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Journal articles on the topic 'Grammar and text'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Baron, Rifari. "Implementing of Academic Text in Advanced Grammar Learning." VELES Voices of English Language Education Society 4, no. 1 (2020): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.29408/veles.v4i1.1994.

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2

Zikrillaev, Gani Nasrullaevich, and Erkin Boltaevich Jumaev. "INTERPRETATION OF TEXT AND QUESTIONS REL TION OF TEXT AND QUESTIONS RELATED TO THIS MATTER IN FOREIGN LINGUISTICS." Scientific Reports of Bukhara State University 3, no. 3 (2019): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.52297/2181-1466/2019/3/3/8.

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The article deals with the process of forming of text linguistics and text grammar in foreign linguistics, totaling of text grammar, also interpretation of some opinions on micro-text interpreted as monologic and dialogic speeches including linguistic-communicative features are discusses in the work. Existing ideas about the grammar of the text in foreign linguistics and the integrity of the microtext can be used in the study of text grammar and microtext, which is almost unexplored in Uzbek linguistics.

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3

YOSHIMI, TAKEHIKO, JIRI JELINEK, OSAMU NISHIDA, NAOYUKI TAMURA, and HARUO MURAKAMI. "Text Analysis based on Text-Wide Grammar." Journal of Natural Language Processing 4, no. 1 (1997): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5715/jnlp.4.3.

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4

Truswell, Robert. "Grammar Competition and Word Order in a Northern Early Middle English Text." Languages 6, no. 2 (2021): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6020059.

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The Edinburgh Royal College of Physicians manuscript of Cursor Mundi and the Northern Homilies, a northern Middle English text from the early 14th century, contains unprecedentedly high frequencies of matrix verb-third and embedded verb-second word orders with subject–verb inversion. I give a theoretical account of these word orders in terms of a grammar, the ‘CM grammar’, which differs minimally in its formal description from regular verb-second grammars, but captures these unusual word orders through addition of a second preverbal A′-projection. Despite its flexibility, the CM grammar did no

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Horvat, Marijana, and Martina Kramarić. "Retro-Digitization of Croatian Pre-Standard Grammars." ATHENS JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGY 8, no. 4 (2021): 297–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajp.8-4-4.

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In this article, we will present the rich linguistic heritage of the Croatian language and our attempts to ensure its preservation and presentation to the general public by means of the "Retro-digitization and Interpretation of Croatian Grammar Books before Illyrism ‒ RETROGRAM" project. There is a long tradition of grammatical description in the history of the Croatian language. The first grammar book of the Croatian language was written at the beginning of the 17th century and the first grammar book written in Croatian was compiled in the middle of the 17th century. In later years, when lite

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O'Dowd, Elizabeth. "Tackling text types through grammar." Writing & Pedagogy 9, no. 2 (2017): 331–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/wap.31813.

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7

Ryszawa, Paweł. "Discovering grammar of an unknown text as an optimisation problem." Computer Science and Mathematical Modelling, no. 6/2017 (January 30, 2018): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.8236.

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This paper concerns the problem of discovering an unknown grammar from a text sample. The discovering methods are formulated as optimisation problems based on a binary representation of context-sensitive grammars. The representation starts with a longest possible vector of bits to, finally, make it more compact so as to be usable in practical applications. For the sake of simplicity, considered are only noncontracting (length preserving) grammars of order 2, excluding productions of the form P:A→B and those deriving the empty string, i.e P:A→ε.

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Weninger, Csilla. "The lexico-grammar of partnerships: corpus patterns of facilitated agency." Text & Talk - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Language, Discourse & Communication Studies 30, no. 5 (2010): 591–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/text.2010.029.

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Peterson, David. "Homophobic grammar." Journal of Language and Sexuality 5, no. 1 (2016): 61–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jls.5.1.03pet.

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This study analyzes a historical example of how participants in military policy formation within the US Senate harnessed lexicogrammatical resources to legitimate queer exclusion from military service. Intended as a conceptual rather than definitive study, I analyze text taken from a US Senate hearing related to the implementation of ‘Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell’ (repealed in 2011). The investigation focuses on how transitivity and phoricity are drawn on to produce homophobic formations. My findings indicate that the text exhibits a process of lexicogrammatical selection that enables homophobic form

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10

김규훈. "Principles of Text-Based Grammar Education." KOREAN EDUCATION ll, no. 85 (2010): 27–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15734/koed..85.201008.27.

