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1
Sato, Hiromi. "Selection for clausal complements and tense features /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8432.
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Shaer, Benjamin M. "Making sense of tense : tense, time reference, and linking theory." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34452.
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This study examines the forms and meanings of tensed and non-tensed clauses in English, and proposes an analysis of them that is 'Reichenbachian' in spirit and syntactic in orientation. The study considers tensed verb forms in simple sentences, focussing on 'present', 'future', and 'perfect' forms and their interaction with adverbials of temporal location; and those in complement, relative, and temporal clause constructions. It also considers three types of non-tensed verb forms--infinitives, gerunds, and 'bare infinitives'--in verb complements.The study demonstrates that the interpretation of tensed and non-tensed forms can be described in terms of Reichenbach's (1947) temporal schemata, which express relations between 'S' ('speech time'), 'R' ('reference time'), and 'E' ('situation time'). However, its central claim is that the tensed forms themselves are 'temporally underspecified', encoding relations between 'S' and 'R', and leaving the relation between 'R' and 'E' and the location and duration of both of these intervals to be determined by lexical properties of the verb and its arguments, temporal adverbials, and context. Non-tensed verbs forms have a similar syntactic representation, differing primarily in not fully encoding a relation between 'S' and 'R'. This claim is cashed out in terms of two devices: a feature system that expresses tenses as particular values of the feature matrix (Anterior, Posterior); and a device of 'tense linking', based on Higginbotham's (e.g. 1983) proposal for binding theory, which associates verbs with temporal adverbials or tensed Infl, and one (tensed or non-tensed) Infl with a higher one.
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Rieger, Dorothee. "Swahili as a tense prominent language: proposal for a systematic grammar of tense, aspect and mood in Swahili." Swahili Forum 18 (2011), S. 114-134, 2011. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A11469.
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Swahili ist keineswegs eine besonders „exotische“ Sprache, aber dennoch fällt es schwer, eine gu-te moderne Grammatik des Standard-Swahili (Kiswahili sanifu) zu finden. Insbesondere die Inter-pretation der vorkommenden Tempora, Aspekte oder Modi des Verbs sind in den erhältlichen Grammatiken diskrepant bis widersprüchlich. Der Artikel versucht, einen systematischen Ansatz für eine strukturelle Matrix des TAM-Systems im Swahili herauszuarbeiten. Dabei beziehe ich mich auf die von Shankara Bhat in The Prominence of Tense, Aspect and Mood (1999) vorge-schlagene typologische Methode. Bhat legt dar, dass nicht jede Sprache jede Dimension von TAM gleich gewichtet, sondern dass jeweils eine davon vorherrscht. Eine Analyse von TAM in einer be-stimmten Sprache muss sich daher an der prominenten Dimension orientieren. Im Artikel wird herausgearbeitet, dass das Tempus die strukturierende Dimension im Swahili darstellt und dass im Gegensatz dazu der Aspekt nicht systematisch grammatikalisiert ist. Dabei war es nötig, die im Swahili vorkommenden TAM-Formen funktional zu interpretieren und zu benennen, da diese in der aktuellen Literatur teilweise sehr unterschiedlich analysiert werden.
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Blackburn, Patrick Rowan. "Nominal tense logic and other sorted intensional frameworks." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6588.
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This thesis introduces of a system of tense logic called nominal tense logic (NTL), and several extensions. Its primary aim is to establish that these systems are logically interesting, and can provide useful models of natural language tense, temporal reference, and their interaction. Languages of nominal tense logic are a simple augmentation of Priorean tense logic. They add to the familiar Priorean languages a new sort of atomic symbol, nominals. Like propositional variables, nominals are atomic sentences and may be freely combined with other wffs using the usual connectives. When interpreting these languages we handle the Priorean components standardly, but insist that nominals must be true at one and only one time. We can think of nominals as naming this time. Logically, the change increases the expressive power of tensed languages. There are certain intuitions about the flow of time, such as irreflexivity, that cannot be expressed in Priorean languages; with nominals they can. The effects of this increase in expressive power on the usual model theoretic results for tensed languages discussed, and completeness and decidability results for several temporally interesting classes of frames are given. Various extensions of the basic system are also investigated and similar results are proved. In the final chapter a brief treatment of similarly referential interval based logics is presented. As far as natural language semantics is concerned, the change is an important one. A familiar criticism of Priorean tense logic is that as it lacks any mechanism for temporal reference, it cannot provide realistic models of natural language temporal usage. Natural language tense is at least partly about referring to times, and nowadays the deictic and anaphoric properties of tense are a focus of research. The thesis presents a uniform treatment of certain temporally referring expressions such as indexicals, and simple discourse phenomena.
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Moens, Marc. "Tense, aspect and temporal reference." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6618.
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English exhibits a rich apparatus of tense, aspect, time adverbials and other expressions that can be used to order states of affairs with respect to each other, or to locate them at a point in time with respect to the moment of speech. Ideally one would want a semantics for these expressions to demonstrate that an orderly relationship exists between any one expression and the meanings it conveys. Yet most existing linguistic and formal semantic accounts leave something to be desired in this respect, describing natural language temporal categories as being full of ambiguities and indetenninacies, apparently escaping a uniform semantic description. It will be argued that this anomaly stems from the assumption that the semantics of these expressions is directly related to the linear conception of time familiar from temporal logic or physics - an assumption which can be seen to underly most of the current work on tense and aspect. According to these theories, the cognitive work involved in the processing of temporal discourse consists of the ordering of events as points or intervals on a time line or a set of time lines. There are, however, good reasons for wondering whether this time concept really is the one that our linguistic categories are most directly related to; it will be argued that a semantics of temporally referring expressions and a theory of their use in defining the temporal relations of events require a different and more complex structure underlying the meaning representations than is commonly assumed. A semantics will be developed, based on the assumption that categories like tense, aspect, aspectual adverbials and propositions refer to a mental representation of events that is structured on other than purely temporal principles, and to which the notion of a nucleus or consequentially related sequence of preparatory process, goal event and consequent state is central. It will be argued that the identification of the correct ontology is a logical preliminary to the choice of any particular formal representation scheme, as well as being essential in the design of natural language front-ends for temporal databases. It will be shown how the ontology developed here can be implemented in a database that contains time-related information about events and that is to be queried by means of natural language utterances.
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Rieger, Dorothee. "Swahili as a tense prominent language." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-90589.
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Swahili ist keineswegs eine besonders „exotische“ Sprache, aber dennoch fällt es schwer, eine gu-te moderne Grammatik des Standard-Swahili (Kiswahili sanifu) zu finden. Insbesondere die Inter-pretation der vorkommenden Tempora, Aspekte oder Modi des Verbs sind in den erhältlichen Grammatiken diskrepant bis widersprüchlich. Der Artikel versucht, einen systematischen Ansatz für eine strukturelle Matrix des TAM-Systems im Swahili herauszuarbeiten. Dabei beziehe ich mich auf die von Shankara Bhat in The Prominence of Tense, Aspect and Mood (1999) vorge-schlagene typologische Methode. Bhat legt dar, dass nicht jede Sprache jede Dimension von TAM gleich gewichtet, sondern dass jeweils eine davon vorherrscht. Eine Analyse von TAM in einer be-stimmten Sprache muss sich daher an der prominenten Dimension orientieren. Im Artikel wird herausgearbeitet, dass das Tempus die strukturierende Dimension im Swahili darstellt und dass im Gegensatz dazu der Aspekt nicht systematisch grammatikalisiert ist. Dabei war es nötig, die im Swahili vorkommenden TAM-Formen funktional zu interpretieren und zu benennen, da diese in der aktuellen Literatur teilweise sehr unterschiedlich analysiert werden.
