Journal articles: 'Gram-positive bacteria'

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Milligan, Gregg N. "GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA." Shock 9, no. 3 (March 1998): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00024382-199803000-00014.

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Niranjan, Pankaj Singh, Chandrul Koushal, and S. K. Jain. "Pharmacological investigation of leaves of Polypodium decumanum for anti-bacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria." International Journal of Research and Development in Pharmacy & Life Sciences 06, no. 04 (July 2017): 2685–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ijrdpl.2278-0238.2017.6(4).2685-2688.

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Putri, Neisya Intan Cahyaningtyas Agung, Ramadhani Ramadhani, and Eddy Bagus Wasito. "Gram Negative Bacteria (Escherichia coli) Win Against Gram Positive Bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) in The Same Media." Biomolecular and Health Science Journal 4, no. 2 (October 30, 2021): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/bhsj.v4i2.30177.

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Introduction: Biodiversity of the microorganism in Indonesia lead to the large amount of patient with infection. Human can get infected in two different place, with different kind of bacteria that cause the infection. This may lead to bacteremia without knowing which bacteria type whose causing it, either the Gram positive or Gram negative bacteria, whereas the treatment of this two types of bacteria are different. The aim of this study is to determine the doubling time of the Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria when they are grown in the same lesion and the kinds of bacteria that we need to eliminate first.Methods: Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria were used as samples in this study. Bacterial culture in nutrient broth with 0.5 OD turbidity were mixed then incubated in incubator with 35˚C. Every one hour within 24 hour, 0.01 ml of bacterial culture was taken in serial dilutionover time, varying between 106 – 1012, . It was then planted in nutrient agar plate with droplets technique. After it had been incubated for 24 hours, we counted the Colony Forming Unit per ml (CFU/ml) to time, then the doubling time of the bacteria. The result were then compared between the Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli group.Results: Two tailed t-test result of the doubling time between Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli was < 0,05 (p=0,000) wich means that there is significant difference of the doubling time between Staphylococcus aureus (24,35 ± 2,23 munites), and Escherichia coli (18,37 ± 0,50 minutes). When grown in the same media, Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) had slower doubling time than Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) as much as 1.32 times.Conclusion: In bacteremia with two possible kinds of bacterial suspect, we need to eliminate the Gram negative bacteria first.

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Hing, Jan Nie, Bor Chyan Jong, Pauline Woan Ying Liew, Rashid Elly Ellyna, and Shuhaimi Shamsudin. "Gamma Radiation Dose-Response of Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria." Malaysian Applied Biology 51, no. 5 (December 26, 2022): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v51i5.2370.

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Bacterial mutagenesis induced through gamma irradiation is one of the techniques for strain improvement. The DNA changes caused by radiation and reactive oxygen species created from water radiolysis induced bacterial mutagenesis. There is always a constant demand for better quality strains from the bioprocessing industries to speed up production and increase yield. Bacillus strains are Gram-positive bacteria whereas Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative bacteria; they are all model organisms used by the bioprocessing industries. This study investigates the effect of acute gamma irradiation on Gram-positive Bacillus megaterium NMBCC50018, Bacillus subtilis NMBCC50025 and Gram-negative Escherichia coli. Samples were irradiated in Gamma Cell Acute Irradiation Facility at Malaysian Nuclear Agency with irradiation doses from 0.1 kGy to 2.1 kGy. The radiation sources were from two Cesium-137 sealed sources. Dose responses are crucial information for bacterial mutagenesis studies. The survival curves of viable bacterial cell count versus radiation doses were plotted to determine dose-response and lethal dose, 50% (LD50). Viable cells reduce as irradiation doses increase. The LD50 for Bacillus megaterium NMBCC50018, Bacillus subtilis NMBCC50025 and Escherichia coli were 1.2 kGy, 0.2 kGy, and 0.03 kGy, respectively. Bacillus megaterium NMBCC50018 was most resistant to gamma radiation. Dose responses between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were concluded to be different.

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Vila Domínguez, Andrea, Rafael Ayerbe Algaba, Andrea Miró Canturri, Ángel Rodríguez Villodres, and Younes Smani. "Antibacterial Activity of Colloidal Silver against Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria." Antibiotics 9, no. 1 (January 19, 2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9010036.

