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AKUMBU, Pius. "Reflections on a community-based approach to writing grammars of endangered African languages." STUDIES IN AFRICAN LANGUAGES AND CULTURES, no. 54 (December 10, 2020): 71–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32690/salc54.3.
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Increasingly, there have been proposals for grammar writers to take into account the realities and needs of the community in order to produce grammars that can serve the interests of the native speakers (e.g. Kadanya 2006, Rehg 2014). Obviously, a grammar of an endangered language should, among other things, lead to the maintenance and/or revitalization of the language. However, grammars that are comprehensive and clear (Noonan 2007, Payne 2014, Rice 2006), and yet focus on and meet the needs of the target community, are still rare. This paper provides a reflection, from a community linguist’s perspective, on how a community-based grammar could be conceived and written in the African context. It is based on an exploration of the existing grammars written the by native and non-native speakers, as well as on the feedback from the native speakers. The paper points out some practical challenges involved (e.g. with data collection, and actual use of the grammars), and upholds that a grammar that is based on community mobilization, sensitization, and training requires a greater involvement and follow-up by the grammar writer, especially after publication.
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Hoisl, Frank, and Kristina Shea. "An interactive, visual approach to developing and applying parametric three-dimensional spatial grammars." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 25, no. 4 (2011): 333–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060411000205.
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AbstractSpatial grammars are rule based, generative systems for the specification of formal languages. Set and shape grammar formulations of spatial grammars enable the definition of spatial design languages and the creation of alternative designs. Since the introduction of the underlying formalism, they have been successfully applied to different domains including visual arts, architecture, and engineering. Although many spatial grammars exist on paper, only a few, limited spatial grammar systems have been computationally implemented to date; this is especially true for three-dimensional (3-D) systems. Most spatial grammars are hard-coded, that is, once implemented, the vocabulary and rules cannot be changed without reprogramming. This article presents a new approach and prototype implementation for a 3-D spatial grammar interpreter that enables interactive, visual development and application of grammar rules. The method is based on a set grammar that uses a set of parameterized primitives and includes the definition of nonparametric and parametric rules, as well as their automatic application. A method for the automatic matching of the left hand side of a rule in a current working shape, including defining parametric relations, is outlined. A prototype implementation is presented and used to illustrate the approach through three examples: the “kindergarten grammar,” vehicle wheel rims, and cylinder cooling fins. This approach puts the creation and use of 3-D spatial grammars on a more general level and supports designers with facilitated definition and application of their own rules in a familiar computer-aided design environment without requiring programming.
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Repel, Dusan, and Ingo Stengel. "Grammar-based transformations: attack and defence." Information Management & Computer Security 22, no. 2 (2014): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imcs-09-2013-0071.
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Purpose – This research aims to propose an attack that de-obfuscates codes by exploiting the properties of context-free grammars since it is important to understand the strength of obfuscation provided by context-free grammar-based obfuscators. In addition, the possibility of automatically generated transformations is explored. Design/methodology/approach – As part of our empirical investigation, a development environment for obfuscating transformations is built. The tool is used to simulate a context-free obfuscator and to devise ways of reversing such transformations. Furthermore, a theoretical investigation of subset grammars and subset languages is carried out. Findings – It is concluded that context-free grammar-based obfuscators provide limited levels of protection. Nevertheless, their application is appropriate when combined with other obfuscating techniques. Research limitations/implications – The algorithms behave as expected on a limited number of test samples. Further work is required to increase their practicality and to establish their average reliability. Originality/value – This research shows how a frequency analysis attack can threaten the security of code scrambled by context-free grammar-based obfuscators.
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Strobbe, Tiemen, Sara Eloy, Pieter Pauwels, Ruben Verstraeten, Ronald De Meyer, and Jan Van Campenhout. "A graph-theoretic implementation of the Rabo-de-Bacalhau transformation grammar." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 30, no. 2 (2016): 138–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060416000032.
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AbstractShape grammars are rule-based formalisms for the specification of shape languages. Most of the existing shape grammars are developed on paper and have not been implemented computationally thus far. Nevertheless, the computer implementation of shape grammar is an important research question, not only to automate design analysis and generation, but also to extend the impact of shape grammars toward design practice and computer-aided design tools. In this paper, we investigate the implementation of shape grammars on a computer system, using a graph-theoretic representation. In particular, we describe and evaluate the implementation of the existing Rabo-de-Bacalhau transformation grammar. A practical step-by-step approach is presented, together with a discussion of important findings noticed during the implementation and evaluation. The proposed approach is shown to be both feasible and valuable in several aspects: we show how the attempt to implement a grammar on a computer system leads to a deeper understanding of that grammar, and might result in the further development of the grammar; we show how the proposed approach is embedded within a commercial computer-aided design environment to make the shape grammar formalism more accessible to students and practitioners, thereby increasing the impact of grammars on design practice; and the proposed step-by-step implementation approach has shown to be feasible for the implementation of the Rabo-de-Bacalhau transformation grammar, but can also be generalized using different ontologies for the implementation.
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Fauzi, Ashar, and Kristian Adi Putra. "Reconstructing Grammar Exercises: A Systemic Functional Grammar Approach." Tadris: Jurnal Keguruan dan Ilmu Tarbiyah 7, no. 2 (2022): 397–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/tadris.v7i2.14051.