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Hu, Jiazhen. "Temporal interpretation in English." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184595.
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This dissertation investigates the interaction between the basic rules for tense interpretation, on the one hand, and temporal types of VPs or sentences, time expressions and syntactic distribution of tense forms, on the other. This dissertation proposes an analysis in which each tense form is associated with at least three time identities, the zero time point, the event time and the reference time. The zero time is defined as the time from which a situation is considered and interpreted, the event time as the time at which a situation takes place and the reference time is the time at which the situation holds and which is part of the event time under consideration. Concerning the temporal structures of situations expressed by VPs or sentences, this dissertation proposes a six-type temporal classification and treats temporal types not as atomic but as reducible to temporal features. By so doing, this dissertation brings to light the internal structure among various temporal types. Regarding the relation between tense and time expressions, this dissertation analyzes it to be one of temporal inclusion and provides a successful account of why time adverbs do not necessarily mark both ending points of a given homogeneous situation, though this is true with a nonhomogeneous situation. In accounting for tense interpretation in complement clauses, this dissertation maintains that complement tense forms and matrix tense forms can be interpreted in the same way and they differ only in the interpretation of the zero time point. In the matrix clause, tense is interpreted with respect to the speech time and, in the complement clause, tense is interpreted relative to the reference time of the matrix clause. Because the zero time is used instead of the speech time in the proposed basic tense rules, these rules are general and powerful enough to be applicable to tenses in any syntactic environment.
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Flahive, Patrick J. "Past tense marking in Chinese-English interlanguage." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2004. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4664/.
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This data study concentrates on the past tense marking in the interlanguage (IL) of Chinese speakers of English. Following the assumptions of Hawkins & Lizska, (2003), it is assumed that unlike native speakers of English, Chinese speakers of English have a higher level of optionality within the past tense marking of their grammars. It is claimed that the primary reason for this occurrence is the lack of the functional feature T(ense) [+/-past] in Mandarin Chinese. If a particular functional feature is missing in a learner's L1 grammar, it is thought that it will be absent in one's L2 grammar as well. Three advanced Chinese speakers of English were tested on the past tense marking in their IL production. Both spontaneous oral and reading speech were used for this data analysis.
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麥雅儀 and Ah-yee Lena Mak. "Cantonese-speaking children's use of the aspect markers 'jo' and 'gan'in three experimental tasks." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31211768.
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Hassan, Fakhri. ""Grammatical controversy on the temporality of the imperfect tense in the Qur’ānic text" Is it Mu’rab (declinable) or Mabnī (indeclinable)?" University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6601.
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Magister Artium - MAThis research discusses the temporality of Al-Fi’l Al-Moḍāri’ (present tense) in Arabic in terms of structure and case endings. It also focuses on the time of the imperfect tense and how it is affected by the Adawāt (particles) and justification as well as the meaning, context and the purpose of the sentence. The study also investigates the controversial issues on finding a standardized definition of the actual imperfect tense in order to distinguish it from the outwardly one. It also investigates the changes which the imperfect tense undergoes when preceded by particles and how they change the case endings from Mabnī (Indicative) into Mu’rab apocopate (to be Jussive or Subjunctive). Another focus is investigating the reason why the tense of the verb that comes after particles of negation, prohibition, justification and denial is always imperfect not perfect or future, regardless of the context and the purpose of the text, and the reason as to why this rule applies to all Qur'ānic verses which contradict this rule when being parsed. In addition, it uses semiotics to explain the imperfect tense in the Qur'ānic verses and investigates the effectiveness of applying abstention and assembly to distinguish between the tense and it's meaning in the Qur'ānic text. This can help to determine the actual time of the tense in the Qur'ānic text which in turn helps to parse the imperfect tense correctly and to justify why there is a case ending which contradicts the grammar rules. The correct parsing of the imperfect tense, including indicative, subjunctive and jussive, will pave the way for more attempts to rectify the interpretation of the Qur'ānic verses which create controversy. This can be achieved by presenting the verses which contradict the rules of parsing, making hypotheses, analyzing them and then parsing them in a logical way utilizing an analytical approach.
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Jo, In-Hee. "A unified semantic analysis of serialization : intensionality of event individuation." Virtual Press, 1993. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/862290.
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Even though there has been little agreement as to how the phenomenon of serialization is to be defined, it is generally assumed (i) that there is a close meaning dependency (of some kind) between the event descriptions serialized (serials hereafter), (ii) that the serials cannot be modified independently by such sentential operators as tense, aspect, mood, etc., and (iii) that these aspects of serialization are closely related to the fact that a serial construction refers to a `single event'.However, these assumptions have not been materialized into an explicit analysis of serialization. In particular, it has not been clearly accounted for how the concept of single event is attributed to the meaning dependencies between serials that are apparently so diverse as to defy a unique semantic characterization. Thus, in previous studies, the apparent heterogeneity of meaning dependencies has led to `fragmentation' of serialization into coordinating and subordinating types, and of the subordinating type, in turn, into a variety of lexically governed subtypes.This dissertation argues against such fragmentation and provides a unified semantic analysis of serialization, drawing on the philosophical discussions of event individuation and causation. Under my analysis, the sense of inseparable connection between serials is represented by a counterfactual dependency between them. The counterfactual dependency only entails that the first serial is necessarily related to the second, without specifying the nature of the necessary relatedness. Thus, the variety of meaning dependencies observed in the literature can be accommodated as particular instances of the counterfactual dependency.Moreover, the single event reading of serialization is attributed to the `counterfactual' dependency between serials: in virtue of the dependency, the serials are not identified independently of each other, and hence are construed as constituting a single event unit. A variety of structural constraints on serialization observed in the literature are then analyzed as natural consequences of the conceptual unity of the serialized events as a whole.Department of English
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Guthrie, Anna Marie. "Quotative tense shift in American English authority-encounter narratives." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1994. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/916.
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Bidin, Siti Jamilah. "The effect of discourse-based grammar teaching on second language learning : the case of tense usage." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.408598.
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Wald, Benji. "The 0 tense marker in the decline of the Swahili auxiliary focus system." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-96417.
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Kiraz, Meryem. "A Construction Grammar Approach to How Turkish Learners of English Use Auxiliary Verbs in Terms of Tense, Aspect and Voice." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1279589745.
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Lowe, John J. "The syntax and semantics of tense-aspect stem participles in early Ṛgvedic Sanskrit." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:45516bfd-cffb-457a-904c-100695cbd938.