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Due to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, new alternative therapies are needed. Silver was used to treat bacterial infections since antiquity due to its known antimicrobial properties. Here, we aimed to evaluate the in vitro activity of colloidal silver (CS) against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. A total of 270 strains (Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 45), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 25), Escherichia coli (n = 79), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 58)], Staphylococcus aureus (n = 34), Staphylococcus epidermidis (n = 14), and Enterococcus species (n = 15)) were used. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CS was determined for all strains by using microdilution assay, and time–kill curve assays of representative reference and MDR strains of these bacteria were performed. Membrane permeation and bacterial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were determined in presence of CS. CS MIC90 was 4–8 mg/L for all strains. CS was bactericidal, during 24 h, at 1× and 2× MIC against Gram-negative bacteria, and at 2× MIC against Gram-positive bacteria, and it did not affect their membrane permeabilization. Furthermore, we found that CS significantly increased the ROS production in Gram-negative with respect to Gram-positive bacteria at 24 h of incubation. Altogether, these results suggest that CS could be an effective treatment for infections caused by MDR Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.

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Souza, Bianca Mendes, Thiago Luiz de Paula Castro, Rodrigo Dias de Oliveira Carvalho, Nubia Seyffert, Artur Silva, Anderson Miyoshi, and Vasco Azevedo. "σECFfactors of gram-positive bacteria." Virulence 5, no. 5 (June 12, 2014): 587–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/viru.29514.

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Hynes, Wayne L., and Sheryl Lynne Walton. "Hyaluronidases of Gram-positive bacteria." FEMS Microbiology Letters 183, no. 2 (February 2000): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb08958.x.

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Sutcliffe, I. C., and R. R. Russell. "Lipoproteins of gram-positive bacteria." Journal of bacteriology 177, no. 5 (1995): 1123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.177.5.1123-1128.1995.

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9

Jack, R. W., J. R. Tagg, and B. Ray. "Bacteriocins of gram-positive bacteria." Microbiological reviews 59, no. 2 (1995): 171–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.59.2.171-200.1995.

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Jack, R. W., J. R. Tagg, and B. Ray. "Bacteriocins of gram-positive bacteria." Microbiological reviews 59, no. 2 (1995): 171–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mr.59.2.171-200.1995.

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Song, Kyoung-Ho. "Antibiotics for multidrug-resistant gram-positive bacteria." Journal of the Korean Medical Association 65, no. 8 (August 10, 2022): 478–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2022.65.8.478.

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Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a major global threat to public health and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. A few therapeutic options for the treatment of multidrug resistant (MDR) gram-positive bacteria, such as methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MDR Streptococcus pneumoniae, vancomycin resistant Enterococci, are available.Current Concepts: As a result of comprehensive efforts, a dozen novel antibiotics have been developed and approved for the treatment of MDR gram-positive bacteria in the United States and Europe over the past 15 years. However, only a few antibiotics have been introduced in the Republic of Korea. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the antibiotics that act against MDR gram-positive bacteria as a primary therapeutic option. Particularly, this review focuses on novel antibiotics, including ceftaroline, ceftobiprole, telavancin, dalbavancin, oritavancin, tedizolid, delafloxacin, omadacycline, and lefamulin.Discussion and Conclusion: Novel antibiotics against MDR gram-positive bacteria have not yet been sufficiently studied in various clinical settings, and therefore, the approved indications are limited. However, these antibiotics are expected to play a major role in the treatment of MDR gram-positive bacteria owing to their advantages, including broad anti-bacterial spectrum, rapid bactericidal effect, minimal drug-drug interaction, a favorable safety profile, availability of both intravenous and oral formulations, convenient dosing scheme, and a single dose (or once a week) regimen owing to long half-life. It is crucial to introduce these novel antibiotics in the Republic of Korea for the treatment of patients suffering from MDR bacterial infections.

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Dahalan, Farrah Aini, and Nor Azizah Parmin. "Morphological characterization of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria from treated latex processing wastewater." Environmental and Toxicology Management 1, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33086/etm.v1i2.2263.

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A preliminary morphological screening and isolation of bacterial colony from latex industrial wastewater was carried out. Bacteria colonies from latex processing wastewater were isolated from a local latex processing industry. It was found that 17 bacterial isolates had been purified grown on nutrient agar under 35˚C. The colonies were then purified and morphologically indicated via Gram staining and motility test. After morphological observation, it was identified that out of 17 isolates, 9 isolates were Gram positive and 8 isolates were Gram negative. There are 11 out of 17 colonies were rod-shaped bacterial colonies, while the other 6 colonies were cocci-shaped bacteria. There were 11 colonies of gliding bacteria, three colonies were non-motile bacteria and the other three colonies were flagellated bacteria. This study is only limited to morphological observation as the main aim of this study was to investigate the potential occurrence of viable growth in treated latex processing wastewater. The bacterial colonies were classified base on their morphological properties shown. This study has classified several genera such as Staphylococcus, Escherichia, Thiobacillus, Arthrobacter and other Genus. The growth curve of 17 isolates studied and the chemical oxygen demand were determined.

