China's virtual water trade: analysis of selected crops and considerations for policy." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 4 (April 8, 2014): 1349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1349-2014.

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Abstract. China has dramatically increased its virtual water import over recent years. Many studies have focused on the quantity of traded virtual water, but very few go into analysing geographic distribution and the properties of China's virtual water trade network. This paper provides a calculation and analysis of the crop-related virtual water trade network of China based on 27 major primary crops between 1986 and 2009. The results show that China is a net importer of virtual water from water-abundant areas of North America and South America, and a net virtual water exporter to water-stress

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8

Wang, Zongzhi, Lingling Zhang, Qing Zhang, Yi-Ming Wei, Jin-Wei Wang, Xueli Ding, and Zhifu Mi. "Optimization of virtual water flow via grain trade within China." Ecological Indicators 97 (February 2019): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.09.053.

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9

Sun, Lin, Mingxian Qi, and Michael R. Reed. "The effects of soybean trade policies on domestic soybean market in China during the food crisis." China Agricultural Economic Review 10, no. 3 (September 3, 2018): 372–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-04-2016-0061.

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Purpose Many grain exporting/importing countries implement temporary trade policies to intervene in grain trade volume during food crises. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of Chinese soybean trade policies on the domestic soybean market during the food crisis. Design/methodology/approach A Markov switching error correction model is constructed for the empirical analysis. Market integration, market equilibrium and market stability are compared among three regimes: the normal state, crisis state and post-crisis state. In order to reduce the disturbance from external markets fa

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10

Shi, J., J. Liu, and L. Pinter. "Recent evolution of China's virtual water trade: analysis of selected crops and considerations for policy." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 9 (September 17, 2013): 11613–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-11613-2013.

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Abstract. China has dramatically increased its virtual water import unconsciously for recent years. Many studies have focused on the quantity of traded virtual water but very few go into analysing geographic distribution and the properties of China's virtual water trade network. This paper provides a calculation and analysis of the crop-related virtual water trade network of China based on 27 major primary crops between 1986 and 2009. The results show that China is a net importer of virtual water from water-abundant areas of North and South America, and a net virtual water exporter to water-st

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11

Glauber, Joseph, and Simon Lester. "China – Tariff Rate Quotas for Certain Agricultural Products. Against the Grain: Can the WTO Open Chinese Markets? A Contaminated Experiment." World Trade Review 20, no. 4 (April 21, 2021): 405–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745621000148.

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AbstractThe US complaint about Chinese tariff-rate quotas (TRQs) on certain grain products helps illustrate several key issues in US–China trade relations and the effectiveness of WTO disputes. First, do international obligations based on transparency and fairness work in relation to an authoritarian country not known for the rule of law domestically? Second, can there be a disconnect between the legal aspects of a dispute and the underlying economic interests, with a DSB ruling sometimes not leading to improved trade flows? And third, given the bilateral trade war and ‘phase one’ trade deal b

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12

Lyons, Thomas P. "Commercial Reform in China: The Grain Trade of Fujian Province, 1978-1988." Economic Development and Cultural Change 41, no. 4 (July 1993): 691–736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/452045.

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13

Wang, Zongzhi, Lingling Zhang, Xueli Ding, and Zhifu Mi. "Virtual water flow pattern of grain trade and its benefits in China." Journal of Cleaner Production 223 (June 2019): 445–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.151.

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14

Wilson, William W., Won W. Koo, Richard Taylor, and Bruce Dahl. "Long-Term Forecasting of World Grain Trade and U.S. Gulf Exports." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1909, no. 1 (January 2005): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105190900104.

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Important changes occurring in the world grain trade will affect the spatial distribution of grain flows and affect large-scale transportation projects. Most important among these are developments in ethanol and in Brazil and China. This paper develops a spatial optimization model based on a long-term competitive equilibrium to make projections in the world grain trade and shipments from individual ports to 2025. Results indicate that world trade should increase by about 47%, with the fastest growth occurring in imports to China and Pakistan and the slowest growth in Japan and the European Uni

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15

Wang, Xiaolong, Kangming Tan, Yuanquan Chen, Yong Chen, Xuefeng Shen, Lei Zhang, and Chaoxia Dong. "Emergy-based analysis of grain production and trade in China during 2000–2015." Journal of Cleaner Production 193 (August 2018): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.072.