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In this thesis I investigate the syntax and semantics of tense-aspect stem participles in the Ṛgveda, focusing primarily on the data from the earlier books II–VII and IX, seeking to establish a comprehensive and coherent analysis of this category within the linguistic system of Ṛgvedic Sanskrit. In recent literature tense-aspect stem participles are usually treated as semantically equivalent to finite verbs wherever possible, but contradictorily where they differ from finite verbs their adjectival nature is emphasized. I argue that tense-aspect stem participles are a fundamentally verbal formation and can be treated as inflectional verb forms: they are adjectival verbs rather than verbal adjectives. At the same time, however, they constitute an independent sub-category of verb form which is not necessarily semantically dependent on corresponding finite stems. I examine the syntactic and semantic properties of tense-aspect stem participles both in relation to finite verbal forms and their wider syntactic context, formalizing the evidence in the framework of Lexical-Functional Grammar. Consequently I am able to categorize the syntactic and semantic deviations which many participles exhibit in comparison to finite verbal forms. I contend that many such forms cannot be treated synchronically (and sometimes diachronically) as participles, but form distinct synchronic categories. My analysis permits a considerably more refined definition of the category of tense-aspect stem participles, dependent on clear morphological, syntactic and semantic criteria, as opposed to the usual, purely morphological, definition. From a diachronic perspective I argue that the category of tense-aspect stem participles as found in the Ṛgveda more closely reflects an inherited Proto-Indo-European category of tense-aspect stem participles than is usually assumed. I also reconsider theoretical treatments of participial syntax and semantics, and develop a more precise typology of non-finite verb systems which adequately accounts for Sanskrit participles.
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Ihsan, Diemroh. "A linguistic study of tense shifts in Indonesian-English interlanguage autobiographical discourse." Virtual Press, 1988. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/558344.
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The purpose of the study was two-fold. First, it investigated, described, and analyzed tense shifts and the roles of the present tense forms in IEIL autobiographical discourse. Second, as a contribution to the study of English interlanguage of Indonesian EFL learners it presents some pedagogical implications for the EFL teaching and learning in Indonesia and offers suggestions for further research. The data used for the study were twenty-six essays containing 1700 verb phrases in 937 sentences, which were written by twenty-six freshman EFL learners of the University of Sriwijaya in Palembang, Indonesia, in 1986.The results of the study show that tense use in IEIL is systematic, on one hand, and variable, on the other. Shifts of tense from past to present are generally predictable. The present tense usually functions to present the writer's evaluation or opinion, habitual occurrences, general truth, or factual descriptions functioning as permanent truth in relation to the writer's childhood. Occasionally, the present tense functions as the Historical Present to narrate past events. The past tense, on the other hand, usually functions to describe past truth and, at times, to narrate historical events such as the writer's date and place of birth.Variability also characterizes IEIL autobiographical discourse. That is, IEIL writers do not completely follow the present and past tense rules. For instance, they usually use the present tense to express habitual occurrences, but at other times they use past tense accompanied by such expressions as "on Sundays," "on holidays," "whenever," etc.In addition, the following conclusions have been drawn: (1) IEIL autobiographical discourse largely contains description expressed in the past tense; (2) discourses are highly recommended to be used as the first material in teaching linguistic phenomena such as tense shifts to Indonesian EFL learners; and (3) following the IL theory and principles, EFL teachers should not treat EFL learner's should treat them as a sign that they are in fact in the process of learning.deviants as a sign of improper usage and harmful but instead should treat them as a sign that they are in fact in the process of learning.Department of English
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Abu-Jarad, Hassan Ali. "English interlanguage of Palestinian University students in Gaza Strip : an analysis of relative clauses and verb tense." Virtual Press, 1986. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/458974.
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This study investigated the relative clause formation and the coding of tense in the English interlanguage of thirty-two Palestinian students at the six colleges of the Islamic University of Gaza.Three composition topics were designed to elicit the learners' expression of the various English tenses and relative clauses.Findings: The data show that Palestinian learners' switching of tense results from using English morphology to express an aspectual system similar to that of Palestinian Arabic. The English past tense and present tense are used to mark Palestinian perfective and imperfective aspects, respectively. The subject-verb agreement marker and the concord markers 's/is and 'm/am are omitted in relative clauses and when there is a change in aspect.In the area of relative clauses, the data show that relative clauses are ninety percent independent of the Palestinian Arabic structuring of relative clauses. The learners use resumptive pronouns not only in clauses where the predicate incorporates a noun, adjective, or a prepositional phrase, but also before verbs. Conclusions:1. There is a large amount of influence from the Palestinian aspectual system on the learners' use of English tense.2. Subject-verb agreement problems can be solved when the problem of tense shift is solved, because of the cooccurrence of these phenomena.3. EFL teachers in Gaza Strip should not over-react to their students' tense usage in narrative passages and should not require them to write in a particular tense in an artificial manner.4. The learners' errors should be tolerated and should not be considered as indications of faulty learning.
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Wynne, Terence Stewart. "The present perfect : a corpus-based investigation." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3472.
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On the basis of an investigation of a corpus of 5.5 million words, this thesis analyses the use of the present perfect in modem American and British English. The investigation traces the development of the present perfect from its origins as a structure with adjectival meaning to its modern-day use as an aspectual verb form. A frequency analysis tests the claims of various writers that the present perfect is losing ground against the preterite and is less frequent in American than in British English. Neither claim is supported by the results of this analysis. A temporal specifier analysis investigates the co-occurrence of a large number of adverbials with the various verb forms. It finds that certain groups of specifiers which have hitherto been considered markers for the present perfect are in fact very poor indicators. Specifiers indicating a period of time lasting up to the moment of utterance, however, are found to be very reliable indicators. With one exception no significant difference was found between the British and American corpora in this respect. A functional-semantic analysis examines the various theories of the present perfect against the background of the results of the empirical investigation and finds them to be insufficient in one or more respects. In the final chapter the division between tense and aspect is shown to be artificial and a model of the present perfect is presented which is based on the idea of multilayered aspectual values. The model is centred on the unifying concept of phragmatisation - the closing of the event time-frame. According to this model, discourse topics involving the present perfect are perceived to describe an event which takes place in a time frame which is not closed to the deictic zero point at the moment of utterance. The final section describes which factors are operative in the phragmatisation or closing of event time frames.
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Sousa, Denilson Amade 1980. "Contrastando abordagens de instrução gramatical em inglês = indução ou dedução, eis a questão." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/269752.