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Despite the sufficient amount of language textbook analysis studies that have been conducted, little attention focused on grammar exercises analysis presented in the Indonesian junior high school English textbooks that facilitated the students to make meaning where functional grammar principles were adopted. This current study nuanced education artifacts analysis. The researchers intended to reveal to what extent the English grammar exercises present functional grammar exercises. Moreover, The study provided a practical suggestion to teachers, textbook developers, and language practitioners to revise and include the functional grammar approach in designing English grammar exercises. Anchored into critical document study, this study focused to find the representation of functional grammar exercises portrayed in an English language textbook where the mandated English language curriculum endorses genre-based and text-based language pedagogy in an Indonesian secondary school context. Two analytical tools were combined (i.e. transitivity analysis and critical discourse study) to reveal the existing English grammar exercises. The findings present a total of 88 English grammar exercises found in the textbook. However, 28 English grammar exercises indicated activities for the student to make meaning. The result provided a critical suggestion for grammar exercises revision that facilitates students to make meaning and understanding the social practices of the language. However, this study only provided a textbook analysis, further studies possibly focus on action studies where the functional grammar exercises were implemented in classroom activities.
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KRIEGER, HANS-ULRICH. "From UBGs to CFGs A practical corpus-driven approach." Natural Language Engineering 13, no. 4 (2007): 317–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324906004128.
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AbstractWe present a simple and intuitive unsound corpus-driven approximation method for turning unification-based grammars, such as HPSG, CLE, or PATR-II into context-free grammars (CFGs). Our research is motivated by the idea that we can exploit (large-scale), hand-written unification grammars not only for the purpose of describing natural language and obtaining a syntactic structure (and perhaps a semantic form), but also to address several other very practical topics. Firstly, to speed up deep parsing by having a cheap recognition pre-flter (the approximated CFG). Secondly, to obtain an indirect stochastic parsing model for the unification grammar through a trained PCFG, obtained from the approximated CFG. This gives us an efficient disambiguation model for the unification-based grammar. Thirdly, to generate domain-specific subgrammars for application areas such as information extraction or question answering. And finally, to compile context-free language models which assist the acoustic model of a speech recognizer. The approximation method is unsound in that it does not generate a CFG whose language is a true superset of the language accepted by the original unification-based grammar. It is a corpus-driven method in that it relies on a corpus of parsed sentences and generates broader CFGs when given more input samples. Our open approach can be fine-tuned in different directions, allowing us to monotonically come close to the original parse trees by shifting more information into the context-free symbols. The approach has been fully implemented in JAVA.
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Fotos, Sandra, and Rod Ellis. "Communicating about Grammar: A Task-Based Approach." TESOL Quarterly 25, no. 4 (1991): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3587079.
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Feili, Heshaam, and Gholamreza Ghassem-Sani. "Unsupervised grammar induction using history based approach." Computer Speech & Language 20, no. 4 (2006): 644–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csl.2005.11.001.
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Fang, Lanting, Luu Anh Tuan, Siu Cheung Hui, and Lenan Wu. "Syntactic based approach for grammar question retrieval." Information Processing & Management 54, no. 2 (2018): 184–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2017.11.004.
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Gardent, Claire, and Laura Perez-Beltrachini. "A Statistical, Grammar-Based Approach to Microplanning." Computational Linguistics 43, no. 1 (2017): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00273.
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Although there has been much work in recent years on data-driven natural language generation, little attention has been paid to the fine-grained interactions that arise during microplanning between aggregation, surface realization, and sentence segmentation. In this article, we propose a hybrid symbolic/statistical approach to jointly model the constraints regulating these interactions. Our approach integrates a small handwritten grammar, a statistical hypertagger, and a surface realization algorithm. It is applied to the verbalization of knowledge base queries and tested on 13 knowledge bases to demonstrate domain independence. We evaluate our approach in several ways. A quantitative analysis shows that the hybrid approach outperforms a purely symbolic approach in terms of both speed and coverage. Results from a human study indicate that users find the output of this hybrid statistic/symbolic system more fluent than both a template-based and a purely symbolic grammar-based approach. Finally, we illustrate by means of examples that our approach can account for various factors impacting aggregation, sentence segmentation, and surface realization.
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Al-Mamory, Safaa O., and Hongli Zhang. "IDS alerts correlation using grammar-based approach." Journal in Computer Virology 5, no. 4 (2008): 271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11416-008-0103-3.
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Schmidt, Linda C., Hai Shi, and Sameer Kerkar. "A Constraint Satisfaction Problem Approach Linking Function and Grammar-Based Design Generation to Assembly." Journal of Mechanical Design 127, no. 2 (2005): 196–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1799632.
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This work presents a constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) approach to design, integrating a function-based design generation algorithm to a geometric modeler. Our long-term goal is to create a unified graph-grammar based designer assistance tool that generates geometrically valid designs from functionally feasible design concepts. This paper introduces the Assembler, a graph-grammar based algorithm that takes a functionally valid but geometrically ambiguous design of a cart made of Meccano Erector Set components and converts it into geometrically valid models of cart designs. Assembler uses grammars to implement solving the CSP formulation of the assembly problem. From the exploration of Assembler’s geometric models, we conclude that the assembly problems of our carts require more sophisticated constraining to generate more realistic designs.
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Underwood, William. "Grammar-Based Specification and Parsing of Binary File Formats." International Journal of Digital Curation 7, no. 1 (2012): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/ijdc.v7i1.217.
