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Journal articles on the topic 'Gramine'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Ivanovskiy, A. A., and E. Yu Timkina. "GRAMIN AND ITS TOXICOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT." Scientific Notes Kazan Bauman State Academy of Veterinary Medicine 245, no. 1 (2021): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31588/2413-4201-1883-245-1-50-55.

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The aim of the research was to study the acute and subchronic toxicity of the drug gramine in white mice. The micromycete Drechslera graminea served as the basis for the creation of the gra-mine preparation. Experiments to determine the acute toxicity of the preparation gramine were car-ried out on outbred white mice (males) weighing 18-20 grams. The drug was administered to ani-mals intraperitoneally, once in doses from 400 to 2400 mg/kg. 6 mice were used for each dose. The condition of the animals was monitored for 14 days. The dose causing the death of 50 % of the an-imals (LD50) and the ab

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2

Dias, Sara Leite, Ling Chuang, Shenyu Liu, et al. "Biosynthesis of the allelopathic alkaloid gramine in barley by a cryptic oxidative rearrangement." Science 383, no. 6690 (2024): 1448–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adk6112.

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The defensive alkaloid gramine not only protects barley and other grasses from insects but also negatively affects their palatability to ruminants. The key gene for gramine formation has remained elusive, hampering breeding initiatives. In this work, we report that a gene encoding cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP76M57, which we name AMI synthase (AMIS), enables the production of gramine in Nicotiana benthamiana , Arabidopsis thaliana , and Saccharomyces cerevisiae . We reconstituted gramine production in the gramine-free barley ( Hordeum vulgare ) variety Golden Promise and eliminated it from

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3

Tosi, H. R., and K. M. Wittenberg. "Harvest alternatives to reduce the alkaloid content of reed canarygrass forage." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 73, no. 2 (1993): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas93-039.

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Growing conditions favorable to the accumulation of alkaloids in reed canarygrass (RCG) can result in gramine concentrations exceeding tolerable levels for grazing animals. Alternative harvest techniques for this forage material include silage and hay production. A replicated trial with 22-L mini-silo units showed that gramine and hordenine concentrations in RCG herbage do not decrease as a result of ensiling. Reed canarygrass regrowth cut and field-wilted to 74.9% dry matter (DM) had reduced (P < 0.05) gramine and hordenine concentrations. A second trial using RCG regrowth, dried under lab

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4

Maver, Mauro, Carmen Escudero-Martinez, James Abbott, et al. "Applications of the indole-alkaloid gramine modulate the assembly of individual members of the barley rhizosphere microbiota." PeerJ 9 (November 22, 2021): e12498. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12498.

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Microbial communities proliferating at the root-soil interface, collectively referred to as the rhizosphere microbiota, represent an untapped beneficial resource for plant growth, development and health. Integral to a rational manipulation of the microbiota for sustainable agriculture is the identification of the molecular determinants of these communities. In plants, biosynthesis of allelochemicals is centre stage in defining inter-organismal relationships in the environment. Intriguingly, this process has been moulded by domestication and breeding selection. The indole-alkaloid gramine, whos

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5

Święcicki, Wiktor, and Konrad Jach. "Variation and evolution of alkaloid complex in yellow lupine (Lupinus luteus L.) during domestication." Acta Agrobotanica 33, no. 2 (2013): 177–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1980.015.

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A colection of 178 primitive and cultivated forms of <em>Lupinus luteus</em> was analysed with respect to composition and level of alkaloids in seeds. A considerable quantitative and qualitative variation in alkaloids was found in the analysed forms. All analysed primitive forms, not cultivated in Central Europe, contained gramine and lupinine; the majority had sparteine as well. Contrary to the common opinion, yellow lupine has three basic alkaloids, i.e. gramine, lupinine and sparteine. Moreover, a large number of primitive forms showed traces of unidentified alkaline compounds w

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6

Kurek, Joanna, Arleta Sierakowska, Natalia Berdzik, and Beata Jasiewicz. "Colchicine, Caffeine, Gramine, and Their Derivatives as Potential Herbicides, Fungicides, and Insecticides." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 18 (2024): 10081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms251810081.

