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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Grammar; Syntax; Semantics'
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LIU, HSIAO-MEI. "A CATEGORIAL GRAMMAR ANALYSIS OF CHINESE SEPARABLE COMPOUNDS AND PHRASES (SYNTAX, SEMANTICS)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/183896.
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The lexicon of modern Chinese is composed mainly of disyllabic compound words; some of the compounds are separable, while others are not. Hindered by problems with the definition of the Chinese word and by the concept of separate grammatical levels on which morphological, syntactic and semantic processes occur, previous linguistic studies have been unable to fully account for the separability of some compounds and for the relationship of compound separability to phrase separability. This dissertation finds that, with morphemes having the same syntactic association with other morphemes that words or phrases have with other words or phrases, categorial rules logically explain the common syntax of Chinese words and phrases. In categorial grammar analysis based on the work of Ajdukiewicz (1935), Montague (1974), Partee (1972; 1975), and Bach (1983; 1984), categories are determined by functions associating the expressions in component sets, and syntactic operations build categories up into larger derived categories according to specified functor-argument relations. In the present analysis of Chinese, to the set of the non-verb general category belong morphemes, words and phrases whose form classes are not verbs and which are generic names. Argument expressions, both compound words and verb phrases which belong to this category, combine with the intransitive/non-verb general functor to form the IV category. Rules operating by concatenation, cliticization and wrapping account for the occurrence of resultative expressions, aspect markers, and expressions of time duration or time frequency between the components of separable compounds. Further, the hierarchy of thematic roles devised by Jackendoff (1972) is applied to account for cases in which the functors in IV combine with more than one argument. In this way, an analysis which combines principles of morphology, syntax and semantics is able to account for the identity of compound and phrase separability and derive grammatical sentences for the language.
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Schueler, David Edward. "The syntax and semantics of implicit conditionals filling in the antecedent /." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1619097961&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Kaiser, Stefan Konrad Friedrich Franz. "Headless relative clauses in Japanese." Thesis, University of London, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.281966.
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Yamamoto, Kyosuke. "A semantic approach to Ilocano Grammar." Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/242310.
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Tomioka, Naoko. "Resultative constructions : cross-linguistic variation and the syntax-semantics interface." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=102217.
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This thesis examines constructions known as resultative constructions. In addition to the well-known adjectival resultative construction in English, I investigate the resultative V-V compound, found in Japanese, and the resultative serial verb construction, found in Edo.I propose a new classification of these constructions, which focuses on the argument structure of the construction. In Japanese resultative V-V compounds, the argument structure of a compound reflects the argument structure of the second verb only, while in Edo, the argument structure of the construction reflects the argument structure of both verbs involved. With this criterion, English resultative constructions are divided into two classes---a resultative construction containing an intransitive verb is classified with Japanese resultative V-V compounds, and a resultative construction containing an object-selecting verb is classified with Edo resultative serial verb constructions.
Based on the classification provided here, I investigate two types of syntactic operations which license the concatenation of the predicates in resultative constructions. I argue that English intransitive resultative constructions and Japanese resultative V-V compounds are formed by adjoining one of the predicates on the other. The adjunction structure is then interpreted as conjunction called event identification. In contrast, English transitive resultative constructions and Edo resultative serial verb constructions are licensed by treating one of the predicates as a causative predicate. I argue that one of the predicates in these constructions undergoes lexical coercion, and acquires a causative meaning. The newly-formed causative verb takes the other predicate of the construction as its complement. This structure is then interpreted with function-application. I hence argue that the structural difference between the two types of resultative constructions also mirrors the difference in the type of semantic operations used to interpret these constructions.
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Ben, Khelil Cherifa. "Construction semi-automatique d'une grammaire d'arbres adjoints pour l'analyse syntaxico-sémantique de l'arabe." Thesis, Orléans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ORLE2013.
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Cette thèse traite de la description formelle et du développement d’une grammaire électronique de la langue arabe. Ce travail est un prérequis à la création d’outils de traitement automatique de l’arabe.Cette langue présente de nombreux défis pour un traitement automatique. En effet l’ordre de mots en arabe est relativement libre, la morphologie y est riche et les diacritiques sont omis dans les textes écrits. Bien que plusieurs travaux de recherche aient abordé certaines de ces problématiques, les ressources électroniques utiles pour le traitement de l’arabe demeurent relativement rares ou encore peu disponibles. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à la représentation de la syntaxe (ordre des mots) et du sens de l’arabe standard moderne. Comme système formel de représentation de la langue, nous avons choisi le formalisme des grammaires d’arbres adjoints (Tree Adjoining Grammar). Nous avons ainsi proposé une grammaire d’arbres adjoints électronique de l’arabe nommée « ArabTAG V2.0 ». Cette ressource réutilise en partie la modélisation préexistante dans la grammaire définie manuellement «ArabTAG » et l’intègre à une représentation abstraite appelée méta-grammaire. L’expert linguiste peut ainsi décrire la syntaxe et sémantique de la langue avec des outils d’abstraction facilitant la maintenance et l’extension de la grammaire. La grammaire ainsi décrite compte 1074 règles syntaxiques (non lexicalisées) et 27 cadres sémantiques (relations prédicatives). Cette ressource a été évaluée en analysant un corpus issu d’extraits d’un manuel scolaire d’apprentissage de l’arabeThis thesis deals with the formal description and development of an electronic grammar of Arabic language. This work is a prerequisite for the creation of automatic Arabic processing tools. This language presents many challenges for automatic processing. Indeed the order of words in Arabic is relatively free,the morphology is rich and the diacritics are omitted in written texts. Although several research studies have addressed some of these issues, electronic resources useful for the processing of Arabic remain relatively rare or not widely available. In this thesis work, we are interested in the representation of syntax (word order) and the meaning of modern standard Arabic. As a formal system of language representation, we chose the formalism of Tree Adjoining Grammar. Thus we proposed an electronic adjoint tree grammar of Arabic named"ArabTAGV2.0". This resource partially reuses the pre-existing modeling in the manually defined grammar "ArabTAG" and integrates it into an abstract representation called meta-grammar. The linguistic expert canthus describe the syntax and semantics of the language with abstraction tools facilitating the maintenance and extension of the grammar. The new described grammar has 1074 syntactical rules (not lexicalized) and27 semantic frameworks (predicative relations). This resource was evaluated by analyzing a corpus from excerpts of an Arabic textbook
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Chow, Pui-lun, and 周佩倫. "The syntax-semantics interface of resultative constructions in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B50434482.
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This thesis focuses on a special type of construction in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese long discussed in the literature, namely resultative constructions. The interest of the study lies in the fact that resultative constructions involve an interesting mismatch phenomenon of the mapping of grammatical functions and semantic roles. Since grammatical functions and semantic roles are the building blocks of syntax and semantics, the mapping between grammatical functions and semantic roles is considered a manifestation of the syntactic and semantic interface and it is believed that the study of the mapping between them will shed light on the form and meaning association found inhuman language.
However, while an adequate mapping theory can reflect how human experience or meaning is expressed in language, the mapping between grammatical functions and semantic roles is neither linear nor mutually correspondent on a one-to-one basis, rendering the nature of its mechanism obscure.
In this thesis, the interface between the semantic and syntactic realizations of resultative constructions in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese will be investigated. The goal is to seek an optimal approach which can provide a more satisfactory account in handling mapping of Mandarin and Cantonese resultatives and explaining the special properties of the V-V structures involved in Mandarin and Cantonese resultative constructions. Drawing from the insights of previous accounts and the properties of resultative constructions, a working definition for resultatives is proposed. Through reviewing some current mapping accounts and revealing their inadequacies and limitations in handling grammatical functions and semantic roles mapping in resultative constructions in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese, I am going to argue that Jackendoff’s (1990) conceptual semantics approach provides an optimal structure for the representation of resultative compounds in particular and the resultative constructions in general in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese.
I also want to argue that the investigation of the resultative constructions in Mandarin and Cantonese not only sheds light on the prospect of applying Jackendoff’s (1990) conceptual semantics approach to understanding other types of constructions and special phenomena in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese, but also indicates a new direction of study in the possible multiple sense involved in Mandarin and Cantonese compounds.published_or_final_version
Linguistics
Master
Master of Philosophy
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Uechi, Akihiko. "An interface approach to topic/focus structure." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0004/NQ34637.pdf.
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Lowe, John J. "The syntax and semantics of tense-aspect stem participles in early Ṛgvedic Sanskrit." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:45516bfd-cffb-457a-904c-100695cbd938.
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In this thesis I investigate the syntax and semantics of tense-aspect stem participles in the Ṛgveda, focusing primarily on the data from the earlier books II–VII and IX, seeking to establish a comprehensive and coherent analysis of this category within the linguistic system of Ṛgvedic Sanskrit. In recent literature tense-aspect stem participles are usually treated as semantically equivalent to finite verbs wherever possible, but contradictorily where they differ from finite verbs their adjectival nature is emphasized. I argue that tense-aspect stem participles are a fundamentally verbal formation and can be treated as inflectional verb forms: they are adjectival verbs rather than verbal adjectives. At the same time, however, they constitute an independent sub-category of verb form which is not necessarily semantically dependent on corresponding finite stems. I examine the syntactic and semantic properties of tense-aspect stem participles both in relation to finite verbal forms and their wider syntactic context, formalizing the evidence in the framework of Lexical-Functional Grammar. Consequently I am able to categorize the syntactic and semantic deviations which many participles exhibit in comparison to finite verbal forms. I contend that many such forms cannot be treated synchronically (and sometimes diachronically) as participles, but form distinct synchronic categories. My analysis permits a considerably more refined definition of the category of tense-aspect stem participles, dependent on clear morphological, syntactic and semantic criteria, as opposed to the usual, purely morphological, definition. From a diachronic perspective I argue that the category of tense-aspect stem participles as found in the Ṛgveda more closely reflects an inherited Proto-Indo-European category of tense-aspect stem participles than is usually assumed. I also reconsider theoretical treatments of participial syntax and semantics, and develop a more precise typology of non-finite verb systems which adequately accounts for Sanskrit participles.
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Gonzalez-Rivera, Melvin. "On The Internal Structure of Spanish Verbless Clauses." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1291837748.
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Lorusso, Paolo. "Verbs in child grammar the acquisition of the primitive elements of the VP at the syntax-semantics interface." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/283726.
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Un tema en l'estudi de l'adquisició del llenguatge que ha atret molt l'atenció és la naturalesa dels primers verbs. Als 2 anys, els nens comencen a combinar paraules i a produir els primers verbs. Els elements verbals apareixen més tard que els substantius i es refereixen als conceptes relacionals en el món que estan representats a la sintaxi a través de l'estructura argumental. Aquesta tesi té com a objectiu examinar les característiques de les primeres produccions verbals en italià. L'aparició dels verbs implica el domini d'un procediment d'assignació dels papers semàntics a les posicions sintàctiques. El tema objecte d'estudi té conseqüències no només per a la descripció de l’evolució de l'adquisició del lèxic, sinó també per a la definició d'un model general de la interfície entre la sintaxi i la semàntica lèxica en les primeres etapes. La proposta és que les característiques sintacticosemàntiques estan actives en la gramàtica del nen a l’hora de determinar la derivació oracional.
Els verbs impliquen significats estructurals i idiosincràtics: mentre que el significat estructural es deriva dels marcs sintàctics (del nombre i característiques dels arguments) en què un verb pot aparèixer, el significat idiosincràtic es troba en les relacions en el món que cada arrel verbal denota. L'arquitectura de la interfície sintaxi-semàntica dels verbs implica un procediment de projecció des d'uns marcs sintàctics a moltes relacions en el món i viceversa.
El significat estructural dels primers verbs s’explora mitjançant una anàlisi de la distribució dels arguments manifestos i dels auxiliars en un corpus de parla espontània de nens i adults. Els resultats mostren que les classes lèxiques dels verbs influeixen en la distribució dels subjectes nuls i en l'elecció de la posició oracional en la qual els subjectes s'expressen. Les classes de verbs són rellevants també per a la selecció i la distribució dels auxiliars: els nens seleccionen correctament els auxiliars en funció de la informació lèxica sintàctica codificada en els SV.
Quan apareixen els primers verbs, els nens estan aprenent alhora les derivacions sintàctiques que impliquen el SFlexió i les projeccions del SComplementador. Es troben algunes diferències entre la gramàtica del nen i la dels adults en els dominis sintàctics utilitzats per a la expressió dels subjectes a la interfície sintaxi-fonologia: un spell-out inicial més baix pot dificultar les derivacions sintàctiques que impliquen les projeccions oracionals on es comproven els trets semàntics del discurs com a Tòpic i Focus.