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The capability to validate and view or play binary file formats, as well as to convert binary file formats to standard or current file formats, is critically important to the preservation of digital data and records. This paper describes the extension of context-free grammars from strings to binary files. Binary files are arrays of data types, such as long and short integers, floating-point numbers and pointers, as well as characters. The concept of an attribute grammar is extended to these context-free array grammars. This attribute grammar has been used to define a number of chunk-based and directory-based binary file formats. A parser generator has been used with some of these grammars to generate syntax checkers (recognizers) for validating binary file formats. Among the potential benefits of an attribute grammar-based approach to specification and parsing of binary file formats is that attribute grammars not only support format validation, but support generation of error messages during validation of format, validation of semantic constraints, attribute value extraction (characterization), generation of viewers or players for file formats, and conversion to current or standard file formats. The significance of these results is that with these extensions to core computer science concepts, traditional parser/compiler technologies can potentially be used as a part of a general, cost effective curation strategy for binary file formats.
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Ali, Hassan, Muhammad Shumail Naveed, Dilawar Naseem, and Jawaid Shabbir. "LL (1) Parser versus GNF inducted LL (1) Parser on Arithmetic Expressions Grammar: A Comparative Study." Quaid-e-Awam University Research Journal of Engineering, Science & Technology 18, no. 02 (2020): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.52584/qrj.1802.14.
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The prime objective of the proposed study is to determine the induction of Greibach Normal Form (GNF) in Arithmetic Expression Grammars to improve the processing speed of conventional LL(1) parser. Conventional arithmetic expression grammar and its equivalent LL(1) is used in the study which is converted. A transformation method is defined which converts the selected grammar into a Greibach normal form that is further converted into a GNF based parser through a method proposed in the study. These two parsers are analyzed by considering 399 cases of arithmetic expressions. During statistical analysis, the results are initially examined with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk test. The statistical significance of the proposed method is evaluated with the Mann-Whitney U test. The study described that GNF based LL(1) parser for arithmetic take fewer steps than conventional LL(1) grammar. The ranks and asymptotic significance depict that the GNF based LL(1) method is significant than the conventional LL(1) approach. The study adds to the knowledge of parsers itself, parser expression grammars (PEG’s), LL(1) grammars, Greibach Normal Form (GNF) induced grammar structure, and the induction of Arithmetic PEG’s LL(1) to GNF based grammar.
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Bisk, Yonatan, and Julia Hockenmaier. "Simple Robust Grammar Induction with Combinatory Categorial Grammars." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 26, no. 1 (2021): 1643–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v26i1.8355.
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We present a simple EM-based grammar induction algorithm for Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) that achieves state-of-the-art performance by relying on a minimal number of very general linguistic principles. Unlike previous work on unsupervised parsing with CCGs, our approach has no prior language-specific knowledge, and discovers all categories automatically. Additionally, unlike other approaches, our grammar remains robust when parsing longer sentences, performing as well as or better than other systems. We believe this is a natural result of using an expressive grammar formalism with an extended domain of locality.
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Müller, Stefan. "Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar, Sign-Based Construction Grammar, and Fluid Construction Grammar." Constructions and Frames 9, no. 1 (2017): 139–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.9.1.05mul.
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Abstract Van Trijp (2013, 2014) claims that Sign-Based Construction Grammar (SBCG) and Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) are fundamentally different from Fluid Construction Grammar (FCG). He claims that the former approaches are generative ones while the latter is a cognitive-functional one. I argue that it is not legitimate to draw these distinctions on the basis of what is done in FCG. Van Trijp claims that there are differences in the scientific model, the linguistic approach, formalization, the way constructions are seen, and in terms of processing. This paper discusses all these alleged differences. Van Trijp also claims that his cognitive-functional approach is superior in terms of completeness, explanatory adequacy, and theoretical parsimony. In order to facilitate a discussion and comparison, I introduce the reader to basic assumptions made in FCG and the analyses suggested by Van Trijp: I first deal with the representations that are used in FCG, talk about argument structure constructions, the combination operations fusion and merging that are used in FCG, I than discuss the analysis of nonlocal dependencies and show that the suggested FCG analysis is not explanatorily adequate since it is not descriptively adequate and that a full formalization of approaches with discontinuous constituents is not more parsimonious than existing HPSG analyses either. After the discussion of specific analyses, I then provide a detailed comparison of FCG and SBCG/HPSG and discuss questions like the competence/performance distinction, mathematical formalization vs. computer implementation, fuzziness and fluidity in grammars, and permissiveness of theories. I conclude that HPSG, SBCG, and FCG belong to the same family of theories and that all claims to the contrary are unjustified.
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Hoisl, Frank, and Kristina Shea. "Three-dimensional labels: A unified approach to labels for a general spatial grammar interpreter." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 27, no. 4 (2013): 359–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060413000188.
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AbstractSpatial grammars are rule-based, generative systems for the specification of formal languages. Set and shape grammar formulations of spatial grammars enable the definition of spatial design languages and the creation of alternative designs. The original formalism includes labels that provide the possibility to restrict the application of rules or to incorporate additional, nongeometric information in grammar rules. Labels have been used in various ways. This paper investigates the different uses of labels in existing spatial grammars, both paper based and computational, and introduces a new concept of three-dimensional (3-D) labels for spatial grammars. The approach consolidates the different label types in one integrated concept. The main use of 3-D labels is that they can simplify the matching of the left-hand side of rules in parametric grammars. A prototype implementation is used to illustrate the approach through a mechanical engineering example of generating robot arm concepts. This approach more readily enables the use of complex solid geometry in the definition and application of parametric rules. Thus, the flexible generation of complex, meaningful design solutions for mechanical engineering applications can be achieved using parametric spatial grammars combined with 3-D labels.