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Grohmann, Elisabeth, Günther Muth, and Manuel Espinosa. "Conjugative Plasmid Transfer in Gram-Positive Bacteria." Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 67, no. 2 (June 2003): 277–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.67.2.277-301.2003.

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SUMMARY Conjugative transfer of bacterial plasmids is the most efficient way of horizontal gene spread, and it is therefore considered one of the major reasons for the increase in the number of bacteria exhibiting multiple-antibiotic resistance. Thus, conjugation and spread of antibiotic resistance represents a severe problem in antibiotic treatment, especially of immunosuppressed patients and in intensive care units. While conjugation in gram-negative bacteria has been studied in great detail over the last decades, the transfer mechanisms of antibiotic resistance plasmids in gram-positive bacteria remained obscure. In the last few years, the entire nucleotide sequences of several large conjugative plasmids from gram-positive bacteria have been determined. Sequence analyses and data bank comparisons of their putative transfer (tra) regions have revealed significant similarities to tra regions of plasmids from gram-negative bacteria with regard to the respective DNA relaxases and their targets, the origins of transfer (oriT), and putative nucleoside triphosphatases NTP-ases with homologies to type IV secretion systems. In contrast, a single gene encoding a septal DNA translocator protein is involved in plasmid transfer between micelle-forming streptomycetes. Based on these clues, we propose the existence of two fundamentally different plasmid-mediated conjugative mechanisms in gram-positive microorganisms, namely, the mechanism taking place in unicellular gram-positive bacteria, which is functionally similar to that in gram-negative bacteria, and a second type that occurs in multicellular gram-positive bacteria, which seems to be characterized by double-stranded DNA transfer.

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Leprince, Audrey, and Jacques Mahillon. "Phage Adsorption to Gram-Positive Bacteria." Viruses 15, no. 1 (January 10, 2023): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15010196.

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The phage life cycle is a multi-stage process initiated by the recognition and attachment of the virus to its bacterial host. This adsorption step depends on the specific interaction between bacterial structures acting as receptors and viral proteins called Receptor Binding Proteins (RBP). The adsorption process is essential as it is the first determinant of phage host range and a sine qua non condition for the subsequent conduct of the life cycle. In phages belonging to the Caudoviricetes class, the capsid is attached to a tail, which is the central player in the adsorption as it comprises the RBP and accessory proteins facilitating phage binding and cell wall penetration prior to genome injection. The nature of the viral proteins involved in host adhesion not only depends on the phage morphology (i.e., myovirus, siphovirus, or podovirus) but also the targeted host. Here, we give an overview of the adsorption process and compile the available information on the type of receptors that can be recognized and the viral proteins taking part in the process, with the primary focus on phages infecting Gram-positive bacteria.

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Wei, Wei, Jiurong Li, Zeyang Liu, Yuan Deng, Da Chen, Ping Gu, Gang Wang, and Xianqun Fan. "Distinct antibacterial activity of a vertically aligned graphene coating against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 8, no. 28 (2020): 6069–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tb00417k.

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The distinct antibacterial mechanism of vertical graphene Si toward bacteria. Vertical graphene kills Gram-positive bacteria through physical disruption and Si substrate kills Gram-negative bacteria by extracting electrons from bacterial membranes.

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Toyyibah, Ilma Dzurriyyatan, Musofa Rusli, and Juniastuti Juniastuti. "BACTERIAL PATTERN AMONG SEPSIS PATIENTS IN INTERNAL MEDICINE INPATIENT WARD DR. SOETOMO GENERAL ACADEMIC HOSPITAL, SURABAYA, INDONESIA IN 2017-2019." Majalah Biomorfologi 32, no. 2 (July 9, 2022): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mbiom.v32i1.2022.52-58.

