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1
Seuren, Pieter. "Essentials of Semantic Syntax." Cadernos de Linguística 2, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): 01–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.25189/2675-4916.2021.v2.n1.id290.
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Semantic Syntax (SeSyn), originally called Generative Semantics, is an offshoot of Chomskyan generative grammar (ChoGG), rejected by Chomsky and his school in the late 1960s. SeSyn is the theory of algorithmical grammars producing the well-formed sentences of a language L from the corresponding semantic input, the Semantic Analysis (SA), represented as a traditional tree structure diagram in a specific formal language of incremental predicate logic with quantifying and qualifying operators (including the truth functions), and with all lexical items filled in. A SeSyn-type grammar is thus by definition transformational, but not generative. The SA originates in cognition in a manner that is still largely mysterious, but its actual form can be distilled from the Surface Structure (SS) of the sentences of L following the principles set out in SeSyn. In this presentation we provide a more or less technical résumé of the SeSyn theory. A comparison is made with ChoGG-type grammars, which are rejected on account of their intrinsic unsuitability as a cognitive-realist grammar model. The ChoGG model follows the pattern of a 1930s neopositivist Carnap-type grammar for formal logical languages. Such grammars are random sentence generators, whereas, obviously, (nonpathological) humans are not. A ChoGG-type grammar is fundamentally irreconcilable with a mentalist-realist theory of grammar. The body of the paper consists in a demonstration of the production of an English and a French sentence, the latter containing a classic instance of the cyclic rule of Predicate Raising (PR), essential in the general theory of clausal complementation yet steadfastly repudiated in ChoGG for reasons that have never been clarified. The processes and categories defined in SeSyn are effortlessly recognised in languages all over the world, whether indigenous or languages of a dominant culture—taking into account language-specific values for the general theoretical parameters involved. This property makes SeSyn particularly relevant for linguistic typology, which now ranks as the most promising branch of linguistics but has so far conspicuously lacked an adequate theoretical basis.
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Osborne,, Timothy, and Thomas Gross,. "Constructions are catenae: Construction Grammar meets Dependency Grammar." Cognitive Linguistics 23, no. 1 (February 2012): 165–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2012-0006.
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AbstractThe paper demonstrates that dependency-based syntax is in a strong position to produce principled and economical accounts of the syntax of constructs. The difficulty that constituency-based syntax has in this regard is that very many constructs fail to qualify as constituents. The point is evident with the box diagrams and attribute value matrices (AVMs) that some construction grammars (CxGs) use to formalize constructions; these schemata often represent fragments rather than constituents. In dependency-based syntax in contrast, constructions are catenae, whereby a catena is a chain of words linked together by dependencies. The catena is a novel but well-defined unit of syntax associated with dependency grammar (DG). The constructs of CxGs are more amenable to analyses in terms of the catenae of dependency-based syntax than to analyses in terms of the constituents of constituency-based syntax.
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Fernandes, Gonçalo. "Syntax in the earliest Latin-Portuguese grammatical treatises." Latin Grammars in Transition, 1200 - 1600 44, no. 2-3 (December 31, 2017): 228–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.00003.fer.
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Abstract This essay analyses the most central concepts of Latin syntactical theory in the earliest pedagogical grammars written in Portugal during the 14th and 15th centuries, namely concord, government, and transitivity. The sources include two unpublished treatises preserved in manuscripts of Portuguese origin, one from the end of the 14th century and the other dated 1427, and the first grammar printed in Portugal (1497). They are representative of the teaching of Latin in Portugal at different levels of learning. All three treatises use the vernacular as a pedagogical aid, and Pastrana’s grammar also employs images to illustrate the main syntactical concepts. All treatises discuss government using the regular medieval terminology of regere “to govern” and regi “to be governed”. Like in Spanish, Italian and English grammars of Latin, the three concords belong to the basic syntactical doctrine. The major difference between these textbooks lies in their employment of the concept of transitivity. It is little more than mentioned in the two manuscripts, but highly relevant in the printed grammar.
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Cole, Peter, Gabriella Hermon, and Yassir Nasanius Tjung. "How irregular is WH in situ in Indonesian?" Studies in Language 29, no. 3 (November 16, 2005): 553–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.29.3.02col.
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Contemporary approaches to Generative syntax lead to the expectation that WH in situ would be subject to few distributional restrictions; but a series of complex constraints apply to in-situ WH in subject position in Standard Indonesian. We argue that this distribution does not follow from principles of formal grammar, but rather from a constraint on the relationship between syntax and information structure. We then turn to Colloquial Jakarta Indonesian, a variety similar to Standard Indonesian with regard to grammatical restrictions on WH in situ, but lacking the constraint on the relationship between syntax and information structure found in Standard Indonesian. We contend that the seeming differences between the grammars of Standard Indonesian and Jakarta Indonesian do not reflect differences in grammar in the narrow sense but rather in how the dialects relate to formal grammar and pragmatics.