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Kosheleva, I. N. "ENGLISH GRAMMAR TEACHING ENHANCEMENT: FROM RULES TO REASON-BASED APPROACH." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University, no. 1 (April 25, 2018): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2018-1-201-207.
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When describing grammar phenomena, many course-books comprise rules of thumb and turn students’ attention to the construction methods of grammar forms. However, in practice these rules can be abstract, not giving precise or full explanation to the language units. In some cases explanations don’t correspond to the examples from the authentic sources. The subject of this research is the problem of the effective teaching English grammar to the students of non-linguistic universities. The purpose of the article is to describe methods of teaching English grammar from the standpoint of meaning of the grammar phenomenon and taking into consideration its contextual use. The current research is based on the ideas and concepts of the communicative approach to language teaching, conscious-raising approach and the method of the contextual use of language material. The paper features a number of advantages of the reason-based approach over the presentation of the rule. The approach enables students to notice and compare different contextual use cases of the language units. Therefore, it lays foundation for internalization of the new linguistic material and its further use in real communication. The results of the research can be of interest to both foreign language teachers and to the researchers dealing with English grammar learning. The conclusion is that the approach in question gives a more precise description of the meaning or use of grammatical constructions. It allows one to understand native speakers’ logic and intentions, which significantly facilitates intercultural communication.
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BEAUDOIN, MARTIN. "A principle-based approach to teaching grammar on the web." ReCALL 16, no. 2 (2004): 462–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0958344004001429.
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The advantages of computer-assisted grammar teaching and more recently, web-based grammar teaching, include the possibility, for the instructor, of devoting class time to teaching communication skills, and the capacity of individualizing the course work. Several websites have been created for these very reasons. However, most of these sites include only a small portion of the grammar and very few are based on educational principles. This paper will summarize what should be the guiding principles in the design of this type of website, most of which involve instructional design and the need for structure and adaptability to different learning styles. It should also be noted that there are design principles specific to grammar teaching, such as the distinction between exploratory and pre-established modes, and the scaffolding of concepts. The application of these principles will be illustrated through the presentation of a web site.
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Koike, Satoshi Stanley, and Takao Gunji. "Japanese Phrase Structure Grammar: A Unification-Based Approach." Language 67, no. 2 (1991): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/415137.
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Mohasseb, Alaa, Mohamed Bader-El-Den, and Mihaela Cocea. "Question categorization and classification using grammar based approach." Information Processing & Management 54, no. 6 (2018): 1228–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2018.05.001.
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Liu, Yufeng, Xiaoqin Zeng, Yang Zou, and Kang Zhang. "A graph grammar-based approach for graph layout." Software: Practice and Experience 48, no. 9 (2018): 1523–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/spe.2588.
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Torres-Martínez, Sergio. "Applied Cognitive Construction Grammar: A usage-based approach to the teaching of phrasal verbs (and other constructions)." European Journal of Applied Linguistics 6, no. 2 (2018): 279–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eujal-2016-0012.
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AbstractThe current article presents a case for a constructionist turn in pedagogical grammar. To that end, the framework termed Applied CognitiveConstruction Grammars (ACCxG) is introduced as a means to arrive at a systematic characterization of linguistic constructions in general and of phrasal verbs (PVs) in particular. Hence, PVs are defined as motivated pairings of form and meaning (constructions) embedded in semantic networks in which metaphorical meanings are motivated by more basic ones. In order to illustrate this proposal, a classification of PVs (which is deemed to align with L2 learners’ robust category formation abilities) is introduced. Furthermore, the tenets of a constructionist task-based type of pedagogy are outlined as a proposal for further research in the field of pedagogical construction grammar.
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Wang, Simin. "The Application of Task-based Approach in English Grammar Teaching in Junior High Schools." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 10, no. 2 (2019): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1002.12.
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With the increasing of frequent international contact, people pay close attention to the cultivation of communicative competence in foreign language learning. Grammar course deserves a primary status on the curricula for English teaching reform. In order to improve students’ grammar skills, the National New English Curriculum Syllabus advocates that Task-Based Language Approach should be adopted in English classroom, which has become popular since the mid-1980 in grammar teaching. When compared with traditional teaching method, TBLA could effectively settle the existing problems in grammar teaching. Therefore, this paper is to confirm that the application of Task-based Approach has a great impact on English language teaching and learning. Based on the theory of tasked-based approach, the paper summarizes the design principles of teaching tasks, teaching process and contexts. In the end, it encourages teachers to apply Task-based approach into English grammar teaching in junior high schools.
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Gyssens, Marc, Jan Paredaens, and Dirk Van Gucht. "A Grammar-Based Approach Towards Unifying Hierarchical Data Models." SIAM Journal on Computing 23, no. 6 (1994): 1093–137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/s0097539790188168.
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Álvaro, Francisco, Joan-Andreu Sánchez, and José-Miguel Benedí. "An integrated grammar-based approach for mathematical expression recognition." Pattern Recognition 51 (March 2016): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2015.09.013.
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Gyssens, M., J. Paredaens, and D. van Gucht. "A grammar-based approach towards unifying hierarchical data models." ACM SIGMOD Record 18, no. 2 (1989): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/66926.66951.
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McCormack, Jay P., and Jonathan Cagan. "Supporting Designers' Hierarchies through Parametric Shape Recognition." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 29, no. 6 (2002): 913–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/b12839.