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Highlights:1. Bacteria remain a major cause of bacterial sepsis.2. The most common causal agent in bacterial septicaemia was the gram-positive bacterium. Abstract: Background: Bacteria remain the primary cause of bacterial sepsis. Gram-negative bacteria are the most commonly isolated from sepsis patients. However, gram-positive bacterial infections have also increased recently. Objective: To identify the pattern of bacterial infection in sepsis patients in Internal Medicine inpatient ward Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. Material and Method: This retrospective study reviewed the medical records of all sepsis patients in Internal Medicine Ward Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia from January 1 – December 31, 2016. All patients were divided according to bacterial species into two groups: patients with gram-positive and gram-negative infection. The collected data were statistically analyzed using SPSS ver. 16.0 to find out the frequency. Result: From 179 eligible data reviewed, there were 103 (57.5%) patients with gram-positive bacterial infection and 76 (43.5%) patients with a gram-negative bacterial infection. The major isolates of gram-positive bacteria were Staphylococcus hominins (30 isolates) and gram-negative bacteria was Escherichia coli (30 isolates), 43 isolates showed multi-drug resistant organisms; Escherichia coli ESBL 23 isolates, Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL 3 isolates, Klebsiella oxytoca ESBL 2 isolates and Methilcillin Resistance Staphylococcus aureus 5 isolates. Conclusion: The most common causative agent in bacterial sepsis was gram-positive bacteria. The major isolated gram-positive bacteria are Staphylococcus hominis and gram-negative bacteria were Escherichia coli. The species of multi-drug resistant organisms found are Methilcillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli ESBL, Klebsiella pneumonia ESBL and Klebsiella oxytoca ESBL. Among the patients with multi-drug resistant organism infection, Escherichia coli ESBL were the most prevalent one.

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Bose, Swagata, Shifu Aggarwal, Durg Vijai Singh, and Narottam Acharya. "Extracellular vesicles: An emerging platform in gram-positive bacteria." Microbial Cell 7, no. 12 (December 7, 2020): 312–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15698/mic2020.12.737.

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Extracellular vesicles (EV), also known as membrane vesicles, are produced as an end product of secretion by both pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria. Several reports suggest that archaea, gram-negative bacteria, and eukaryotic cells secrete membrane vesicles as a means for cell-free intercellular communication. EVs influence intercellular communication by transferring a myriad of biomolecules including genetic information. Also, EVs have been implicated in many phenomena such as stress response, intercellular competition, lateral gene transfer, and pathogenicity. However, the cellular process of secreting EVs in gram-positive bacteria is less studied. A notion with the thick cell-walled microbes such as gram-positive bacteria is that the EV release is impossible among them. The role of gram-positive EVs in health and diseases is being studied gradually. Being nano-sized, the EVs from gram-positive bacteria carry a diversity of cargo compounds that have a role in bacterial competition, survival, invasion, host immune evasion, and infection. In this review, we summarise the current understanding of the EVs produced by gram-positive bacteria. Also, we discuss the functional aspects of these components while comparing them with gram-negative bacteria.

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Ilbeigi, Ghazaleh, Ashraf Kariminik, and Mohammad Hasan Moshafi. "The Antibacterial Activities of NiO Nanoparticles Against Some Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacterial Strains." International Journal of Basic Science in Medicine 4, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ijbsm.2019.14.

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Introduction: Given the increasing rate of antibiotic resistance among bacterial strains, many researchers have been working to produce new and efficient and inexpensive antibacterial agents. It has been reported that some nanoparticles may be used as novel antimicrobial agents.Here, we evaluated antibacterial properties of nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles. Methods: NiO nanoparticles were synthesized using microwave method. In order to control the quality and morphology of nanoparticles, XRD (X-ray diffraction) and SEM (scanning electronmicroscope) were utilized. The antibacterial properties of the nanoparticles were assessed against eight common bacterial strains using agar well diffusion assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were measured. Antibiotic resistance pattern of the bacteria to nine antibiotics was obtained by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Results: The crystalline size and diameter (Dc) of NiO nanoparticles were obtained 40-60 nm. The nanoparticles were found to inhibit the growth of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria with higher activity against gram-positive organisms. Among bacterial strains, maximum sensitivity was observed in Staphylococcus epidermidis with MIC and MBC of 0.39 and 0.78 mg/mL, respectively. The bacteria had high resistance to cefazolin, erythromycin, rifampicin,ampicillin, penicillin and streptomycin.Conclusion: NiO nanoparticles exhibited remarkable antibacterial properties against gram positive and gram-negative bacteria and can be a new treatment for human pathogenic and antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

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Ruhal, Rohit, and Rashmi Kataria. "Biofilm patterns in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria." Microbiological Research 251 (October 2021): 126829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2021.126829.

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Matsunaga, T., and T. Nakajima. "Electrochemical classification of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 50, no. 2 (1985): 238–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.50.2.238-242.1985.

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Chaturongakul, Soraya, and Phumin Kirawanich. "Electropermeabilization responses in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria." Journal of Electrostatics 71, no. 4 (August 2013): 773–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2013.06.005.