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A preliminary in silico screening of 94 compounds, including colchicine, caffeine, gramine, and their derivatives, was conducted to identify potential herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides. Among the compounds tested, only gramine and its 13 derivatives exhibited potential activity. These compounds were further tested against eight species of insects, three species of weeds, and four species of fungi. All of the tested alkaloids were found to be ineffective as herbicides and insecticides, but they did exhibit some fungicidal activity. Four gramine derivatives showed some activity against Ph

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7

Yang, Jun, Xiang-Dong Kong, Keyan Zhu-Salzman, Qing-Ming Qin, and Qing-Nian Cai. "The Key Glutathione S-Transferase Family Genes Involved in the Detoxification of Rice Gramine in Brown Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens." Insects 12, no. 12 (2021): 1055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12121055.

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Phytochemical toxins are considered a defense measure for herbivore invasion. To adapt this defensive strategy, herbivores use glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) as an important detoxification enzyme to cope with toxic compounds, but the underlying molecular basis for GST genes in this process remains unclear. Here, we investigated the basis of how GST genes in brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)) participated in the detoxification of gramine by RNA interference. For BPH, the LC25 and LC50 concentrations of gramine were 7.11 and 14.99 μg/mL at 72 h after feeding, respectively. The

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8

Zhang, Jiaoyue, Qitao Jia, Na Li, Liqiang Gu, Wenjia Dan, and Jiangkun Dai. "Recent Developments of Gramine: Chemistry and Biological Activity." Molecules 28, no. 15 (2023): 5695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28155695.

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The natural alkaloid gramine has attracted significant attention in both academic and industrial circles because of its potential and diverse biological activities, including antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities; application in therapy for Alzheimer’s disease; serotonin-receptor-related activity; insecticidal activity; and application as an algicide. In this review, we focus on the research advances that have been made for gramine-based molecules since their discovery, providing key information on their extraction and separation, chemical synthesis a

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9

DUYNISVELD, G. W., B. A. SLOMINSKI, K. M. WITTENBERG, and L. D. CAMPBELL. "ALKALOID CONTENT OF REED CANARYGRASS (Phalaris arundinaceae L.) AS DETERMINED BY GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 70, no. 4 (1990): 1097–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps90-132.

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A technique was developed for the quantification of gramine, hordenine and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyl tryptamine (5MeO-DMT) in reed canarygrass (RCG) using gas–liquid chromatography. One gram of freeze-dried, ground RCG sample was extracted with methanol containing 1% ammonium hydroxide. Following solvent evaporation, the residue was extracted with dilute hydrochloric acid (0.01 N). The pH of the extract was then raised and stabilized by adding 0.5 M sodium tetraborate-boric acid buffer pH 9. The internal standard solution (0.25 mg mL−1) n-nonadecane was added and the extract was purified by parti

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10

Macaulay, Malcolm, Luke Ramsay, and Inger Åhman. "Quantitative trait locus for resistance to the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi L. in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is not linked with a genomic region for gramine concentration." Arthropod-Plant Interactions 14, no. 1 (2019): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-019-09727-7.

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Abstract Gramine is an indole alkaloid found in certain grass species. Results of previous studies have diverged as to whether this compound might cause resistance to aphids or not. In a breeding program aiming to introduce resistance to the cereal pest Rhopalosiphum padi L. in barley, a cultivar has been crossed with the progenitor of cultivated barley, Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum, and an F1-derived population of doubled haploid (DH) lines was screened both for seedling gramine concentration and resistance to R. padi. The resistance was measured as individual aphid growth in the laborator

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11

Canton, Michael C., F. Omar Holguin, and Wiebke J. Boeing. "Alkaloid gramine to control algal invaders: Algae inhibition and gramine persistence." Bioresource Technology Reports 7 (September 2019): 100304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2019.100304.

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12

Ghini, A. A., G. Burton, and E. G. Gros. "Syntheses of |6-2h|-indole, |6-2h|-gramine and |6-3h|-gramine." Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals 23, no. 8 (1986): 857–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlcr.2580230809.