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The need to implement shape grammars efficiently, rather than hardcode them, in a way that supports creativity through shape emergence is an ongoing research challenge. This paper introduces a shape grammar interpreter that supports parametric subshape recognition, and thereby shape emergence. The approach divides shapes into hierarchies of subshapes based on specified geometric relationships within the shape. A default hierarchy based on geometric relations often found in engineering and architectural designs is presented as an efficient example of one appropriate hierarchy. The interpreter's shape recognition and generation abilities are demonstrated with two examples: a new engineering shape grammar for the design of vehicle inner panels and a modified version of the classical ice-ray shape grammar.
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Shyrokov, Volodymyr, and Igor Shevchenko. "On the Phenomenological Approach to Grammar." Cognitive Studies | Études cognitives, no. 15 (December 31, 2015): 3–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/cs.2015.002.
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On the Phenomenological Approach to GrammarPhenomenological foundations for grammar description of the natural language are under considerations. The picture of language world based on the factorization of communication and cognitivity is proposed. The problem of observability-unobservability in linguistics is discussed. The concept of the states of language units is formulated both with its interpretation in the formal definition of the noun's case. System analysis of the complexity in cognitive processes is considered.
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Alamri, Basim. "The Role of Corpus Linguistics in Grammar Instruction: A Review of Literature." International Journal of Linguistics 14, no. 6 (2022): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v14i6.20500.
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The development of grammar instruction and research has begun in the past two decades (Conrad, 2000). Teaching English grammar has been delivered via a traditional method. The present study provides a literature review of how grammar instruction has been influenced by corpus linguistic (CL). The review points out the benefits of implementing corpus-based approach in grammar instruction and some difficulties encountered both teachers and students when applying CL tools. The perceptions of students and teachers towards using CL in grammar instruction was also highlighted. The results of the review showed that corpus-based approach enhanced students grammar knowledge, fostered learning autonomy, and improved students scores in grammar tasks. The review also reported some challenges, such as technical difficulties and glitches, issues in designing corpus-based materials and conducting corpus-centered activities, and increased teachers workload. Overall, the participants in the reviewed studies reported positive perceptions towards using corpus-based approach in grammar instruction. Implementing this approach helps teachers design suitable materials and students gain grammar knowledge. It is suggested that further studies are needed to investigate the effectiveness of corpus-based approach in specific grammatical aspects.
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van Trijp, Remi. "A comparison between Fluid Construction Grammar and Sign-Based Construction Grammar." Constructions and Frames 5, no. 1 (2013): 88–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.5.1.04van.
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Construction Grammar has reached a stage of maturity where many researchers are looking for an explicit formal grounding of their work. Recently, there have been exciting developments to cater for this demand, most notably in Sign-Based Construction Grammar (SBCG) and Fluid Construction Grammar (FCG). Unfortunately, like playing a music instrument, the formalisms used by SBCG and FCG take time and effort to master, and linguists who are unfamiliar with them may not always appreciate the far-reaching theoretical consequences of adopting this or that approach. This paper undresses SBCG and FCG to their bare essentials, and offers a linguist-friendly comparison that looks at how both approaches define constructions, linguistic knowledge and language processing.
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Levshina, Natalia. "Semantic maps of causation: New hybrid approaches based on corpora and grammar descriptions." Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 41, no. 1 (2022): 179–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfs-2021-2043.
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Abstract The present paper discusses connectivity and proximity maps of causative constructions and combines them with different types of typological data. In the first case study, I show how one can create a connectivity map based on a parallel corpus. This allows us to solve many problems, such as incomplete descriptions, inconsistent terminology and the problem of determining the semantic nodes. The second part focuses on proximity maps based on Multidimensional Scaling and compares the most important semantic distinctions, which are inferred from a parallel corpus of film subtitles and from grammar descriptions. The results suggest that corpus-based maps of tokens are more sensitive to cultural and genre-related differences in the prominence of specific causation scenarios than maps based on constructional types, which are described in reference grammars. The grammar-based maps also reveal a less clear structure, which can be due to incomplete semantic descriptions in grammars. Therefore, each approach has its shortcomings, which researchers need to be aware of.
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Mardari, Alina. "The effectiveness of the context-based aproach in teaching grammar." Revistă de Ştiinţe Socio-Umane = Journal of Social and Human Sciences 50, no. 1 (2022): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.46727/jshs.2022.v50.i1.p66-74.
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The paper aims at proving the effectiveness of the context-based approach in teaching grammar. It looks at the principles, methods and the steps towards the improvement of grammatical competence or accuracy and all its components. The study is based on an experiment with a pretest-posttest and control group. The subjects of the research are second year students, whose major is English and are B2 level. The control group was taught using the traditional approach to teaching grammar, while the experimental group was instructed with the help of the context-based approach. The results indicate the efficacy of teaching grammar in context.
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Fu, Z., and A. de Pennington. "Geometric Reasoning Based on Graph Grammar Parsing." Journal of Mechanical Design 116, no. 3 (1994): 763–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919448.
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It has been recognized that future intelligent design support environments need to reason about the geometry of products and to evaluate product functionality and performance against given constraints. A first step towards this goal is to provide a more robust information model which directly relates to design functionality or manufacturing characteristics, on which reasoning can be carried out. This has motivated research on feature-based modelling and reasoning. In this paper, an approach is presented to geometric reasoning based on graph grammar parsing. Our approach is presented to geometric reasoning based on graph grammar parsing. Our work combines methodologies from both design by features and feature recognition. A graph grammar is used to represent and manipulate features and geometric constraints. Geometric constraints are used within symbolical definitions of features constraints. Geometric constraints are used within symbolical definitions of features and also to define relative position and orientation of features. The graph grammar parsing is incorporated with knowledge-based inference to derive feature information and propagate constraints. This approach can be used for the transformation of feature information and to deal with feature interaction.