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Hansson, Marianne, Patrik Samuelson, Elin Gunneriusso, and Stefan Stahl. "Surface Display on Gram Positive Bacteria." Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening 4, no. 2 (April 10, 2012): 171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1386207013331183.

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NAKAYAMA, Jiro. "Quorum sensing in Gram-positive bacteria." Japanese Journal of Lactic Acid Bacteria 12, no. 1 (2001): 2–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4109/jslab1997.12.2.

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Malanovic, Nermina, and Karl Lohner. "Antimicrobial Peptides Targeting Gram-Positive Bacteria." Pharmaceuticals 9, no. 3 (September 20, 2016): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph9030059.

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25

YAMAGATA, Hideo. "Protein production by gram-positive bacteria." Journal of the agricultural chemical society of Japan 64, no. 5 (1990): 1043–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/nogeikagaku1924.64.1043.

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26

Berger-Bächi, Brigitte. "Resistance mechanisms of Gram-positive bacteria." International Journal of Medical Microbiology 292, no. 1 (January 2002): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/1438-4221-00185.

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Buke, Cagri. "Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-Positive Bacteria." Klimik Dergisi/Klimik Journal 23, no. 2 (August 1, 2010): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/kd.2010.11.

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Speller, David C. E., William A. Lynn, and Thomas R. Rogers. "Glycopeptide Resistance in Gram-positive Bacteria." Clinical Microbiology and Infection 1, no. 1 (September 1995): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.1995.tb00026.x.

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Piddock, L. J. "New quinolones and gram-positive bacteria." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 38, no. 2 (February 1, 1994): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.38.2.163.

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Spirig, Thomas, Ethan M. Weiner, and Robert T. Clubb. "Sortase enzymes in Gram-positive bacteria." Molecular Microbiology 82, no. 5 (November 7, 2011): 1044–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07887.x.

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Bhavnani, Sujata M., and Charles H. Ballow. "New agents for Gram-positive bacteria." Current Opinion in Microbiology 3, no. 5 (October 2000): 528–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1369-5274(00)00134-x.

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Weber, Joerg R., Philippe Moreillon, and Elaine I. Tuomanen. "Innate sensors for Gram-positive bacteria." Current Opinion in Immunology 15, no. 4 (August 2003): 408–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0952-7915(03)00078-5.

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Lenhart, Justin S., Monica C. Pillon, Alba Guarné, Julie S. Biteen, and Lyle A. Simmons. "Mismatch repair in Gram-positive bacteria." Research in Microbiology 167, no. 1 (January 2016): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2015.08.006.

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Draing, Christian, Stefanie Sigel, Susanne Deininger, Stephanie Traub, Rebekka Munke, Christoph Mayer, Lars Hareng, Thomas Hartung, Sonja von Aulock, and Corinna Hermann. "Cytokine induction by Gram-positive bacteria." Immunobiology 213, no. 3-4 (May 2008): 285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imbio.2007.12.001.

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Freudl, Roland. "Protein secretion in Gram-positive bacteria." Journal of Biotechnology 23, no. 3 (May 1992): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1656(92)90072-h.

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Rice, Louis B. "Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-Positive Bacteria." American Journal of Medicine 119, no. 6 (June 2006): S11—S19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.03.012.

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Rice, Louis B. "Antimicrobial resistance in gram-positive bacteria." American Journal of Infection Control 34, no. 5 (June 2006): S11—S19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2006.05.220.

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Hessle, Christina, Bengt Andersson, and Agnes E. Wold. "Gram-Positive Bacteria Are Potent Inducers of Monocytic Interleukin-12 (IL-12) while Gram-Negative Bacteria Preferentially Stimulate IL-10 Production." Infection and Immunity 68, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 3581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.6.3581-3586.2000.

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ABSTRACT Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-12 are two cytokines secreted by monocytes/macrophages in response to bacterial products which have largely opposite effects on the immune system. IL-12 activates cytotoxicity and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) secretion by T cells and NK cells, whereas IL-10 inhibits these functions. In the present study, the capacities of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria to induce IL-10 and IL-12 were compared. Monocytes from blood donors were stimulated with UV-killed bacteria from each of seven gram-positive and seven gram-negative bacterial species representing both aerobic and anaerobic commensals and pathogens. Gram-positive bacteria induced much more IL-12 than did gram-negative bacteria (median, 3,500 versus 120 pg/ml at an optimal dose of 25 bacteria/cell; P < 0.001), whereas gram-negative bacteria preferentially stimulated secretion of IL-10 (650 versus 200 pg/ml; P < 0.001). Gram-positive species also induced stronger major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted IFN-γ production in unfractionated blood mononuclear cells than did gram-negative species (12,000 versus 3,600 pg/ml; P < 0.001). The poor IL-12-inducing capacity of gram-negative bacteria was not remediated by addition of blocking anti-IL-10 antibodies to the cultures. No isolated bacterial component could be identified that mimicked the potent induction of IL-12 by whole gram-positive bacteria, whereas purified LPS induced IL-10. The results suggest that gram-positive bacteria induce a cytokine pattern that promotes Th1 effector functions.