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13

Leite Dias, Sara, Adriana Garibay-Hernández, Fabian Leon Brendel, et al. "A New Fluorescence Detection Method for Tryptophan- and Tyrosine-Derived Allelopathic Compounds in Barley and Lupin." Plants 12, no. 10 (2023): 1930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12101930.

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Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is one of the most widely cultivated crops for feedstock and beer production, whereas lupins (Lupinus spp.) are grown as fodder and their seeds are a source of protein. Both species produce the allelopathic alkaloids gramine and hordenine. These plant-specialized metabolites may be of economic interest for crop protection, depending on their tissue distribution. However, in high concentrations they pose a health risk to humans and animals that feed on them. This study was carried out to develop and validate a new method for monitoring these alkaloids and their related

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14

Tollari, Stefano, Francesco Demartin, Sergio Cenini, Giovanni Palmisano, and Paolo Raimondi. "Cyclometallation of indole derivatives: cyclopalladation of gramine and 1-methyl gramine and CO insertion." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 527, no. 1-2 (1997): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-328x(96)06630-2.

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15

Ghini, Alberto A., Gerardo Burton, and Eduardo G. Gros. "Catabolism of gramine in Hordeum vulgare." Phytochemistry 29, no. 6 (1990): 1781–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(90)85014-7.

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16

Duynisveld, G. W., and K. M. Wittenberg. "Evaluation of Rival, Venture and Frontier reed canarygrass as pasture forage." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 73, no. 1 (1993): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas93-008.

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A grazing study was conducted to determine productivity of the grazing animal on reed canarygrass (RCG) pasture. A total of six 0.5-ha paddocks assigned to three RCG cultivars identified as Rival, Venture and Frontier were used in the 2-yr study. Forage nutrient and alkaloid concentrations and animal performance were monitored under continuous grazing conditions. Above average temperatures and precipitation levels that were 60% of normal were encountered in the first grazing season, resulting in relatively high forage crude protein levels but also high alkaloid concentrations. Animals grazing

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17

Gould, F. "STRESS SPECIFICITY OF MATERNAL EFFECTS IN HELIOTHIS VIRESCENS (BODDIE) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) LARVAE." Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 120, S146 (1988): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm120146191-1.

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AbstractQuercetin, a growth-inhibiting compound that is produced by many plants, was incorporated into an artificial diet and fed to Heliothis virescens (Boddie) larvae. Eggs were collected from females that had developed on this diet and from females that had developed on unadulterated artificial diet. Neonates from these eggs were placed on diets containing quercetin or other commonly occurring plant compounds (rutin, gossypol, gramine). Offspring from parents that had developed on quercetin-containing diet grew more slowly on diets containing quercetin, rutin, or gossypol, than did larvae f

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18

Shojaie, F., and M. Dehestani. "Theoretical calculations of rate of NDMA formation from gramine." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 91, no. 4 (2013): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2012-0218.

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The first ab initio theoretical study is performed on the ion–molecule reaction of gramine (C11H14N2) with NO+ for the formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). The reaction mechanism is investigated using the B3LYP density functional theory level. The stationary points along the reaction energy profile have been calculated at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level of the theory in the gas phase and solution phase. In this work, an attempt is made to elucidate the mechanism and so is proposed the efficient reactive pathway for the reaction of gramine with NO+ step by step. A complete reaction mechanis

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19

R. Sable, Rahul, Ghanshyam B. Jadhav, and Pavan B. Udavant. "Exploring Acute and Sub-Acute Toxicity of Gramine Bioactive Molecule in Wistar Rats." Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 20, no. 4 (2023): 1341–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/3180.

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ABSTRACT: The study evaluated the toxicity of Gramine in Wistar rats using a specified dose for acute and subacute toxicity evaluation. Female rats were given the Single dose as specified in OECD Guideline 425. Subacute toxicity was assessed using doses of 13, 27.5, and 55 mg/kg p.o. compared to a control group. After treatment, the satellite group continued operating for 14 days to assess the recovery effects. No mortality was observed at doses of 175mg/kg, but mortality was observed at doses of 550 mg/kg. In a subacute toxicity investigation, rats given Gramine orally for 28 days showed sign

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20

Szlaużys, Milda, Kamil Ostrowski, Damian Nowak, et al. "Hybrid Uracil Derivatives with Caffeine and Gramine Obtained via Click Chemistry as Potential Antioxidants and Inhibitors of Plant Pathogens." Molecules 30, no. 13 (2025): 2714. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30132714.