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Kitagawa, Chisato, and Nobuko Hasegawa. "Japanese Syntax in Comparative Grammar." Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese 28, no. 2 (November 1994): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/489293.
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Lepschy, Giulio, and Guglielmo Cinque. "Italian Syntax and Universal Grammar." Modern Language Review 93, no. 1 (January 1998): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3733707.
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Gulstad, Daniel E., William A. Foley, and Robert D. van Valin. "Functional Syntax and Universal Grammar." Modern Language Journal 70, no. 2 (1986): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/327353.
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Zima, Elisabeth. "Cognitive Grammar and Dialogic Syntax." Review of Cognitive Linguistics 11, no. 1 (June 28, 2013): 36–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.11.1.02zim.
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This paper relates the functional model of Dialogic Syntax and its key concept of resonance (Du Bois 2001 [2009]) to Cognitive Grammar (Langacker, 1987, 1991, 2001, 2008, 2009) with the aim of inquiring into the prospects, potential gains, and limitations of a Cognitive Grammar-inspired discourse analysis. First the two frameworks are compared from a theoretical point of view, focusing on how Du Bois’ account and Langacker’s Current Discourse Space Model (2001, 2008) deal with prior discourse as a resource for new usage events. In the subsequent case study, the theory is confronted with interactional data from Austrian parliamentary debates. Specific attention is paid to construal operations, more specifically viewpoint phenomena and subjectification, which are explored in relation to resonance activation. Drawing on detailed analyses that combine insights and concepts from Dialogic Syntax and Cognitive Grammar, strengths, shortcomings, and future challenges of Cognitive Grammar discourse studies are discussed.
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Schachter, Paul. "Functional syntax and universal grammar." Lingua 69, no. 1-2 (June 1986): 172–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(86)90083-5.
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Diller, Anthony V. N. "Thai syntax and “national grammar”." Language Sciences 10, no. 2 (January 1988): 273–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0388-0001(88)90018-6.
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Morin, Cameron, Guillaume Desagulier, and Jack Grieve. "Dialect syntax in Construction Grammar." Belgian Journal of Linguistics, Volume 34 (2020) 34 (December 31, 2020): 248–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.00050.mor.
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Abstract This squib focuses on two main issues. Firstly, it examines the ways in which constructionist approaches to language can bring about an improved theoretical understanding of Double Modals (DMs) in dialects of English. DMs have proved to be a long-lasting, notorious puzzle in formal linguistics, and have not received any general solution today, with much analysis devoted to their constituent structure and their postulated layers of derivation, especially in generative models of language. Usage-based strands of Construction Grammar (CxG) appear to naturally overcome such problems, while conveying a more cognitively and socially realistic picture of such dialect variants. Secondly, and more importantly, we argue that such an improved, constructional understanding of DMs can also contribute to advances in the modeling of dialect syntax in CxG, both theoretically and methodologically. In particular, DMs constitute an interesting case of relatively rare and restricted syntactic constructions in the dialects they appear in, and they are likely to exhibit different rates of entrenchment and network schematicity cross-dialectally. Moreover, the empirical challenges surrounding the measurement of DM usage invite us to refine the methodological concept of triangulation, by sketching a two-step approach with a data-driven study of new types of corpora on the one hand, and a hypothesis-driven experimental account of acceptability in relevant geographical locations on the other.
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Telkova, Valentina Alekseevna. "The ideas of universal grammar in the area of syntax and their reflection in the Russian educational materials of the early XIX century." Филология: научные исследования, no. 4 (April 2020): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2020.4.30410.
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The subject of this research is the analysis of universal grammar ideas in the area of syntax and their reflection in the Russian educational materials of the early XIX century. The relevance is defined by the fact that writings of the authors of universal grammars contain ideas currently applied in description of fact of language within the framework of generative grammar. View on grammar of A. S. Nikolsky, F. F. Rozanov, L. H. Jacob, I. F. Timkovsky, I. Ornatovsky repeatedly have become the subject of analysis; however, in light on most recent achievements of the theory of linguistics, previous works require revision. Research methodology leans on the theories, which are founded on the principle of historicism in linguistics that allows establishing own patterns in transformation of the subject of research and clearly understands the internal logics of scientific development. With emergence of works of the world renowned American linguist Noam Chomsky, who claimed that his generative grammar is based on the key postulates of universal grammar, the authors of universal grammars have attracted attention once again. The scientific novelty lies in the more objective assessment of the contribution of A. S. Nikolsky, F. F. Rozanov, L. H. Jacob, I. F. Timkovsky, I. Ornatovsky to the development of grammar science, and syntax in particular.
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Crawford, Sue E. S., and Elinor Ostrom. "A Grammar of Institutions." American Political Science Review 89, no. 3 (September 1995): 582–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2082975.