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Hietz, Kristina. "(No) drama with grammar." Scenario: A Journal for Performative Teaching, Learning, Research XV, no. 1 (2021): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/scenario.15.1.9.
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This Window-of-Practice contribution is based on my Master’s thesis written in the Department of Foreign Language Education in Innsbruck, Austria. It discusses a performative approach to teaching grammar in EfL contexts. “Performative” is used as an umbrella term to describe different forms of language teaching that derive from the performing arts (Schewe, 2013). The motivation behind this topic lies in my enthusiasm for drama and the conviction that a drama-based approach applied to language learning is efficient, motivating and sustainable. The contribution provides insights into the methodology and procedure of a case study that investigates effects of drama-based teaching. The case study was performed in 2017 at an upper secondary school in Austria, where English learners were taught English conditional clauses via a drama-based approach. The study, including a control group, a mixed-method, pre-and post-test design, yields quantitative and qualitative data on effects of drama-based teaching. Despite the lack of significant differences in test results between treatment and control groups, the study provides evidence that a performative approach applied to grammar teaching is successful and related to fun, increased motivation and positive group dynamics.
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GEDİK, Tan Arda. "Türkçe’de Kanıtsallığa Kullanıma Dayalı Yapı Gramer Yaklaşımı: Kanıtsallık Yapısı." Cankaya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 16, no. 1 (2022): 61–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.47777/cankujhss.1001326.
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Coupled with corpora, usage-based construction grammar aims to provide cognitive plausibility for linguistic phenomena. In this vein, this paper combines construction grammar and usage-based approaches to analyze evidentiality in Turkish. While Turkish has been analyzed from a usage-based perspective, evidentiality has not been taken up in a usage-based constructionist approach. By using corpora, association measures, and construction as a notion and a framework, this paper defines the Unevidentiality Construction in a taxonomic space. First, it outlines its semantic properties and then it uses association measures such as faith, delta (∆) p, and ITECX to determine its usage pattern and statistical biases based on corpora. The paper demonstrates a superordinate and lower-level, item-specific instantiations of the construction. The results from association measures and the family of unevidentiality constructions can serve for future linguistic endeavors.
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Schmidt, Linda C., Harshawardhan Shetty, and Scott C. Chase. "A Graph Grammar Approach for Structure Synthesis of Mechanisms." Journal of Mechanical Design 122, no. 4 (1999): 371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1315299.
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This paper presents a general graph grammar methodology for structure synthesis of mechanisms. Much of current mechanism design is based on a systematic method popularized by Freudenstein, Mruthyunjaya, and Tsai (among others). A graph grammar is a more natural expression for a method that relies on algebraic abstractions of graph theoretic principles. Our proposed grammar rules add vertices and loops to a start graph to obtain desired structural requirements. A grammar adaptation of an existing linear time algorithm for the detection of isomorphism is presented. Also presented is a specialized grammar for the structure synthesis of Epicyclic Gear Trains. A valid graph grammar for structure synthesis of mechanisms enables both the eventual automation of general atlas construction and atlas construction for customized mechanism classes. [S1050-0472(00)01904-8]
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Subirats-Rüggeberg, Carlos. "Grammar and lexicon in traditional grammar." Historiographia Linguistica 21, no. 3 (1994): 297–350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.21.3.03sub.
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Summary In Methodvs didactica (1668) and other works Johann Joachim Becher (1635–1682) developed a theory of grammar which was based on the study of lexical, syntactic and semantic relations of words within the lexicon of a language. Matthias Kramer (1640–C.1730), in his many bilingual dictionaries, applied Becher’s grammatical theory to develop a general theory of linguistic analysis, studying the morphological relationships between roots, derivatives and/or compounds, synonymy between words, and the relationships of words in sentences and idioms in various languages. The paper demonstrates that Kramer’s approach effectively marks a breakaway from traditional grammar as still found in the works of Justus Georg Schottel (1612–1676), Kaspar Stieler (1632–1707), and others, because it applies an explicit grammatical model and because it does away with the traditional separation between lexicon and grammar. Kramer also breaks with the traditional association between form and meaning, which not only affects his concept of grammatical explanation, but also his way of establishing a comparison between languages. Kramer’s linguistic approach, it is suggested, presents certain similarities with modern studies of lexical grammar, since both try to study linguistic phenomena in the lexicon and both eliminate the arbitary separation between lexicon and grammar.
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OSTROSI, E., and M. FERNEY. "Feature modeling using a grammar representation approach." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 19, no. 4 (2005): 245–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060405050171.
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In intelligent computer-aided design the concept of intelligence is related to that of integration. Using feature-based computer-aided design models is thought to make a complete integration. This paper presents a feature recognition approach based on the use of a feature grammar. Given the complexity of feature recognition in interactions, the basic idea of the approach is to find the latent and logical structure of features in interaction. The approach includes five main phases. The first phase, called regioning, identifies the potential zones for the birth of features. The second phase, called virtual extension, builds links and virtual faces. The third phase, called structuring, transforms the region into a structure compatible with the structure of the features represented by the feature grammar. The fourth phase, called Identification, identifies the features in these zones. The fifth phase, called modeling, represents the model by features. The feature modeling system software is developed based on this approach.
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McEnery, Tony, Andrew Wilson, and Paul Barker. "Teaching grammar again after twenty years: corpus-based help for teaching grammar." ReCALL 9, no. 2 (1997): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0958344000004730.
