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Journal articles on the topic 'Gramine'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Ivanovskiy, A. A., and E. Yu Timkina. "GRAMIN AND ITS TOXICOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT." Scientific Notes Kazan Bauman State Academy of Veterinary Medicine 245, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31588/2413-4201-1883-245-1-50-55.

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The aim of the research was to study the acute and subchronic toxicity of the drug gramine in white mice. The micromycete Drechslera graminea served as the basis for the creation of the gra-mine preparation. Experiments to determine the acute toxicity of the preparation gramine were car-ried out on outbred white mice (males) weighing 18-20 grams. The drug was administered to ani-mals intraperitoneally, once in doses from 400 to 2400 mg/kg. 6 mice were used for each dose. The condition of the animals was monitored for 14 days. The dose causing the death of 50 % of the an-imals (LD50) and the absolutely lethal dose (LD100) were determined. LD50 was calculated by the Kerber method. The study of subchronic toxicity of gramine was carried out for 30 days. The drug was administered to 10 mice intramuscularly daily, in the first 4 days, gramine was injected at a dose of 0.1 LD50, and then every 4 days the dose was increased 1.5 times and finally it was 1520 mg/kg. To determine the cumulative properties of the drug in white mice, a "subchronic toxicity" test was used. The reliability of the results obtained was taken into account in accordance with the Student's t-criterion at P <0.05. As a result, it was found that the average lethal dose (LD 50) of gramine for white mice is 1334 mg/kg, LD 100 - 2400 mg/kg. Studies of the subchronic toxicity of gramine showed that doses of the drug from 133 to 450 mg/kg did not cause significant changes in the behavioral responses of laboratory mice, and a pronounced toxigenic effect began to appear at a dose of 675 mg/kg and continued to increase after a further increase in doses of gramine (1013-1520 mg/kg), while causing mortality reaching the level of 50 %. It was found that gramine with intraperi-toneal administration of the LD50 of gramine for white mice corresponds to 1334 mg/kg, which al-lows the drug to be classified as a low-toxic substance. The cumulation coefficient of gramine is 1.14, which corresponds to the group of drugs with pronounced cumulation.

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2

Canton, Michael C., F. Omar Holguin, and Wiebke J. Boeing. "Alkaloid gramine to control algal invaders: Algae inhibition and gramine persistence." Bioresource Technology Reports 7 (September 2019): 100304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2019.100304.

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3

Tosi, H. R., and K. M. Wittenberg. "Harvest alternatives to reduce the alkaloid content of reed canarygrass forage." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 73, no. 2 (June 1, 1993): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas93-039.

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Growing conditions favorable to the accumulation of alkaloids in reed canarygrass (RCG) can result in gramine concentrations exceeding tolerable levels for grazing animals. Alternative harvest techniques for this forage material include silage and hay production. A replicated trial with 22-L mini-silo units showed that gramine and hordenine concentrations in RCG herbage do not decrease as a result of ensiling. Reed canarygrass regrowth cut and field-wilted to 74.9% dry matter (DM) had reduced (P < 0.05) gramine and hordenine concentrations. A second trial using RCG regrowth, dried under laboratory controlled conditions also showed decreases (P < 0.05) in forage gramine and hordenine concentrations. Hay baled at 73.1% DM and stored for 32 d had a further reduction (P < 0.05) in hordenine concentrations. No change in gramine concentration was observed during storage of forage as hay, but this may be due to low initial levels in the baled hay. An intake and digestibility study with growing ram lambs showed DM and neutral detergent fiber digestibilities for the β-carboline and tryptamine free cultivars, Rival and Venture, to be comparable to timothy, cultivar Champ, when regrowth was cut at the same stage of maturity. This study suggests that RCG forage considered to be too high in gramine for grazing animals could be harvested as hay to reduce forage alkaloid concentrations. Key words: Reed canarygrass, gramine, hordenine, silage, hay

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4

Ghini, A. A., G. Burton, and E. G. Gros. "Syntheses of |6-2h|-indole, |6-2h|-gramine and |6-3h|-gramine." Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals 23, no. 8 (August 1986): 857–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlcr.2580230809.