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The institutional grammar introduced here is based on a view that institutions are enduring regularities of human action in situations structured by rules, norms, and shared strategies, as well as by the physical world. The rules, norms, and shared strategies are constituted and reconstituted by human interaction in frequently occurring or repetitive situations. The syntax of the grammar identifies components of institutions and sorts them into three types of institutional statements: rules, norms, and shared strategies. We introduce the grammar, outline methods for operationalizing the syntax, apply the syntax to an analysis of cooperation in collective dilemma situations, and discuss the pragmatics of the grammar for analyses of behavior within complex institutional settings.
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Parinyavottichai, Chanyaporn. "The Application of Global Grammar Theory to Locative and Directional Structures in Chinese, Thai and English." MANUSYA 12, no. 2 (2009): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-01202001.
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This paper employs the Global Grammar theory to analyze locative and directional phrases in Mandarin, Thai and English. I use translation-equivalent sentences from Mandarin, English, and Thai to illustrate the relation between the global grammar and its derived regional grammars and to show how the translation-equivalent sentences can become partly similar and partly dissimilar to each other. This paper also shows how a language teacher of Mandarin Chinese can effectively use the relation between the Global grammar and particular grammars to help students whose native language is English and Thai to learn the syntax and semantics of any Chinese sentence.
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Nylander, Dudley K., and A. Machtelt Bolkestein. "Syntax and Pragmatics in Functional Grammar." Language 62, no. 2 (June 1986): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/414695.
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Morton, Kairo, William Hallahan, Elven Shum, Ruzica Piskac, and Mark Santolucito. "Grammar Filtering for Syntax-Guided Synthesis." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 02 (April 3, 2020): 1611–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i02.5522.
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Programming-by-example (PBE) is a synthesis paradigm that allows users to generate functions by simply providing input-output examples. While a promising interaction paradigm, synthesis is still too slow for realtime interaction and more widespread adoption. Existing approaches to PBE synthesis have used automated reasoning tools, such as SMT solvers, as well as works applying machine learning techniques. At its core, the automated reasoning approach relies on highly domain specific knowledge of programming languages. On the other hand, the machine learning approaches utilize the fact that when working with program code, it is possible to generate arbitrarily large training datasets. In this work, we propose a system for using machine learning in tandem with automated reasoning techniques to solve Syntax Guided Synthesis (SyGuS) style PBE problems. By preprocessing SyGuS PBE problems with a neural network, we can use a data driven approach to reduce the size of the search space, then allow automated reasoning-based solvers to more quickly find a solution analytically. Our system is able to run atop existing SyGuS PBE synthesis tools, decreasing the runtime of the winner of the 2019 SyGuS Competition for the PBE Strings track by 47.65% to outperform all of the competing tools.
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Vavra, Ed. "Grammar and Syntax: The Student's Perspective." English Journal 76, no. 6 (October 1987): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/818054.
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Carr, Philip. "Universal grammar and syntax/phonology parallelisms." Lingua 116, no. 5 (May 2006): 634–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2004.08.019.
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HUDSON, RICHARD A. "English dialect syntax in Word Grammar." English Language and Linguistics 11, no. 2 (July 2007): 383–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674307002298.
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The article focuses on inherent variability in syntax and the challenge that it presents for theories of language structure, using illustrative data from the Scottish town of Buckie (Smith, 2000). Inherent variability challenges a linguistic theory at three levels of theoretical adequacy: structural (Does the theory distinguish the relevant structures?), contextual (Does it allow structures to be related directly to their social context?), and behavioural (Does it allow an explanation for the observed frequencies?). The article summarizes the relevant claims of Word Grammar and shows (1) that it has at least as much structural adequacy as any other theory, (2) that it has more contextual adequacy than other theories because it formalizes the theory of Acts of Identity, and (3) that it at least provides a theoretical foundation for future advances towards behavioural adequacy. The article also argues against the minimalist analysis of the was/were alternation in Buckie (Adger, 2006).
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Rainey, Anson, and Sandra Landis Gogel. "Grammar and Syntax of Epigraphic Hebrew." Jewish Quarterly Review 91, no. 3/4 (January 2001): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1455555.
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Black, J. A. "A recent study of Babylonian grammar." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 122, no. 1 (January 1990): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035869x00107889.
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Brigitte Groneberg's book is a thoughtful and discursive essay on a number of problems in the grammar, understood in the broadest sense, of a Babylonian dialect. With one comprehensive dictionary complete and another, even more comprehensive, moving in that direction, with a basic general grammar of Akkadian and several survey-grammars of the various historical stages and geographical dialects in existence, it is entirely appropriate that we should have a close study of a chronologically limited and genre-bound corpus of texts which nevertheless broaches wider questions not dealt with by the more general grammars, and approaches them from a viewpoint which is not blind to contemporary developments in general linguistics and literary studies. If this book proposes new answers to questions about the character of the Akkadian language, and suggests new ways of looking at the analysis of forms, syntax and style, then it may be accounted a success, even if not all readers will agree with all the positions taken. In a way, Syntax, Morphologie und Stil … is a successor to Erica Reiner's A Linguistic Analysis of Akkadian, which also brought modern linguistic work – in this case the theory of generative grammar – to bear on its subject, with brilliant results, but concentrated more on a systematic survey of the entire grammar. Groneberg's book is more selective in its aim.