S’han dissenyat dues tasques experimentals per tal d’observar els efectes de la presència d'un objecte explícit dins el SV en la determinació de la lectura aspectual. La interacció entre l'aspecte perfectiu codificat en el pretèrit perfet (passato prossimo) i l'aspecte lèxic dels SV s’ha investigat en el context de la producció i comprensió dels temps compostos perfectius. Els resultats mostren que els nens no utilitzen el pretèrit perfet amb tots els verbs com els adults: la informació aspectual codificada en el SV, tant la que afecta el significat estructural vinculat a la projecció dels objectes com la que afecta el significat idiosincràtic de l'arrel verbal, influeix en la comprensió infantil de la morfologia aspectual perfectiva fins a l'edat de 7 anys.
Les principals conclusions d'aquest treball mostren que les relacions en la interfície sintaxi-semàntica ja estan ben establertes quan els nens produeixen els primers verbs i tenen influència en la distribució dels arguments implícits, en la posició oracional dels arguments explícits i en la interpretació aspectual. Si bé no podem determinar si l’adquisició dels primers verbs està desencadenada per la representació sintàctica o semàntica, sí que podem argumentar que tant els significats estructurals com els idiosincràtics que estan codificats en els SV estan actius en les diferents etapes de l'adquisició d'una llengua.An issue in the study of language acquisition that has attracted much attention is the nature of early verbs. At around the age of 2, children start to combine words and to produce the first verbs. Verbal items appear later than nouns and refer to the relational concepts in the world that are represented in syntax through the argument structure. This dissertation aims to examine the features of the first verbal productions in Italian. Since the appearance of verbs implies the mastery of a procedure of mapping between syntactic positions and semantic roles, the topic under examination has consequences not only for the description of the timeline of the acquisition of the lexicon, but also for the definition of a general model of the interface between syntax and lexical semantics in the early stages. The proposal is that syntactic-semantic features are at work early in child grammar in determining the clausal derivation. Verbs involve structural and idiosyncratic meaning: while structural meaning is derived by the few syntactic frames (number and features of the arguments) which a verb can appear in, idiosyncratic meaning is given by the relations in the world that each verbal root denotes. The architecture of the syntax-semantics interface for verbs implies a mapping procedure from few syntactic frames to many relations in the world and/or vice versa. The structural meaning of early verbs is explored through an analysis of the distribution of the overt arguments and the auxiliaries in a corpus of spontaneous speech of children and adults. The results will show that the lexical classes of verbs influence the distribution of null subjects and the choice of the position in which the subjects are expressed in the sentences. Verb classes also seem at work in the selection and the distribution of the auxiliaries: children properly select auxiliaries depending on the lexical-syntactic information encoded in the VP layer. At the age of the appearance of the first verbs, children are simultaneously learning the syntactic derivations that involve the IP and the CP layers. Some differences between child and target grammar are found in the syntactic domains used for the spell-out at syntax-phonology interface: a lower initial spell-out domain may disfavor the derivations to high clausal positions where scope discourse semantic features like Topic and Focus are checked. Two experimental tasks are designed to observe the effects of the presence of an overt object in the VP in determining the aspectual reading. The interaction between the perfective aspect encoded in the present perfect (passato prossimo) and the lexical aspect of the VPs is investigated in the production and comprehension of perfective compound tenses. The results show that children do not use the present perfect with all verbs like adults: the aspectual information encoded in the VP, both the structural meaning linked to the projection of the objects and the idiosyncratic meaning of the verbal root, influences children’s understanding of aspectual perfective morphology till the age of 7. The main conclusions of the present work show that the relations at syntax- semantics interface are already well established when the first verbs are uttered by children and influence the pattern of distribution of overt/null arguments, the clausal derivation to scope-discourse semantic position, and the aspectual interpretation. While we cannot determine whether the first verbs are bootstrapped by the semantic or the syntactic representations, we can argue that both the structural and idiosyncratic meanings encoded in the VPs are at work in the different stages of acquisition of a language.
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Maskharashvili, Aleksandre. "Discourse Modeling with Abstract Categorial Grammars." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0195/document.
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Ce mémoire de thèse traite de la modélisation du discours dans le cadre grammatical des Grammaires Catégorielles Abstraites (Abstract Categorial Grammars, ACGs). Les ACGs offrent un cadre unifié pour la modélisation de la syntaxe et de la sémantique. Nous nous intéressons en particulier aux formalismes discursifs qui utilisent une approche grammaticale pour rendre compte des régularités des structures discursives. Nous proposons en particulier un encodage à l'aide des ACGs de deux formalismes discursifs : G-TAG et D-STAG. Ces encodages permettent d'éclairer le problème des connecteurs discursifs médiaux que les formalismes s'appuyant sur TAG ne traitent pas, du moins pas par un mécanisme grammatical. En effet, pour prendre en compte ces connecteurs, G-TAG et D-STAG utilisent une étape extra-grammaticale. Notre encodage offre au contraire une approche purement grammaticale de la prise en compte de ces connecteurs discursifs. Ces encodages se font à l'aide d'ACGs de second ordre. Les grammaires de cette classe ont des propriétés de réversibilité qui nous permettent d'utiliser les mêmes algorithmes polynômiaux aussi bien pour l'analyse discursive que pour la génération de discoursThis dissertation addresses the questions of discourse modeling within a grammatical framework called Abstract Categorial Grammars (ACGs). ACGs provide a unified framework for both syntax and semantics. We focus on the discourse formalisms that make use of a grammatical approach to capture the discourse structure regularities. In particular, we propose ACG encodings of two discourse formalisms: G-TAG and D-STAG. These ACG encodings shed light on the problem of clause-medial connectives that the G-TAG and D-STAG grammars leave out of account. Both G-TAG and D-STAG make use of an extra-grammatical processing to deal with discourse connectives that appear at clause-medial positions. In contrast, the ACG encodings of G-TAG and D-STAG offer a purely grammatical approach to clause-medial connectives. Each of these ACG encodings are second-order. Grammars of this class have reversibility properties that allow us to use the same polynomial algorithmes both for the discourse parsing and generation tasks
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Siegel, Melanie [Verfasser]. "JACY - a grammar for annotating syntax, semantics and pragmatics of written and spoken japanese for NLP application purposes / Melanie Siegel." Frankfurt am Main : Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg, 2006. http://d-nb.info/1150958553/34.
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Gustin, Edward Louis. "A semantic analysis of 'get' and its acquisition by students of English in Macau : a cognitive approach." Thesis, University of Macau, 2012. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2586626.
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Hjálmarsson, Guðmundur Andri. "What if? : an enquiry into the semantics of natural language conditionals." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/949.
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This thesis is essentially a portfolio of four disjoint yet thematically related articles that deal with some semantic aspect or another of natural language conditionals. The thesis opens with a brief introductory chapter that offers a short yet opinionated historical overview and a theoretical background of several important semantic issues of conditionals. The second chapter then deals with the issue of truth values and conditions of indicative conditionals. So-called Gibbard Phenomenon cases have been used to argue that indicative conditionals construed in terms of the Ramsey Test cannot have truth values. Since that conclusion is somewhat incredible, several alternative options are explored. Finally, a contextualised revision of the Ramsey Test is offered which successfully avoids the threats of the Gibbard Phenomenon. The third chapter deals with the question of where to draw the so-called indicative/ subjunctive line. Natural language conditionals are commonly believed to be of two semantically distinct types: indicative and subjunctive. Although this distinction is central to many semantic analyses of natural conditionals, there seems to be no consensus on the details of its nature. While trying to uncover the grounds for the distinction, we will argue our way through several plausible proposals found in the literature. Upon discovering that none of these proposals seem entirely suited, we will reconsider our position and make several helpful observations into the nature of conditional sentences. And finally, in light of our observations, we shall propose and argue for plausible grounds for the indicative/subjunctive distinction.distinction. The fourth chapter offers semantics for modal and amodal natural language conditionals based on the distinction proposed in the previous chapter. First, the nature of modal and amodal suppositions will be explored. Armed with an analysis of modal and amodal suppositions, the corresponding conditionals will be examined further. Consequently, the syntax of conditionals in English will be uncovered for the purpose of providing input for our semantics. And finally, compositional semantics in generative grammar will be offered for modal and amodal conditionals. The fifth and final chapter defends Modus Ponens from alleged counterexamples. In particular, the chapter offers a solution to McGee’s infamous counterexamples. First, several solutions offered to the counterexamples hitherto are all argued to be inadequate. After a couple of observations on the counterexamples’ nature, a solution is offered and demonstrated. the solution suggests that the semantics of embedded natural language conditionals is more sophisticated than their surface syntax indicates. The heart of the solution is a translation function from the surface form of natural language conditionals to their logical form. Finally, the thesis ends with a conclusion that briefly summarises the main conclusions drawn in its preceding chapters.
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Kroik, David. "Differential object marking in South Saami." Licentiate thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för språkstudier, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-124959.
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This licentiate thesis investigates the case and the syntactic position of the direct object in South Saami. The focus is on plural direct objects, which have Differential Object Marking, a phenomenon in which the case alternates between different types of direct objects. In South Saami, some direct objects carry the accusative case form in the plural, while others only carry the plural marker. This variation of suffix displayed on the direct object is contingent on definiteness; definite direct objects consistently display the accusative case form in the plural while indefinite direct objects, specific and nonspecific alike, lack accusative morphology. In addition to case marking, the study presents an analysis of the alternation of the syntactic position of some direct objects. Definite and indefinite specific direct objects can be realized in two positions: as the complement of the verb or in a position as specifier of the light verb projection. By contrast, indefinite nonspecific direct objects obligatorily surface in the complement position of the verb. This variability in syntactic position of some direct objects is analyzed by means of a Specificity Operator, adjoined to the DP-level of every specific NP, definite and indefinite. The operator moves as an instance of quantifier raising in order to take scope over Existential Closure (EC). EC binds NPs in its domain and give them an existential reading. Therefore, when the Specificity Operator raises, it anchors the DP it is adjoined to in a domain, which is unbound by EC and therefore facilitates a specific interpretation. The operator, void of phonological content, can raise alone to the specifier of vP as an instance of covert movement. The operator can also Pied-pipe the DP it is adjoined to, which results in overt movement of the DP. Indefinite nonspecific direct objects lack the Specificity Operator and therefore they remain in-situ in the VP, where they are bound by EC. In addition to its theoretical value, the thesis will be of use for teachers, students and others with an interest in a better understanding of the case form and the position of the direct object in South Saami.Daennie licentiaatetjaalegisnie gïehtjedem guktie Åarjelsamien direkte objeekth gelliengiertesne kaasushgïetjieh åadtjoeh. Manne gelliengiertem veeljeme juktie åarjelaemien gïele Differential Object Marking åtna. Naakenh direkte objeekth dam giehtjiem -idie guedtieh, mij ackusatijvem gelliengïertesne muana. Jeatjah direkte objeekth barre låhkoegiehtjiem -h guedtieh, mij ajve gelliengïertem muana, menh ij kaasusem. Dan åvteste direkte objeekti kaasushaamoeh molsedieh. Mov gïehtjidimmie vuesehte ahte definijte direkteobjeekth gelliengiertesne dam ackusatijvegïehtjiem. Eah indefinijte direkte objeekth dam gïethjiem utnieh, valla barre gelliengierehaamoem utnieh. Manne vielie gïehtjedem gusnie, dennie raaje- sisnie, leah dej direkte objeekti sijjieh. Gaavneme ahte joekehtsh leah aaj ovmessie direkte objeekti gaskoeh. Definijte jïh indefinijte specifijke direkte objeekth utnieh göökte sijjieh gusnie maehtieh jïjhtedh, valla indefinite ovspecifijke direkte objeekth utnieh ajve aktem sijjiem gusnie maehtieh årrodh. Gaajhkh dah golme ovmessie direkte objeekth maehtieh maadthsijjesne årrodh goh verben komplemeente, valla definijte jïh indefinijte specifijke direkte objeekth maehtieh aaj aktene vP:n specificeerijisnie jïjhtedh. Manne daam joekehtehtem jïh vuesehtem mannasinie naemhtie jis. Mov innovasjovne lea akte specifijkeoperatovre. Dïhte lea adjungeradamme fïerhten DP:se mij lea definijte jallh indefinijte specifijke. Dïhte operatovre iktesth bæjjene DP:n sistie vP specificeerijen sïjse, men dïhte maahta aaj dam DP:m buektedh Pied-pipingen tjïrrh. Dïhte specifijkeoperatovre bæjjene juktie edtja baataridh Existential Closuren (EC) jaksoste. Gosse operatovre bæjjene, dïhte dan sov DP:m dïbrehte akten domeenese, gusnie specifijke guarkoe daerpies sjædta. Dah direkte objeekt mah eah specifijkeoperatovrem utnieh tjoerieh baetsedh VP:n sijse, jïh dannasinie EC dejtie veadta. Dannasinie existentielle guarkoem åadtjoeh. Daate tjaalege vihkeles lingvistihke teorijese, valla aaj lohkehtæjjide, learoehkidie jïh jeatjide guhth sïjhth buerebe guarkedh mij kaasusidie lea direkte objeekten jïh gusnie, dennie raajesisnie, dïhte objeekte jæjhta.