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5

Święcicki, Wiktor, and Konrad Jach. "Variation and evolution of alkaloid complex in yellow lupine (Lupinus luteus L.) during domestication." Acta Agrobotanica 33, no. 2 (2013): 177–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1980.015.

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A colection of 178 primitive and cultivated forms of <em>Lupinus luteus</em> was analysed with respect to composition and level of alkaloids in seeds. A considerable quantitative and qualitative variation in alkaloids was found in the analysed forms. All analysed primitive forms, not cultivated in Central Europe, contained gramine and lupinine; the majority had sparteine as well. Contrary to the common opinion, yellow lupine has three basic alkaloids, i.e. gramine, lupinine and sparteine. Moreover, a large number of primitive forms showed traces of unidentified alkaline compounds with alkaloid characteristics. It appears that in the course of introduction of yellow lupine to central Europe, the composition and level of its alkaloids have been gradually changing. Their reproduction and natural selection remarkably decreased the number of forms containing gramine as well as the total level of alkaloids in seeds. Cross breeding and screening for low alkaloid bearing forms significantly decreased the total level of gramine as well as the number of forms containing gramine and almost entirely eliminated traces of unidentified alkaloids. One new form was found to have sparteine and only a little of lupinine (total level of alkaloids 0,04%).

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6

Tollari, Stefano, Francesco Demartin, Sergio Cenini, Giovanni Palmisano, and Paolo Raimondi. "Cyclometallation of indole derivatives: cyclopalladation of gramine and 1-methyl gramine and CO insertion." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 527, no. 1-2 (January 1997): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-328x(96)06630-2.

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7

DUYNISVELD, G. W., B. A. SLOMINSKI, K. M. WITTENBERG, and L. D. CAMPBELL. "ALKALOID CONTENT OF REED CANARYGRASS (Phalaris arundinaceae L.) AS DETERMINED BY GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 70, no. 4 (October 1, 1990): 1097–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps90-132.

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A technique was developed for the quantification of gramine, hordenine and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyl tryptamine (5MeO-DMT) in reed canarygrass (RCG) using gas–liquid chromatography. One gram of freeze-dried, ground RCG sample was extracted with methanol containing 1% ammonium hydroxide. Following solvent evaporation, the residue was extracted with dilute hydrochloric acid (0.01 N). The pH of the extract was then raised and stabilized by adding 0.5 M sodium tetraborate-boric acid buffer pH 9. The internal standard solution (0.25 mg mL−1) n-nonadecane was added and the extract was purified by partitioning with chloroform. The chloroform was then evaporated and the alkaloids were derivatized with bis(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide and effectively separated on a gas chromatographic column packed with 2% OV-7 on Chromosorb W. Derivatization was effective at 100 °C (20 min). Extraction of the sample with methanol was maximal at 30-minute extraction time and the recovery of all the alkaloids studied was shown to average 90%. Development of this procedure provides a means to measure RCG gramine, hordenine and 5MeO-DMT concentrations in the presence or absence of tryptamines or β-carbolines. Initial growth and regrowth of five cultivars of RCG from two locations were evaluated for gramine, hordenine and 5MeO-DMT content using this technique. No differences were detected in hordenine content. Gramine content was higher (P < 0.05) in Rival than Venture, with Castor, Palaton and Vantage being intermediate. None of the cultivars contained detectable levels of 5MeO-DMT. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in hordenine content between initial growth and regrowth; however, gramine content of regrowth was higher (P < 0.05) than initial growth.Key words: Gramine, hordenine, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyl tryptamine, reed canarygrass, Phalaris arundinaceae L.