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Wiese, Richard. "Linear order and its place in grammar." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 26, no. 6 (December 2003): 693–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x03490158.
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This commentary discusses the division of labor between syntax and phonology, starting with the parallel model of grammar developed by Jackendoff. It is proposed that linear, left-to-right order of linguistic items is not represented in syntax, but in phonology. Syntax concerns the abstract relations of categories alone. All components of grammar contribute to linear order, by means of the interface rules.
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Haider, Hubert. "A null theory of scrambling." Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 39, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 375–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfs-2020-2019.
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Abstract Grammars are decomposable. On the one hand, an adequate characterization of a given utterance factorizes the contributions of each subsystem of grammar and on the other hand, it thereby reduces the apparent overall complexity to the interaction of less complex subsystems. Scrambling is an apt showcase. Its complicated properties are not inherent properties of a syntactic construction but the result of the interaction of phrase structuring with other subsystems of grammar, and in particular with the information-structuring (IS) subsystem of pragmatics. Scrambling is “utilized” rather than “triggered”. In general, when syntax admits structural variation, this potential is captured and utilized by other subsystems of grammar. Germanic and Slavic languages are handy testimonies for rejecting syntactic trigger scenarios not only for scrambling but also for other constructions with displaced items. Cross-linguistically, scrambling is not a matter of syntactical determinism. For an adequate syntactical account of scrambling it is sufficient to understand and explain the structural conditions that make a language a scrambling language. The pragmatic functions that utilize scrambling structures are not a concern of syntax. They are syntactically not causal and epiphenomenal to syntax.
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Lakshmanan, Usha. "Child Second Language Acquisition of Syntax." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 17, no. 3 (September 1995): 301–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100014224.
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Recent advances in linguistic theory within the principles and parameters framework have exerted considerable influence on the field of second language acquisition. SLA researchers working within this framework of syntactic theory have investigated the extent to which developing second language grammars are constrained by principles of Universal Grammar (UG). Much of the UG-based SLA research in the 1980s focused on adult L2 acquisition, but the role of UG principles in child L2 acquisition remained largely unexplored. More recently, however, this state of affairs has begun to change as SLA researchers are becoming more and more interested in child second language syntactic development. In this paper, I review recent and current developments in UG-based child SLA research, and I argue that child SLA has a valuable role to play in enabling us to arrive at a better understanding of the role of biological factors in language acquisition and in strengthening the links between SLA and linguistic theory. Specifically, I discuss the findings of child SLA studies with respect to the following issues: the role of UG parameters in child SLA, the status of functional categories and their projections in child SLA, and the nature of the evidence available to and used by child L2 learners. The overall picture emerging from these studies suggests that child L2 developing grammars are indeed constrained by Universal Grammar. While it is not fully clear at the present time whether the child L2 learners& knowledge is a result of direct access to UG or indirect access to UG (i.e., through the mediation of the L1), the evidence indicates that L1 transfer (at least in certain syntactic domains) cannot be entirely ruled out.
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TROUSDALE, GRAEME, and DAVID ADGER. "Special issue on English dialect syntax." English Language and Linguistics 11, no. 2 (July 2007): 257–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674307002249.
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This special volume is concerned with the syntax of nonstandard varieties of (mainly British) English, and how such syntactic variation is accounted for within a range of theoretical models. There has been a growing interest in the modelling of dialect syntax (a) in a number of languages and (b) in a number of syntactic theories (see, for instance, the research on syntactic microvariation in some Germanic languages in Barbiers, Cornips & van der Kelij, 2002, or the construction-based approach to variation in Leino & Östman, 2005). We have brought together five articles written in different theoretical frameworks (Principles and Parameters, Stochastic Optimality Theory, Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar, Word Grammar, and Construction Grammar), together with an introduction written by the editors, who themselves adopt very different theoretical frameworks.
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Boyadzhieva, Ellie. "Rethinking Inversion in English Syntax." English Studies at NBU 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33919/esnbu.18.1.3.
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The article deals with some internal theoretical controversies in the concept and the use of the term inversion in English syntax as used in some descriptive and most pedagogical grammars of Modern English. The analysis focuses mainly on the formation of interrogative and emphatic negative structures in English by applying some basic concepts of generative grammar. The aim of the analysis is to explain the transposition of the subject and the verbal predicate by following the Occam Razor' s principle of scientific description requiring the employment of a minimal number of principles and technicalities in the course of analysis which results in higher explanatory adequacy. This aim is achieved through the application of the terms operator and operator fronting in the cases of both obligatory and reversive inversion. The obligatory visualization of the operator in a series of syntactic structures is also discussed and a general rule is formulated.