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11

Hamed, Abdel Salam El-Sayed. "Text Grammar in Saad Maslouh’s Writing." Journal of Arts and Social Sciences [JASS] 7, no. 2 (2016): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jass.vol7iss2pp529-553.

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The early studies on text grammar appeared in the late 1980s. Maslouh was among the few founders of this field in Arabic studies. However, his contribution has not been fully acknowledged in spite of its originality, richness, and importance. The current study aims at bridging this gap by shedding lights on Maslouh’s contribution to text grammar. It will study the major aspects of his three researches on the area. The study will describe his work and compare his theoretical backgrounds to his analysis and introduce a final discussion and results. The importance of this work emerges from the in

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12

McCreary, Don R., and Sidney Greenbaum. "A Grammar Text for English Majors." American Speech 66, no. 2 (1991): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/455887.

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13

Klotz, Peter. "Some pragmatic aspects of text grammar." Journal of Pragmatics 14, no. 3 (1990): 483–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(90)90105-m.

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Widdowson, Henry G. "The use of grammar, the grammar of use." Functions of Language 4, no. 2 (1997): 145–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.4.2.02wid.

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This paper1 is meant to be a contribution to the current debate on the scope and accountability of grammatical description by a critical examination of features of the systemic-functional model. As to scope, I consider to what extent this grammar can actually account for language use in text. I argue that the semantic functions which are specified in the separate components of systemic-functional grammar combine pragmatically under variable conditions of interpretation which will always elude grammatical analysis, and that although it is possible to analyse text as manifesting linguistic categ

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Bright, William. "Contextualizing a grammar." Perspectives on Grammar Writing 30, no. 2 (2006): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.30.2.03bri.

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The grammar of a language is not only un système ou tout se tient; it also lies within a nexus involving time, space, and social relationships. On the dimension of time, descriptive and historical linguistics are not totally separate: native speakers’ knowledge of their language may include recognition of archaic forms and foreign borrowings. As for space, native speakers’ knowledge also includes awareness of geographical dialect variation. On the social dimension, the relevance of sociolinguistic variation is now widely recognized. Linguists who undertake to write grammars should consider all

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AARTS, BAS. "Grammatici certant Rodney Huddleston & Geoffrey K. Pullum (in collaboration with Laurie Bauer, Betty Birner, Ted Briscoe, Peter Collins, David Denison, David Lee, Anita Mittwoch, Geoffrey Nunberg, Frank Palmer, John Payne, Peter Peterson, Lesley Stirling and Gregory Ward), The Cambridge grammar of the English language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. xvii+1,842." Journal of Linguistics 40, no. 2 (2004): 365–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226704002555.

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The first large-scale modern grammars of English were Quirk et al.'s A grammar of contemporary English (1972) and A comprehensive grammar of the English language (1985). It has taken 18 years for a major competitor to be published. Many linguists, especially those whose main focus is English, will have looked forward to the publication of the present book. The Cambridge grammar of the English language (henceforth CaGEL) is first and foremost the brainchild of Rodney Huddleston, whose 1984 Introduction to the grammar of English had already established itself as an important text. He was joined

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Hedjazi Moghari, Mona, and S. Susan Marandi. "Triumph through texting: Restoring learners’ interest in grammar." ReCALL 29, no. 3 (2017): 357–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0958344017000167.

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AbstractIt is usually the case that learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) are exposed to language materials in class only, and of course in such a short space of time, they do not always find enough chance to practice English grammar features and become aware of their grammar mistakes. As a potential solution to this problem, the current study inspects the impact of using cell phones, specifically text messages (via short message service) as supplementary tools, on Iranian elementary level EFL learners’ grammar learning. In the first phase of the study, 60 students aged 14 were rando

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Li, Andrew I.-kang. "A whole-grammar implementation of shape grammars for designers." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 32, no. 2 (2018): 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060417000336.