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8

Macaulay, Malcolm, Luke Ramsay, and Inger Åhman. "Quantitative trait locus for resistance to the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi L. in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is not linked with a genomic region for gramine concentration." Arthropod-Plant Interactions 14, no. 1 (November 4, 2019): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-019-09727-7.

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Abstract Gramine is an indole alkaloid found in certain grass species. Results of previous studies have diverged as to whether this compound might cause resistance to aphids or not. In a breeding program aiming to introduce resistance to the cereal pest Rhopalosiphum padi L. in barley, a cultivar has been crossed with the progenitor of cultivated barley, Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum, and an F1-derived population of doubled haploid (DH) lines was screened both for seedling gramine concentration and resistance to R. padi. The resistance was measured as individual aphid growth in the laboratory. The present study aims to determine if there is a genetic relationship between aphid growth retardation and gramine concentration. To do so, the lines were genotyped with a 384 SNP oligonucleotide pool assay and QTL analyses were performed for both traits. A previously identified aphid resistance locus on the distal part of chromosome 2HS was thereby confirmed, with resistance inherited from H. v. ssp. spontaneum, whereas one or more QTL for gramine concentration were potentially indicated on chromosome 3H, thus corroborating that the two traits are not linked genetically.

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9

Ghini, Alberto A., Gerardo Burton, and Eduardo G. Gros. "Catabolism of gramine in Hordeum vulgare." Phytochemistry 29, no. 6 (1990): 1781–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(90)85014-7.

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10

Duynisveld, G. W., and K. M. Wittenberg. "Evaluation of Rival, Venture and Frontier reed canarygrass as pasture forage." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 73, no. 1 (March 1, 1993): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas93-008.

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A grazing study was conducted to determine productivity of the grazing animal on reed canarygrass (RCG) pasture. A total of six 0.5-ha paddocks assigned to three RCG cultivars identified as Rival, Venture and Frontier were used in the 2-yr study. Forage nutrient and alkaloid concentrations and animal performance were monitored under continuous grazing conditions. Above average temperatures and precipitation levels that were 60% of normal were encountered in the first grazing season, resulting in relatively high forage crude protein levels but also high alkaloid concentrations. Animals grazing Frontier paddocks exhibited a high incidence of scouring, preferential grazing and low body-weight gains in the first half of the grazing season. Excessive gramine levels (> 2.0 mg g−1 DM) were observed in all three RCG cultivars during a major portion of this grazing season. A 56-d finishing trial at the end of the grazing season indicated that lambs did not have carryover or residual effects associated with long-term exposure to excessive levels of gramine. Improved growing conditions in the second grazing season resulted in improved pasture carrying capacities, reduced incidence of scouring and no differences among RCG cultivars for animal weight gain. During both grazing seasons, animals grazing Venture paddocks exhibited good weight gains in the initial part of the grazing season, relative to the other cultivars, but weight gains declined more rapidly for animals grazing this cultivar relative to Rival and Frontier as the grazing season progressed. Key words: Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinaceae L.), gramine, hordenine, drought, pasture

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11

Christophersen, Carsten, Tine M. Fatum, Uffe Anthoni, and Per H. Nielsen. "Protonation and Sulfonation of Gramine in Strong Sulfuric Acid." HETEROCYCLES 38, no. 7 (1994): 1619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3987/com-94-6736.

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12

Yoshida, Hideya, Hisaaki Tsumuki, Katsuo Kanehisa, and Luis J. Corcuera. "Release of gramine from the surface of barley leaves." Phytochemistry 34, no. 4 (November 1993): 1011–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)90704-0.

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13

Rajeswari, Sundaramoorthi, Akinbo A. Adesomoju, and Michael P. Cava. "Synthesis of new gramine-type analogs of CC-1065." Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry 26, no. 3 (May 1989): 557–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhet.5570260307.

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14

Shojaie, F., and M. Dehestani. "Theoretical calculations of rate of NDMA formation from gramine." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 91, no. 4 (April 2013): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2012-0218.