I den här licentiatavhandling undersöks kasusformen hos de direkta objekten och deras syntaktiska position i sydsamiskan. Fokus ligger på direkta objekt i pluralis, vilka uppvisar fenomenet differentiell objektsmarkering, som innebär att vissa direkta objekt bär ackusativsuffixet i plural medan andra endast bär pluralsuffixet. Denna variation i objektsmarkering är känslig för definithet. Definita direkta objekt har accusativändelsen medan indefinita, både specifika och icke-specifika direkta objekt, saknar den. Utöver själva realiseringen av kasussuffix undersöks också de direkta objektens syntaktiska position. En analys presenteras som definierar olika typer av nominalfraser och skiljer definita och specifika direkta objekt från icke-specifika direkta objekt. Den första typen uppvisar variation i sin syntaktiska placering och har möjligheten att dyka upp både i komplementställning till verbet och i en den lilla verbfrasens specificerare, det vill säga vid gränsen för den lexikala fasen. Indefinita icke-specifika direkta objekt, som utgör den andra typen, kan bara uppträda i en position som komplement till verbet. På basis av den analys som inkluderar min innovation Specifikhetsoperatorn, vilken är adjungerad till alla definita och specifika direkta objekts DP-nivå, kan de två positionerna förklaras. Specifikhetsoperatorn flyttar alltid till vP:s specifierare som en kvantifierarinteraktion, där Specifikhetstoperatorn får räckvidd över Existential Closure (EC) och förankrar sin DP i en domän där en specifik tolkning blir nödvändig. Detta är en typ av osynlig flytt. Flytten kan också vara synlig. I det fallet sker medfraktning (Pied-piping) när Specifikhetsoperatorn tar med sig den DP den är adjungerad till när den flyttar till vPs specifierare. Direkta object som saknar Specifikhetsoperatorn stannar i positionen som komplement till verbet och binds därför av EC, vilket leder till att de får en existentiell tolkning. Bortom sitt värde för lingvistisk teoribildning kommer avhandlingen också att bli viktig för lärare, studenter och elever såväl som för andra med ett intresse av att bättre förstå vilket kasus som uppträder på sydsamiska direkta objekt och dessa objekts position i satsen.
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Bernard, Timothée. "Approches formelles de l'analyse du discours : relations discursives et verbes d'attitude propositionnelle." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCC034.
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Cette thèse s’intéresse aux formalismes qui permettent de représenter mathématiquement non seulement le sens de phrases indépendantes mais aussi de textes entiers, en incluant les liens de sens que les différentes phrases qui les composent entretiennent les unes avec les autres. Ces liens de sens — les relations discursives — sont divers ; nous trouvons notamment des relations temporelles, causales et contrastives. Nous ne nous posons pas seulement la question du sens et de sa représentation, mais aussi celle de la détermination algorithmique de cette représentation à partir des séquences de mots qui composent les énoncés. Nous nous situons donc à l’interface de trois traditions : l’analyse discursive, la sémantique formelle et la linguistique computationnelle.La plupart de travaux formels portant sur le discours ne prêtent que peu d’attention aux verbes de dire (affirmer, dire, etc.) et d’attitude propositionnelle (penser, croire, etc.). Tous ces verbes, que nous regroupons sous l’abréviation « VAP », ont en commun d’exprimer l’attitude ou la position d’une personne sur une proposition donnée. Ils sont utilisés fréquemment et introduisent de nombreuses subtilités échappant de fait aux théories actuelles. Cette thèse a pour objectif principal de mettre à jour les principes d’une grammaire formelle compatible avec l’analyse du discours et prenant en compte les VAP. Nous commençons donc par présenter de nombreuses données linguistiques illustrant les interactions entre VAP et relations discursives.Il est souvent considéré que les connecteurs adverbiaux (ensuite, par exemple, etc.) sont anaphoriques. Cependant, nous pouvons nous demander si, en pratique, un système de linguistique computationnelle ne peut pas gérer cette catégorie particulière d’anaphore comme s’il s’agissait d’un type de dépendance structurelle, étendant d’une certaine manière la syntaxe au-delà de la phrase. C’est ce que nous nous proposons de faire à l’aide du formalisme D-STAG. Une telle approche, bien qu’ayant un certain nombre de propriétés intéressantes dans le cadre de l’analyse automatique du discours, fait peser un poids important sur la syntaxe, et nous discutons alors les difficultés qu’elle soulève.Cela nous amène à développer une approche anaphorique, c’est-à-dire dans laquelle les arguments des relations discursives ne sont plus déterminés uniquement par la structure grammaticale des énoncés. Ce sont les mêmes outils conceptuels que nous utilisons pour rendre compte de l’anaphoricité des connecteurs adverbiaux, des structures discursives non-arborées (observées avec tout type de connecteurs), mais aussi de l’usage évidentiel des VAP.Cependant, si nous employons la notion d’anaphore, nous voulons l’intégrer explicitement dans le formalisme grammatical, en spécifiant quand sont exécutées les résolutions d’anaphore et avec quelles informations en entrée. Cela est possible avec la sémantique par continuation, que nous utilisons en combinaison à la sémantique événementielle. Les événements sont souvent invoqués pour exprimer la sémantique des relations notamment causales ou temporelles, mais posent aussi un certain nombre de questions, liées aux schémas logiques d’inférence qu’autorisent les énoncés linguistiques ainsi qu’à la présence de la négation pour exprimer les arguments des relations discursives. Nous avançons plusieurs pistes pour y répondre et étudions plus en détail le cas de la négation.Nous revenons ainsi sur les difficultés que pose la négation linguistique pour une analyse sémantique événementielle, qui concernent autant l’interface syntaxe-sémantique que le niveau purement sémantique. Nous montrons que ces difficultés ont pour origine l’analyse standard de la négation, qui traite phrases positives et phrases négatives de manière fondamentalement différente. Rejetant cette vue, nous présentons une formalisation nouvelle de la notion d’événement négatif, adaptée à l’analyse de divers phénomènes linguistiquesThis thesis focuses on the formalisms that make it possible to mathematically represent not only the meaning of independent sentences, but also whole texts, including the meaning relations that link sentences together. These links — the discourse relations — include temporal, causal and contrastive relations. Not only are we interested in meaning and its representation, but also on the algorithmic process of how this representation is computed using the sequence of words that constitute the text. We thus find ourselves at a point where three disciplines intersect: discourse analysis, formal semantics and computational linguistics.Most formal work on discourse pay little attention to reporting verbs (say, tell, etc.) and attitude verbs (think, believe, etc.). These verbs, henceforth ‘AVs’, all express the attitude or stance of one person on a given proposition. They are used frequently and introduce many subtleties that are not addressed in current theories. The main objective of this thesis is to shed light on the principles of a formal grammar that is compatible with discourse analysis that takes AVs into account. We therefore start by presenting a set of linguistic data illustrating the interactions between AVs and discourse relations.Adverbial connectives (then, for example, etc.) are usually considered anaphoric. One might wonder, however, whether, in practice, a computational linguistic system cannot deal with this particular category of anaphora as a kind of structural dependency, meaning that syntax is somehow extended above the sentence level. This is what we try to achieve using the D-STAG formalism. While it has properties that are relevant for automatic discourse analysis, such an approach imposes quite the burden on syntax. We therefore discuss the difficulties that this approach poses.Consequently, we develop an anaphor based approach, in which the arguments of discourse relations are not determined solely by the grammatical structures of the utterances. We use the same conceptual tools to account for the anaphoricity of adverbial connectives, the shape of non-tree discourse structures (observed for all type of connectives) but also the evidential use of AVs.If, however, we look at the notion of anaphora, our aim is to have it explicitly integrated into grammatical formalism. In particular, we set out to specify when anaphora resolution is performed and on which input. This is made possible by continuation semantics, which we use in conjunction with event semantics. Events have often been appealed to in order to describe the semantics of causal and temporal relations. Nevertheless, events raise a number of questions related to the possibility of some inference patterns that are observed, in addition to the presence of negation in the arguments of discourse relations. We suggest a number of potential answers and study the case of negation in more detail.We therefore review the issues facing event semantics when dealing with negation. Such issues concern both the syntax-semantics interface and the purely semantics level. We argue that these difficulties originate from the standard analysis of negation, which interprets positive and negative sentences is an essentially different fashion. Rejecting this view, we propose a novel formalisation of negative events that is relevant to the analysis of various linguistic phenomena
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Su, Kim Nam. "Statistical modeling of multiword expressions." Connect to thesis, 2008. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/3147.
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In natural languages, words can occur in single units called simplex words or in a group of simplex words that function as a single unit, called multiword expressions (MWEs). Although MWEs are similar to simplex words in their syntax and semantics, they pose their own sets of challenges (Sag et al. 2002). MWEs are arguably one of the biggest roadblocks in computational linguistics due to the bewildering range of syntactic, semantic, pragmatic and statistical idiomaticity they are associated with, and their high productivity. In addition, the large numbers in which they occur demand specialized handling. Moreover, dealing with MWEs has a broad range of applications, from syntactic disambiguation to semantic analysis in natural language processing (NLP) (Wacholder and Song 2003; Piao et al. 2003; Baldwin et al. 2004; Venkatapathy and Joshi 2006).Our goals in this research are: to use computational techniques to shed light on the underlying linguistic processes giving rise to MWEs across constructions and languages; to generalize existing techniques by abstracting away from individual MWE types; and finally to exemplify the utility of MWE interpretation within general NLP tasks.
In this thesis, we target English MWEs due to resource availability. In particular, we focus on noun compounds (NCs) and verb-particle constructions (VPCs) due to their high productivity and frequency.
Challenges in processing noun compounds are: (1) interpreting the semantic relation (SR) that represents the underlying connection between the head noun and modifier(s); (2) resolving syntactic ambiguity in NCs comprising three or more terms; and (3) analyzing the impact of word sense on noun compound interpretation. Our basic approach to interpreting NCs relies on the semantic similarity of the NC components using firstly a nearest-neighbor method (Chapter 5), then verb semantics based on the observation that it is often an underlying verb that relates the nouns in NCs (Chapter 6), and finally semantic variation within NC sense collocations, in combination with bootstrapping (Chapter 7).
Challenges in dealing with verb-particle constructions are: (1) identifying VPCs in raw text data (Chapter 8); and (2) modeling the semantic compositionality of VPCs (Chapter 5). We place particular focus on identifying VPCs in context, and measuring the compositionality of unseen VPCs in order to predict their meaning. Our primary approach to the identification task is to adapt localized context information derived from linguistic features of VPCs to distinguish between VPCs and simple verb-PP combinations. To measure the compositionality of VPCs, we use semantic similarity among VPCs by testing the semantic contribution of each component.
Finally, we conclude the thesis with a chapter-by-chapter summary and outline of the findings of our work, suggestions of potential NLP applications, and a presentation of further research directions (Chapter 9).
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Poortvliet, Marjolein. "Perception and predication : a synchronic and diachronic analysis of Dutch descriptive perception verbs as evidential copular verbs." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:71136ea5-67a8-4a76-ad8d-e0c26e820c45.
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Descriptive perception verbs have failed to receive a uniform analysis in previous verb classifications (cf. Chomsky 1965, Rogers 1974, Hengeveld 1992, Levin 1993, Van Eynde et al. 2014). This thesis argues that the descriptive perception verbs in Dutch (i.e. eruitzien 'look', klinken 'sound', voelen 'feel', ruiken 'smell', and smaken 'taste') should be classified as copular verbs, much like lijken 'seem' and schijnen 'seem'. This classification is supported by both the synchronic and diachronic behaviour of these verbs in Dutch. Synchronically, proposing that Germanic copular verbs (as opposed to copulas) are defined by their syntax rather than their (empty) semantics, I discuss that the Dutch descriptive perception verbs behave like stereotypical copular verbs: they require a predicative complement, usually in the form of an adjective. Semantically, the Dutch descriptive perception verbs are much like the copular verbs blijken 'turn out', lijken 'seem' and schijnen 'seem' in terms of epistemicity and evidentiality. Diachronically, I hypothesize that the Dutch descriptive perception verbs have evolved from one of the following two origins: either from intransitive verbs (as is the case for klinken and ruiken), much like English remain, through grammaticalization processes of semantic bleaching and reanalysis; or from cognitive perception verbs (as is the case of eruitzien and voelen), as found in Latin, Japanese and Zulu, through the process of argument reordering. The origin of smaken is not clear, and is left for future research. I show that other Germanic evidential copular verbs (i.e. lijken, schijnen 'seem', scheinen 'seem', seem) have developed diachronically in a uniform fashion, suggesting the following grammaticalization path: from a lexical verb to a copular verb, to taking a that-complement, an infinitival complement or a like-complement, and eventually being used in parenthetical constructions. The results of this thesis indicate that the Dutch descriptive perception verbs are only at the beginning of this grammaticalization path, but are on their way to becoming grammaticalized evidential copular verbs.
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Gonçalves, Solange Aparecida 1960. "Aspecto no Kaingang." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/268995.