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A series of novel hybrid uracil derivatives incorporating the natural alkaloids caffeine or gramine, linked via 1,2,3-triazole ring, were synthetized using click chemistry. The structures of the obtained compounds were confirmed by spectroscopic methods, including 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR, and mass spectrometry. The biological activity of hybrids was evaluated in vitro, including assessments of hemolytic activity, antioxidant potential, antifungal efficacy, and antibacterial activity. Additionally, molecular docking studies were conducted in silico for the most active antioxidant candidate. The

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21

Adhikari, Kedar Nath, Owain Rhys Edwards, Shaofang Wang, Thomas James Ridsdill-Smith, and Bevan Buirchell. "The role of alkaloids in conferring aphid resistance in yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.)." Crop and Pasture Science 63, no. 5 (2012): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp12189.

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A key goal in the breeding for aphid resistance of cultivated lupins is to manipulate the levels and distributions of alkaloids. Lupin alkaloids are known to be responsible for resistance to herbivorous insects, but the total seed alkaloid level must remain under 0.02% for animal and human consumption. Yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.) is being investigated as a new legume crop for Western Australia (WA), but most lines produced to date have been very susceptible to aphids. In contrast, breeders in WA have had ongoing success releasing narrow-leafed lupin (L. angustifolius L.) cultivars with ad

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22

Christophersen, Carsten, Tine M. Fatum, Uffe Anthoni, and Per H. Nielsen. "Protonation and Sulfonation of Gramine in Strong Sulfuric Acid." HETEROCYCLES 38, no. 7 (1994): 1619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3987/com-94-6736.

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23

Yoshida, Hideya, Hisaaki Tsumuki, Katsuo Kanehisa, and Luis J. Corcuera. "Release of gramine from the surface of barley leaves." Phytochemistry 34, no. 4 (1993): 1011–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)90704-0.

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24

Barkae, Tesfaye Hailemariam, Shuai Quan, Zhiyong Dong, et al. "Derivatization-free Ru(bpy)32+ electrochemiluminescence detection of gramine." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 927 (December 2022): 116989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116989.

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25

Cai, Qing-Nian, Ying Han, Ya-Zhong Cao, Yuan Hu, Xin Zhao, and Jian-Long Bi. "Detoxification of Gramine by the Cereal Aphid Sitobion avenae." Journal of Chemical Ecology 35, no. 3 (2009): 320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10886-009-9603-y.

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26

Rajeswari, Sundaramoorthi, Akinbo A. Adesomoju, and Michael P. Cava. "Synthesis of new gramine-type analogs of CC-1065." Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry 26, no. 3 (1989): 557–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhet.5570260307.

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27

Leite Dias, Sara, Paride Rizzo, John Charles D’Auria, and Andriy Kochevenko. "Efficient Agrobacterium-Mediated Methods for Transient and Stable Transformation in Common and Tartary Buckwheat." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 9 (2025): 4425. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26094425.

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Buckwheat is a promising crop with grains that are rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds. Genome sequence data for common and Tartary buckwheat have recently become available. Currently, there is a critical need for the development of a simple and reliable transient gene expression protocol, as well as a stable genetic transformation method, to facilitate metabolic engineering of bioactive compounds, functional analysis of genes, targeted editing, and, in a long-term perspective, to accelerate the breeding process in buckwheat. In this paper, we report optimized methods for Agrobacterium-m

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28

KANEHISA, Katsuo, Hisaaki TSUMUKI, Kazuo KAWADA, and Maqsood A. RUSTAMANI. "Relations of Gramine Contents and Aphid Populations on Barley Lines." Applied Entomology and Zoology 25, no. 2 (1990): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1303/aez.25.251.