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16

Cui, Z. L., L. Wu, Y. L. Ye, W. Q. Ma, X. P. Chen, and F. S. Zhang. "Trade-offs between high yields and greenhouse gas emissions in irrigation wheat cropland in China." Biogeosciences 11, no. 8 (April 24, 2014): 2287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2287-2014.

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Abstract. Although the concept of producing higher yields with reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is a goal that attracts increasing public and scientific attention, the trade-off between high yields and GHG emissions in intensive agricultural production is not well understood. Here, we hypothesize that there exists a mechanistic relationship between wheat grain yield and GHG emission, and that could be transformed into better agronomic management. A total 33 sites of on-farm experiments were investigated to evaluate the relationship between grain yield and GHG emissions using two systems

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17

Tian, Gui Liang, Xi Wu, Xing Bo Sun, Wen Tao, and Hui Xiang Zi Zheng. "Quantitative Research of China Agricultural Virtual Water Trade Based on CROPWAT Model." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 3463–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.3463.

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The virtual water trade theory is one of the hot topics in the field of water demand management research today, which is considered as an important method for water resources constraints to ensure food security. And the introduction of the virtual water concept provides a new approach to analyze and study water resources. We used the CLIMWAT crop, meteorological databases and China's actual data to calculate virtual water content of major food crops and food virtual water trade in China's major grain producing areas by CROPWAT8.0 model recommended by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Org

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18

Li, Yuee, and Jingdong Li. "How Does China’s Economic Policy Uncertainty Affect the Sustainability of Its Net Grain Imports?" Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 18, 2021): 6899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126899.

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China is a considerable grain importer in the world. However, the sustainability of China’s grain imports has been greatly challenged by its increasing economic policy uncertainty (EPU).This paper constructs the indicators of economic and environmental sustainability of China’s net grain imports and analyzes the impact of its EPU index on these indicators with a Time-Varying Parameter Stochastic Volatility Vector Autoregression (TVP-SV-VAR) model to explore how China’s EPU affects the sustainability of its net grain imports. The main conclusions are as follows.(1) The sustainability of China’s

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19

Qian, Haiyang, Bernie A. Engel, Xiaoyu Tian, Shikun Sun, Pute Wu, and Yubao Wang. "Evaluating drivers and flow patterns of inter-provincial grain virtual water trade in China." Science of The Total Environment 732 (August 2020): 139251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139251.

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20

Aubert, Claude. "The Grain Trade Reforms in China: An Unfinished Story of State v. Peasant Interest." China Information 12, no. 3 (December 1997): 72–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0920203x9701200304.

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21

Yang, Xi, La Zhuo, Pengxuan Xie, Hongrong Huang, Bianbian Feng, and Pute Wu. "Physical versus economic water footprints in crop production: a spatial and temporal analysis for China." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 169–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-169-2021.

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Abstract. A core goal of sustainable agricultural water resources management is to implement a lower water footprint (WF), i.e. higher water productivity, and to maximize economic benefits in crop production. However, previous studies mostly focused on crop water productivity from a single physical perspective. Little attention is paid to synergies and trade-offs between water consumption and economic value creation of crop production. Distinguishing between blue and green water composition, grain and cash crops, and irrigation and rainfed production modes in China, this study calculates the p

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22

YU, WUSHENG, and HANS G. JENSEN. "Trade policy responses to food price crisis and implications for existing domestic support measures: the case of China in 2008." World Trade Review 13, no. 4 (December 16, 2013): 651–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745613000335.

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AbstractMany national governments around the world applied export restrictions in order to achieve domestic market stabilization during the 2007/8 world food price crisis. However, current literature says little about how these export restrictions interact with existing domestic support measures in jointly determining domestic market outcomes. This paper analyzes this interaction by providing a quantitative assessment on how increased spending on agricultural domestic support in China offset the negative effects on grain production caused by the country's export restrictions and how these two

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23

Ding, Xiayang. "Diplomacy vs. Economics: Examining the Roots of Decline in Sino-U.S. Trade in 1975." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 28, no. 2 (June 23, 2021): 133–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-28020004.