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Orientador: Wilmar da Rocha D'AngelisDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T06:06:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Goncalves_SolangeAparecida_M.pdf: 1388910 bytes, checksum: 2e8b0bfca61ebb48975ad22d15e07c86 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007
Resumo: A presente dissertação avalia a pertinência do emprego da noção de Aspecto para definir a função desempenhada por um conjunto de partículas oracionais finais na língua Kaingang (família Jê, tronco Macro-Jê). Essa língua indígena é falada no Brasil Meridional em uma população de cerca de 30 mil pessoas. Para tanto, apresenta-se uma revisão da abordagem teórica dos fatos lingüísticos comumente classificados na categoria de Aspecto, destacando as distintas visões do fenômeno, muitas vezes tomado em perspectivas divergentes em diferentes autores. Ressalta-se, por exemplo, a distinção - para alguns teóricos, clara e necessária; para outros, inexistente ou sem grande utilidade - entre Aspecto e Acionalidade ('Aktionsart'). Há resenhas da bibliografia sobre a língua Kaingang, destacando as obras em que o tema foi abordado ou mencionado de algum modo. Finalmente, analisa-se um 'corpus' produzido, em sua maior parte, por dados colhidos diretamente em campo em função dessa pesquisa (uma parte dele, no entanto, é constituído de dados emprestados de outros trabalhos de pesquisa). A partir desses dados, sugerem-se hipóteses sobre a função de tais partículas, apontando, em algumas, efetivas funções aspectuais, mas em outras, uma função modal ou uma perspectiva de evidenciar Acionalidade
Abstract: This dissertation evaluates the relevancy of using the notion of Aspect to define the function performed by a set of final phrasal particles in the Kaingang language (Jê family, Macro-Jê stock). This aboriginal language is spoken by a population of about thirty thousand people in Southern Brazil. For this, a revision of the theoretical approach of the linguistic facts usually classified as Aspect's category is presented, detaching the distinct viewpoints about the phenomenon, many times taken in divergent perspectives by different authors. It's standed out, for example, the distinction - for some theoreticians, clear and necessary; for others, inexistent or without much use - between Aspect and Actionality ('Aktionsart'). There are bibliography summaries on the Kaingang language, detaching the workmanships where the subject boarded or was mentioned in some way. Finally, it is analyzed a set of data that, in its bigger part, was produced in field investigation specially applied for this research (a part of it, however, is constituted of borrowed data of other works of research). From these data, hypotheses are suggested on the function of such particles, concluding, in some cases, that they have effective aspectual functions, but in others, they suggest a modal function or a perspective of evidencing Actionality
Mestrado
Mestre em Linguística
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Whitman, Philip Neal. "Category neutrality : a type-logical investigation /." Connect to this title online, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1023679306.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2002.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 320 p., also contains graphics. Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: David R. Dowty, Dept. of Linguistics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 315-320).
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Gyawali, Bikash. "Surface Realisation from Knowledge Bases." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0004/document.
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La Génération Automatique de Langue Naturelle vise à produire des textes dans une langue humaine à partir d'un ensemble de données non-linguistiques. Elle comprend généralement trois sous-tâches principales: (i) sélection et organisation d'un sous-ensemble des données d'entrée; ii) détermination des mots à utiliser pour verbaliser les données d'entrée; et (iii) regroupement de ces mots en un texte en langue naturelle. La dernière sous-tâche est connue comme la tâche de Réalisation de Surface (RS). Dans ma thèse, j'étudie la tâche de RS quand les données d'entrée sont extraites de Bases de Connaissances (BC). Je présente deux nouvelles approches pour la réalisation de surface à partir de bases de connaissances: une approche supervisée et une approche faiblement supervisée. Dans l'approche supervisée, je présente une méthode basée sur des corpus pour induire une grammaire à partir d'un corpus parallèle de textes et de données. Je montre que la grammaire induite est compacte et suffisamment générale pour traiter les données de test. Dans l'approche faiblement supervisée, j'explore une méthode pour la réalisation de surface à partir de données extraites d'une BC qui ne requière pas de corpus parallèle. À la place, je construis un corpus de textes liés au domaine et l'utilise pour identifier les lexicalisations possibles des symboles de la BC et leurs modes de verbalisation. J'évalue les phrases générées et analyse les questions relatives à l'apprentissage à partir de corpus non-alignés. Dans chacune de ces approches, les méthodes proposées sont génériques et peuvent être facilement adaptées pour une entrée à partir d'autres ontologiesNatural Language Generation is the task of automatically producing natural language text to describe information present in non-linguistic data. It involves three main subtasks: (i) selecting the relevant portion of input data; (ii) determining the words that will be used to verbalise the selected data; and (iii) mapping these words into natural language text. The latter task is known as Surface Realisation (SR). In my thesis, I study the SR task in the context of input data coming from Knowledge Bases (KB). I present two novel approaches to surface realisation from knowledge bases: a supervised approach and a weakly supervised approach. In the first, supervised, approach, I present a corpus-based method for inducing a Feature Based Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar from a parallel corpus of text and data. I show that the induced grammar is compact and generalises well over the test data yielding results that are close to those produced by a handcrafted symbolic approach and which outperform an alternative statistical approach. In the weakly supervised approach, I explore a method for surface realisation from KB data which does not require a parallel corpus. Instead, I build a corpus from heterogeneous sources of domain-related text and use it to identify possible lexicalisations of KB symbols and their verbalisation patterns. I evaluate the output sentences and analyse the issues relevant to learning from non-parallel corpora. In both these approaches, the proposed methods are generic and can be easily adapted for input from other ontologies for which a parallel/non-parallel corpora exists
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Roig, Audrey. "Les structures corrélatives isomorphes: étude des propriétés sémantiques, morphologiques et (micro-/macro-) syntaxiques des corrélatives isomorphes en "autant", "ni", "plus", "soit", "tantôt" et "tel"." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209397.
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Français :Cette étude porte sur les structures françaises dites "corrélatives", construites en "autant.autant", "ni.ni", "soit.soit", "plus.plus", "tantôt.tantôt" et "tel.tel", soit des corrélatives "isomorphes". Si ces structures mettent toutes en relation deux termes ou structures, nous montrons ici, par le biais de descriptions sémantique, morphologique et syntaxique, que chacune de ces constructions est également très différente. À partir d’exemples tirés de corpus (français oral et écrit), ce travail ambitionne donc de mettre en évidence les propriétés des structures corrélatives isomorphes, de dresser le bilan des caractéristiques qui les unissent et les distinguent les unes des autres. Il a pour second objectif de questionner la place de la corrélation dans la typologie des modes de liaisons de prédications – c’est-à-dire la possibilité ou non d’assimiler les corrélatives françaises à de la subordination, de la coordination ou encore de la juxtaposition. Une tierce finalité, davantage méthodologico-épistémologique, a trait à l’examen de la façon dont les structures corrélatives isomorphes sont prises en compte respectivement en syntaxe traditionnelle, dans les approches graduelles et en macrosyntaxe (aixoise et fribourgeoise) ;il poursuit consécutivement un objectif plus général, celui de trouver une porte de sortie à l’impasse actuelle en syntaxe, née de l’apparente inconciliabilité des trois approches.
La réponse à ces trois objectifs nécessite une étude en deux étapes. Dans un premier temps, ce travail s'attarde ainsi sur chacune des six structures corrélatives, mettant en évidence leurs ressemblances et dissemblances tant sémantiques que formelles. Cette première étape offre alors la possibilité d’inscrire le phénomène de la corrélation isomorphe dans le cadre général des liaisons de prédications et de confronter plus spécifiquement les propriétés des structures dites "corrélatives" avec celles de ces autres modes de liaisons dans une les modèles 1) binaires ou ternaires des modes de jonctions propositionnelles (approche traditionnelle), 2) graduels (Foley & Van Valin, Rebuschi, Lehmann) et 3) macrosyntaxiques (écoles d'Aix et de Fribourg).
English :
This project focuses on the study of so-called “correlative” structures in French that use "autant.autant", "ni.ni", "soit.soit", "plus.plus", "tantôt.tantôt" et "tel.tel", that is to say "isomorphic" correlatives. While all these constructions serve to connect two terms or structures, we shall show, through morphological, syntactic and semantic descriptions, that they each possess distinctive features. Using examples drawn from a corpus (French, oral and written), this project thus aims to establish the properties of isomorphic correlative structures, and to identify the characteristics they share and those that distinguish them from one another. The second aim of this project consists in (re-)examining the place of correlation in the typology of predication linking structures in an effort to determine whether or not French correlatives may be considered as a type of subordination, coordination or even juxtaposition. The third objective, which is methodological and epistemological in nature, will consist in studying how traditional syntax, gradual models and macrosyntax have respectively accounted for isomorphic correlative structures. In this way, we shall attempt to break the current deadlock resulting from the apparent incompatibility of the three approaches.
To reach these three goals, the study will be organized in two phases. First, the various correlative structures will be scrutinized in order to highlight semantic and formal similarities and dissimilarities. This will allow us to position the phenomenon of isomorphic correlation within the general framework of predication linking, and thereby compare the properties of so-called “correlative” structures with those of other linking structures. In the second phase, we will re-examine the place of correlative structures in the models advanced by traditional syntax, by gradual approaches (Foley & Van Valin, Rebuschi, Lehmann) and macrosyntax (Aix and Fribourg).
Doctorat en Langues et lettres
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Hynek, Jiří. "Editor jazyka CodAL v prostředí Eclipse." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-412889.
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The Master thesis is focused on creation of an editor of CodAL language for the development toolkit of the project Lissom which is based on Eclipse framework. The goal of this thesis is to analyze the problem of editor creation and the features in existing editors which add some value to their usability. The outline of parser creation and subsequent code analysis of the source codes written into the editor is described in the theoretical part. It also explains the syntax and semantic aspects of the CodAL language. In the practical part the new CodAL language editor is designed and developed. The new CodAL language editor integrated into the development toolkit of the project Lissom is the final outcome of this thesis.
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Malinga, Bongiwe Bernadette. "A semantic and syntactic analysis of break and bend verbs in Zulu." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52131.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The subject of this study is Break and Bend verbs in isiZulu, which can be classified as verbs of change of state. This study examines the semantic as well as the syntactic analysis of these verbs of change of state in Zulu. Semantically Bend verbs are divided into verbs denoting the bending of body parts, e.g: thoba, khothema, qomfa, bhena, guqa, vosho, and verbs that denote the bending of body parts as well as physical objects, e.g. goba, qethuka/qethula as shown in the sentences below: Indoda igobe ucingo The man bent the wire. Indoda ithe qethu ikhanda The man bent the head backwards. Inkosikazi igobe amadolo The woman bent the knees. Uthe qethu isigxobo He made the pole bend backwards. The study will demonstrate that Break verbs are semantically divided into verbs denoting break or fracture, e.g. aphula/aphuka; those denoting "break off" e.g. nqamuka/nqamula; a verb denoting "to smash", e.g. fahlaza/fahlaka; those denoting " crack", e.g. chachamba, verbs meaning "to tear", e.g. dabula/dabuka; verbs denoting "to demolish", e.g. bhidliza/bhidlika and verbs denoting "to break open", e.g. havuka I havula. Syntactically, Break predicates may occur as ideophones, which are ergative with transitive/intransitive alternation, e.g. aphulaj aphuka, In addition, Break predicates may consist of ideophones with verbal suffixes: [-k-] is the suffix of intransitive ideophone [-I-] or [-z-] is the suffix of transitive ideophone Intransitive ideophone: Intambo ithe nqamu The rope broke Intransitive verb with [-k-]: Intambo inqamukile The rope broke Transitive ideophone: Indoda ithe nqamu intambo The man broke the rope Transitive verb with [-1-]: Indoda inqamule intambo. The man broke a rope Transitive verb with [-z-]: Indoda iphoqoze intambo. The man broke a bone The study demonstrates that with Bend verbs there are two ergative verbs, namely thoba and goba. -- The study further demonstrates that Bend verbs are mostly intransitive with a shadow argument; there is an ideophone qethu, which takes the transitive / intransitive alternation with the suffix [-k-] for the intransitive and [-1-] for the transitive alternation, respectively. The study provides evidence that Break and Bend verbs are characterised by specific selection restrictions as well as event structures. Some alternations were also investigated in the study, such as the Possessive alternation and Instrument-Subject alternation. Lastly, the Lexical conceptual paradigm and the Lexical Inheritance Structure of each verb were examined.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die onderwerp van hierdie studie is Breek en Buig werkwoorde in isiZulu, wat geklassifiseerword as werkwoorde van toestandverandering. Hierdie studie ondersoek die semantiese en die sintaktiese analise van die werkwoordtipe van toestandverandering in isizulu. Buigwerkwoorde word semanties ingedeel in werkwoorde wat die buig van liggaamsdeleaandui, byvoorbeeld: thoba, khothema, qomfa, bhena, guqa, vosho, en werkwoorde wat die buig van liggaamsdele sowel as die fisiese objekte aandui, byvoorbeeld: goba, qethuka/qethula, soos aangedui word in die sinne hieronder: Indoda igobe ucingo Die man het die draad gebuig Indoda ithe qethu ikhanda Die man het sy kop agteroor gebuig Inkosikazi igobe amadolo Die vrou het (haar) knieë gebuig Uthe qethu isigxobo Hy het die paal agtertoe gebuig. Hierdie studie toon aan dat Breek-werkwoorde semanties ingedeel kan word in werkwoorde wat "breek" aandui, bv. aphula/aphuka: werkwoorde wat "afbreek" aandui, bv. nqamuka/nqamula; werkwoorde wat "flenters breek" aandui, bv. fahlaza/fahlaka; werkwoorde wat "bars" aandui, bv. chachamba, werkwoorde wat "skeur" aandui, bv. dabula/dabuka; werkwoorde wat "ruineer" aandui, bv. bhidliza/bhidlika en werkwoorde wat "oopbreek" aandui, bv. havuka/havula. Breek-predikate kan sintakties as ideofone verskyn, wat ergatief (ergative) is met 'n transitief/intransitief alternasie, bv.. aphula/aphuka. Voorts kan Breek-predikate ook verskyn as ideofone met werkwoordagtervoegsels: [-k-] is die suffiks van die intransitiewe ideofoon [-1-] of [-z-] is die suffiks van die transitiewe ideofoon Intransitiewe ideofoon: Intambo ithe nqamu Die tou het gebreek Intransitiewe werkwoord met [-k-]: Intambo inqamukile Die tou het gebreek Transitiewe ideofoon: Indoda ithe nqamu intambo Die man het die tou gebreek Transitiewe werkwoord met [-1-]: Indoda inqamule intambo. Die man het die tou gebreek Transitiewe werkwoord met l-e-l: Indoda iphoqoze umlenze Die man het die been gebreek Die studie toon aan dat met Buigwerkwoorde, twee ergatiewe werkwoorde gevind is, naamlik thoba en goba. Die studie toon ook aan dat Buigwerkwoorde meestal intransitiewe werkwoorde is wat met 'n skadu-argument verskyn. Daar is 'n ideofoon qethu, wat die transitief/intransitief alternasie vertoon met die suffiks [-k-] vir die intransitief en [-I-] vir die transitief alternasie, respektiewelik Die studie bied bewys daarvoor dat Breek- en Buigwerkwoorde gekenmerk word deur seleksiebeperkings en gebeure ('event') strukture. Sommige alternasies is ook ondersoek in die studie, byvoorbeeld die Possessief alternasie en Instrument-Subjek alternasie. Laastens, is die leksikaal-konseptuele paradigma en die Leksikale-erwingstruktuur van elke werkwoord ondersoek.