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Zeph, Lawrence R., and L. E. Casida. "Gram-Negative Versus Gram-Positive (Actinomycete) Nonobligate Bacterial Predators of Bacteria in Soil †." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 52, no. 4 (1986): 819–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.52.4.819-823.1986.

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Verbaendert, Ines, Paul De Vos, Nico Boon, and Kim Heylen. "Denitrification in Gram-positive bacteria: an underexplored trait." Biochemical Society Transactions 39, no. 1 (January 19, 2011): 254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0390254.

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Denitrifying organisms are essential in removing fixed nitrogen pollutants from ecosystems (e.g. sewage sludge). They can be detrimental (e.g. for agricultural soil) and can also produce the greenhouse gas N2O (nitrous oxide). Therefore a more comprehensive understanding of this process has become increasingly important regarding its global environmental impact. Even though bacterial genome sequencing projects may reveal new data, to date the denitrification abilities and features in Gram-positive bacteria are still poorly studied and understood. The present review evaluates current knowledge on the denitrification trait in Gram-positive bacteria and addresses the likely existence of unknown denitrification genes. In addition, current molecular tools to study denitrification gene diversity in pure cultures and environmental samples seem to be highly biased, and additional novel approaches for the detection of denitrifying (Gram-positive) bacteria appear to be crucial in re-assessing the real diversity of denitrifiers.

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Sarian, Fean Davisunjaya, Kazuki Ando, Shota Tsurumi, Ryohei Miyashita, Koichi Ute, and Takeshi Ohama. "Evaluation of the Growth-Inhibitory Spectrum of Three Types of Cyanoacrylate Nanoparticles on Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria." Membranes 12, no. 8 (August 15, 2022): 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12080782.

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The development of novel effective antibacterial agents is crucial due to increasing antibiotic resistance in various bacteria. Poly (alkyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles (PACA-NPs) are promising novel antibacterial agents as they have shown antibacterial activity against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. However, the antibacterial mechanism remains unclear. Here, we compared the antibacterial efficacy of ethyl cyanoacrylate nanoparticles (ECA-NPs), isobutyl cyanoacrylate NPs (iBCA-NPs), and ethoxyethyl cyanoacrylate NPs (EECA-NPs) using five Gram-positive and five Gram-negative bacteria. Among these resin nanoparticles, ECA-NPs showed the highest growth inhibitory effect against all the examined bacterial species, and this effect was higher against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative. While iBCA-NP could inhibit the cell growth only in two Gram-positive bacteria, i.e., Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, it had negligible inhibitory effect against all five Gram-negative bacteria examined. Irrespective of the differences in growth inhibition induced by these three NPs, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), a well-known reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, efficiently restored growth in all the bacterial strains to that similar to untreated cells. This strongly suggests that the exposure to NPs generates ROS, which mainly induces cell growth inhibition irrespective of the difference in bacterial species and cyanoacrylate NPs used.

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Li, Feng-Min, and Xiao-Wei Gao. "Predicting Gram-Positive Bacterial Protein Subcellular Location by Using Combined Features." BioMed Research International 2020 (August 3, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9701734.

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There are a lot of bacteria in the environment, and Gram-positive bacteria are the most common ones. Some Gram-positive bacteria are very harmful to the human body, so it is significant to predict Gram-positive bacterial protein subcellular location. And identification of Gram-positive bacterial protein subcellular location is important for developing effective drugs. In this paper, a new Gram-positive bacterial protein subcellular location dataset was established. The amino acid composition, the gene ontology annotation information, the hydropathy dipeptide composition information, the amino acid dipeptide composition information, and the autocovariance average chemical shift information were selected as characteristic parameters, then these parameters were combined. The locations of Gram-positive bacterial proteins were predicted by the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm, and the overall accuracy (OA) reached 86.1% under the Jackknife test. The overall accuracy (OA) in our predictive model was higher than those in existing methods. This improved method may be helpful for protein function prediction.