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KOENIG, JEAN-PIERRE. "Any questions left? Review of Ginzburg & Sag's Interrogative investigations." Journal of Linguistics 40, no. 1 (March 2004): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226703002354.
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For better or worse, linguistics is rife with frameworks, each with its own ethos. Two important aspects of Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar's are: (1) the search for an explicit and exhaustive account of the intricate syntactic and semantic facts that constitute one's grammar and (2) the hypothesis that general/universal and specific aspects of one's grammar are not qualitatively distinct. This book stands as a superb example of this ethos. It illustrates the fecundity of Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (henceforth, HPSG) as a framework and advances our knowledge of the syntax and semantics of interrogatives. It is the most explicit description of the semantics and syntax of any area of English syntax of which this reviewer is aware. It thus sets up a healthy empirical benchmark for other theories of interrogatives. The sixty pages of appendices that detail the grammar discussed in the book and its almost complete implementation in the current version of the English Resource Grammar attest to this empirical bent. Any future theory will have to match it in accuracy before any metatheoretical issues (e.g. simplicity or explanatory adequacy) can be meaningfully discussed. Its precision and comprehensiveness will also, hopefully, lead to descriptions of unbounded dependencies and clause-types in other languages that are orders of magnitude more detailed than those currently available. Ginzburg & Sag's (G&S's) book also illustrates how possibly universal principles (such as the requirement that head-daughters and mothers of a local tree share information) and construction-specific requirements (such as the fact that the scope of
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Howes, Christine, and Hannah Gibson. "Dynamic Syntax." Journal of Logic, Language and Information 30, no. 2 (May 28, 2021): 263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10849-021-09334-x.
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AbstractDynamic Syntax (DS: Kempson et al. 2001; Cann et al. 2005) is an action-based grammar formalism which models the process of natural language understanding as monotonic tree growth. This paper presents an introduction to the notions of incrementality and underspecification and update, drawing on the assumptions made by DS. It lays out the tools of the theoretical framework that are necessary to understand the accounts developed in the other contributions to the Special Issue. It also represents an up-to-date account of the framework, combining the developments that have previously remained distributed in a diverse body of literature.
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KimEunSung, 박재현, and 김호정. "Study on Systematizing Grammar Educational Contents : Syntax." Korean Language and Literature ll, no. 149 (September 2008): 731–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17291/kolali.2008..149.027.
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Malyuga, Elena. "Modern English grammar: Morphology and syntax (Review)." Training Language and Culture 1, no. 2 (May 2017): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.29366/2017tlc.1.2.7.
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Helasvuo, Marja-Liisa. "Shared syntax: the grammar of co-constructions." Journal of Pragmatics 36, no. 8 (August 2004): 1315–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2004.05.007.
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Grohmann, Kleanthes K., and Liliane Haegeman. "Elements of Grammar: Handbook of Generative Syntax." Language 75, no. 2 (June 1999): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/417284.
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Anderson, John M. "Notional Grammar and the Redundancy of Syntax." Studies in Language 15, no. 2 (January 1, 1991): 301–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.15.2.04and.
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Boas, Hans C. "The syntax–lexicon continuum in Construction Grammar." Framing 24 (December 10, 2010): 54–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.24.03boa.
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This paper offers an alternative analysis of Goldberg’s (1995) account of communication verbs appearing in the ditransitive construction. Based on a more finely-grained frame-semantic analysis of constructional phenomena, it is shown that generalizations over specific syntactic frames are possible at different levels of semantic abstraction. This, in turn, allows us to make across-the-board generalizations that hold not only between lexical units evoking the same frame, but also between lexical units belonging to different frames at different levels of abstraction. The resulting network of constructions combines Goldberg’s proposals regarding the status of abstract-schematic constructions with item-specific knowledge regarding the specific lexical units, with various midpoints in between. This approach has the advantage that there is no need for fusing lexical entries with abstract meaningful constructions, thereby avoiding some of the problems that arise due to the separation of syntax and the lexicon in some constructional approaches.
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Muskens, Reinhard. "Separating Syntax and Combinatorics in Categorial Grammar." Research on Language and Computation 5, no. 3 (September 2007): 267–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11168-007-9035-1.
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Kuhlmann, Marco. "Mildly Non-Projective Dependency Grammar." Computational Linguistics 39, no. 2 (June 2013): 355–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00125.
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Syntactic representations based on word-to-word dependencies have a long-standing tradition in descriptive linguistics, and receive considerable interest in many applications. Nevertheless, dependency syntax has remained something of an island from a formal point of view. Moreover, most formalisms available for dependency grammar are restricted to projective analyses, and thus not able to support natural accounts of phenomena such as wh-movement and cross–serial dependencies. In this article we present a formalism for non-projective dependency grammar in the framework of linear context-free rewriting systems. A characteristic property of our formalism is a close correspondence between the non-projectivity of the dependency trees admitted by a grammar on the one hand, and the parsing complexity of the grammar on the other. We show that parsing with unrestricted grammars is intractable. We therefore study two constraints on non-projectivity, block-degree and well-nestedness. Jointly, these two constraints define a class of “mildly” non-projective dependency grammars that can be parsed in polynomial time. An evaluation on five dependency treebanks shows that these grammars have a good coverage of empirical data.