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Prost, Jean-Philippe. "Modelling Syntactic Gradience with Loose Constraint-based Parsing." Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00352828.
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La grammaticalité d'une phrase est habituellement conçue comme une notion binaire : une phrase est soit grammaticale, soit agrammaticale. Cependant, bon nombre de travaux se penchent de plus en plus sur l'étude de degrés d'acceptabilité intermédiaires, auxquels le terme de gradience fait parfois référence. À ce jour, la majorité de ces travaux s'est concentrée sur l'étude de l'évaluation humaine de la gradience syntaxique. Cette étude explore la possibilité de construire un modèle robuste qui s'accorde avec ces jugements humains.Nous suggérons d'élargir au langage mal formé les concepts de Gradience Intersective et de Gradience Subsective, proposés par Aarts pour la modélisation de jugements graduels. Selon ce nouveau modèle, le problème que soulève la gradience concerne la classification d'un énoncé dans une catégorie particulière, selon des critères basés sur les caractéristiques syntaxiques de l'énoncé. Nous nous attachons à étendre la notion de Gradience Intersective (GI) afin qu'elle concerne le choix de la meilleure solution parmi un ensemble de candidats, et celle de Gradience Subsective (GS) pour qu'elle concerne le calcul du degré de typicité de cette structure au sein de sa catégorie. La GI est alors modélisée à l'aide d'un critère d'optimalité, tandis que la GS est modélisée par le calcul d'un degré d'acceptabilité grammaticale. Quant aux caractéristiques syntaxiques requises pour permettre de classer un énoncé, notre étude de différents cadres de représentation pour la syntaxe du langage naturel montre qu'elles peuvent aisément être représentées dans un cadre de syntaxe modèle-théorique (Model-Theoretic Syntax). Nous optons pour l'utilisation des Grammaires de Propriétés (GP), qui offrent, précisément, la possibilité de modéliser la caractérisation d'un énoncé. Nous présentons ici une solution entièrement automatisée pour la modélisation de la gradience syntaxique, qui procède de la caractérisation d'une phrase bien ou mal formée, de la génération d'un arbre syntaxique optimal, et du calcul d'un degré d'acceptabilité grammaticale pour l'énoncé.
À travers le développement de ce nouveau modèle, la contribution de ce travail comporte trois volets.
Premièrement, nous spécifions un système logique pour les GP qui permet la révision de sa formalisation sous l'angle de la théorie des modèles. Il s'attache notamment à formaliser les mécanismes de satisfaction et de relâche de contraintes mis en oeuvre dans les GP, ainsi que la façon dont ils permettent la projection d'une catégorie lors du processus d'analyse. Ce nouveau système introduit la notion de satisfaction relâchée, et une formulation en logique du premier ordre permettant de raisonner au sujet d'un énoncé.
Deuxièmement, nous présentons notre implantation du processus d'analyse syntaxique relâchée à base de contraintes (Loose Satisfaction Chart Parsing, ou LSCP), dont nous prouvons qu'elle génère toujours une analyse syntaxique complète et optimale. Cette approche est basée sur une technique de programmation dynamique (dynamic programming), ainsi que sur les mécanismes décrits ci-dessus. Bien que d'une complexité élevée, cette solution algorithmique présente des performances suffisantes pour nous permettre d'expérimenter notre modèle de gradience.
Et troisièmement, après avoir postulé que la prédiction de jugements humains d'acceptabilité peut se baser sur des facteurs dérivés de la LSCP, nous présentons un modèle numérique pour l'estimation du degré d'acceptabilité grammaticale d'un énoncé. Nous mesurons une bonne corrélation de ces scores avec des jugements humains d'acceptabilité grammaticale. Qui plus est, notre modèle s'avère obtenir de meilleures performances que celles obtenues par un modèle préexistant que nous utilisons comme référence, et qui, quant à lui, a été expérimenté à l'aide d'analyses syntaxiques générées manuellement.
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Machicao, y. Priemer Antonio. "NP-Arguments in NPs." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/20109.
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Thema der Dissertation sind Nominalphrasen im Deutschen und Spanischen. Die Dissertation ist in 5 Abschnitte unterteilt. Das erste Kapitel gibt die Motivation der Arbeit, und im letzten Kapitel werden die Ergebnisse zusammengefasst und mögliche Erweiterungen diskutiert.
Im zweiten Kapitel wird eine Einführung in den theoretischen Rahmen, die Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG), gegeben und mit generativen Ansätzen verglichen. Dabei werden die Grundlagen und die Beschreibungsmechanismen der Theorie erklärt. HPSG ist ein oberflächenorientiertes, deklaratives, beschränkungsbasiertes Framework.
Im dritten Kapitel werden vier zentrale syntaktische Begriffe besprochen und diskutiert: Kopf, Argument, Adjunkt und Spezifikator. Trotz ihrer Relevanz in der linguistischen Literatur werden diese vier Relationen verschieden interpretiert. Bei der Diskussion dieser syntaktischen Hauptrelationen werden die entsprechenden HPSG Mechanismen erklärt, mit denen sie beschrieben werden, u.a. das Semantik-Prinzip und das Kopfmerkmalsprinzip.
Das vierte Kapitel der Dissertation beinhaltet Analysen für drei verschiedene Phänomene der NPs im Deutschen und Spanischen: Kasusmarkierung, optionale Argumente und pränominale Argumente. Deutsch und Spanisch unterscheiden sich in der Art und Weise, wie sie Kasus an ihren NPs markieren. Deutsch markiert sie morphologisch und Spanisch syntaktisch. Beide Arten der Markierung werden modelliert und verglichen. In Bezug auf die Optionalität von Argumenten wird zunächst die verbale Domäne betrachtet. Anhand dieser Analyse wird dann die nominale Domäne modelliert. Im letzten Teil wird eine Analyse für die pränominalen Argumente gegeben. Dabei werden folgende Aspekte betrachtet: Kombinatorik verschiedener Argumente, Theta-Rollenvergabe für die Argumente, Fakultativität der Argumente und Behandlung der (In-)Definitheit bei pränominalen Genitiven.The topic of this dissertation are noun phrases in German and Spanish. This thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter presents the motivation of the work, and in the last chapter a summary is presented and discussed. In the second chapter, I give an introduction into the theoretical framework, Head-Driven Phase Structure Grammar (HPSG) by explaining its fundamental mechanisms, and compare it to generative approaches. HPSG is a surface oriented, declarative, constraint-based framework. In the third chapter, four central syntactic concepts are critically discussed: head, argument, adjunct, and specifier. Although these four concepts are highly relevant in the linguistic literature, they are often interpreted differently. While discussing these fours syntactic relations, I explain the main mechanisms of HPSG to describe them, e.g. the Semantic Principle and the Head Feature Principle. The fourth chapter contains analyses for three different NP phenomena in German and Spanish: case marking, optionality of arguments, and prenominal arguments. German and Spanish differ in the way they mark case on their NPs. German case-marks NPs morphologically, while case marking in Spanish is syntactic. Both types of marking are modelled and compared. Regarding argument optionality, I first look at the verbal domain and use this analysis to model optionality in the nominal domain. The last part of this chapter gives an analysis of prenominal arguments. The following aspects are considered: combinatory of a head noun with different arguments, theta role assignment for the arguments of a nominal head, optionality of arguments and treatment of (in-)definiteness in prenominal genitives.
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Lareau, François. "Vers une grammaire d'unification Sens-Texte du français : le temps verbal dans l'interface sémantique-syntaxe." Thèse, Paris 7, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6421.
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Brown, Jessica M. M. "Heads and adjuncts : an experimental study of subextraction from participials and coordination in English, German and Norwegian." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/268101.
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In recent years, attempts to simplify the grammatical mechanisms used in syntax have led to proposals to reduce the relationships between elements in a sentence to relations between heads and complements, doing away with free adjunction. For the analysis of modifying relations one consequence has been the rise of analyses that use the properties of selecting heads to stipulate unexpected syntactic behaviour, such as the use of light verbs to derive transparency in complex verb constructions. This thesis shows that such accounts are empirically inadequate and argues that the relationship between heads and adjuncts provides a more empirically-satisfactory model of modifying relations, such as complex verb constructions, than one restricted to the selection relation between heads and complements in the syntax. In support of the adjunct relation, I show how a modular approach to adjuncts in which the position of adjunction is licensed in the semantics and long-distance dependencies are licensed in the syntax can provide a more unified account of subextraction from two separate types of island configurations, viz. asymmetric subextraction from coordination and subextraction from participial adjuncts, either than analyses involving complementation in the syntax (Borgonovo and Neeleman, 2000; Fabregas and Jiménez-Fernández, 2016; Wiklund, 2007), or hybrid analyses mixing processing filters with syntactic licensing of long-distance dependencies (Truswell, 2009, 2011). The first part of the thesis shows that Chomsky’s (2000; 2001) phase theory gives rise to blackholes in the specifier positions of phases from which movement cannot take place. I provide a theoretical account in terms of feature-licensing, where blackholes are formed by the impossibility of licensing at least one unlicensed feature on a phase head, and show how this account derives the distinction between canonical adjuncts from which subextraction is not permitted and subextraction from single event constructions in which subextraction is permitted. The section speculatively concludes with a demonstration of how blackholes might provide a unified analysis of islandhood in general. The second part of the thesis concentrates on the empirical phenomenon of subextraction from coordination and participial adjuncts. I report the results of a series of judgement experiments run in parallel across two sets of constructions, coordination and participial adjuncts, in three languages, English, German and Norwegian. The aim was to test whether acceptability of subextraction from within coordination and participial adjuncts varied depending on the aspectual or grammatical type of matrix predicate. The results show that acceptability of subextraction does depend on the type of matrix predicate. The crucial factor is intransitivity, partially confirming the bias towards unaccusatives in subextraction from participial adjuncts observed informally in Borgonovo and Neeleman (2000); Fabregas and Jiménez-Fernández (2016); Truswell (2011) whilst providing evidence against theoretical accounts that rely primarily on unaccusativity (Borgonovo and Neeleman, 2000; Fabregas and Jiménez-Fernández, 2016), primarily on aspectual distinctions (Truswell, 2007b) or primarily on agentivity (Truswell, 2009, 2011). Interestingly, the hierarchy in acceptability between the four types of matrix predicates stays constant across all three languages, despite both pseudocoordination and subextraction from within participials being ungrammatical in German.
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Chanier, Thierry. "Compréhension de textes dans un domaine technique : le système Actes ; application des grammaires d'unification et de la théorie du discours." Paris 13, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA132015.