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Orientador: Linda Gentry El-DashTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: Esta tese tem como objetivo apresentar e discutir alguns referenciais teóricos e metodológicos na área de Ensino/Aprendizagem de inglês como língua estrangeira (L2). O trabalho consiste em verificar a eficácia de um modelo indutivo de ensino gramatical chamado PACE - Presentation, Attention, Co-Construction, Extension (Donato e Adair- Hauck, 1994), comparando-o a um ensino gramatical mais tradicional, que chamamos de Dedutivo. A estrutura ensinada é o Present Perfect. Há tempo atesta-se a grande dificuldade que aprendizes e professores brasileiros de inglês encontram na aquisição e utilização do Present Perfect, pois, em sua língua materna, não precisam fazer, gramaticalmente, a distinção entre estado, ação e estado limitado, que, em inglês, é essencial para se fazer uso do aspecto perfect. El-Dash (2001, 2005) afirma que quando se limita explicitamente (através de advérbios ou locuções adverbiais) o estado atual resultante de uma ação no passado, o tempo verbal obrigatório em inglês é o Present Perfect. Quando esse limite não é de alguma forma explicitado, depende do falante querer ou não focar no estado atual; se esse for o foco, ele utilizará o Present Perfect; caso o foco seja somente a ação em si no passado, o falante utilizará o Simple Past. O modelo PACE é uma abordagem de ensino de gramática que tem como objetivo promover o desenvolvimento lingüístico na L2 através da co-construção de conhecimento entre professor e aluno e entre os alunos. Os proponentes desse modelo tentam fazer com que o ensino de gramática se dê num ambiente de sala de aula cuja ênfase é a comunicação. A principal proposta do modelo é expor os aprendizes, de modo contextualizado, a estruturas e seus significados, utilizando, para tal, estórias/narrativas, lendas, poemas, músicas, textos orais, tirinhas, receitas, entre outros. Essa exposição deve sempre, primeiramente, concentrar-se no significado, para então chamar a atenção dos aprendizes à(s) forma(s) que deseja ensinar. Os gêneros textuais utilizados e as atividades propostas pelo PACE enfatizam a autenticidade linguística e encorajam os aprendizes a compreender amostras mais longas e significativas desde as primeiras aulas; mostrando aos alunos, dentre outras coisas, a relevância funcional da estrutura gramatical antes de convidálos a prestar atenção à forma. Assim, depois de utilizar vários recursos para levar os aprendizes a compreender o texto, o professor deve chamar a atenção dos mesmos a vários elementos lingüísticos do texto e, juntamente com os alunos, construir explicações para aquela forma em questão. Em relação à metodologia utilizada nesta pesquisa, optou-se por coletar dados através de tarefas de julgamento de gramaticalidade e de descrição de figuras; além de gravações de aulas em áudio para servirem como evidência confirmatória de nossa hipótese. Três turmas de inglês de nível intermediário participaram da pesquisa e formaram os três grupos que receberam intervenção pedagógica baseada em PACE, intervenção pedagógica dedutiva e nenhum tratamento (Controle). O desenho dos testes se caracteriza por um pré-teste antes das intervenções; um pós-teste realizado imediatamente após o tratamento e outro depois de passadas 4 semanas. Os resultados apontam para a superioridade do modelo PACE, no sentido de ter refinado tanto o julgamento intuitivo dos aprendizes quanto a capacidade de produção linguística dos mesmos. O grupo Dedutivo também se beneficiou da intervenção, mas não tão profundamente quanto o grupo PACE. O desempenho do grupo Controle se manteve o mesmo
Abstract: This dissertation aims at presenting and discussing some theoretical and methodological frameworks within the field of Second Language Acquisition (SLA). It consists in ascertaining the efficiency of a guided-induction approach to grammar instruction called PACE - Presentation, Attention, Co-Construction, Extension (Donato e Adair-Hauck, 1994). We do so by comparing this model to a more traditional approach to teaching grammar, which we call Deductive. The structure taught is the Present Perfect. This verb tense has long been a known difficulty for both Brazilian learners and teachers. This is due to the fact that Brazilian Portuguese does not grammatically distinguish states from actions from limited states, which are crucial distinctions when using the perfect tenses in English. El-Dash (2001, 2005) states that when the speaker explicitly imposes a limit to the current resulting state of a past action (through an adverbial phrase), the mandatory verbal form is the Present Perfect. When this limit is not explicitly expressed, it is the speaker who will decide whether or not to focus on the current state; if this is the case, he will use the Present Perfect; if he decides to focus on the past action itself, he will employ the Simple Past. The PACE model is an approach to grammar instruction which aims at promoting linguistic development in the L2 through the coconstruction of knowledge between teacher and learners, and among learners. The proponents of this model seek to make grammar teaching take place within a classroom in which the emphasis is communication. The main proposal of the model is to expose learners, in a contextualized way, to structures and their meanings via stories and narratives, legends, poems, lyrics, oral texts, comic strips, recipes, among other genres. This exposure should always initially focus on meaning, and only then should it draw learners' attention to the structure(s) that will be taught. The text genres and activities proposed by PACE emphasize linguistic authenticity and encourage learners to understand longer and significant linguistic samples from the first classes on. It seeks to show learners, among other things, the functional relevance of the structure before inviting them to pay attention to its form. Thus, after making use of several resources to aiding learners to grasp the meaning of the text, the instructor must call their attention to various of its linguistic elements and, along with the learners, construct explanations to that structure. In regard to the methodology used in this research, we chose to collect data through grammaticality judgment and picture description tests. We also recorded a few interactions in order to use them as confirmatory evidence. Three intermediate level groups participated in the research and formed the three groups that received pedagogical intervention based on PACE, a traditional intervention and no treatment (Control). The design of the tests involved a Pre-test before the intervention, an immediate Post-test and a delayed Post-test after four weeks. The results show a superiority of PACE Model in terms of having refined both learners' judgment and production ability. The group treated with the traditional approach also benefited from instruction, but to a lesser extent. The performance of the Control group remained the same
Doutorado
Linguistica Aplicada
Doutor em Linguística Aplicada
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Welliver, Kelsey. "Prescribed vs. described: the variability of Spanish mood and tense selection in subordinate clauses of emotive verbs." Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/19041.
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Master of ArtsModern Languages
Earl K. Brown
Considerable research exists on subjunctive versus indicative mood patterns of use by both native and L2 speakers of Spanish. Though intermediate level textbooks expose L2 learners to the various tenses of the subjunctive mood, literature has shown that students still struggle with its implementation in their discourse, and various reasons are offered. Little has been done to analyze the prescribed uses that textbooks offer to students regarding mood selection and how these prescribed uses may differ from what Spanish speakers do in real life. The paper first offers a brief explanation of L2 learners’ mood selection in Spanish, followed by a description of Spanish moods and the realis/irrealis dichotomy that is often placed at the center of Spanish mood selection in the literature. Following this, the study offers an analysis of six intermediate level Spanish textbooks’ prescribed uses of two past subjunctive tenses (present perfect and imperfect), as prior research has shown an overlap in the functions of their indicative counterparts. The textbook analysis is then compared to a corpus composed of messages sent on the social media platform Twitter, containing one of six emotive phrases as main clauses, with three in present, three in preterit. The results show that Spanish-speaking users of Twitter employ the prescribed subjunctive mood more often when the verb in the main clause is expressed in the preterit instead of the present, though no such tendency is discussed in the textbooks. The results also reveal an overlap in the functions of the past tense subjunctive moods. The present perfect subjunctive (i.e. haya trabajado ‘has worked’) is used in the subordinate clause nearly 40% of the time with emotive verbal main clauses expressed in the preterit, where the imperfect subjunctive would normally be expected according to prescriptive norms. This pattern of use is not discussed in any of the analyzed textbooks. A discussion of the limitations of the study, implications for textbook writers and further research then follow.
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Ebert, Rebecca L. "Bridging Grammar and Speech Acoustics: Effects of Morpheme Status on Duration and Center of Gravity." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1616618286162091.
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Sabra, Alexandra. "Tense and Aspect in the English Language : A study about newly arrived students with Arabic as their mother tongue." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Engelska, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-32307.
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The purpose of this essay is to examine how newly arrived Arabic speaking students use tense and aspect in the English language and to find out whether their native language affects their learning. The study is based on both qualitative and quantitative methods where the focus is on different texts written by students. There were 17 students between the ages of 18-21 included in this study, and all participants are currently in different programs in upper secondary school in Sweden. According to the results, the students have difficulties regarding their usage of grammatical tense since the grammatical structure in the Arabic language differs from the English language. Their native language hinders their learning since there is a lot of interference from their mother tongue and this leads to various errors in their learning. Some errors are not due to interference, in fact, some of the errors indicate that some students struggle with the grammatical structure of the target language.