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Abstract In 1975, the explosive growth of Sino-U.S. trade that only had resumed after 1971 ended with a severe decline from $920 million a year to just $461 million. The cause of the collapse was the unilateral decision of the People’s Republic of China (prc) to cancel several orders from late 1974 to early 1975. Scholars have advanced three reasons for the prc’s action, blaming to trade disputes, Beijing’s desire to punish the Americans for slow progress on the Taiwan issue, and Chinese trade officials preventing radicals from labeled them “compradors.” Each explanation, however, overstates t

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24

Ostashko, Tamara, and Volodymyr Olefir. "Prospects of free trade with China: development of domestic export and risks of import dependence." Economy and Forecasting 2019, no. 1 (2019): 124–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econforecast2019.01.124.

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Development of the trade between Ukraine and China generates serious challenges for the national economy, because, presently, the trade with China accounts for more than a half of Ukraine's negative balance in this country's international trade in goods (56% in January-November 2018). Despite the risks of further deterioration of trade balance, Ukraine has suggested to start consultations on the Ukraine-China free-trade agreement (FTA). The purpose of the paper is to estimate the possible impact of the liberalization of trade with China and to develop recommendations for raising exports and su

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25

Peng, Jian, Xiaoxu Hu, Xiaoyu Wang, Jeroen Meersmans, Yanxu Liu, and Sijing Qiu. "Simulating the impact of Grain-for-Green Programme on ecosystem services trade-offs in Northwestern Yunnan, China." Ecosystem Services 39 (October 2019): 100998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2019.100998.

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26

Shan, Mei, and Xun Wang. "Trade-off Analysis between the Indexes of Cultivated Land Health Evaluation." MATEC Web of Conferences 227 (2018): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822703001.

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Cultivated land is the basis for the survival and development of human society. The selective utilization of human factors and the level of utilization are the decisive factors to promote the external performance of cultivated land. The quality components of cultivated land in different regions have their own characteristics, and the external performance is different. This paper analyzed the China southern city of major grain producing areas of cultivated land within the health influence of constituent elements and characteristics of the relationship between each other, there are dominant fact

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27

d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade, and R. Kyle Bocinsky. "Climate change stimulated agricultural innovation and exchange across Asia." Science Advances 4, no. 10 (October 2018): eaar4491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aar4491.

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Ancient farmers experienced climate change at the local level through variations in the yields of their staple crops. However, archaeologists have had difficulty in determining where, when, and how changes in climate affected ancient farmers. We model how several key transitions in temperature affected the productivity of six grain crops across Eurasia. Cooling events between 3750 and 3000 cal. BP lead humans in parts of the Tibetan Plateau and in Central Asia to diversify their crops. A second event at 2000 cal. BP leads farmers in central China to also diversify their cropping systems and to

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28

Li, Xiufen, Yichen Tian, Tian Gao, Lei Jin, Shuangtian Li, Dan Zhao, Xiao Zheng, Lizhong Yu, and Jiaojun Zhu. "Trade-Offs Analysis of Ecosystem Services for the Grain for Green Program: Informing Reforestation Decisions in a Mountainous Headwater Region, Northeast China." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 11, 2020): 4762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114762.

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The effects of forest restoration on ecosystem services and their trade-offs are increasingly discussed by environmental managers and ecologists, but few demonstrations have analyzed ecosystem service trade-offs with a view to informing afforestation choices. Here, we examined how the Grain for Green Program (GGP), an ambitious reforestation program in China, affected ecosystem services. We quantified regulating services and provisioning service in the potential scenarios, which were developed to improve ecosystem services better. The results indicated the GGP drove 14.5% of land-use/land-cove

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29

Shao, Jiaqi, and Fei Li. "Multi-Function Tradeoffs of Land System in Urbanized Areas—A Case Study of Xi’an, China." Land 10, no. 6 (June 16, 2021): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10060640.

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Multi-functional trade-offs and synergy research on land systems are hotspots in geography and land science research, and are of great significance for achieving sustainable development of land use and the effective allocation of land resources. Recently, the development of the western region and The Belt and Road Initiative have become key topics, bringing opportunities and challenges to Xi’an. The rapid development of cities is accompanied by drastic changes in land use, and the ecological problems in the Qinling Mountains are becoming increasingly severe. This study took Xi’an as a case stu

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30

Wang, Xiaofeng, Xinrong Zhang, Xiaoming Feng, Shirong Liu, Lichang Yin, and Yongzhe Chen. "Trade-offs and Synergies of Ecosystem Services in Karst Area of China Driven by Grain-for-Green Program." Chinese Geographical Science 30, no. 1 (January 11, 2020): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11769-020-1098-z.