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Tsai, Tsuimin, Hsiung-Fei Chien, Tze-Hsien Wang, Ching-Tsan Huang, Yaw-Bee Ker, and Chin-Tin Chen. "Chitosan Augments Photodynamic Inactivation of Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 55, no. 5 (January 31, 2011): 1883–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00550-10.

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ABSTRACTAntimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (PDI) was shown to be a promising treatment modality for microbial infections. This study explores the effect of chitosan, a polycationic biopolymer, in increasing the PDI efficacy against Gram-positive bacteria, includingStaphylococcus aureus,Staphylococcus epidermidis,Streptococcus pyogenes, and methicillin-resistantS. aureus(MRSA), as well as the Gram-negative bacteriaPseudomonas aeruginosaandAcinetobacter baumannii. Chitosan at <0.1% was included in the antibacterial process either by coincubation with hematoporphyrin (Hp) and subjection to light exposure to induce the PDI effect or by addition after PDI and further incubation for 30 min. Under conditions in which Hp-PDI killed the microbe on a 2- to 4-log scale, treatment with chitosan at concentrations of as low as 0.025% for a further 30 min completely eradicated the bacteria (which were originally at ∼108CFU/ml). Similar results were also found with toluidine blue O (TBO)-mediated PDI in planktonic and biofilm cells. However, without PDI treatment, chitosan alone did not exert significant antimicrobial activity with 30 min of incubation, suggesting that the potentiated effect of chitosan worked after the bacterial damage induced by PDI. Further studies indicated that the potentiated PDI effect of chitosan was related to the level of PDI damage and the deacetylation level of the chitosan. These results indicate that the combination of PDI and chitosan is quite promising for eradicating microbial infections.

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Buurman, Ed T., Kenneth D. Johnson, Roxanne K. Kelly, and Kathy MacCormack. "Different Modes of Action of Naphthyridones in Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50, no. 1 (January 2006): 385–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.50.1.385-387.2006.

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ABSTRACT Naphthyridones that were recently described as a class of translation inhibitors in gram-positive bacteria mediate their mode of action via GyrA in Haemophilus influenzae and Escherichia coli. These are the first examples of compounds in which modes of action in different bacterial pathogens are mediated through widely different targets.

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WedrÉN, HANS, STIG E. Holm, and BO Bergman. "CAN DECREASED PHAGOCYTOSIS AND KILLING OF AUTOLOGOUS GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA EXPLAIN THE FINDING OF GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA IN “NON-BACTERIAL PROSTATITIS”?" Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica Series B: Microbiology 95B, no. 1-6 (August 15, 2009): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1987.tb03089.x.

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Perumal, Balaji, John Andrew Carlson, and Dale Robert Meyer. "A Pathological Analysis of Canaliculitis Concretions: More Than JustActinomyces." Scientifica 2016 (2016): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6313070.

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Purpose.Canaliculitis is classically associated withActinomycesspecies, which are filamentous bacteria; the purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent to which nonfilamentous bacteria colonize canalicular concretions by using graded histopathological analysis.Methods.This is a series of 16 cases. The percentage of Gram-positive/Gomori’s methenamine silver-positive filamentous bacteria (Actinomyces) versus the total bacteria identified was graded, and the types of bacteria seen were recorded. Nonfilamentous bacteria were categorized based upon Gram stain (positive or negative) and morphology (cocci or rods).Results. There were 11 females and 5 males. Nonfilamentous bacteria were identified in 16 of 16 (100%) specimens and filamentous bacteria were identified in 15 of 16 (94%) specimens. The mean percentage of filamentous bacteria relative to total bacteria was 57%. Regarding the nonfilamentous bacteria present, 69% of specimens had Gram-positive cocci only, 25% had Gram-positive and Gram-negative cocci, and 6% had Gram-positive cocci and Gram-positive rods.Conclusion. In the current study, there was a mix of filamentous and nonfilamentous bacteria in almost all canalicular concretions analyzed. Nonfilamentous bacteria may contribute to the pathogenesis of canaliculitis. In addition, the success of bacterial culture can be variable; therefore, pathological analysis can assist in determining the etiology.

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Hanker, Jacob S., Paul R. Gross, and Beverly L. Giammara. "Rapid demonstration of septic or infectious arthritis due to Gram-negative bacteria." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 1 (August 1992): 686–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100123830.

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Blood cultures are positive in approximately only 50 per cent of the patients with nongonococcal bacterial infectious arthritis and about 20 per cent of those with gonococcal arthritis. But the concept that gram-negative bacteria could be involved even in chronic arthritis is well-supported. Gram stains are more definitive in staphylococcal arthritis caused by gram-positive bacteria than in bacterial arthritis due to gram-negative bacteria. In the latter situation where gram-negative bacilli are the problem, Gram stains are helpful for 50% of the patients; they are only helpful for 25% of the patients, however, where gram-negative gonococci are the problem. In arthritis due to gram-positive Staphylococci. Gramstained smears are positive for 75% of the patients.