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The first ab initio theoretical study is performed on the ion–molecule reaction of gramine (C11H14N2) with NO+ for the formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). The reaction mechanism is investigated using the B3LYP density functional theory level. The stationary points along the reaction energy profile have been calculated at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level of the theory in the gas phase and solution phase. In this work, an attempt is made to elucidate the mechanism and so is proposed the efficient reactive pathway for the reaction of gramine with NO+ step by step. A complete reaction mechanism has been established, and the temperature dependence of all rate constants between 23 and 65 °C are reported and analyzed in terms of transition state theory. The percentages of NDMA formation in the 23–65 °C temperature range have been calculated in aqueous solution by transition state theory. The results are in good agreement with experimental results.

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15

Cai, Qing-Nian, Ying Han, Ya-Zhong Cao, Yuan Hu, Xin Zhao, and Jian-Long Bi. "Detoxification of Gramine by the Cereal Aphid Sitobion avenae." Journal of Chemical Ecology 35, no. 3 (February 18, 2009): 320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10886-009-9603-y.

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16

Gould, F. "STRESS SPECIFICITY OF MATERNAL EFFECTS IN HELIOTHIS VIRESCENS (BODDIE) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) LARVAE." Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 120, S146 (1988): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm120146191-1.

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AbstractQuercetin, a growth-inhibiting compound that is produced by many plants, was incorporated into an artificial diet and fed to Heliothis virescens (Boddie) larvae. Eggs were collected from females that had developed on this diet and from females that had developed on unadulterated artificial diet. Neonates from these eggs were placed on diets containing quercetin or other commonly occurring plant compounds (rutin, gossypol, gramine). Offspring from parents that had developed on quercetin-containing diet grew more slowly on diets containing quercetin, rutin, or gossypol, than did larvae from parents reared on unadulterated diet. Larvae from both types of parents grew at the same rate when reared on gramine-containing diet. Maternal, but not paternal, diet led to decreased growth of offspring on quercetin-containing diet. When reared on quercetin- and rutin-containing diets, offspring from parents that had developed on tobacco or soybean grew more slowly than larvae from parents reared on unadulterated diet.

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17

KANEHISA, Katsuo, Hisaaki TSUMUKI, Kazuo KAWADA, and Maqsood A. RUSTAMANI. "Relations of Gramine Contents and Aphid Populations on Barley Lines." Applied Entomology and Zoology 25, no. 2 (1990): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1303/aez.25.251.

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18

Ghini, Alberto A., Gerardo Burton, and Eduardo G. Gros. "Biodegradation of the indolic system of gramine in Hordeum vulgare." Phytochemistry 30, no. 3 (January 1991): 779–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)85251-t.

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19

Zhang, Xin-Hui, Qian Guo, Heng-Ying Wang, Yi-Han Li, Mussa Yussuf Khamis, Li-Ying Ma, Bo Wang, and Hong-Min Liu. "Gramine-based structure optimization to enhance anti-gastric cancer activity." Bioorganic Chemistry 107 (February 2021): 104549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104549.

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20

Adhikari, Kedar Nath, Owain Rhys Edwards, Shaofang Wang, Thomas James Ridsdill-Smith, and Bevan Buirchell. "The role of alkaloids in conferring aphid resistance in yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.)." Crop and Pasture Science 63, no. 5 (2012): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp12189.