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AbstractI present an implementation of shape grammars that is aimed at supporting designers. It has two parts: a grammar editor and a stand-alone interpreter. The editor is the modeling application Rhinoceros3d using Python scripts. The interpreter is general, is three-dimensional, and supports subshape detection. A grammar is a Rhinoceros3d model; thus users can manipulate all its parts directly and immediately. That is, they can modify any shape without selecting or invoking an editor, and they can lay out the parts of the grammar in any way they find meaningful. Using this approach, which I

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19

Fitria, Tira Nur. "Grammarly as AI-powered English Writing Assistant: Students’ Alternative for Writing English." Metathesis: Journal of English Language, Literature, and Teaching 5, no. 1 (2021): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31002/metathesis.v5i1.3519.

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<p class="AbstractText">The presence of ‘Grammarly’ as one of the online grammar checkers as the impact of technology development. This paper aims to reveal an overview of ‘Grammarly’ as an AI-powered English Writing Assistant for EFL students in Writing English. This research applies descriptive qualitative research. Based on the analysis, using Grammarly software shows the performance increased. Before using Grammarly, the performance of the test score is 34 out of 100. After using Grammarly, the performance text score is 77 out of 100. This score shows the quality of writing in this t

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Liddicoat, Anthony J. "Grammar as a Feature of Text Construction." Written Communication 21, no. 4 (2004): 316–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0741088304268806.

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21

Su, Sheng-jun, Wei-Bin Lee, Chao Chen, and Shuo-zhong Wang. "CFG-Based Stego-Text Generation Using Template Text and Grammar File." Journal of Electronics & Information Technology 30, no. 8 (2011): 1936–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1146.2007.00047.

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22

Hayashi, Makoto. "Referential problems and turn construction: An exploration of an intersection between grammar and interaction." Text - Interdisciplinary Journal for the Study of Discourse 25, no. 4 (2005): 437–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/text.2005.25.4.437.

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23

Simonenko, Alexandra, Benoît Crabbé, and Sophie Prévost. "Text form and grammatical changes in Medieval French." Diachronic Treebanks 35, no. 3 (2018): 393–428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.00008.sim.

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Abstract This paper presents a treebank-based study of the effect the text form (prose vs. verse) has on the course of two grammatical changes in Medieval French: the loss of null subjects and the loss of OV word order. By means of statistical analysis, we demonstrate that naive estimates of the spread of overt subjects and VO orders give the impression that there is a significant difference between the rates of development in prose vs. verse. By contrast, estimates based on an abstract grammar competition model which distinguishes between grammar-ambiguous surface forms (overt personal subjec

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24

Husna, Fuyudhatul, Hesty Widiastuty, and Aris Sugianto. "CORRELATION AMONG GRAMMAR MASTERY AND VOCABULARY SIZE TOWARD TRANSLATION ABILITY ON REPORT TEXT." PROJECT (Professional Journal of English Education) 4, no. 4 (2021): 692. http://dx.doi.org/10.22460/project.v4i4.p692-703.

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The crucial problem of translating Indonesia to English language are the students’ lack of knowledge and mother tongue (source language) that two of them are grammar and vocabulary. The researcher focused to measure the correlation among grammar mastery and vocabulary size toward translation ability on report text at seventh semester students in State Islamic Institute of Palangka Raya that use quantitative method with a correlational design. The researcher’s instruments were three test which were grammar mastery, vocabulary size, and translation test that were tested to the 32 students’ trans

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25

Sahiruddin, Sahiruddin. "THE ROLE OF LEXICAL FREQUENCY IN MODERATING THE EFFECT OF GRAMMAR KNOWLEDGE ON L2 READING OUTCOMES." TEFLIN Journal - A publication on the teaching and learning of English 29, no. 2 (2018): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.15639/teflinjournal.v29i2/194-218.

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Sentence-level grammar skills are of the important foundations in the mastery of reading skills in second language (L2). Previous studies showed inconclusive findings about the effect of grammar knowledge on L2 reading. This study examines the relationship between L2 reading outcomes and reader-based grammar knowledge as it is moderated by text-based features of vocabulary difficulty. Participants were EFL students (n = 71) in the second year of their English major at an Indonesian university. The participants’ grammar knowledge was measured using a test of sentence-level grammatical knowledge

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Jin, Lifeng, Finale Doshi-Velez, Timothy Miller, William Schuler, and Lane Schwartz. "Unsupervised Grammar Induction with Depth-bounded PCFG." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 6 (December 2018): 211–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00016.