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In this paper we consider how corpora may be of use in the teaching of grammar of the pre-tertiary level. Corpora are becoming well established in teaching in Universities. Corpora also have a role to play in secondary education, in that they can help decide how and what to teach, as well as changing the way in which puplis learn and providing the possibility of open-ended machine-aided tuition. Corpora also seem to provide what UK goverment sponsored reports on teaching grammar have called for – a data-driven approach to the subject.
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Gettys, Serafima. "Usage-Based Theory of Language and Usage-Based Instruction." International Journal of Information Communication Technologies and Human Development 8, no. 3 (2016): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijicthd.2016070101.
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The goal of this article is to describe Usage-Based Instruction (UBI), an innovative approach to teaching interpersonal communication in foreign languages. The UBI was inspired by Usage-Based view of language shared by such disciplines as Cognitive Linguistics, Cognitive Psychology, Construction Grammar, Usage-Based Grammar, and Artificial Intelligence. This approach has been used for a number of years by the Foreign Language Program at a small private Mid-Western university in teaching students to orally communicate in foreign languages in beginning foreign language courses. Students taught by the UBI demonstrate better performance, higher fluency, better accuracy and greater language gain than students taught by a more conventional, textbook-approach. In addition to this, they are more engaged in the learning process and consequently are more motivated to continue foreign language study.
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Seo, Ji-Young. "Movie English from a usage-based perspective: On the basis of construction grammar." Secondary English Education 12, no. 4 (2019): 167–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.20487/kasee.12.4.201911.167.
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Dunn, Jonathan. "Finding variants for construction-based dialectometry: A corpus-based approach to regional CxGs." Cognitive Linguistics 29, no. 2 (2018): 275–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2017-0029.
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AbstractThis paper develops a construction-based dialectometry capable of identifying previously unknown constructions and measuring the degree to which a given construction is subject to regional variation. The central idea is to learn a grammar of constructions (a CxG) using construction grammar induction and then to use these constructions as features for dialectometry. This offers a method for measuring the aggregate similarity between regional CxGs without limiting in advance the set of constructions subject to variation. The learned CxG is evaluated on how well it describes held-out test corpora while dialectometry is evaluated on how well it can model regional varieties of English. The method is tested using two distinct datasets: First, the International Corpus of English representing eight outer circle varieties; Second, a web-crawled corpus representing five inner circle varieties. Results show that the method (1) produces a grammar with stable quality across sub-sets of a single corpus that is (2) capable of distinguishing between regional varieties of English with a high degree of accuracy, thus (3) supporting dialectometric methods for measuring the similarity between varieties of English and (4) measuring the degree to which each construction is subject to regional variation. This is important for cognitive sociolinguistics because it operationalizes the idea that competition between constructions is organized at the functional level so that dialectometry needs to represent as much of the available functional space as possible.
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Harun, Haliza, Norhana Abdullah, Nursyuhada’ Ab Wahab, and Nurkhamimi Zainuddin. "Concept Based Instruction: Enhancing Grammar Competence in L2 Learners." RELC Journal 50, no. 2 (2017): 252–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033688217716505.
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Over the past decades, much of the discussion regarding grammar teaching has evolved around the identification of the best language teaching approach to facilitate effective learning of English language among second language (L2) learners. Despite the various approaches introduced and implemented in the realm of L2 teaching, the language performances of these learners are still ‘off-target’ as they are still found not able to use the correct language expressions to serve their communicative needs. Investigation of the use of concepts in the learning and teaching of grammar may provide an alternative solution in enhancing learners’ L2 grammar competence. Known as Concept Based Instruction (CBI) this pedagogical approach that is predicated on Vygotskian thought, centres on promoting the quality of the grammar rules in helping learners to understand and use the grammar concepts to achieve their communicative needs. This article focuses on the principles found in CBI with the aim of exploring CBI’s potential and hence facilitate in-depth understanding of not only the structural forms but also the semantic meaning of the target language among L2 learners.
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Paul, Baltescu, and Blunsom Phil. "A Fast and Simple Online Synchronous Context Free Grammar Extractor." Prague Bulletin of Mathematical Linguistics 102, no. 1 (2014): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pralin-2014-0010.
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Abstract Hierarchical phrase-based machine translation systems rely on the synchronous context free grammar formalism to learn and use translation rules containing gaps. The grammars learned by such systems become unmanageably large even for medium sized parallel corpora. The traditional approach of preprocessing the training data and loading all possible translation rules into memory does not scale well for hierarchical phrase-based systems. Online grammar extractors address this problem by constructing memory efficient data structures on top of the source sideof the parallel data (often based on suffix arrays), which are usedto efficiently match phrases in the corpus and to extract translation rules on the fly during decoding. This paper describes an open source implementation of an online synchronous context free grammar extractor. Our approach builds on the work of Lopez (2008a) and introduces a new technique for extending the lists of phrase matches for phrases containing gaps that reduces the extraction time by a factor of 4. Our extractor is available as part of the cdec toolkit1 (Dyer et al., 2010).
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Hu, Xuke, Hongchao Fan, Alexey Noskov, Alexander Zipf, Zhiyong Wang, and Jianga Shang. "Feasibility of Using Grammars to Infer Room Semantics." Remote Sensing 11, no. 13 (2019): 1535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11131535.