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31

Jiang, Shan, Jianhua Wang, Yong Zhao, Yizi Shang, Xuerui Gao, Haihong Li, Qingming Wang, and Yongnan Zhu. "Sustainability of water resources for agriculture considering grain production, trade and consumption in China from 2004 to 2013." Journal of Cleaner Production 149 (April 2017): 1210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.02.103.

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32

Wang, Jitao, Jian Peng, Mingyue Zhao, Yanxu Liu, and Yunqian Chen. "Significant trade-off for the impact of Grain-for-Green Programme on ecosystem services in North-western Yunnan, China." Science of The Total Environment 574 (January 2017): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.026.

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33

Zurndorfer, Harriet T. "Cotton Textile Manufacture and Marketing in Late Imperial China and the ‘Great Divergence’." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 54, no. 5 (2011): 701–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852011x614028.

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Abstract By 1800 cotton cloth was China’s most important domestic trade commodity after grain. This paper reviews the history of cotton textile production in the Jiangnan region (or Lower Yangzi River area) where it thrived from 1300 to 1830, and discusses the factors contributing to its commercialization. It reveals the impact of the Ming and Qing governments in its institutionalization, and how the social organization of the industry was framed around the household economy and women’s labor. This essay also documents the problems that cotton production and marketing encountered by the end of

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34

Wang, Lina, Enyi Yu, Shuang Li, Xiao Fu, and Gang Wu. "Analysis of Ecosystem Service Trade-Offs and Synergies in Ulansuhai Basin." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (September 1, 2021): 9839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179839.

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As an important grain production base and ecological barrier zone in China, Ulansuhai Basin provides a variety of important ecosystem services and ensures human well-being, and it is essential to maintain the sustainable development of the regional ecology–economy–society. Therefore, in order to explore the trade-offs and synergies between ecosystem services in Ulansuhai Basin, we first evaluated the spatio-temporal characteristics of five ecosystem services in 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2018 based on the InVEST model, including soil conservation, carbon storage, water production, water purif

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35

Wang, G. L., Y. L. Ye, X. P. Chen, and Z. L. Cui. "Determining the optimal nitrogen rate for summer maize in China by integrating agronomic, economic, and environmental aspects." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 2 (February 14, 2014): 2639–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-2639-2014.

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Abstract. The concept of high yield with a goal of minimum environmental cost has become widely accepted. However, the trade-offs and complex linkages among agronomic, economic, and environmental factors are not yet well understood. In this study, reactive nitrogen (Nr) losses were estimated using an empirical model, and an economic indicator and an evaluation model were used to account for the environmental costs of different Nr losses after N fertilizer application. The minimum N rate to achieve the maximum yield benefit (agronomically optimal N rate), maximum economic benefit (economically

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36

Liu, Jianguo, Andrés Viña, Wu Yang, Shuxin Li, Weihua Xu, and Hua Zheng. "China's Environment on a Metacoupled Planet." Annual Review of Environment and Resources 43, no. 1 (October 17, 2018): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-102017-030040.

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China has emerged as a global economic powerhouse after four decades of unprecedented growth. Such growth has generated many environmental challenges with enormous ecological, socioeconomic, and health consequences in China and beyond. Although the overall quality of air and water is starting to improve, both are still below national and international standards. Water shortages are widespread. Biodiversity continues to decline. China is the world's top CO2 emitter, although per capita emissions are much lower than those of developed counties. On the positive side, large national conservation p

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37

An, Tingli, Lizhen Wang, Xuerui Gao, Xinxueqi Han, Yong Zhao, Lixing Lin, and Pute Wu. "Simulation of the virtual water flow pattern associated with interprovincial grain trade and its impact on water resources stress in China." Journal of Cleaner Production 288 (March 2021): 125670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125670.

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38

Wang, G. L., Y. L. Ye, X. P. Chen, and Z. L. Cui. "Determining the optimal nitrogen rate for summer maize in China by integrating agronomic, economic, and environmental aspects." Biogeosciences 11, no. 11 (June 11, 2014): 3031–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3031-2014.