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There has been recent interest in applying cognitively- or empirically-motivated bounds on recursion depth to limit the search space of grammar induction models (Ponvert et al., 2011; Noji and Johnson, 2016; Shain et al., 2016). This work extends this depth-bounding approach to probabilistic context-free grammar induction (DB-PCFG), which has a smaller parameter space than hierarchical sequence models, and therefore more fully exploits the space reductions of depth-bounding. Results for this model on grammar acquisition from transcribed child-directed speech and newswire text exceed or are com

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27

Iwasaki, Shoichi. "A multiple-grammar model of speakers’ linguistic knowledge." Cognitive Linguistics 26, no. 2 (2015): 161–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2014-0101.

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AbstractBy using the concept of ‘multiple grammars,’ this paper develops the view of an individual speaker’s cognitive organization of grammar. Although conversation, one type of spoken language environment, plays a crucial role in the emergence of grammar, for some speakers in a literate society, the written language environment may also contribute to developing a grammar. The two language environments are expected to provide unique incentives to shaping grammar differently as they diverge greatly in terms of media types (sound vs graph), constraints (online processing vs detachment), and pur

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Moerdisuroso, Indro. "Social Semiotics and Visual Grammar: A Contemporary Approach to Visual Text Research." International Journal of Creative and Arts Studies 1, no. 1 (2017): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24821/ijcas.v1i1.1574.

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This article outlines a visual text reading based on social semiotics approach, that is the visual grammar. It is an account of the explicit and implicit knowledge and practices around a resource, consisting of the elements and rules underlying a culture-specific form of visual communication. It required a general comprehension of social semiotics to obtain a deeply understanding to visual grammar. The differences between social semiotics and general semiotics expressed to accomplish its purpose. The concern of visual grammar is the relationship between ‘drawn participants’ and social life. Vi

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Munir AP, Muhammad Misbahul. "Improving Students’ Grammar Competences in Writing Descriptive Text Through Community Language Learning (Cll) Method." Journal of English Teaching and Learning Issues 2, no. 1 (2019): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/jetli.v2i1.5152.

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This research aims at identifying: (1) whether and to what extent Community Language Learning (CLL) method can improve students’ grammar competences in writing descriptive text, and explain (2) the class situation when Community Language Learning (CLL) method is used in teaching grammar in writing descriptive text. The students in the first year of junior high school have difficulty in their grammar competences that causes many errors in writing descriptive text. The classroom action research was conducted in two cycles. The research findings show that: (1) Community Language Learning (CLL) me

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Bulea Bronckart, E. "Reflections on teaching devices articulating grammar and text." L1 Educational Studies in Language and Literature 20, Running Issue, Running Issue (2020): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17239/l1esll-2020.20.03.06.

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31

Addison, Joanne, and Linda Bates. "Transitions: An Interactive Reading, Writing, and Grammar Text." TESOL Quarterly 28, no. 2 (1994): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3587452.

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32

Kiselev, Denis. "An AI Using Construction Grammar to Understand Text." International Journal of Cognitive Informatics and Natural Intelligence 15, no. 2 (2021): 34–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcini.20210401.oa4.

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This paper describes an AI that uses construction grammar (CG)—a means of knowledge representation for deep understanding of text. The proposed improvements aim at more versatility of the text form and meaning knowledge structure, as well as for intelligent choosing among possible parses. Along with the improvements, computational CG techniques that form the implementation basis are explained. Evaluation experiments utilize a Winograd schema (WS)—a major test for AI—dataset and compare the implementation with state-of-the-art ones. Results have demonstrated that compared with such techniques a

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Seo, kwang-jin. "Developing Grammar Text for Distinction of Similar Meaning." Korean Language and Literature 109 (June 30, 2019): 201–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21793/koreall.2019.109.201.

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Dviniatin, F. N. "QUANTITATIVE GRAMMAR OF POETICAL TEXT: SOME PRELIMINARY RESULTS." Учёные записки Петрозаводского государственного университета 182, no. 5 (2019): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15393/uchz.art.2019.351.

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35

Foster, Jennifer, and Carl Vogel. "Parsing Ill-Formed Text Using an Error Grammar." Artificial Intelligence Review 21, no. 3/4 (2004): 269–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:aire.0000036259.68818.1e.