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Larsen, Lars Jacob Ege. "The Acquisition of Inflectional Verb Morphology Through Input Enhancement." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1040070794.
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Moomo, David O. "The meaning of the biblical Hebrew verbal conjugation from a crosslinguistic perspective." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53773.
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Thesis (DLitt)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: One of the questions that have challenged scholars of BH for many years is whether the language should be regarded as a tense, aspectual or modal language. In this thesis, I argue that the lack and application of a metacategory for describing any language in general, and BH in particular, has been the main problem of the debate. A sound methodology is needed in order to be able to make an argument that can be tested empirically. The present study presents such a viable methodological approach. Using Bhatian parameters for tense, aspect and modal prominent languages, crosslinguistic metacategories of tense, aspect and mood were developed. These were applied to BH and the outcome was the hypothesis that BH is an aspect-prominent language. After formulating the above-mentioned hypothesis for BH, a corpus had been selected in the light of which the hypothesis was tested. The result demonstrates that BH consistently maintains perfective and imperfective aspectual distinctions. It was found that even where aspectual distinctions are extended to modal categories, the distinction in meanings between the perfective and the imperfective forms of the BH verb are not neutralised. From these observations, it has been concluded that there is the need to revisit the semantics of Proto Semitic. A model like the one used in this study could be replicated in the study of Proto Semitic. Such a revisit, it is hypothesised, may give fresh insights into the verbal system of Proto Semitic in general and BH in particular
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Een van die vrae wat reeds vir baie jare vir kenners van Byblese Hebreeus (=BH) In uitdaging is, is of die taal 'n tempustaal, 'n aspektuele taal of 'n modale taal is. In hierdie tesis voer ek aan dat die gebrek aan die toepassing van 'n metakategorie vir die beskrywing van tale in die algemeen, en BH in die besonder, die hoof probleem in die debat is. 'n Deeglike begronde metodologie is nodig om 'n hipotese daar te stel wat empiries getoets kan word. Hierdie studie wil so 'n metodologie formuleer. Deur gebruik te maak van Bhat se parameters vir tale waarvan die tempus, aspek en modaliteit prominent is, is kruislinguistiese metakategorieë vir tempus, aspek en modaliteit ontwikkel. Hierdie metakategorieë is op BH toegepas en die resultaat daarvan was die hipotese dat BH 'n aspek-prominente taal is. Nadat die bogenoemde hipotese vir BH geformuleer is, is 'n korpus geselekteer in die lig waarvan hierdie hipotese getoets kon word. Die resultaat demonstreer dat BH konsekwent die perfektiewe en imperfektiewe aspektuele onderskeid handhaaf. Daar is gevind dat selfs wanneer aspektuele onderskeidings uitgebrei is na modale kategorieë, die onderskeid tussen die perfektiewe en die imperfektiewe vorme van die BH werkwoord nie geneutraliseer word me. Vanuit hierdie waarnemings is tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat dit nodig is om weer te gaan kyk na die semantiek van Proto-Semities. 'n Model soos die een wat in hierdie studie gebruik is, kan ook in die studie van Proto-Semities bebruik word. Die hipotese is dat so 'n hernude ondersoek nuwe insigte kan gee in die werkwoordsisteem van Proto-Semities in die algemeen en BH in die besonder.
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Nxumalo, Ntiyiso Elijah. "The deficient verb in Xitsonga." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50129.
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Thesis (DLitt)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.Full text to be digitised and attached to bibliographic record.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study examines the morpho-syntactic and semantic properties, specifically tense and aspectual properties, of deficient verbs in Xitsonga. Various properties of deficient verbs have given rise to a distinction in verbal categories. Among these a range of features are explored in the study with the aim of establishing whether they playa significant role in relevant linguistic questions: The research on the deficient verb involves questions from three theoretical areas, namely Syntax, Morphology and Semantics. Deficient verbs in Xitsonga and related African languages are generally subcategorized for a clausal complement as illustrated in the following example: [a-hi-hamba [hi-rima laha]] [We-did-usually [plough here]] In the above sentence the deficient verb is hamba and it is followed by a compulsory clause as complement. The main properties of deficient verbs explored in this study relate to the following phenomena: • The deficient verb determines the selection of the mood in Inflection of the clausal complement. • The clausal complement of a deficient verb must have compulsory agreement of its subject with the subject of the matrix clause. • The deficient verbs lack the property which is characteristic of the autonomous verbs i.e. that they may be extended by derivative affixes such as the applicative or causative. • Deficient verbs have distinctive semantic features which are related to two inflectional categories, i.e. aspect and tense. This study concludes that the deficient verbs may express several meanings, including meanings related to duration, habitual, frequentative, progressive, obligative, manner, continuative, concessive and completive.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die sintaktiese en semantiese, in die besonder die tydvorm- en aspek-eienskappe van hulpwerkwoorde in Xitsonga. 'n Verskeidenheid kenmerke van hulpwerkwoorde het daartoe aanleiding gegee dat 'n onderskeid getref word ten opsigte van werkwoordkategorieë. Hieronder word 'n verskeidenheid kenmerke ondersoek ten einde vas te stelof dit 'n beduidende rol speel in relevante linguistiese vrae. Die navorsing van hierdie studie behels vrae vanuit drie teoretiese velde, naamlik die morfologie, sintaksis, en semantiek. Hulpwerkwoorde in Xitsonga en verwante Afrikatale word gesubkategoriseer vir 'n sinskomplement, soos geïllustreer in die volgende voorbeeld: [A-hi-hamba [hi-rima laha]] [Ons het gewoonlik [ons ploeg hier]], d.i. ons het gewoonlik hier geploeg In die bogenoemde sin is hamba die hulpwerkwoord en dit word gevolg deur 'n verpligte sinskomplement. Die sentrale kenmerke van hulpwerkwoorde wat in hierdie studie ondersoek word hou verband met die volgende verskynsels: • Die hulpwerkwoord bepaal die seleksie van modus in die Infleksie van die sinskomplement. • Die sinskomplement van 'n hulpwerkwoord moet verpligte kongruensie toon van die subjek daarvan met die subjek van die matriksin. • Die hulpwerkwoord kort die eienskap wat kenmerkend is van outonome werkwoorde, naamlik, dat hulle afleidingsuffikse kan neem, soos die applikatief -el- en die kousatief -is. • Hulpwerkwoorde het onderskeidende semantiese kenmerke wat verband hou met twee infleksie kategorieë, nl. aspek en tydvorm. Die studie kon tot die gevolgtrekking dat hulpwerkwoorde 'n verskeidenheid betekennis kan uitdruk, insluitende betekenisse wat verband hou met tydsduur, habitueel, frekwentatief, progressief, verpligting, wyse, voortdurendheid, toegewing en kompletief.
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Arvigo, Maria Cláudia 1980. "Tempo e aspecto gramatical no Déficit Específico de Linguagem." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/271189.