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29

Zhang, Xin-Hui, Qian Guo, Heng-Ying Wang, et al. "Gramine-based structure optimization to enhance anti-gastric cancer activity." Bioorganic Chemistry 107 (February 2021): 104549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104549.

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30

Ghini, Alberto A., Gerardo Burton, and Eduardo G. Gros. "Biodegradation of the indolic system of gramine in Hordeum vulgare." Phytochemistry 30, no. 3 (1991): 779–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)85251-t.

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31

Trimmer, Barry Andrew. "Serotonin and the Control of Salivation in the Blowfly Calliphora." Journal of Experimental Biology 114, no. 1 (1985): 307–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.114.1.307.

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The possibility that serotonin acts as a neurohormone stimulating salivation in the blowfly Calliphora vicina was studied by investigation of salivation induced by injections of high-potassium saline. Induced salivation is rapid and appears to be mediated by an active factor released into the haemolymph (High Potassium Salivary Gland Factor: HKSGF) since it is antagonized by cadmium (a calcium channel blocker) and by gramine (a serotonin-receptor blocker). The action of HKSGF on salivary glands in vitro is indistinguishable from that of serotonin: (a) it generates serotoninlike transepithelial

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32

Coulman, B. E. "Bellevue reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.)." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, no. 2 (1995): 473–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-082.

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Bellevue is a cultivar of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) developed by the Plant Science Department at the Macdonald Campus of McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Québec. It was developed by phenotypic selection from introduced lines for vigour, seed retention and low alkaloid concentrations, followed by half-sib progeny testing for forage yield. In forage dry matter, it yielded 101% of the check cultivar Vantage over 18 station years in the trials of the Québec forage testing network. Bellevue is free of the tryptamine and carboline alkaloids, and has moderate concentrations

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33

RUSTAMANI, Maqsood A., Katsuo KANEHISA, Hisaaki TSUMUKI, and Takashi SHIRAGA. "Additional Observations on Aphid Densities and Gramine Contents in Barley Lines." Applied Entomology and Zoology 27, no. 1 (1992): 151–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1303/aez.27.151.

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34

Argandoña, Victor H., Gustavo E. Zuñiga, and Luis J. Corcuera. "Distribution of gramine and hydroxamic acids in barley and wheat leaves." Phytochemistry 26, no. 7 (1987): 1917–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)81728-8.

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35

Larsson, Kristina A. E., Ingvor Zetterlund, Gabriele Delp, and Lisbeth M. V. Jonsson. "N-Methyltransferase involved in gramine biosynthesis in barley: Cloning and characterization." Phytochemistry 67, no. 18 (2006): 2002–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.06.036.

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36

Pathak, Manash Pratim, Rudragoud S. Policegoudra, Danswrang Goyary, et al. "Safety evaluation of an oat grain alkaloid gramine by genotoxicity assays." Drug and Chemical Toxicology 41, no. 2 (2017): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01480545.2017.1322605.

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37

Liu, Su-li, Wen-wen Wang, Fei Liu, Hong-ye Li, Jie-sheng Liu, and Wei-dong Yang. "Removal of Two Species of Harmful Algae Using Gramine Modified Montmorillonite." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 96, no. 4 (2016): 540–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-016-1758-y.

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38

Perry, Roland, and Richard Rolfe. "Electropharyngeograms and stylet activity of second stage juveniles of Globodera rostochiensis." Nematology 3, no. 1 (2001): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854101300106865.

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AbstractAnalysis of the contraction and relaxation of pharyngeal musculature derives from measurements of electrical currents, termed electropharyngeograms (EPG). EPG of stylet protractor muscle activity of second stage juveniles (J2) of Globodera rostochiensis, in response to 0.1, 1.0 and 10 mg ml-1 concentrations of the neurotransmitter serotonin, have now been obtained and correlated with stylet protrusion and retraction using video analysis. The antagonist, gramine (10 mg ml-1), incorporated with 10 mg ml-1 serotonin, almost completely eliminated stylet thrusting by J2. Stylet movement can

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39

Wittenberg, K. M., G. W. Duynisveld та H. R. Tosi. "Comparison of alkaloid content and nutritive value for tryptamine- and β-carboline-free cultivars of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.)". Canadian Journal of Animal Science 72, № 4 (1992): 903–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas92-102.