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Le système actes offre, d'une part, un formalisme permettant de definir des grammaires et de construire une representation semantique intermediaire des textes, et, d'autre part, un environnement de developpement de grammaires et d'analyse de textes
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Teunissen, Lisanne Maria. "Semantic syntax : evaluation by implementation /." Utrecht (Pays-Bas) : LOT, 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39075632j.
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Yuasa, Etsuyo. "Modularity in language : constructional and categorial mismatch in syntax and semantics /." Berlin : Mouton de Gruyter, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40020784p.
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Padró, Lluís. "A Hybrid Environment for Syntax-Semantic Tagging." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6643.
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The thesis describes the application of the relaxation labelling algorithm to NLP disambiguation. Language is modelled through context constraint inspired on Constraint Grammars. The constraints enable the use of a real value statind "compatibility". The technique is applied to POS tagging, Shallow Parsing and Word Sense Disambigation. Experiments and results are reported. The proposed approach enables the use of multi-feature constraint models, the simultaneous resolution of several NL disambiguation tasks, and the collaboration of linguistic and statistical models.La tesi descriu l'aplicació de l'algorisme d'etiquetat per relaxacio (relaxation labelling) a la desambiguació del llenguatge natural. La llengua es modela mitjançant restriccions de context inspirades en les Constraint Grammars. Les restriccions permeten l'ús d'un valor real que n'expressa la "compatibilitat". La tècnica s'aplica a la desambiguació morfosintàctica (POS tagging), a l'anàlisi sintàctica superficial (Shallow Parsing) i a la desambiguació semàntica (Word Sense Disambigation), i se'n presenten experiments i resultats. L'enfoc proposat permet la utilització de models de restriccions amb trets múltiples, la resolució simultània de diverses tasques de desambiguació del llenguatge natural, i la col·laboració de models linguístics i estadístics.
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Lasersohn, Peter. "A semantics for groups and events." New York ; London : Garland, 1990. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35616961f.
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de, la Fuente Israël. "Putting pronoun resolution in context : the role of syntax, semantics, and pragmatics in pronoun interpretation." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC053.
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Cette thèse étudie les mécanismes qui influencent la résolution de pronoms dans des contextes ambigus. Nous proposons une analyse détaillée de la structure discursive ou la dépendance pronominale a été établie, qui explique pourquoi le rôle des facteurs jouant un rôle dans ce processus varie en fonction du contexte. Nous soutenons que l'unité discursive (UD) est le domaine optimal pour l'étude de la résolution de pronoms. Nous proposons une définition 'relationnelle' de l'UD selon laquelle la configuration des UD de la phrase dépend du contenu syntactique, sémantique et pragmatique de la proposition subordonnée et de la relation entre celle-ci et la proposition principale. Nous étudions deux types de subordonnées adverbiales : les non-relationnelles (temporelles), qui, selon nous, constituent une seule UD avec la proposition principale, et les relationnelles (causales), qui constituent une ud indépendante de la proposition principale. Nous soutenons que la configuration des UD de la phrase influence l'interprétation de pronoms et que les facteurs jouant un rôle dans ce processus ont un poids différent selon qu'ils se trouvent dans une UD ou au travers de deux UD. Nous défendons la thèse selon laquelle la résolution de pronoms est fortement basee sur le principe de cohérence discursive : la résolution des pronoms est guidée soit par le maintien (intra-UD), soit par l'établissement de la cohérence (inter-UD). Nous testons ces hypothèses avec une série d'expériences étudiant le rôle de la fonction grammaticale de l'antécédent, de son statut informationnel et des relations de cohérence entre deux propositions dans le contexte d'une ou deux UD, en anglais, espagnol et françaisThis thesis investigates the mechanisms involved in pronoun resolution in ambiguous contexts. Beyond the typical psycholinguistic approach that puts forward the factors that play a role in pronoun interpretation, we propose an in-depth analysis of the discourse structure of the context where the pronominal dependency is established in order to explain why the role of these factors varies as a function of the contextual circumstances. We argue that the discourse unit (DU) is the optimal domain for the study of pronoun resolution. We propose a "relational" definition of DU, whereby the DU configuration of a complex sentence depends on the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic content of the subordinate clause and its relation with the matrix clause. We analyze two types of adverbial adjuncts : non-relational (temporal) and relational adjuncts (causal). We argue that, while the former are processed as part of the same DU as the matrix clause, the latter are processed as separate dus from the matrix clause. We claim that the du configuration of the sentence has an effect on pronoun interpretation and that factors affecting resolution have a different weight according to whether they occur within a DU or across two DU. We propose that pronoun resolution searches a maximum of discourse coherence and that interpretation preferences come about in the process of maintaining coherence (intra-unit) or establishing coherence (inter-unit). We test these claims with a series of experiments that investigate the role of the syntactic function of the antecedent, its information status, and the coherence relations between propositions in the context of 1 or 2 DU, in english, french and spanish
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Fatello, Fabienne. "Les emplois de "quando" dans différents genres textuels du latin préclassique au latin postclassique." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAL002.
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Cette recherche sur corpus a pour objet les emplois de quando (quandoque, quandoquidem, quandocumque) dans différents genres textuels du latin préclassique au latin postclassique. À partir du CD-ROM de la Bibliotheca Teubneriana Latina nous avons répertorié les occurrences de quando dans les Comédies de Plaute, les Discours de Cicéron, le De rerum natura de Lucrèce, l’Histoire romaine de Tite-Live et les Traités philosophiques de Sénèque. En principe, le terme en kw- peut servir d’adverbe interrogatif, indéfini ou relatif et de conjonction temporelle ou causale. Or la distinction de ces différents emplois ne peut se faire à l’aide de procédés classificatoires qui prendraient comme cadre d’analyse maximal la phrase en raison d’ambiguïtés sémantiques et d’interférences fonctionnelles entre types de subordonnées. Aussi optons-nous pour une approche macro-syntaxique tenant compte des relations dépassant le segment phrastique et alliant les points de vue morpho-syntaxique et sémantico-énonciatif. D’abord, l’étude de quando, terme polyvalent susceptible de fonctionner à plusieurs niveaux de la structure phrastique, nous amène à nous interroger sur les niveaux d’insertion et la fonction de quando dans la phrase. Ainsi, les interférences fonctionnelles entre relatif et conjonction temporelle mettent en évidence la perméabilité des frontières entre fonctions syntaxiques. Ensuite, l’ambiguïté sémantique invite à dépasser le strict cadre phrastique et à considérer les inférences contextuelles du terme étudié en vue de distinguer notamment la valeur temporelle de la valeur causale de quando. Enfin, l’outil grammatical ne peut être appréhendé sans considération de sa valeur illocutoire. Par la grande diversité d’actes réalisés, l’analyse des emplois interrogatifs peut révéler certaines caractéristiques liées à l’écriture générique. Dans une approche empruntée à la grammaire fonctionnelle sera étudiée enfin la portée du terme au niveau du discours. Une telle analyse s’avère nécessaire pour caractériser l’emploi causal, dans la mesure où ce dernier intervient au niveau interpersonnel et non référentiel, et joue, dans la terminologie de la grammaire fonctionnelle, le rôle de satellite disjoint. En ce sens, cette étude prouve l’utilité d’une approche éclectique dans l’analyse des emplois de quando : le recours à différentes approches linguistiques, selon les besoins de l’interprétation, met en évidence la complémentarité des points de vue morpho-syntaxique et sémantico-pragmatique dans une description empirique des faits de langue et de discours visant à définir, à partir de données textuelles apparemment disparates, les valeurs de base des différents emplois de quando. L’intérêt de l’étude réside ainsi dans la polyvalence du terme, permettant d’aborder un large éventail de problèmes linguistiques voire extralinguistiques liés à la structure phrastique, au texte et à la situation de discoursThis corpus-based study analyses the use of quando (quandoque, quandoquidem, quandocumque) in different textual genres from Early to Postclassical Latin. From the Bibliotheca Teubneriana Latina CD-ROM (BTL-4) we have listed the instances of quando in Plaute’s Comedies, Cicero’s Discourses, Lucretius’ De rerum natura, Livy’s History of Rome and Seneca’s Moral Essays. Quando can be used as an interrogative, indefinite and relative adverb or as a temporal or causal conjunction. But the classification of these different uses is not possible without a macro-syntactic approach that combines morpho-syntactic, semantic and enunciative points of view. First, the study of this multifunctional term raises the question of its integration in the sentence structure. Thus the functional interference of its use as a relative adverb and as a temporal conjunction shows that the frontiers between syntactical functions are malleable. Furthermore, the semantic ambiguity invites us to extend the analyses to the contextual inferences to distinguish for instance its temporal and causal use. Moreover we cannot analyse the use of quando without considering its illocutionary force: for instance the questions introduced by quando perform a great variety of speech acts which reveal certain characteristics of the literary genre. Finally, the methods of Functional Grammar are necessary to study the level quando affects in the sentence structure, as the causal subordinate clause provides information on the interpersonal level and can be considered as a disjunct satellite. In the light of these considerations, it is evident that an eclectic approach is necessary to study the use of quando: only different linguistic approaches, combining the morpho-syntactic, semantic and enunciative point of view in an empirical description of its occurrences, can define the value of the different uses of quando. Thus the significance of this study resides in the multifunctionality of quando which allows us to consider a large variety of linguistic and extra-linguistic problems occurring not only at multiple levels of the sentence structure, but extended even to the larger context of the speech interaction and intimately linked to the authors writing techniques and the speakers discursive intentions
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Gábor, Kata. "Computational syntax of Hungarian : from phrase chunking to verb subcategorization." Thesis, Besançon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BESA1020/document.
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La linguistique informatique est un domaine de recherche qui se concentre sur les méthodes et les perspectives de la modélisation formelle (statistique ou symbolique) de la langue naturelle. La linguistique informatique, tout comme la linguistique théorique, est une discipline fortement modulaire : les niveaux d'analyse linguistique comprennent la segmentation, l'analyse morphologique, la désambiguïsation, l'analyse syntaxique et sémantique. Tandis qu'un nombre d'outils existent déjà pour les traitements de bas niveau (analyse morphologique, étiquetage grammatical), le hongrois peut être considéré comme une langue peu doté pour l'analyse syntaxique et sémantique. Le travail décrit dans la présente thèse vise à combler ce manque en créant des ressources pour le traitement syntaxique du hongrois : notamment, un analyseur en chunks et une base de données lexicale de schémas de sous-catégorisation verbale. La première partie de la recherche présentée ici se concentre sur la création d'un analyseur syntaxique de surface (ou analyseur en chunks) pour le hongrois. La sortie de l'analyseur de surface est conçue pour servir d'entrée pour un traitement ultérieur visant à annoter les relations de dépendance entre le prédicat et ses compléments essentiels et circonstanciels. L'analyseur profond est mis en œuvre dans NooJ (Silberztein, 2004) en tant qu'une cascade de grammaires. Le deuxième objectif de recherche était de proposer une représentation lexicale pour la structure argumentale en hongrois. Cette représentation doit pouvoir gérer la vaste gamme de phénomènes qui échappent à la dichotomie traditionnelle entre un complément essentiel et un circonstanciel (p. ex. des structures partiellement productives, des écarts entre la prédictibilité syntaxique et sémantique). Nous avons eu recours à des résultats de la recherche récente sur la réalisation d'arguments et choisi un cadre qui répond à nos critères et qui est adaptable à une langue non-configurationnelle. Nous avons utilisé la classification sémantique de Levin (1993) comme modèle. Nous avons adapté les notions relatives à cette classification, à savoir celle de la composante sémantique et celle de l'alternance syntaxique, ainsi que la méthodologie d'explorer et de décrire le comportement des prédicats à l'aide de cette représentation, à la tâche de construire une représentation lexicale des verbes dans une langue non-configurationnelle. La première étape consistait à définir les règles de codage et de construire un vaste base de données lexicale pour les verbes et leurs compléments. Par la suite, nous avons entrepris deux expériences pour l'enrichissement de ce lexique avec des informations sémantiques lexicales afin de formaliser des généralisations syntaxiques et sémantiques pertinentes sur les classes de prédicats sous-jacentes. La première approche que nous avons testée consistait en une élaboration manuelle de classification de verbes en fonction de leur structure de compléments et de l'attribution de rôles sémantiques à ces compléments. Nous avons cherché la réponse aux questions suivantes: quelles sont les composants sémantiques pertinents pour définir une classification sémantique des prédicats hongrois? Quelles sont les implications syntaxiques spécifiques à ces classes? Et, plus généralement, quelle est la nature des alternances spécifiques aux classes verbales en hongrois ? Dans la phase finale de la recherche, nous avons étudié le potentiel de l'acquisition automatique pour extraire des classes de verbes à partir de corpus. Nous avons effectué une classification non supervisée, basée sur des données distributionnelles, pour obtenir une classification sémantique pertinente des verbes hongrois. Nous avons également testé la méthode de classification non supervisée sur des données françaisesWe present the creation of two resources for Hungarian NLP applications: a rule-based shallow parser and a database of verbal subcategorization frames. Hungarian, as a non-configurational language with a rich morphology, presents specific challenges for NLP at the level of morphological and syntactic processing. While efficient and precise morphological analyzers are already available, Hungarian is under-resourced with respect to syntactic analysis. Our work aimed at overcoming this problem by providing resources for syntactic processing. Hungarian language is characterized by a rich morphology and a non-configurational encoding of grammatical functions. These features imply that the syntactic processing of Hungarian has to rely on morphological features rather than on constituent order. The broader interest of our undertaking is to propose representations and methods that are adapted to these specific characteristics, and at the same time are in line with state of the art research methodologies. More concretely, we attempt to adapt current results in argument realization and lexical semantics to the task of labeling sentence constituents according to their syntactic function and semantic role in Hungarian. Syntax and semantics are not completely independent modules in linguistic analysis and language processing: it has been known for decades that semantic properties of words affect their syntactic distribution. Within the syntax-semantics interface, the field of argument realization deals with the (partial or complete) prediction of verbal subcategorization from semantic properties. Research on verbal lexical semantics and semantically motivated mapping has been concentrating on predicting the syntactic realization of arguments, taking for granted (either explicitly or implicitly) that the distinction between arguments and adjuncts is known, and that adjuncts' syntactic realization is governed by productive syntactic rules, not lexical properties. However, besides the correlation between verbal aspect or actionsart and time adverbs (e.g. Vendler, 1967 or Kiefer, 1992 for Hungarian), the distribution of adjuncts among verbs or verb classes did not receive significant attention, especially within the lexical semantics framework. We claim that contrary to the widely shared presumption, adjuncts are often not fully productive. We therefore propose a gradual notion of productivity, defined in relation to Levin-type lexical semantic verb classes (Levin, 1993; Levin and Rappaport-Hovav, 2005). The definition we propose for the argument-adjunct dichotomy is based on evidence from Hungarian and exploits the idea that lexical semantics not only influences complement structure but is the key to the argument-adjunct distinction and the realization of adjuncts
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Blažek, Martin. "Interaktivní interpret jazyka C." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-235978.