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A key goal in the breeding for aphid resistance of cultivated lupins is to manipulate the levels and distributions of alkaloids. Lupin alkaloids are known to be responsible for resistance to herbivorous insects, but the total seed alkaloid level must remain under 0.02% for animal and human consumption. Yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.) is being investigated as a new legume crop for Western Australia (WA), but most lines produced to date have been very susceptible to aphids. In contrast, breeders in WA have had ongoing success releasing narrow-leafed lupin (L. angustifolius L.) cultivars with adequate resistance to aphids. In this study, aphid performance was evaluated on yellow lupin plants in the glasshouse from an F2 population derived from a cross between Teo, a yellow lupin cultivar resistant to aphids and with high total alkaloid levels, and Wodjil, a single plant selection from Teo that is susceptible to aphids and has low total alkaloid levels, and their parents. Resistance in Teo and the F2 progeny was strongly associated with the alkaloids gramine and a gramine analogue. The absence of plants with intermediate levels of these alkaloids in progeny of this cross makes it unlikely that aphid-resistant lines can be generated using Teo as the resistance source. On the other hand, different alkaloids were correlated with aphid resistance in the narrow-leafed lupin cultivar Kalya, and aphid resistance was more evenly distributed among progeny of a cross of the resistant cultivar Kalya with the susceptible cultivar Tallerack. For this reason, additional yellow lupin lines with a more diverse alkaloid profile were selected for further study from the Australian lupin breeding program. A wide variation in the aphid tolerance among lines was observed and aphid tolerance was positively correlated with alkaloid content. However, four lines were identified with moderate levels of aphid resistance in a low alkaloid background. These lines had varying alkaloid profiles, but as expected none were dominated by gramine and its analogues. We believe these lines offer a greater opportunity for aphid resistance breeding in yellow lupins.

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21

Larsson, Kristina A. E., Ingvor Zetterlund, Gabriele Delp, and Lisbeth M. V. Jonsson. "N-Methyltransferase involved in gramine biosynthesis in barley: Cloning and characterization." Phytochemistry 67, no. 18 (September 2006): 2002–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.06.036.

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22

Argandoña, Victor H., Gustavo E. Zuñiga, and Luis J. Corcuera. "Distribution of gramine and hydroxamic acids in barley and wheat leaves." Phytochemistry 26, no. 7 (1987): 1917–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)81728-8.

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23

RUSTAMANI, Maqsood A., Katsuo KANEHISA, Hisaaki TSUMUKI, and Takashi SHIRAGA. "Additional Observations on Aphid Densities and Gramine Contents in Barley Lines." Applied Entomology and Zoology 27, no. 1 (1992): 151–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1303/aez.27.151.

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24

Pathak, Manash Pratim, Rudragoud S. Policegoudra, Danswrang Goyary, Aparoop Das, Santa Mandal, Srijita Chakraborti, Nilutpal Sharma Bora, et al. "Safety evaluation of an oat grain alkaloid gramine by genotoxicity assays." Drug and Chemical Toxicology 41, no. 2 (May 19, 2017): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01480545.2017.1322605.

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25

Liu, Su-li, Wen-wen Wang, Fei Liu, Hong-ye Li, Jie-sheng Liu, and Wei-dong Yang. "Removal of Two Species of Harmful Algae Using Gramine Modified Montmorillonite." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 96, no. 4 (February 27, 2016): 540–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-016-1758-y.

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26

Wippich, C., and M. Wink. "Biological properties of alkaloids. Influence of quinolizidine alkaloids and gramine on the germination and development of powdery mildew,Erysiphe graminis f.sp.hordei." Experientia 41, no. 11 (November 1985): 1477–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01950046.

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27

Akilan, P., A. Kannan, and V. Chandrasekaran. "The Effect of Gramine on Corrosion Behaviour of Brass in Phosphoric Acid." International Journal of Current Research and Academic Review 6, no. 1 (January 20, 2018): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcrar.2018.601.003.

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28

Diker, Khalid, Michèle Döéde Maindreville, Daniel Royer, Fabien Le Provost, and Jean Lévy. "The gramine route to the Diels-Alder adducts of indolo-2,3-quinodimethanes." Tetrahedron Letters 40, no. 42 (October 1999): 7463–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(99)01349-0.

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29

E. Zúñiga, Gustavo, and Luis J. Corcuera. "Glycine-betaine in wilted barley reduces the effects of gramine on aphids." Phytochemistry 26, no. 12 (January 1987): 3197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)82469-3.