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Orientador: Ruth Elisabeth Vasconcellos LopesDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: Crianças acometidas pelo Déficit Específico de Linguagem (DEL) apresentam dificuldades na composição da estrutura gramatical de sua língua. Uma das dificuldades mais documentadas refere-se à morfologia de tempo, sendo que esta categoria funcional pode ser omitida assistematicamente ou substituída de forma irregular. Tempo e Aspecto encontram-se relacionados intrinsecamente, impossibilitando o estudo do primeiro sem a observação do segundo. Estudos anteriores referem que crianças com DEL apresentam bom reconhecimento de temporalidade (passado, presente e futuro), mas encontram relativa dificuldade em compreender a relação entre eventos completos/ incompletos e o passado progressivo (aspecto gramatical imperfectivo). Este comportamento seria resultado de uma baixa sensibilidade às propriedades aspectuais, evidenciada pela pouca ou nenhuma variação do desempenho com relação ao aspecto lexical. Tais resultados referem-se a pesquisas com crianças anglófonas, já o presente estudo buscou verificar se o mesmo ocorre em crianças com DEL adquirindo o português brasileiro. Resultados encontrados demonstram que os indivíduos participantes apresentam variações em seu comportamento que podem ser atribuídas à presença do aspecto lexical, enfraquecendo a hipótese da insensibilidade aspectual, ao menos no que se refere ao português brasileiro. Outra questão abordada foi a distinção entre evento e não-evento por meio de pares de figuras representando um evento e um objeto tanto com verbos e nomes existentes na língua como com palavras novas ou pseudopalavras. O que se viu foi o melhor desempenho com verbos, demonstrando sensibilidade às pistas morfológicas ao menos com palavras pertencentes ao léxico
Abstract: Children affected by the Specific Language Impairment (SLI) have difficulties with the composition of the grammatical structure of their language. One of the most documented difficulties concerns the tense morphology, a functional category that can be unsystematically omitted or irregularly replaced. Tense and Aspect are intrinsically linked, making it impossible to study the first without observing the latter. According to previous researches, children with SLI show good recognition of temporality (past, present and future), but find relative difficulty in understanding the relationship between complete/ incomplete events and past progressive (imperfective grammatical aspect). This behavior would be the result of a low sensitivity to the aspectual proprieties, evidenced by little or no change in performance with regards to lexical aspect. These results have been seen in other researches with English-speaking children, and this study sought to verify whether the same occurs in children with SLI acquiring Brazilian Portuguese. Results have shown that individuals vary in their behavior, which can be attributed to the presence of lexical aspect, weakening the hypothesis of aspectual insensitivity, at least in relation to Brazilian Portuguese. Another issue discussed was the distinction between event and nonevent by means of pairs of figures representing an event and an object with both real verbs and real nouns as with new verbs and nouns or pseudo-words. What we saw was that the best performance happened with verbs, demonstrating sensitivity to morphological clues at least with words belonging to the lexicon
Mestrado
Linguistica
Mestre em Linguística
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Gonçalves, Solange Aparecida 1960. "Tempo, aspecto e modo em contextos discursivos no Kaingang Sul (Jê)." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/268993.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Wilmar da Rocha D'AngelisTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: Neste trabalho busco descrever o funcionamento das categorias temporais, aspectuais, de modo e de modalidade na língua Kaingang Sul (Jê) principalmente a partir de observações de seu emprego em contextos discursivos orais e escritos. Tais categorias são, em sua maioria, gramaticalizadas e abertamente marcadas quando relevantes para o contexto linguístico. Para minha proposição, dividi a tese em 6 capítulos e uma conclusão. No capítulo 1 discorro brevemente sobre a motivação do trabalho e faço algumas observações introdutórias que ajudarão na leitura do restante do texto. Informações sobre quem são os Kaingang também podem ser encontradas. Um sub-item aborda questões de metodologia e trabalho de campo. O capítulo traz ainda uma síntese de informações sobre a língua que tornará mais fácil a leitura e a compreensão dos dados ao longo da tese. O capítulo 2 trata da perspectiva temporal no Kaingang Sul. No capítulo 3 apresento a questão de Aspectualidade, mostrando que há distinção entre as perspectivas Perfectiva e Imperfectiva na língua. O capítulo 4 traz considerações sobre operadores de Modo e de Modalidade. Em um 5º capítulo estão sendo mostrados os diferentes usos ou papéis que os verbos de 'posição' (ou Posicionais) podem exercer na língua Kaingang. Também se poderá observar que há marcadores que aparecem principalmente em narrativas e estarão no capítulo 6 (que faz referência às relações discursivas), onde além de mostrar alguns dos operadores discursivos, também faço uma apresentação e discussão sobre estratégias de evidencialidade utilizadas em diferentes contextos
Abstract: In this work I try describe the functioning of temporal, aspectual, of mood and modality categories in Southern Kaingang (Ge) mainly from observation of its use in oral and written discursive contexts. These categories are mostly grammaticalized and openly marked as relevant to the linguistic context. For my proposition, I divided this thesis in six chapters, and a conclusion. In Chapter 1, I briefly discuss the motivation of this research, and make some introductory remarks that will help in reading the further chapters. Information about who are the Kaingang can also be found. Another item deals with issues of methodology and field work. The chapter also contains summary information about the language that will make easier reading and understand the data along the thesis. The Chapter 2 deals with the Time perspective in Southern Kaingang. In Chapter 3, I present the question of aspectuality, showing that there is distinction between Perfective and Imperfect perspectives in the language. Chapter 4 presents considerations for operators of mood and modality. In 5th chapter are shown the different uses or roles that the Positional Verbs can play in Kaingang language. There are markers that appear primarily in narratives; and they are in Chapter 6 (which refers to the discursive relations), and also are showed some discursive operators. This last chapter brings a presentation and discussion about strategies of evidentiality used in different contexts
Doutorado
Linguistica
Doutor em Linguística
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Wachtmeister, Bermúdez Fernando. "Evidencialidad : La codificación lingüística del punto de vista." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Spanish, Portuguese and Latin American Studies, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-806.
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This work investigates into the semantic domain of evidentiality and its grammatical expression in Spanish. A model for describing the evidentiality domain is outlined, which emphasises the scalar nature of the proposed parameters: information source (subject-internal ↔ external), access to information (exclusive ↔ universal) and mode of access (sensory ↔ cognitive), all of which are construed as bipolar continua. Support is also provided for the relevance of using the notions of deixis and perspective in describing evidentiality.
The prevailing view in current research is that of evidentiality being a grammatical category to be analysed separately from other evidential strategies. The present study challenges this view as it attempts to broaden the perspective on how evidential meanings, expressed by various grammatical means, fit into an overall picture of human cognition and communication patterns. The theoretical framework adopted is that of Cognitive Grammar, which, it is argued, is particularly suited for investigating evidentiality, in particular due to the central role given to perspective, metaphor and category fuzziness in describing grammar and grammatical structures.
Four articles constitute the body of this work, in which four different prototypical aspects of the encoding of evidentiality into grammatical devices in Spanish are addressed. In the first, the marking of common knowledge in consecutive connectives is argued to depend on a perspective shift; the second proposes the evidential values of tense morphemes to be their core meaning, time deixis being an inference; in the third and the forth it is claimed that the evidential and modal effects of both subject-raising and clitic climbing are determined through the attribution of varying degrees of prominence to the relational participants.
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Lareau, François. "Vers une grammaire d'unification Sens-Texte du français : le temps verbal dans l'interface sémantique-syntaxe." Thèse, Paris 7, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6421.
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Pinon, Catherine. "La nébuleuse de kān : classification des différents emplois de kāna/yakūnu à partir d'un corpus d'arabe contemporain." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM3078/document.