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This master's thesis deals with implementation of ISO C99 language interpreter. The goal of this thesis is to provide support of education in C language programming and fast algorithm prototyping. It enables students to create own C programs and to experiment with language constructions without compiling. User interface includes editor and simple debugger. The interpreter is implemented in a novel grammar development environment written in Java language - ANTLRWorks which includes ANTLR language tool.
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Averyanov, Oleg. "Les tours pronominaux et non pronominaux français à l’Âge classique (1610-1715) : étude des descriptions et des usages." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. http://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=http://theses.paris-sorbonne.fr/2020SORUL072.pdf.
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Dans l’histoire de la langue française, bon nombre de lexèmes verbaux se sont déclinés en tours pronominaux et non pronominaux (se + V./V.) ayant entretenu des rapports de concurrence contextuelle. La nature de ces rapports n’a pas jusqu’ici fait l’objet d’une étude systématique pour la période du long XVIIe siècle, connue dans l’historiographie comme une période de standardisation du français. Cette époque, incluant les français appelés préclassique et classique, est cependant marquée par l’apparition non seulement de grands dictionnaires et d’une riche gamme de nouvelles grammaires, mais aussi des observations sur la langue française – les remarques – commentant, entre autres, les différents emplois des tours pronominaux et non pronominaux correspondants. Au travers d’une étude, d’un côté, d’ouvrages métalinguistiques, et, de l’autre, d’occurrences effectives dans des textes de divers genres et statuts, nous procédons dans cette thèse à une analyse linguistique des comportements de certains de ces tours en vue de mettre au jour des lois syntaxiques, sémantiques et syntagmatiques présidant à l’apparent flottement entre les emplois pronominal et non pronominal d’un lexème, ainsi que les enjeux du regard porté sur ces tours par les savants au XVIIe siècle. Nous nous intéressons, par ce biais, à l’éventualité du phénomène de variation lors d’une période de normalisation linguistique, tout en prêtant une attention particulière aux choix opérés par les auteurs des textes analysés. Ce faisant, nous nous interrogeons enfin sur le rôle du clitique se et sur la fonction qu’il remplit au sein du tour pronominal et dans la proposition en français de l’Âge classiqueThroughout the history of the French language, many verbal lexemes have been broken down into reflexive and non-reflexive structures (se + V./V.) that have maintained contextual competitive relationships. The nature of these relationships has not yet been the subject of systematic study for the long period of the 17th century, known in historiography as a period of standardization of French. This period, which includes the French known as preclassical and classical, is, however, marked by the appearance not only of extensive dictionaries and a rich array of new grammars, but also of observations on the French language – remarques – commenting, among other things, on the different uses of the corresponding pronominal and non-pronominal structures. Through a study of both metalinguistic works and of actual occurrences in texts of various genres and statuses, this thesis proceeds in a linguistic analysis of the behaviour of some of these structures in order to uncover syntactic, semantic and syntagmatic laws governing the apparent wavering between the pronominal and non-pronominal uses of a lexeme, as well as the challenges in the way these structures were viewed by scholars in the 17th century. We are thus interested in the possibility of the phenomenon of variation during a period of linguistic standardization, while paying close attention to the choices made by the authors of the texts analyzed. Finally, we examine the role of the se clitic and the function it fulfils within the pronominal structure and in the French proposition of the Classical Age
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Kijima, Ai. "Etude comparée des verbes de perception visuelle en français et en japonais." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCC002/document.
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L'objectif de notre étude est de préciser les rôles syntaxiques et sémantiques de verbes visuels, polysémiques et variés dans les deux langues que sont le japonais et le français. Nous montrerons leurs points communs (et ceux de désaccord) observables, partant du postulat selon lequel la façon de saisir un phénomène et le système cognitif sont bien propres à la société qui possède la langue, le japonais ou le français : à travers le cas de la perception visuelle, nous étudierons la façon de construire la relation entre le sujet, le verbe et l'objet afin d'apporter des arguments à ce postulat. Pour ce faire, nous nous appuierons sur l'analyse d'un corpus d'énoncés attestés. Dans un premier chapitre, nous étudierons les verbes japonais miru et mieru qui sont souvent traités de manière contrastive. Nous nous concentrons, à partir du deuxième chapitre, sur l'étude des verbes français, et en premier lieu, sur le verbe voir. Dans notre travail, nous procéderons à la description fine de cinq construction : N0+vois, N0+voir+N1, N0+voir+que, N0+voir+N1+attribut et se voir. Nous nous concentrons d'abord sur les trois premières constructions mentionnées. Nous proposerons une analyse de la proposition infinitive et ensuite des deux types de propositions attributives (relative et participiale) dans le troisième chapitre. Nous nous occuperons du verbe pronominal se voir et de la substitution entre se voir et se faire dans le quatrième chapitre. Dans le dernier chapitre, nous comparerons la signification et le fonctionnement des deux verbes, voir et regarder, selon la nature de N0 et de N1. Nous essayerons de faire émerger les points communs et les divergences entre ces deux langues génétiquement bien différentes : la façon de saisir un phénomène et le système cognitif sont certainement propres à chaque langue et à la société où cette langue évolueThe goal of my study is to precise the semantic and syntactic roles of the diverse and polysemic visual verbs in French and in Japanese. I will show the common (and the differencing) characteristics that can be observed between the two very differnet languages. My postulate is that both the way a speaker can grasp a phenomenon and the congnitive sytsem are particular to the society whose language it is, be it Franch or Japanese. Throught the case of visual perception, I will show that how the speaker builds a relation between the subject, the verb, and the object is differnet depending on the language. To do so, I will base my analysis on a corpus of authentic utterances.In the first chapter, I will study the Japanese verbs miru and mieru wich are often contrasted together. From the secon chapter on, I will focus on analyzing the French verbs, starting with voir. In my research, I will proceed to the detailed description of five construction : N0+voir, N0+voir+N1, N0+voir+que+, N0+voir+N1+attribue and se voir. I will deal with the first three aforementioned construction first. I will propose and analysis of the infinitive clause followed by the analysis of the two types of attributive clauses (relative and participial) in the third chapter. I will deal with pronominal verb se voir and the substitution between se voir and se faire in the fourth chapter. In the last chapter I will compare the meaning and the way the verbs voir and regarder function according to the type of N0 and N1. I will try to bring to the surface the commonalities and the differences between these two languages, genetically much different : how the speaker grasps a phenomenon and their cognitive system are certainly specific to each language and the society where this language is spoken
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Elfakharany, Cherine. "L'harmonisation sémantique entre le verbe et sa préposition : l'exemple de "sur" : approche synchronique." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE2142.
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La définition la plus commune de la préposition sur, y compris chez les linguistes, est qu'elle indique la position d'un sujet supérieur à un objet, comme, sur le plan spatial, dans La lampe est sur la table, et, sur le plan métaphorique, dans Les politiques influent sur le sort du peuple. Cependant cette approche rencontre de nombreuses difficultés : entre autres, on ne peut l'appliquer, sur le plan spatial, à : La petite fille leva les yeux sur son père ni, sur le plan temporel, à : Elle va sur ses vingt ans, ou encore, sur le plan métaphorique, à : Amr compte sur ses amis. Les définitions existantes de la préposition sur ne sont donc pas satisfaisantes. Notre thèse propose, dans sa première partie, une identité sémantique pour cette préposition, après une évaluation critique de ce que proposent les dictionnaires, grammaires de référence et divers travaux scientifiques qui lui sont consacrés. L'hypothèse est que le verbe sélectionne la préposition qui introduit son complément selon une affinité sémantique entre les deux – par exemple, si influer construit son complément avec sur, c'est qu'il y aurait un accord, une harmonie sémantique, entre influer et sur. Le second volet de la thèse met au point le corpus fiable et exhaustif qui permettra de tester l'hypothèse avancée dans les conditions les plus rigoureuses possibles, à savoir les verbes ne construisant leur complément qu'avec la préposition sur – ce qui suppose la caractérisation préalable de la notion de « complément ». Le troisième chapitre comporte une première partie vérifiant dans le corpus que la préposition sur a bien l'identité que lui confère notre hypothèse, ce qui est le cas à 100 % des énoncés testés. La seconde partie montre à 92 % que le verbe se construit avec une préposition avec laquelle il a une affinité de sens. L'hypothèse selon laquelle il y a harmonisation sémantique entre le verbe et sa préposition – en l'occurrence dans le cas du complément introduit par sur avec l'identité que nous lui avons attribuée – se trouve donc vérifiéeThe most common definition of the preposition on, including among linguists, is that it indicates the position of a subject superior to an object, as, spatially, in La lampe est sur la table, and on the metaphorical plan, in Les politiques influent sur le sort du peuple. However, this approach encounters many difficulties : among other things, it can’t be applied spatially to : La petite fille leva les yeux sur son père or, temporally, at : Elle va sur ses vingt ans, or, on a metaphorical level, to : Amr compte sur ses amis. The existing definitions of the preposition on are therefore not satisfactory. Our thesis proposes, in its first part, a semantic identity for this preposition, after a critical evaluation of what the dictionaries, the reference of grammars and various scientific works dedicated to it offer. The hypothesis is that the verb selects the preposition which introduces its complement according to a semantic affinity between the two - for example, if influence builds its complement with on in French, it is that there would be an agreement, a semantic harmony, between to influence and on. The second part of the thesis develops the reliable and exhaustive corpus that will test the advanced hypothesis in the most rigorous conditions possible, namely verbs that build their complement with the preposition on - which assumes the prior characterization of the concept of "complement". The third chapter contains a first part verifying in the corpus that the preposition on has the identity conferred by our hypothesis, which is the case for 100% of the statements tested. The second part shows 92% that the verb is constructed with a preposition with which it has an affinity of meaning. The hypothesis that there is semantic harmonization between the verb and its preposition - in this case of the complement introduced by on with the identity that we attributed to it - is therefore verified
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Voskaki, Ourania. "Le lexique-grammaire des verbes du grec moderne : constructions transitives non locatives à un complément d’objet direct." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST1057/document.