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30

Nakahata, Norimichi, Yuriko Harada, Makoto Tsuji, Kazumi Kon-ya, Yoshikazu Shizuri, and Yasushi Ohizumi. "Structure–activity relationship of gramine derivatives in Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum." European Journal of Pharmacology 382, no. 2 (October 1999): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-2999(99)00591-9.

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31

Sridar, V., R. Maheswari, and B. S. R. Reddy. "ChemInform Abstract: An Unusual Oxidation of Gramine Methiodides under NaNO2/DMF Conditions." ChemInform 33, no. 16 (May 22, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200216133.

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32

Sepulveda, B. A., and L. J. Corcuera. "Effect of gramine on the susceptibility of barley leaves to Pseudomonas syringae." Phytochemistry 29, no. 2 (January 1990): 465–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(90)85098-z.

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33

Ahmad, M. U., L. M. Libbey, J. F. Barbour, and R. A. Scanlan. "Isolation and characterization of products from the nitrosation of the alkaloid gramine." Food and Chemical Toxicology 23, no. 9 (September 1985): 841–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(85)90285-6.

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34

Ahmad, M. U., L. M. Libbey, and R. A. Scanlan. "Identification of minor nitrosation products of the alkaloid gramine by mass spectrometry." Food and Chemical Toxicology 25, no. 11 (November 1987): 867–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(87)90266-3.

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35

Canton, Michael C., F. Omar Holguin, Charlotte C. Gard, and Wiebke J. Boeing. "Allelochemical effect of gramine under temperature stress and impact on fat transesterification." Chemistry and Ecology 37, no. 5 (February 20, 2021): 481–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02757540.2021.1888934.

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36

Lu, Xiaolang, Fengfeng Lu, Jiachen Yu, Xinghe Xue, Hongyi Jiang, Liting Jiang, and Yang Yang. "Gramine promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury via ameliorating microglia activation." Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine 25, no. 16 (July 19, 2021): 7980–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.16728.

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37

Pastuszewska, Barbara, Anna Ochtabińska, and R. Lechowski. "Response of animals to dietary gramine. II. effects of feeding high‐gramine yellow lupin seeds on reproductive performance of rats and on selected hematological and biochemical parameters in offspring." Archiv für Tierernaehrung 55, no. 1 (December 2001): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17450390109386179.

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38

Velozo, Juan A., Rodrigo I. Alvarez, Gerald A. Wächter, Barbara N. Timmermann, and Luis J. Corcuera. "Increase in gramine content in barley infested by the aphid Schizaphis graminum R." Phytochemistry 52, no. 6 (November 1999): 1059–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(99)00358-1.

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39

Kozanecka, Weronika, Lucyna Mrówczyńska, Tomasz Pospieszny, Beata Jasiewicz, and Mateusz Gierszewski. "Synthesis, spectroscopy, theoretical and biological studies of new gramine-steroids salts and conjugates." Steroids 98 (June 2015): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.steroids.2015.03.003.

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40

Semenov, B. B., and V. G. Granik. "Chemistry of N-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-N,N-dimethylamine (Gramine): A Review." Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal 38, no. 6 (June 2004): 287–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:phac.0000048140.06266.63.

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41

Iwata, Shingo, Shin-ya Saito, Kazumi Kon-ya, Yoshikazu Shizuri, and Yasushi Ohizumi. "Novel marine-derived halogen-containing gramine analogues induce vasorelaxation in isolated rat aorta." European Journal of Pharmacology 432, no. 1 (November 2001): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-2999(01)01476-5.

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42

Poocharoen, Boonthong, James F. Barbour, Leonard M. Libbey, and Richard A. Scanlan. "Precursors of N-nitrosodimethylamine in malted barley. 1. Determination of hordenine and gramine." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 40, no. 11 (November 1992): 2216–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf00023a033.