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Ranta, Aarne, Krasimir Angelov, Normunds Gruzitis, and Prasanth Kolachina. "Abstract Syntax as Interlingua: Scaling Up the Grammatical Framework from Controlled Languages to Robust Pipelines." Computational Linguistics 46, no. 2 (June 2020): 425–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00378.
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Abstract syntax is an interlingual representation used in compilers. Grammatical Framework (GF) applies the abstract syntax idea to natural languages. The development of GF started in 1998, first as a tool for controlled language implementations, where it has gained an established position in both academic and commercial projects. GF provides grammar resources for over 40 languages, enabling accurate generation and translation, as well as grammar engineering tools and components for mobile and Web applications. On the research side, the focus in the last ten years has been on scaling up GF to wide-coverage language processing. The concept of abstract syntax offers a unified view on many other approaches: Universal Dependencies, WordNets, FrameNets, Construction Grammars, and Abstract Meaning Representations. This makes it possible for GF to utilize data from the other approaches and to build robust pipelines. In return, GF can contribute to data-driven approaches by methods to transfer resources from one language to others, to augment data by rule-based generation, to check the consistency of hand-annotated corpora, and to pipe analyses into high-precision semantic back ends. This article gives an overview of the use of abstract syntax as interlingua through both established and emerging NLP applications involving GF.
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Solikhah, Imroatus. "LINGUISTIC PROBLEMS IN ENGLISH ESSAY BY EFL STUDENTS." IJOLTL: Indonesian Journal of Language Teaching and Linguistics 2, no. 1 (January 3, 2017): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30957/ijoltl.v2i1.231.
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This study reports linguistics problems in an essay writing by EFL undergraduate students. This study used content analysis design assigning 10 essay writing manuscripts for analysis. The 10 essays available for writing assignment were used as data sources. The study revealed that: linguistics problems appeared in terms of: syntax, sentence, grammar, tenses, and agreements. Essentially, the linguistic features in writing cover mastery on the rules of grammar. Four aspects of linguistic features are: syntax, grammar, vocabulary, and mechanics. Sentence problems, i.e. fragment, choppy, run-on, and stringy sentences, that is usually integral to syntactic and grammar problems are introduced.
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YUASA, ETSUYO, and JERRY M. SADOCK. "Pseudo-subordination: a mismatch between syntax and semantics." Journal of Linguistics 38, no. 1 (March 2002): 87–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226701001256.
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Culicover & Jackendoff (1997) argue that ‘left-subordinating’ and-constructions (e.g. You drink one more can of beer and I'm leaving) should be differently represented in the dimensions of syntax and semantics, being coordinate in the former, and subordinate in the latter. Here we expand on their point by showing that their case is not an isolated one, but that there are many other instances of coordination-subordination mismatches. We will show that these facts make sense within a theory of grammar such as Autolexical Grammar (Sadock 1991) in which the autonomy of different components of grammar is assumed. Given such a view it is possible to postulate primitive notions of coordination and subordination that apply equally well to various components of grammar and thus predict the possibility of coordination-subordination mismatches.
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Lauwers, Peter. "La notion de ‘test syntaxique’ dans les grammaires de la première moitié du 20e siècle." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 25, no. 1 (December 31, 2002): 49–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.25.1.05lau.
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Summary Since the dawn of structuralism and generativism, linguists have not ceased to criticize a lack of scientific rigour in «traditional» grammar. Nowadays, the scientific character of syntax crucially depends on the use of syntactic tests. It appears, however, that this concept was not completely absent in traditional grammar. After a brief historical sketch of the emergence of the notion of syntactic test in modern linguistics, this contribution offers a typology of syntactic tests found in a corpus of 25 reference grammars of modern French, published in the first half of the 20th century. The bulk of syntactic tests cannot be separated from the notion of paraphrase, which in traditional grammar was partly used as a heuristic means, very often without the necessary control of linguistic form. As the quantitative analysis of the phenomenon in this study shows, the typology should not suggest that the notion of syntactic test was a dominant concept in traditional grammar. In addition, the perception of the concept of ‘syntactic test’ by the grammarians themselves is rather negative, because of a strong tendency towards, on the one hand, a ‘semanticization’ of grammar, and on the other hand, to ‘didacticization’ of the syntactic description. These two tendencies run counter to the later evolution in syntax, which emphasizes the argumentative value of manipulating utterances in order to establish non-aprioristic syntactic categories.