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Chen, Xixi, Xiaoying Yan, Ronghui Yuan, Dakun Shan, and Jiamei Ji. "Photocatalytic Inhibition of Gram-positive and Gram-negative Bacteria by Nanoparticulate C-doped TiO₂." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 943, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/943/1/012013.

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Abstract C-doped TiO2 (C-TiO2) was synthesised using a solvothermal method with ethanol/TBT/LDPE medium. Microstructure and elemental composition of C-TiO2 were analysed with TEM and XPS. An anti-bacterial device was utilized for photocatalytic inhibition of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The device to measure bacteriostatic action was placed in a dark room, and the bacterial culture was placed in a holding cup which contained holding box and nanoparticulate C-TiO2. This approach was convenient for addition and removal of C-TiO2. Photocatalytic bacteriostasis by C-TiO2 under visible-light irradiation was quantitively assessed for bacteriostatic properties. Moreover, the qualitative assessment of anti-bacterial activity with C-TiO2 was less significant for gram-positive bacteria in comparison to gram-negative bacteria.

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Tavares, Tânia D., Joana C. Antunes, Jorge Padrão, Ana I. Ribeiro, Andrea Zille, M. Teresa P. Amorim, Fernando Ferreira, and Helena P. Felgueiras. "Activity of Specialized Biomolecules against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria." Antibiotics 9, no. 6 (June 9, 2020): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9060314.

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The increased resistance of bacteria against conventional pharmaceutical solutions, the antibiotics, has raised serious health concerns. This has stimulated interest in the development of bio-based therapeutics with limited resistance, namely, essential oils (EOs) or antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). This study envisaged the evaluation of the antimicrobial efficacy of selected biomolecules, namely LL37, pexiganan, tea tree oil (TTO), cinnamon leaf oil (CLO) and niaouli oil (NO), against four bacteria commonly associated to nosocomial infections: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antibiotic vancomycin and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were used as control compounds for comparison purposes. The biomolecules were initially screened for their antibacterial efficacy using the agar-diffusion test, followed by the determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs), kill-time kinetics and the evaluation of the cell morphology upon 24 h exposure. All agents were effective against the selected bacteria. Interestingly, the AgNPs required a higher concentration (4000–1250 μg/mL) to induce the same effects as the AMPs (500–7.8 μg/mL) or EOs (365.2–19.7 μg/mL). Pexiganan and CLO were the most effective biomolecules, requiring lower concentrations to kill both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (62.5–7.8 μg/mL and 39.3–19.7 μg/mL, respectively), within a short period of time (averaging 2 h 15 min for all bacteria). Most biomolecules apparently disrupted the bacteria membrane stability due to the observed cell morphology deformation and by effecting on the intracellular space. AMPs were observed to induce morphological deformations and cellular content release, while EOs were seen to split and completely envelope bacteria. Data unraveled more of the potential of these new biomolecules as replacements for the conventional antibiotics and allowed us to take a step forward in the understanding of their mechanisms of action against infection-related bacteria.

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Yoshimura, Atsutoshi, Egil Lien, Robin R. Ingalls, Elaine Tuomanen, Roman Dziarski, and Douglas Golenbock. "Cutting Edge: Recognition of Gram-Positive Bacterial Cell Wall Components by the Innate Immune System Occurs Via Toll-Like Receptor 2." Journal of Immunology 163, no. 1 (July 1, 1999): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.163.1.1.

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Abstract Invasive infection with Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria often results in septic shock and death. The basis for the earliest steps in innate immune response to Gram-positive bacterial infection is poorly understood. The LPS component of the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall appears to activate cells via CD14 and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4. We hypothesized that Gram-positive bacteria might also be recognized by TLRs. Heterologous expression of human TLR2, but not TLR4, in fibroblasts conferred responsiveness to Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae as evidenced by inducible translocation of NF-κB. CD14 coexpression synergistically enhanced TLR2-mediated activation. To determine which components of Gram-positive cell walls activate Toll proteins, we tested a soluble preparation of peptidoglycan prepared from S. aureus. Soluble peptidoglycan substituted for whole organisms. These data suggest that the similarity of clinical response to invasive infection by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria is due to bacterial recognition via similar TLRs.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Gram-positive bacteria'

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