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43

Chen, Jingtao, Yuxia Kong, Youying Di, Weiwei Yang, and Zhicheng Tan. "Low-Temperature Heat Capacities and Standard Molar Enthalpy of Formation of Gramine (C11H14N2)." Chinese Journal of Chemistry 29, no. 11 (November 2011): 2278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjoc.201180392.

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44

Trimmer, Barry Andrew. "Serotonin and the Control of Salivation in the Blowfly Calliphora." Journal of Experimental Biology 114, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 307–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.114.1.307.

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The possibility that serotonin acts as a neurohormone stimulating salivation in the blowfly Calliphora vicina was studied by investigation of salivation induced by injections of high-potassium saline. Induced salivation is rapid and appears to be mediated by an active factor released into the haemolymph (High Potassium Salivary Gland Factor: HKSGF) since it is antagonized by cadmium (a calcium channel blocker) and by gramine (a serotonin-receptor blocker). The action of HKSGF on salivary glands in vitro is indistinguishable from that of serotonin: (a) it generates serotoninlike transepithelial potential changes, (b) its effect on salivation is antagonized by gramine, (c) it is as heat stable as serotonin, (d) it has the same solubility in a variety of organic solvents, (e) it is unaffected by incubation with leucine aminopeptidase or trypsin and (d) it is inactivated by rat liver monoamine oxidase type A (a serotonin deaminating enzyme). Radioenzyme assay of haemolymph from high-potassium injected flies shows that the amount of serotonin present could account for all of the retrievable bioactivity. Significant amounts of serotonin were found in the cerebral ganglion, the thoracic ganglion and nerves attached to the thoracic ganglion. Nerve sectioning experiments demonstrated that the abdominal nerves and the anterior nerves supplying the neck muscles are not involved in the normal salivatory response. However the cerebral-thoracic connective must be intact and it is suggested that release of serotonin is effected close to the main body of the thoracic ganglion. Some of the implications of the neurohormonal role of serotonin are discussed.

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Coulman, B. E. "Bellevue reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.)." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, no. 2 (April 1, 1995): 473–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-082.

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Bellevue is a cultivar of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) developed by the Plant Science Department at the Macdonald Campus of McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Québec. It was developed by phenotypic selection from introduced lines for vigour, seed retention and low alkaloid concentrations, followed by half-sib progeny testing for forage yield. In forage dry matter, it yielded 101% of the check cultivar Vantage over 18 station years in the trials of the Québec forage testing network. Bellevue is free of the tryptamine and carboline alkaloids, and has moderate concentrations of gramine. Key words: Reed canarygrass, Phalaris arundinacea, cultivar description

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Wei, Yanhong, Liqiao Shi, Kaimei Wang, Manli Liu, Qingyu Yang, Ziwen Yang, and Shaoyong Ke. "Discovery of Gramine Derivatives That Inhibit the Early Stage of EV71 Replication in Vitro." Molecules 19, no. 7 (June 27, 2014): 8949–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules19078949.

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Leland, Timothy J., Rebecca Grumet, and Andrew D. Hanson. "Biochemical, immunological and genetic characterization of natural gramine-free variants of Hordeum vulgare L." Plant Science 42, no. 2 (December 1985): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9452(85)90145-1.

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Luliński, Piotr, Dorota Klejn, and Dorota Maciejewska. "Synthesis and characterization of imprinted sorbent for separation of gramine from bovine serum albumin." Materials Science and Engineering: C 65 (August 2016): 400–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.04.051.

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Kozanecka-Okupnik, Weronika, Beata Jasiewicz, Tomasz Pospieszny, Monika Matuszak, and Lucyna Mrówczyńska. "Haemolytic activity of formyl- and acetyl-derivatives of bile acids and their gramine salts." Steroids 126 (October 2017): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.steroids.2017.07.003.

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Satô, Mitsuhiko, and Atsushi Hiraoka. "Reduction of gramine concentration by γ-irradiation in seedlings of Hordeum vulgare var. Amaginijo." Phytochemistry 36, no. 1 (May 1994): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)97010-9.

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