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Abstract. The concept of high yield with a goal of minimum environmental cost has become widely accepted. However, the trade-offs and complex linkages among agronomic, economic, and environmental factors are not yet well understood. In this study, reactive nitrogen (Nr) losses were estimated using an empirical model, and an economic indicator and an evaluation model were used to account for the environmental costs of N fertilizer production and use. The minimum N rate to achieve the maximum yield benefit (agronomically optimal N rate), maximum economic benefit (economically optimal N rate: eco

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39

Dolley, Jonathan, Fiona Marshall, Bradley Butcher, Jeremy Reffin, James Alexander Robinson, Baris Eray, and Novi Quadrianto. "Analysing trade-offs and synergies between SDGs for urban development, food security and poverty alleviation in rapidly changing peri-urban areas: a tool to support inclusive urban planning." Sustainability Science 15, no. 6 (April 2, 2020): 1601–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11625-020-00802-0.

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Abstract Transitional peri-urban contexts are frontiers for sustainable development where land-use change involves negotiation and contestation between diverse interest groups. Multiple, complex trade-offs between outcomes emerge which have both negative and positive impacts on progress towards achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These trade-offs are often overlooked in policy and planning processes which depend on top-down expert perspectives and rely on course grain aggregate data which does not reflect complex peri-urban dynamics or the rapid pace of change. Tools are required t

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40

Dang, Dongliang, Xiaobing Li, Shengkun Li, and Huashun Dou. "Ecosystem Services and Their Relationships in the Grain-for-Green Programme—A Case Study of Duolun County in Inner Mongolia, China." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 3, 2018): 4036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114036.

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Grassland restoration projects are currently being implemented to mitigate human disturbance to the natural environment and reduce grassland degradation. China’s Grain-for-Green Programme (GFGP), including one project implemented in Duolun County, China, in 2000, has significantly improved the overall ecological health of this region. Using a modeling approach, this study quantified changes in four ecosystem services (ESs), including Net Primary Production (NPP), soil conservation (SC), water yield (WY), and sandstorm prevention (SP), in Duolun County between 2000 and 2016. We found the total

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41

He, Juan, Xueyi Shi, Yangjun Fu, and Ye Yuan. "Spatiotemporal pattern of the trade-offs and synergies of ecosystem services after Grain for Green Program: a case study of the Loess Plateau, China." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 24 (May 23, 2020): 30020–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09060-0.

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42

McMullen, Marcia, Gary Bergstrom, Erick De Wolf, Ruth Dill-Macky, Don Hershman, Greg Shaner, and Dave Van Sanford. "A Unified Effort to Fight an Enemy of Wheat and Barley: Fusarium Head Blight." Plant Disease 96, no. 12 (December 2012): 1712–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-12-0291-fe.

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Wheat and barley are critical food and feed crops around the world. Wheat is grown on more land area worldwide than any other crop. In the United States, production of wheat and barley contributes to domestic food and feed use, and contributes to the export market and balance of trade. Fifteen years ago, Plant Disease published a feature article titled “Scab of wheat and barley: A re-emerging disease of devastating impact”. That article described the series of severe Fusarium head blight (FHB) epidemics that occurred in the United States and Canada, primarily from 1991 through 1996, with empha

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43

Malinoshevska, Kateryna. "DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF THE GRAIN MARKET OF UKRAINE FOR EXPORT." Green, Blue & Digital Economy Journal 2, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2661-5169/2021-2-7.

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The grain market is a sphere of grain circulation, strategic interests for multinational corporations, which includes its processing. The growth in demand for wheat is due to the growing population in the world and other factors that affect the country’s food security. Communication interaction between producer and consumer creates an organizational system in the form of various forms of markets: markets, fairs, auctions, exchanges and more. The trend of increasing the cost of grain is observed around the world because production volumes are insufficient to meet all the needs of the population

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44

Peterson, G. L., T. B. Whitaker, R. J. Stefanski, E. V. Podleckis, J. G. Phillips, J. S. Wu, and W. H. Martinez. "A Risk Assessment Model for Importation of United States Milling Wheat Containing Tilletia contraversa." Plant Disease 93, no. 6 (June 2009): 560–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-6-0560.