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Nurhayati, Dwi Astuti Wahyu. "Learning Basic Grammar Using Task-Based Learning: A Perspective on Analyzing Online Media Text." IJELTAL (Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics) 4, no. 1 (2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21093/ijeltal.v4i1.284.

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This paper displayed the perspective on analyzing online media text using task-based learning in learning basic grammar. The data were collected for 6 months through observation, interview and questionnaires from July to December 2018 in IAIN Tulungagung. It involves 45 Indonesian undergraduate students who were taking English Basic Grammar with online media text. The data was analyzed using a descriptive qualitative approach. The finding revealed that the students got experience of using online media text as learning basic grammar medium. Their perspectives on analyzing online media text usin

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Givón, T. "Coherence in text, coherence in mind." Pragmatics and Cognition 1, no. 2 (1993): 171–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.1.2.01giv.

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This paper suggests that text coherence is a multi-factored affair that, ultimately, pertains to the mental organization of episodic memory, most likely as a partially-hierarchic mental structure. What text researchers usually describe as coherence is merely an artifact of the cognitive phenomenon. The role of grammatical clues in signalling text coherence is investigated, and it is suggested that the grammar processing channel merely supplements an evolutionarily older channel of lexically-guided (content-based) coherence. Coherence is both local and global, and both properties can be signall

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Royani, Seli, and Sari Sadiah. "AN ANALYSIS OF GRAMMATICAL ERRORS IN STUDENTS’ WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TEXT." PROJECT (Professional Journal of English Education) 2, no. 6 (2019): 764. http://dx.doi.org/10.22460/project.v2i6.p764-770.

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Writing is considered as the most complicated skill to be mastered required not only great vocabularies but also grammar, as Harmer (2004:31) cited in (Wati & Nursyaebah, 2017) states that, when writing, learners often have more time to think than they do in spoken activities. Therefore, they can stimulate their brain,even consult dictionaries, grammar books or other reference material to help them . He believes that grammar is really important in writing that is why he suggested to consult grammar books to make the writing grammatically correct. Therefore, the basic objective of this stud

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Alothman, Ameerah, and AbdulMalik Alsalman. "An Arabic Grammar Auditor Based on Dependency Grammar." Advances in Human-Computer Interaction 2020 (December 4, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8856843.

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The Arabic language has many complex grammar rules that may seem complicated to the average user or learner. Automatic grammar checking systems can improve the quality of the text, reduce the costs of the proofreading process, and play a role in grammar teaching. This paper presents an initiative toward developing a novel and comprehensive Arabic auditor that can address vowelized texts. We called the “Arabic Grammar Detector” (AGD-أَجِــدْ). AGD was successfully implemented based on a dependency grammar and decision tree classifier model. Its purpose is to extract patterns of grammatical rule

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Kramsch, Claire. "Grammar Games and Bilingual Blends." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 124, no. 3 (2009): 887–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2009.124.3.887.

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Grammar Games in the ClassroomIt looked like an error of vocabulary. The class was reading a text by the east german author Thomas Brussig, Wasserfarben, and practicing the indirect discourse subjunctive. In the text, an East German school director, Schneider, summons a student to his office to reprimand him on his lack of motivation:Society places … high expectations on the graduating senior…. A basic expectation is that he engages in meaningful academic study and that he personally contributes to the national defense by standing up for the state.

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Kasmaini, Kasmaini. "Teaching and Learning Cycle Technique Implication to Boost the Third Semester Students’ Ability in Grammar of D3 English Program of Universitas Bengkulu." Al-Lughah: Jurnal Bahasa 7, no. 1 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.29300/lughah.v7i1.1603.

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The aim of this research was to investigate the ability of the third semester students of D3 study program of universitas Bengkulu in using appropriate grammar by implementing the teaching and learning cycle technique. This is a classroom action research. It was done in genre writing class. There were 23 students. Three instruments were applied in this research such as observation, fieldnote and test. From the observation result, it could be seen that there was the students’ activeness and the increasing ability of the students in using grammar for certain text type. The fieldnote results also

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Jentges, Sabine. "„Im Deutschen kan das nicht“ – Text type didactics for the teaching of German modal verb constructions." Yearbook of the German Cognitive Linguistics Association 4, no. 1 (2016): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gcla-2016-0005.