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Breeding programs for reed canarygrass (RCG) have resulted in the development of cultivars free of antinutritional compounds such as β-carbolines and tryptamines. The first study was designed to compare nutrient and alkaloid concentrations for four recently released cultivars (Rival, Venture, Palaton, Vantage) and one β-carboline- and tryptamine-containing cultivar (Castor) of RCG. The study was conducted at two locations, over 2 yr, with a two-cut harvest schedule. Cultivar differences were not observed (P > 0.05) for forage crude protein (CP) or neutral detergent fiber (NDF) levels. Rival

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40

Yadykin, Igor. "Spectral Decompositions of Gramians of Continuous Stationary Systems Given by Equations of State in Canonical Forms." Mathematics 10, no. 13 (2022): 2339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10132339.

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The application of transformations of the state equations of continuous linear and bilinear systems to the canonical form of controllability allows one to simplify the computation of Gramians of these systems. In this paper, we develop the method and obtain algorithms for computation of the controllability and observability Gramians of continuous linear and bilinear stationary systems with many inputs and one output, based on the method of spectral expansion of the Gramians and the iterative method for computing the bilinear systems Gramians. An important feature of the concept is the idea of

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41

Canton, Michael C., F. Omar Holguin, Charlotte C. Gard, and Wiebke J. Boeing. "Allelochemical effect of gramine under temperature stress and impact on fat transesterification." Chemistry and Ecology 37, no. 5 (2021): 481–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02757540.2021.1888934.

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42

Vorobyeva, D. V., T. P. Vasilyeva, and S. N. Osipov. "Copper-catalyzed reactions of 1-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-substituted gramine with diazo compounds." Russian Chemical Bulletin 71, no. 9 (2022): 1949–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11172-022-3613-0.

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43

Akilan, P., A. Kannan, and V. Chandrasekaran. "The Effect of Gramine on Corrosion Behaviour of Brass in Phosphoric Acid." International Journal of Current Research and Academic Review 6, no. 1 (2018): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcrar.2018.601.003.

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44

Lu, Xiaolang, Fengfeng Lu, Jiachen Yu, et al. "Gramine promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury via ameliorating microglia activation." Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine 25, no. 16 (2021): 7980–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.16728.

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45

E. Zúñiga, Gustavo, and Luis J. Corcuera. "Glycine-betaine in wilted barley reduces the effects of gramine on aphids." Phytochemistry 26, no. 12 (1987): 3197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)82469-3.

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Diker, Khalid, Michèle Döéde Maindreville, Daniel Royer, Fabien Le Provost, and Jean Lévy. "The gramine route to the Diels-Alder adducts of indolo-2,3-quinodimethanes." Tetrahedron Letters 40, no. 42 (1999): 7463–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(99)01349-0.

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Nakahata, Norimichi, Yuriko Harada, Makoto Tsuji, Kazumi Kon-ya, Yoshikazu Shizuri, and Yasushi Ohizumi. "Structure–activity relationship of gramine derivatives in Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum." European Journal of Pharmacology 382, no. 2 (1999): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-2999(99)00591-9.

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Ahmad, M. U., L. M. Libbey, J. F. Barbour, and R. A. Scanlan. "Isolation and characterization of products from the nitrosation of the alkaloid gramine." Food and Chemical Toxicology 23, no. 9 (1985): 841–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(85)90285-6.

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Ahmad, M. U., L. M. Libbey, and R. A. Scanlan. "Identification of minor nitrosation products of the alkaloid gramine by mass spectrometry." Food and Chemical Toxicology 25, no. 11 (1987): 867–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(87)90266-3.

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Sepulveda, B. A., and L. J. Corcuera. "Effect of gramine on the susceptibility of barley leaves to Pseudomonas syringae." Phytochemistry 29, no. 2 (1990): 465–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(90)85098-z.

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