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Egli, Urs. "Stoic syntax and semantics." Historiographia Linguistica 13, no. 2-3 (January 1, 1986): 281–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.13.2-3.09egl.
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Summary The Stoic theory of loquia (lekta) contained a fairly explicit statement of formation rules. It is argued that one type of rule was called syntaxis (combination or phrase structure rule) by Chrysippus (e.g., “a subject in the nominative case and a complete predicate form a statement”). Two other types of rule were assignments of words to lexical categories (“Dion is a Noun Phrase”) and subsumption rules (“Every elementary statement is a statement”), often formulated in the form of subdivisions of concepts. A fourth type of rule seems to have been the class of transformations (enklisis, e.g., “A statement transformed by the preterite transformation is a statement”). Every syntactic rule was accompanied by a semantic interpretation according to a version of the compositionality principle familiar in modern times since Frege and elaborated by Montague and his followers. Though the concrete example of a syntax was a fairly elaborate version of some sort of Montague type or definite clause grammar, there was no effort to introduce a theory of grammar in the style of Chomsky. But the texts show awareness of the problem of the infinity of structure generated and of the concept of structural ambiguity. The Stoic system has been transformed into the formulation of the Word and Paradigm Grammar of the technical grammarians – “transformation” (enklisis) was the historical antecedent of paragôgê, declinatio, “inflection”, etc. Some formulations have survived into modern times, e.g., the notion of government, for which Stoic type formulations like “a deficient predicate can be combined with a subject in the accusative case to form a complete predicate” are a historical antecedent.
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Shiobara, Kayono. "Prosodic Phase and Left-to-Right Structure Building." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 53, no. 2-3 (November 2008): 253–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100004485.
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AbstractI consider the empirical domain constituted by word order alternations in the verbal domain in English and Japanese. Based on the observation of prosodic properties of these alternations, a derivational analysis of the syntax-prosody interface is proposed in the context of a model of grammar in which linearization is determined by core syntax and the syntax-prosody interface. This approach crucially posits, and hence gives independent support for, two auxiliary assumptions: incremental structure building in the grammar and multiple spell-out into the phonological component.
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Jacobsen, Bent. "The Origin and Rationale of X-bar Syntax." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 6, no. 10 (July 29, 2015): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v6i10.21517.
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The present paper is intended as a reasonably elementary introduction to the nature of X-bar syntax, an important module in the structure of a modern transformational-generative grammar. The examples have been taken from English; however, since X-bar syntax is an integral part of the overall structure of Universal Grammar, the analyses presented here extend to any language.
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Pullum, Geoffrey Keith. "Theorizing about the Syntax of Human Language." Cadernos de Linguística 1, no. 1 (July 9, 2020): 01–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.25189/2675-4916.2020.v1.n1.id279.
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Linguists standardly assume that a grammar is a formal system that ‘generates’ a set of derivations. But this is not the only way to formalize grammars. I sketch a different basis for syntactic theory: model-theoretic syntax (MTS). It defines grammars as finite sets of statements that are true (or false) in certain kinds of structure (finite labeled graphs such as trees). Such statements provide a direct description of syntactic structure. Generative grammars do not do this; they are strikingly ill-suited to accounting for certain familiar properties of human languages, like the fact that ungrammaticality is a matter of degree. Many aspects of linguistic phenomena look radically different when viewed in MTS terms. I pay special attention to the fact that sentences containing invented nonsense words (items not in the lexicon) are nonetheless perceived as sentences. I also argue that the MTS view dissolves the overblown controversy about whether the set of sentences in a human language is always infinite: many languages (both Brazilian indigenous languages and others) appear not to employ arbitrarily iterative devices for embedding or coordination, but under an MTS description this does not define them as radically distinct in typological terms.
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Steedman, Mark. "Information Structure and the Syntax-Phonology Interface." Linguistic Inquiry 31, no. 4 (October 2000): 649–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002438900554505.
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The article proposes a theory of grammar relating syntax, discourse semantics, and intonational prosody. The full range of English intonational tunes distinguished by Beckman and Pierrehumbert (1986) and their semantic interpretation in terms of focus and information structure are discussed, including “discontinuous” themes and rhemes. The theory extends an earlier account based on Combinatory Categorial Grammar, which directly pairs phonological and logical forms without intermediary representational levels.
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Holmstedt, Robert. "The Restrictive Syntax of Genesis i 1." Vetus Testamentum 58, no. 1 (2008): 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853308x246333.
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AbstractAlthough many Hebraists have departed from the traditional understanding of in Gen i 1 as an independent phrase with grammatical reference to "THE beginning," it is a view that continues to thrive, and is reflected by the majority of modern translations. Even advocates of the dependent phrase position (e.g., "when God began") struggle with a precise and compelling linguistic analysis. In this article I offer a linguistic argument that will both provide a simpler analysis of the grammar of Gen i 1 and make it clear that the traditional understanding of a reference to an 'absolute beginning' cannot be derived from the grammar of the verse. Instead, the syntax of the verse, based on well-attested features within biblical Hebrew grammar, dictates that there were potentially multiple periods or stages to God's creative work.