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Current indoor mapping approaches can detect accurate geometric information but are incapable of detecting the room type or dismiss this issue. This work investigates the feasibility of inferring the room type by using grammars based on geometric maps. Specifically, we take the research buildings at universities as examples and create a constrained attribute grammar to represent the spatial distribution characteristics of different room types as well as the topological relations among them. Based on the grammar, we propose a bottom-up approach to construct a parse forest and to infer the room type. During this process, Bayesian inference method is used to calculate the initial probability of belonging an enclosed room to a certain type given its geometric properties (e.g., area, length, and width) that are extracted from the geometric map. The approach was tested on 15 maps with 408 rooms. In 84% of cases, room types were defined correctly. It, to a certain degree, proves that grammars can benefit semantic enrichment (in particular, room type tagging).
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Isermann, Michael. "John Wallis on adjectives the discovery of phrase structure in the Grammatica Linguae Anglicanae (1653)." Historiographia Linguistica 23, no. 1-2 (1996): 47–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.23.1-2.03ise.
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Summary One of the typical features of the early grammars of European vernaculars is their sketchy treatment of syntactic phenomena. The reason for this neglect is obvious: The steady orientation of grammarians towards the traditional word-class approach virtually necessitated the persistence of the view of a sentence as a linear arrangement of words. Though historians of grammar have acknowledged John Wallis’(1616–1703) attempt at freeing the grammar of English from the strait jacket of Latin grammar, they have seen his Grammatica Linguae Anglicanae (1653) in the word-based grammar tradition. In this paper I argue that beyond the fairly traditional organization and terminology of Wallis’ grammar lies a fundamentally different approach: Instead of basing his description of English on a fixed word-class system, Wallis seems to arrive at syntactic categories via the criteria of distribution and substitution. It is these criteria (which are constantly applied rather than stated) that lead Wallis to the discovery of phrases and their internal structure. Especially consistent and concise in this regard is Wallis’ description of the structure of the noun phrase in the chapter on “The adjectives”.
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Du, Xuehong, Jianxin Jiao, and Mitchell M. Tseng. "Graph Grammar Based Product Family Modeling." Concurrent Engineering 10, no. 2 (2002): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1063293x02010002635.
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Many industries are shifting from mass production to mass customization, which demands quick response to the needs of individual customers with high quality and low costs. The development of product families has received an increasing interest in recent years because, by sharing components across products, a family of products can be derived to cater variety while maintaining the economy of scale. Aiming at the computerization, and eventual automation, of product family design, this paper tackles the formal representation issue surrounding this economically important class of engineering design problem. Breaking free from conventional understanding of product families, which is limited as shared components, the paper defines a product family as a structured system to create variety of products with shared core product technologies. It not only involves the shared base product, but also encompasses customization modules, standard designs, and primary patterns of variety to generate custom designs. The paper introduces graph grammar formalisms to the modeling of such a product family. Based on Programmed Attributed Graph Grammars (PAGG), the graph language is developed to specify the design space of the product family. The process of customizing the base product through manipulating particular modules is modeled by rewriting the starting graph using a series of productions according to the control diagram. Configuration constraints are dealt with by defining application conditions for production rules. Control diagrams are constructed to capture complex relationships among modules and used to control the application sequence of production rules. A case study of power supplies is presented to demonstrate the potential of the graph grammar based modeling approach.
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QU, HONGCHUN, QINGSHENG ZHU, MINGWEI GUO, and ZHONGHUA LU. "AN INTELLIGENT LEARNING APPROACH TO L-GRAMMAR EXTRACTION FROM IMAGE SEQUENCES OF REAL PLANTS." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 18, no. 06 (2009): 905–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213009000457.
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In this paper, we propose an automatic analyzing and transforming approach to L-system grammar extraction from real plants. Instead of using manually designed rules and cumbersome parameters, our method establishes the relationship between L-system grammars and the iterative trend of botanical entities, which reflect the endogenous factors that caused the plant branching process. To realize this goal, we use a digital camera to take multiple images of unfoliaged (leafless) plants and capture the topological and geometrical data of plant entities using image processing methods. The data then stored into specific data structures. A Hidden Markov based statistical model is then employed to reveal the hidden relations of plant entities which have been classified into categories based on their statistical properties extracted by a classic EM algorithm, the hidden relations have been integrated into the target L-system as grammars. Results show that our method is capable of automatically generating L-grammars for a given unfoliaged plant no matter what branching type it is belongs to.
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Lytovchenko, I., Y. Lavrysh, V. Lukianenko, and O. Ogienko. "How to Teach Grammar to Adult ESP Learners at Technical University More Communicatively: Task-Based Approach." Multidisciplinary Journal for Education, Social and Technological Sciences 7, no. 1 (2020): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/muse.2020.12419.
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<p class="Abstract">The article is devoted to comparison of the effectiveness of grammar acquisition by adult learners in two types of instruction – based on the traditional PPP (Presentation, Practice, Production) approach and TBL (Task-Based Learning) approach – in ESP university classes. We conducted a qualitative research in which we tried to incorporate grammar instruction in communicative language teaching and for that purpose selected two groups of students (the PPP group and the TBL group). They were taught five topics, each with a focus on particular grammar items. The comparison of the results we obtained showed that students’ achievement in the TBL group increased more substantially than in the PPP group. Also, the majority of students in the TBL group liked learning grammar at the point of need, which we consider particularly important, since it stimulated their motivation and contributed to the acquisition of grammatical structures. When considering the positive aspects of our experience of using TBL and task-based grammar learning in particular, we should first of all point out its learner-centeredness which provides a number of advantages in teaching adult students: the focus on real communication, addressing the students’ needs by putting them into authentic communicative situations, encouragement of students’ responsibility for their own learning, exposure of students to a wide variety of language, including grammar, ability to motivate students.</p>