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Dwarf bunt of wheat, caused by the fungus Tilletia contraversa, is a pathogen historically limited in distribution by its very specific climatic requirements for establishment. In an effort to both address the need for adequate protection and eliminate unwarranted trade barriers, a number of countries have examined restrictions on importing milling wheat containing teliospores of T. contraversa. Pest risk analysis (PRA), under the guidelines of the World Trade Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization, has become an internationally accepted process for evaluating such issues. As a com

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Tang, Yuzhi, Quanqin Shao, Jiyuan Liu, Haiyang Zhang, Fan Yang, Wei Cao, Dan Wu, and Guoli Gong. "Did Ecological Restoration Hit Its Mark? Monitoring and Assessing Ecological Changes in the Grain for Green Program Region Using Multi-source Satellite Images." Remote Sensing 11, no. 3 (February 11, 2019): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11030358.

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Ecological restoration programs are expected to control environmental deterioration and enhance ecosystem functions under a scenario of increasing human disturbance. The largest ecological restoration program ever implemented in China, the first round of the countrywide Grain for Green Program (GGP), finished in 2010. However, it is not known whether the ecological changes that resulted from the GGP met the restoration goal across the whole implementation region. In this study, we monitored and assessed the ecological changes in the whole GGP region in China over the lifetime of the first roun

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Niu, Teng, Jiaxin Yu, Depeng Yue, Linzhe Yang, Xueqing Mao, Yahui Hu, and Qianqian Long. "The Temporal and Spatial Evolution of Ecosystem Service Synergy/Trade-Offs Based on Ecological Units." Forests 12, no. 8 (July 26, 2021): 992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12080992.

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“Two ecological barriers and three shelters” (TEBTS), which has the effect of relieving ecological pressure, is the national ecological security pattern in China. Calculating the value of TEBTS ecosystem services, clarifying the synergy/trade-off relationships between ecosystem services, and maximizing the value of regional ecosystem services are of great significance for maintaining the security of the ecological civilization. At present, the research on ecosystem service synergy/trade-off has become the frontier field of ecology and related disciplines at home and abroad, and many research r

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Delgado, C. L., C. B. Courbois, and M. W. Rosegrant. "Global food demand and the contribution of livestock as we enter the new millennium." BSAP Occasional Publication 21 (1998): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00032043.

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AbstractPeople in developed countries currently consume about three to four times as much meat and fish and five to six times as much milk products per capita as in developing Asia and Africa. Meat, milk and fish consumption per capita has barely grown in the developed countries as a whole over the past 20 years. Yet poor people everywhere clearly desire to eat more animal protein products as their incomes rise above the poverty level and as they become urbanized. Growth in per capita consumption and production has in fact occurred in regions such as developing Asia and most particularly China

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Tong, Guijie, shaohua Wu, Yujie Yuan, Fufu Li, Lian Chen, and Daohao Yan. "Modeling of Trace Metal Migration and Accumulation Processes in a Soil-Wheat System in Lihe Watershed, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 2432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112432.

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Samples of wheat and soil were collected in the Lihe watershed in East China, the migration and accumulation processes of four common trace metals (Cu, Pb, Cd and Ni) in each part of the wheat plant (root, stem, leaf and grain) were analyzed, and a mechanistic model was proposed to simulate these processes based on wheat growth techniques. Model results show that Cu and Cd migrate more easily with wheat grains, while most Pb and Ni accumulate in roots. Modeling results were shown to be relatively good, with an error of 25.29% in value and 26.38% in fluctuation, and had smaller dispersion degre

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Gregory Veeck. "Grains in China: Foodgrain, Feedgrain, and World Trade (review)." China Review International 14, no. 1 (2008): 318–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cri.0.0028.

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Csapóné Riskó, Tünde, Ádám Péntek, and Troy Wiwczaroski. "Bread consumption habits in the gluten free diet." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 11, no. 3-4 (December 31, 2017): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2017/3-4/16.

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Gluten is a protein found in many grain products. Celiac disease is a genetic autoimmune disorder characterized by sensitivity to gluten. When a person with celiac disease consumes gluten, his/her immune system perceives the gluten to be a harmful substance and reacts negatively. The only treatment for individuals with celiac disease is lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet. It is one of the most frequent and well defined of all lifelong diseases. In Hungary, 1-2 % of the population is said to be affected, but only every 10th has been diagnosed. Bread is a basic and frequently consumed food

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