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CHOLAKOV, KOSTADIN. "Lexical acquisition and semantic space models: Learning the semantics of unknown words." Natural Language Engineering 20, no. 4 (March 5, 2013): 537–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324913000053.
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AbstractIn recent studies it has been shown that syntax-based semantic space models outperform models in which the context is represented as a bag-of-words in several semantic analysis tasks. This has been generally attributed to the fact that syntax-based models employ corpora that are syntactically annotated by a parser and a computational grammar. However, if the corpora processed contain words which are unknown to the parser and the grammar, a syntax-based model may lose its advantage since the syntactic properties of such words are unavailable. On the other hand, bag-of-words models do not face this issue since they operate on raw, non-annotated corpora and are thus more robust. In this paper, we compare the performance of syntax-based and bag-of-words models when applied to the task of learning the semantics of unknown words. In our experiments, unknown words are considered the words which are not known to the Alpino parser and grammar of Dutch. In our study, the semantics of an unknown word is defined by finding its most similar word incornetto, a Dutch lexico-semantic hierarchy. We show that for unknown words the syntax-based model performs worse than the bag-of-words approach. Furthermore, we show that if we first learn the syntactic properties of unknown words by an appropriate lexical acquisition method, then in fact the syntax-based model does outperform the bag-of-words approach. The conclusion we draw is that, for words unknown to a given grammar, a bag-of-words model is more robust than a syntax-based model. However, the combination of lexical acquisition and syntax-based semantic models is best suited for learning the semantics of unknown words.
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Lightfoot, David. "Problems with variable properties in syntax." Cadernos de Linguística 2, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 01–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25189/2675-4916.2021.v2.n1.id306.
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Like those birds born to chirp, humans are born to parse; children are predisposed to assign linguistic structures to the amorphous externalization of the thoughts that we encounter. This yields a view of variable properties quite different from one based on parameters defined at Universal Grammar (UG). Our approach to language acquisition makes two contributions to Minimalist thinking. First, in accordance with general Minimalist goals, we minimize the pre-wired components of internal languages, dispensing with three separate, central entities: parameters, an evaluation metric for rating the generative capacity of grammars, and any independent parsing mechanism. Instead, children use their internal grammar to parse the ambient external language they experience. UG is “open,” consistent with what children learn through parsing. Second, our understanding of language acquisition yields a new view of variable properties, properties that occur only in certain languages. Under this open UG vision, specific elements of I-languages arise in response to new parses. Both external and internal languages play crucial, interacting roles: unstructured, amorphous external language is parsed and a structured internal language system results. My Born to parse (Lightfoot 2020) explores case studies that show innovative parses of external language shaping the history of languages. I discuss 1) how children learn through parsing, 2) the role of parsing at the two interfaces between syntactic structure and the externalization system (sound or sign) and logical form, 3) language change, and 4) variable linguistic properties seen through the lens of an open UG. This, in turn, yields a view of variable properties akin to that of evolutionary biologists working on Darwin’s finches; see section 7.
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Kahzal, Kamal. "An Overview of Syntactic Tense & Aspect: From both Grammatical & Lexical Perspectives." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 10, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1004.11.
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Language can be complicated even within one language, such as in English. Rules of grammar, construction, and syntax are used to express ideas clearly so that others understand the intention behind them. However, these rules can lead to challenges in ensuring that ideas are effectively communicated and interpreted, particularly because word choice in the context of grammar and syntax rules can impact the way an expression is interpreted. This can be illustrated through an examination of the perfective aspect of syntax. The purpose of this research is to provide an overview of aspect and tense from both the grammatical and lexical perspectives.
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Mesthrie, Rajend. "Anti-deletions in an L2 grammar." English World-Wide 27, no. 2 (July 6, 2006): 111–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.27.2.02mes.
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This paper offers a unified account of the syntactic “deviations” found in a second language variety of English, viz. Black South African English (BlSAfE). Most writing on the topic has been content to supply lists of non-standard features which are thought to be diagnostic of the variety. This paper aims to characterise the syntax of the variety via its recurrent properties, rather than as a superset of unrelated features. In this regard I use the cover term “anti-deletion” for three relatable properties: (a) restoring a feature that tends to be deleted in modern standard English, e.g. the infinitive marker to in She made me to go; (b) retaining, rather than deleting elements that are known to be deleted in some (non-standard) varieties of English, e.g. retention rather than deletion of the copula; and (c) inserting additional grammatical morphemes into the standard English structure, e.g. cross-clausal double conjunctions like although… but. The concept of an anti-deletion allows one to characterise one of the two systems that underlie BlSAfE, the other being the standard syntax of the Target Language (TL). More generally, the notion of “anti-deletion” can be used fruitfully in characterising the syntax of individual second language varieties of English on a continuum.