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Abstract In the Netherlands, the similar origin Dutch shares with German lends itself to a contrastive approach to teaching and learning German and, for this reason, is promoted on all levels. This leads to Dutch textbooks and grammars being almost exclusively contrastive in nature, irrespective of the targeted language level, which is also reflected in the unanimous scientific debate. This paper discusses to which degree construction grammar approaches and/or contrastive approaches can assist the Dutch learner of German in their language acquisition. Advanced Dutch learners of German’s use -

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Furuya, Isamu, Takuya Takagi, Yuto Nakashima, Shunsuke Inenaga, Hideo Bannai, and Takuya Kida. "Practical Grammar Compression Based on Maximal Repeats." Algorithms 13, no. 4 (2020): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a13040103.

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This study presents an analysis of RePair, which is a grammar compression algorithm known for its simple scheme, while also being practically effective. First, we show that the main process of RePair, that is, the step by step substitution of the most frequent symbol pairs, works within the corresponding most frequent maximal repeats. Then, we reveal the relation between maximal repeats and grammars constructed by RePair. On the basis of this analysis, we further propose a novel variant of RePair, called MR-RePair, which considers the one-time substitution of the most frequent maximal repeats

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Fernández Martínez, Dolores. "Authority in Lowth’S and Priestley’S Prefaces to Their English Grammars." Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 47, no. 4 (2012): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10121-012-0013-9.

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Abstract The eighteenth century was a crucial period in the process of codification of the English language and in the history of English grammar writing (Tieken-Boon van Ostade 2008b). The need for grammars to provide linguistic guidance to the upper social classes, and to those who aspired to belong to them, led to an important increase in the output of English grammars. Since most of the grammar writers were clearly in competition with one another for a share of the market, they turned the prefaces to their grammars into highly persuasive instruments that tried to justify the need for that

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Laporte, Éric, and Anne Monceaux. "Elimination of lexical ambiguities by grammars." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 22, no. 1-2 (1999): 341–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.22.1-2.21lap.

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We present a new, intex-compatible formalism for the description of distributional constraints, ‘elag’ (Elimination of Lexical Ambiguities by Grammars). The constraints may be checked against text, and the lexical ambiguity of the text may thus be partly resolved. We describe and exemplify the main properties of elag with the aid of simple rules, formalizing exploitable constraints. We specify in detail the effect of applying an elag rule or grammar to a text. We examine the practical properties of the formalism from the point of view of a rule writer. We describe our separate, intex-compatibl

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Sigurd, Bengt. "Using Referent Grammar (RG) in Computer Analysis, Generation and Translation of Sentences." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 11, no. 1-2 (1988): 129–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586500001785.

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Abstract:

The paper presents Referent Grammar (RG), a version of generalized phrase structure grammar. RG uses descriptive labels for defective categories (categories tacking a constituent) instead of slash expressions and needs no null (empty, zero) categories. RG uses both functional and categorial representations and the grammar rules, written in the Prolog DCG formalism, relate these two levels. The functional representations of RG include referent variables (numbers) with noun phrases which makes it possible to keep track of the referents within the sentences and in the text. Relative clauses can b

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홍경화. "Aspect of realization of activity text of grammar units." Grammar Education 29, no. ll (2017): 297–334. http://dx.doi.org/10.21850/kge.2017.29..297.

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KimEunSung. "‘Text’ as a Educational Content of Korean Grammar Teaching." korean language education research ll, no. 33 (2008): 333–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.20880/kler.2008..33.333.

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Kassevitch, Vadim, and Nikolai Speshnev. "The Structure of the Chinese Text: Prosody and Grammar." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 56, no. 2-4 (2003): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aorient.56.2003.2-4.7.

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Andriani, Desi. "An Analysis of Students’ Ability in Translating Text." ELT-Lectura 7, no. 2 (2020): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/elt-lectura.v7i2.4714.

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Translating text is look like an easy work, but it is a complicated job. A translation text may not have different meaning from the source text to the target language of the text. Translating text from Indonesia to English should not change the sense of language since our culture is different from abroad culture. Translating text from Indonesia to English is more difficult than from English to Indonesia. Since, English has grammar where grammar should not be error. Then, translator also should pay attention to word choice of English. The purposes of carrying this research are to know students’

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