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Cette étude a pour objectif la description syntaxique et sémantique des constructions transitives non locatives à un complément d'objet direct en grec moderne : N0 V N1. Nous nous sommes appuyée sur le cadre théorique de la grammaire transformationnelle de Zellig S. Harris et sur le cadre méthodologique du Lexique-Grammaire, défini par Maurice Gross et développé au Laboratoire d'Automatique Documentaire et Linguistique. À partir de 16 560 entrées verbales morphologiques, nous procédons à la classification des constructions transitives non locatives, à partir de 24 classes distinctes, sur la base de critères formels posés. Un inventaire de 2 934 emplois verbaux à construction transitive non locative à un complément d'objet direct a été ainsi produit et scindé en neuf classes. Parmi ces emplois, 1 884 sont formellement décrits dans 9 tables de lexique-grammaire établies : plus précisément, il s'agit de celles qui impliquent des constructions à un complément d'objet direct illustrant les concepts « apparition » (table 32GA), « disparition » (32GD), objet « concret » (32GC), « partie du corps » (32GCL), substantif « humain » (32GH), substantif avec « pluriel obligatoire » (32GPL). En outre, la transformation passive est largement interdite pour les emplois verbaux recensés dans la table 32GNM, alors que les tables 32GCV et 32GRA regroupent des verbes acceptant une transformation à verbe support. Nous présentons l'application des données linguistiques recensées dans le traitement automatique des langues naturelles (TALN), avec la conversion automatique des tables en automates à états finis récursifs, suivie de nos suggestions sur leur applicabilité à la traduction en français et à l'enseignement du grec moderne (langue maternelle ou étrangère) : acquisition/apprentissageThe current research aims to provide a syntactic and semantic analysis of Modern Greek transitive non-locative constructions with one direct object: N0 V N1. Our study is based on the syntactic framework of the Transformational Grammar defined by Zellig S. Harris. We followed the Lexicon-Grammar methodology framework developed by Maurice Gross and elaborated at the LADL (Laboratoire d'Automatique Documentaire et Linguistique). Based on 16 560 morphological verbal entries, we proceeded to the classification of transitive non-locative constructions. On the basis of formal criteria we divided them into 24 distinct classes that formed an inventory of 2 934 transitive non-locative verbal uses with one direct object. Among them, 1 884 verbal uses were split into nine classes and they were formally described in 9 lexicon-grammar tables established for this purpose. More precisely, these structures include a direct object referring to the following concepts: “appearance” (32GA table), “disappearance” (32GD), “concrete” object (32GC), “body part” (32GCL), “human” object (32GH), and “obligatory plural” (32GPL). Likewise, the passive transformation is largely blocked in the 32GNM table, while the 32GCV and 32GRA tables regroup verbs accepting a support verb transformation. We present the linguistic data application in Natural Language Processing (NLP), by means of automatic tables conversion into recursive transition network automata. Moreover, we set forth our remarks on their applicability in translation from Modern Greek to French as well as in language learning/teaching (Modern Greek as first or second language)
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Dumas, Alice. "Les mots en question dans La Vie de Marianne et Le Paysan parvenu de Marivaux : approche sémantique." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE3015.
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Le mot est au centre de toutes les attentions dans l’entier de l’œuvre de Marivaux. Si ce questionnement sémantique est sans doute au cœur de toute entreprise littéraire, il revêt une acuité particulière pour l’auteur dont le style a été nommé « marivaudage », terme dont le sens premier en dit long sur le caractère exacerbé de cette thématique. En effet, Marivaux exhibe le doute lexical, il exhibe la polysémie, creuse la verticalité du sens comme pour en révéler des strates inouïes, pour en épuiser les possibles. Dans cette œuvre complexe, le mot ne tient pas de l’heureuse évidence mais est sans cesse soumis au soupçon : soupçon d’une manipulation, soupçon d’un sens second, soupçon d’un emploi galvaudé ; un scepticisme dans la fiction qui constitue sans doute la marque de la quête aléthique de son auteur, car Marivaux a pensé le mot, en écrivain et en philosophe ; une quête dont quelques textes théoriques gardent la trace. Cette thèse se propose donc d’observer le pourquoi et le comment du fonctionnement sémantique dans l’œuvre de Marivaux, d’interroger le questionnement permanent autour du mot _ un mot mis en question dans son sens, remis en question dans ses applications au sein d’une interaction _, de scruter les rouages du mécanisme lexical propre à cet auteur et ce, en observant le contexte de production des œuvres, puis le travail sur la répétition du mot et enfin le mot pris dans un réseau de résonance à différents niveaux au sein de la phrase, au sein du discours et au sein du monde et des normes communicationnels qui soutiennent tout échangeWords are a focal point in the whole work of Marivaux. This theme could be important in any literature production but it seems to be particularly significant in the one for which « marivaudage » was created for. Marivaux enhances the doubt about word meaning, he exhibits the polysemous nature of each term in order to reveal an unknown level of semantic. In his complex work, words are suspected to be abused, distorded, misunderstood, manipulated. This scepticism that we can find in the novels themselves is a proof that Marivaux thinks about words as an author and as a philosopher. My work tries to investigate on why words are questioned so often and how Marivaux can handle it : first, examining context, the early XVIIIth century offered a fertile ground to that type of reflexion, then looking at the repetition in the texts, to finish with words associated with other worlds, in a sentence, in a text, in a speech to see how these interactions can influence its meaning
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Karol, Sven. "Well-Formed and Scalable Invasive Software Composition." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-170162.
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Software components provide essential means to structure and organize software effectively. However, frequently, required component abstractions are not available in a programming language or system, or are not adequately combinable with each other. Invasive software composition (ISC) is a general approach to software composition that unifies component-like abstractions such as templates, aspects and macros. ISC is based on fragment composition, and composes programs and other software artifacts at the level of syntax trees. Therefore, a unifying fragment component model is related to the context-free grammar of a language to identify extension and variation points in syntax trees as well as valid component types. By doing so, fragment components can be composed by transformations at respective extension and variation points so that always valid composition results regarding the underlying context-free grammar are yielded. However, given a language’s context-free grammar, the composition result may still be incorrect.
Context-sensitive constraints such as type constraints may be violated so that the program cannot be compiled and/or interpreted correctly. While a compiler can detect such errors after composition, it is difficult to relate them back to the original transformation step in the composition system, especially in the case of complex compositions with several hundreds of such steps. To tackle this problem, this thesis proposes well-formed ISC—an extension to ISC that uses reference attribute grammars (RAGs) to specify fragment component models and fragment contracts to guard compositions with context-sensitive constraints. Additionally, well-formed ISC provides composition strategies as a means to configure composition algorithms and handle interferences between composition steps.
Developing ISC systems for complex languages such as programming languages is a complex undertaking. Composition-system developers need to supply or develop adequate language and parser specifications that can be processed by an ISC composition engine. Moreover, the specifications may need to be extended with rules for the intended composition abstractions.
Current approaches to ISC require complete grammars to be able to compose fragments in the respective languages. Hence, the specifications need to be developed exhaustively before any component model can be supplied. To tackle this problem, this thesis introduces scalable ISC—a variant of ISC that uses island component models as a means to define component models for partially specified languages while still the whole language is supported. Additionally, a scalable workflow for agile composition-system development is proposed which supports a development of ISC systems in small increments using modular extensions.
All theoretical concepts introduced in this thesis are implemented in the Skeletons and Application Templates framework SkAT. It supports “classic”, well-formed and scalable ISC by leveraging RAGs as its main specification and implementation language. Moreover, several composition systems based on SkAT are discussed, e.g., a well-formed composition system for Java and a C preprocessor-like macro language. In turn, those composition systems are used as composers in several example applications such as a library of parallel algorithmic skeletons.
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Eggert, Randall. "Disconcordance : the syntax, semantics, and pragmatics of or-agreement /." 2002. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3060208.
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Kariaeva, Natalia. "Radical discontinuity syntax at the interface /." 2009. http://hdl.rutgers.edu/1782.2/rucore10001600001.ETD.000051361.
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Glougie, Jennifer R. S. "Topics in the syntax and semantics of Blackfoot quantifiers and nominals." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/11282.
Full textAbstract:
Dispersion of mass is a measure of the deviation of transportation of fluid in a reactor
from ideal reactor behavior (perfect mixing or plug flow) caused by the combined effects of
diffusion, convection and migration.
Axial dispersion is always undesirable because it reduces the driving force of the reaction
and therefore causes a lower level of conversion. On the other hand, transverse dispersion is
often a desirable feature since good transverse mixing will reduce the transverse concentration
and temperature gradients and hence improve the selectivity of a thermochemical reactor.
Transverse dispersion of mass is of more importance in a three-dimensional flow-by
electrochemical reactor than that in a thermochemical reactor because the potential drop is in the
transverse direction and the reaction rate and selectivity are determined by the potential as well as
concentration and temperature distributions. The transverse dispersion of mass is expected to
have a more profound effect on the performance of a 3D electrochemical reactor due to the
strong interaction among the concentration, temperature and potential distributions in the
transverse direction.
In the present work, the axial and transverse dispersion of mass were studied with a twodimensional
dispersion model in two types of rectangular packed bed: i) randomly packed glass
beads with the average bead diameter of 2 mm and a macroscopic bed porosity of 0.41; ii) a
representation of a 3D flow-by electrode - consisting of a bed of carbon felt with the carbon fibre
diameter of 20 urn and a macroscopic bed porosity of 0.95.
A tracer stimulation-response system was set up and axial and transverse dispersion of
In Blackfoot, DPs appear to take obligatory wide scope with respect to the universal quantifier
while bare nouns take obligatory narrow scope with respect to the universal quantifier. I propose that the
difference in scope-taking properties of Blackfoot nominals is a consequence of their syntactic position. I
propose that over argument DPs are adjoined to the clause whereas bare nouns are base generated in an
argument position. I suggest that the scope properties fall out from this distinction in the syntax.
The Blackfoot universal quantifier, ohkan-, is a preverb. That is, ohkan- occurs as a part of the
verb stem preceding the verb root itself. I propose that ohkan- is head of its own QP which takes the VP
as its complement. I follow Sportiche (1998) in categorizing ohkan- as a stranded quantifier since it is
base generated external to VP.
Bare nouns, since they are generated within VP, are structurally inferior to ohkan-, since they are
within its c-command domain. The adjoined DPs, however, are structurally superior to ohkan-, since they
are adjoined to the clause. I propose that the structural superiority of DPs translates to their obligatory
wide scope. Conversely, the structural inferiority of bare nouns translates to their obligatory narrow
scope.
Blackfoot is a relatively understudied Algonquian language spoken in Southern Alberta and
Northern Montana. The Blackfoot data presented in this work come primarily from my own work with
two Blackfoot speakers. Both of my language consultants hail from Southern Alberta speak and the Blood
dialect of Blackfoot.
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Tao, Senhua. "Indexical attribute grammars." Thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/5948.
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Suzuki, Takeru. "A theory of lexical functors : light heads in the lexicon and the syntax." Thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/8609.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis advances a specific model of 1-syntax, based on Hale
and Keyser (1993, 1994) and Dechaine (1996) as a point of departure,
and also proposes a general theory of the relation between the lexicon
and the syntax. One of the essential proposals that I make is the
F\mctionalization Principle, which permits a lexical head to project a
functional projection if and only if the meaning of the head is
represented by 1-syntactic structure without any extra semantic features.
I refer to this type of head as a light head. The Functionalization
Principle leads us to a principled account of various lexical and
functional uses of lexical items such as a passive morpheme -en and
have.
Examples that support my analysis range from adjectival and
verbal passives (e.g. Mary is very pleased and The glass was broken by
BUI), to constructions of alienable and inalienable possession (e.g. John
has Jive bucks and John has blue eyes), to causative/experiential
constructions (e.g. John had his students walk out of class), and to perfect
constructions (e.g. Lucie has advised the prime minister). Furthermore,
the analysis of possessive have is extended to possessive nominals (e.g.
John's cat and John's eyes).
I also examine the implications of the theories of 1-syntax and 1-
functors for Case. I propose that 1-syntactic structure partly determines
inherent Case whereas the 1-functor checks what I call l-Junctor Case
through the Spec-head relation. Furthermore, I show that these analyses of inherent Case and 1-functors account for essential properties of
possessive D (a genitive marker -*s), some Hindi marked subject
constructions and Japanese experiential transitive constructions.
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(9187370), Ashley M. Kentner. "Examining the Syntax and Semantics of ASL MORE- and BEAT-constructions." Thesis, 2020.
Find full textAbstract:
Comparisons provide an important tool for exploring the syntax and semantics of gradable properties. American Sign Language (ASL) appears to have several such constructions, but they have yet to receive much linguistic analysis. This study establishes basic empirical facts concerning clausal boundaries, constituency structure, compatibility with various indicators for the presence of degrees, and composition of the standard of comparison for the MORE- and BEAT-construction in ASL. Such facts are needed for any formal syntactic or semantic treatment of the constructions. Motivated by typological observations, this study proposes that a reasonable set of initial hypotheses is that the ASL MORE-construction is a comparison of degrees and that the BEAT-construction is a comparison of individuals (as both terms are defined in Kennedy 2007). Results from the tests conducted in this study are largely consistent with those analyses, but also show where there is room for further refinement. Results additionally demonstrate that both more and beat qualify as explicit rather than implicit comparatives, confirming previous work in Wilbur et al. (2018) concerning the latter. An incidental finding of this study involves the distributional patterns for
two modifiers frequently used with gradable properties, intensive aspect and Y-OO, indicating both have a semantics distinct from that of the English very even though
frequently translated between English and ASL with that modifier. Finally, this study contributes to the discussion of comparison constructions cross-linguistically by illustrating
the need to conduct cross-linguistic work that looks beyond what is considered the default comparison of the languages under investigation.