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Ce travail a pour objet d'étudier les emplois du verbe-outil kāna en arabe contemporain. 1ère partie : nous commençons par faire la synthèse des descriptions de kāna chez les grammairiens arabes et arabisants, en nous intéressant au contenu de ces descriptions ainsi qu'à leur forme et à leur adéquation avec la langue décrite. 2ème partie : pour travailler sur la langue contemporaine, nous optons pour la méthodologie de la linguistique de corpus. Après une discussion théorique et un état de la recherche en linguistique de corpus appliquée à la langue arabe, nous réfléchissons à l'élaboration de notre propre corpus, un corpus numérique, multigénérique et diatopique d'arabe contemporain écrit non dialectal. Comprenant 1,5 millions de mots, il contient à part égale des textes écrits après 2002 provenant de trois genres (blogs, littérature, presse) et de sept pays (Arabie Saoudite, Égypte, Liban, Maroc, Syrie, Tunisie, Yémen). 3ème partie : nous classifions les 15 000 occurrences du verbe kāna extraites de notre corpus et analysons leurs emplois. Nous quantifions les différents types d'emploi, de structures et d'expressions en nous efforçant de dégager les valeurs portées par ce verbe, en particulier les valeurs modales. Nous plaçons cette étude dans le cadre d'une écologie de la langue en étudiant le milieu diatopique et générique duquel les occurrences proviennentThis dissertation studies the various uses of the verb-tool kāna in contemporary Arabic. Part I. We start by reviewing how kāna has been described by Arab grammarians and Arabic specialists. We look at both content and form, evaluating the extent to which these descriptions conform to the language they describe. Part II. In order to examine the contemporary Arabic language we chose to use the corpus linguistics methodology. After outlining some theoretical considerations and providing a state of the art in corpus linguistics applied to the Arabic language, we discuss the constitution of our own corpus. This digital corpus includes three types of texts (blogs, literature, press) from seven different countries (Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Lebanon, Morocco, Syria, Tunisia and Yemen). Numbering altogether 1.5 million words, the texts were all published after 2002. Part III. We classify 15,000 instances of kāna and analyze their uses. We quantify the various functions, patterns and expressions through which kāna is deployed, seeking to identify the values conveyed by the verb, especially modal values. We locate this study within an ecology of language by scrutinizing the diatopic and generic settings of the various occurrences
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Illamola, i. Gómez Cristina. "Contacto de lenguas y la expresión de la posterioridad temporal en el español de Cataluña." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/292244.
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Varios estudios realizados en las últimas décadas del siglo XX y las primeras del XXI demuestran que el futuro simple en español (cantaré) está en pleno retroceso en Hispanoamérica y en el resto de zonas peninsulares para la expresión de eventos prospectivos frente a la forma perifrástica IR A + INFINITIVO (voy a cantar). Algunos estudios que lo reafirman son los de Miró y Pineda, 1990; Gómez Manzano, 1992; Almeida y Díaz, 1998; Troya Déniz, 1998; Sedano, 2006; Melis 2006. No obstante, en los territorios de habla catalana se considera que, respecto del español general (peninsular y americano), la tendencia es inversa: la estructura perifrástica es menos productiva que la sintética (Ramírez-Parra y Blas Arroyo, 2000; Buzón García, 2013, en áreas de la Comunidad Valenciana, e Illamola, 2008 y 2013, en zonas de Cataluña).
La tesis doctoral que se presenta tiene como objetivos principales analizar, por un lado, la distribución de la forma sintética –RÉ y de la construcción perifrástica IR A + INFINITIVO en contextos prospectivos para comprobar en qué medida sigue la tendencia señalada para el español general. Y, por otro, estudiar esta variación en el marco de los fenómenos de contacto de lenguas, en tanto que se examina a partir de un corpus de producciones orales escolares de informantes bilingües castellano-catalán, entre 11 y 16 años, de dos municipios de Cataluña —Mataró y Manlleu— y en dos momentos temporales distintos —cuando cursaban 6º de primaria y, cuatro años más tarde, cuando cursaban 4º de la ESO.
Concretamente, se quiere constatar la influencia del catalán en la producción de enunciados con referencia temporal prospectiva en castellano, expresados mediante una u otra forma. Si bien en catalán existe la perífrasis ANAR A + INFINITIVO, esta no acepta el valor de futuridad y mantiene el valor etimológico de movimiento y de finalidad. En cambio, en castellano, sí es posible dicho valor (y otros modales), dado el diferente grado de gramaticalización que presenta esa estructura en esta lengua.
Por lo tanto, se considera que la imposibilidad que presenta el catalán para formular enunciados prospectivos mediante la construcción perifrástica con el verbo IR repercute en el empleo que hacen los informantes de una u otra forma de expresión en castellano. Así, aquellos individuos cuya lengua inicial sea el catalán producen mayor número de formas sintéticas y, por contra, aquellos informantes cuya lengua inicial es el castellano emplean formas analíticas en mayor medida.
Se parte, por tanto, de la hipótesis de que la lengua inicial de los informantes es uno de los factores que inciden en el uso de una u otra variante para la expresión de futuro. Ahora bien, además de las variables clásicas que emplea la sociolingüística variacionista (sexo, edad), se incluyen como posibles condicionantes de este particular empleo nuevas variables independientes que permiten examinar más de cerca este fenómeno y las prácticas lingüísticas de los individuos; a saber: uso de castellano en el seno familiar, empleo de castellano en las interacciones entre amigos, competencia oral declarada y consumo de programas televisivos en castellano y en catalán. Todas estas variables inciden en los usos y prácticas lingüísticos de los individuos y, en consecuencia, condicionan en mayor o menor medida el empleo del futuro simple de indicativo y la perífrasis.
En conclusión, en esta tesis se constata, en primer lugar, que los individuos analizados emplean de forma profusa la forma sintética, de modo que la tendencia es contraria a la constatada en otras zonas castellanohablantes monolingües y que puede hablarse de un fenómeno de convergencia lingüística, donde el sistema del castellano se está acercando paulatinamente al del catalán. Y, en segundo lugar, que el factor que de forma significativa condiciona el uso de la forma perifrástica es el sexo, aunque se observan correlaciones entre el empleo de IR A + INFINITIVO y la lengua inicial, la competencia oral declarada en castellano y el consumo televisivo: cuanto mayor es la presencia de castellano en estas esferas, mayor es la producción de FA.Several studies in the last decades of the 20th and early 21st century show that, in Latin America and the rest of the Iberian Peninsula, there is a clear decline in the use of the future simple (cantaré) to express prospective events; the periphrastic construction IR A +INFINITIVO (voy a cantar) prevailing over it (Miró & Pineda, 1990; Gómez Manzano, 1992; Almeida & Diaz, 1998; Troy Déniz, 1998; Sedano, 2006; Melis 2006). However, in the Catalan-speaking territories it is considered that, in contrast to general Spanish (Peninsular and American), the tendency is the opposite: the periphrastic structure is less productive than the synthetic (Ramirez-Parra & Blas Arroyo, 2000; Buzón García, 2013, in Valencia, and Illamola, 2008, 2013 in Catalonia). The first aim of this doctoral thesis is to analyze, on the one hand, the distribution of the synthetic form (futuro simple) and the periphrastic construction (IR A + INFINITIVO) in prospective contexts, in order to see to what extent the described tendency for general Spanish remains. And, on the other hand, to study this variation in the context of language contact phenomena, by means of an oral corpus of 11-16 year old Spanish-Catalan individuals, from two cities in Catalonia —Mataró and Manlleu—, and at two different moments: during 6th grade and, four years later, when they were in 4th grade of ESO. It is assumed, therefore, that the L1 of the informants is one of the factors that influences the use of one or other variant for expressing the future. Now, apart from the classic variables used by variationist studies (sex, age), we include new independent variables as potential determinants of this particular use in order to better understand this phenomenon; namely use of Spanish in the family, use of Spanish in interactions between friends, declared oral competence and the consumption of TV programs in Spanish and Catalan. All these variables affect the uses and linguistic practices of individuals and, consequently, determine to a greater or lesser extent the use of simple future indicative and periphrastic construction. In conclusion, this thesis finds, first, that the individuals analyzed used the FS to a high degree, demonstrating that the tendency is clearly the opposite to that found in monolingual Spanish areas. Therefore, we can consider it a phenomenon of linguistic convergence where the Spanish linguistic system is gradually approaching that of Catalan. And, second, that the factor that most significantly affects the use of the periphrastic construction is sex, although there is a correlation between the use of IR A + INFINITIVO and L1, declared oral competence in Spanish and TV programs in Spanish: the higher the presence of Spanish in these areas, the greater the production of FA.
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Pettersson, Theresia. "Stockholms stads tänkeböcker : Funktionell texthistoria 1476-1626." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för svenska och flerspråkighet, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-142110.
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The aim of this thesis is to shed light on language variation and language change in judicial protocols from the municipal court in Stockholm during the period 1476−1626. These documents provide a unique insight into late medieval and early modern use of written vernacular. The main material consists of 700 courtroom notes from seven different periods of time, a hundred documents from each year: 1476, 1499, 1525, 1550, 1575, 1600, and 1626. The study draws theoretically on functional linguistics; more specifically, it utilizes Halliday’s systemic-functional grammar, Ulf Teleman’s (1985) theoretical model of language change, as well as dialogism. The results are presented in four analytical chapters. In the first of these, the aim is to systemize the somewhat heterogeneous material, and the corpus is divided in two different ways: one due to judicial content (‘categories of matter’), and one due to textual structure (‘discourse levels’). These systemizations also serve as a methodological foundation for the lexicogrammatical analysis in the following chapters. A main result is that multi-party cases over time develop a functional need for new communication strategies, while unilateral cases already from the beginning seem to bear a more deep-rooted textual stability. In addition, there is a significant increase of discourse level 3, representing communicative events outside the courtroom, in multi-party cases found in texts from 1600 and 1626. In the two following chapters, lexicogrammatical resources of ‘personal reference’ and ‘time and tense’ are analysed. The texts realize different patterns of anaphora, where individuation explains much of the variation: texts with high degree of individuation (criminal cases) materialize a high degree of pronouns, whereas texts regarding property issues materialize low individuation with few pronouns and many full NPs. Regarding the use of tense, the past tense is the most common tense. Still, the study shows an diachronic increase in the use of present tense. The last analytical chapter examines the use of three lexical features: judicial pronouns; word pairs; and nominalizations. The results show that judicial pronouns and word pairs typically occur in registrations matters; nominalizations occur throughout the genre. In the last chapter, the results and implications of the thesis are summated and discussed. The results point towards a pragmatic use of the written language. Although the lexicogrammatical resources are the same during the period, the usages vary. Hence, linguistic variation and change are highly motivated by an intercommunion of contextual factors such as a more solid administrative literacy, a changing litigation, and an increase of legal demands for linguistic precision and documentation. It is argued that the language variety in the genre can be understood as instantiations of different registers.
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Hernández, Puertas Tamara. "Corrective Feedback in the EFL Classroom: Grammar Checker vs. Teacher’s Feedback." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.6035/14110.2022.149225.
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The aim of this doctoral thesis is to compare the feedback provided by the teacher to that obtained by the software called Grammar Checker on grammatical errors in the written production of English as a foreign language students. Traditionally, feedback has been considered as one of the three theoretical conditions for language learning (along with input and output) and, for this reason, extensive research has been carried out on who should provide it, when and the level of explicitness. However, there are far fewer studies that analyse the use of e-feedback programs as a complement or alternative to those offered by the teacher. Participants in our study were divided into two experimental groups and one control group, and three grammatical aspects that are usually susceptible to error in English students at B2 level were examined: prepositions, articles, and simple past-present/past perfect dichotomy. All participants had to write four essays. The first experimental group received feedback from the teacher and the second received it through the Grammar Checker program. The control group did not get feedback on the grammatical aspects of the analysis but on other linguistic forms not studied. The results obtained point, first of all, to the fact that the software did not mark grammatical errors in some cases. This means that students were unable to improve their written output in terms of linguistic accuracy after receiving feedback from the program. In contrast, students who received feedback from the teacher did improve, although the difference was not significant. Second, the two experimental groups outperformed the control group in the use of the grammatical forms under analysis. Thirdly, regardless of the feedback offered, the two groups showed improvement in the use of grammatical aspects in the long term, and finally, no differences in attitude towards the feedback received and its impact on the results were found in either of the experimental groups. Our results open up new lines for investigating corrective feedback in the English as a foreign language classroom, since more studies are needed that, on the one hand, influence the improvement of electronic feedback programs by making them more accurate and effective in the detection of errors. On the other hand, software such as Grammar Checker can be a complement to the daily practice of the foreign language teacher, helping in the first instance to correct common and recurring mistakes, even more so when our research has shown that attitudes towards this type of electronic feedback are positive and does not imply an intrusion into the classroom, thus helping in the acquisition of the English language.Programa de Doctorat en Llengües Aplicades, Literatura i Traducció
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Maruenda, Sonia B. "A minimalist approach to the compositionality of aspect in clauses of simple tenses in Spanish /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8385.
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Rodrigues, Angelica Terezinha Carmo. "Eu fui e fiz esta tese : as construções do tipo foi fez no portugues do Brasil." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/271023.
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Orientador: Maria Luiza BragaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: Na presente tese, investigo as ¿construções do tipo foi fez¿, doravante CFFs, presentes na modalidade falada do Português do Brasil (PB). Essas construções apresentam propriedades morfossintáticas bem definidas, além de desempenharem um papel particular na situação de fala. Esta tese, desenvolvida sob o paradigma do funcionalismo lingüístico (vertente americana), se baseia em dados oriundos de amostras reais de fala, coletadas a partir do banco de dados constituído por pesquisadores e bolsistas do Projeto PEUL da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Para sustentar minhas hipóteses e examinar alguns fatores tradicionalmente utilizados nas pesquisas sociolingüísticas, trabalhei com 16 grupos de fatores que foram operacionalizados através do pacote VARBRUL, principalmente dos programas MAKECELL e CROSSTAB. As CFFs se formam a partir de uma seqüência mínima de V1 e V2, em que V1 corresponde a um dos verbos ir, chegar e pegar e V2 é relativamente livre. Essas construções podem ocorrer sob a forma de dois tipos distintos. No tipo 1, V1 e V2 são interligados pela conjunção e. No tipo 2, V1 e V2 apenas se justapõem. Ademais, V1 e V2 partilham flexões de tempo e pessoa e têm sujeitos correferenciais. Quanto à sua função, as CFFs atuam no nível discursivo-pragmático, dramatizando ou enfatizando os eventos descritos em V2. Uma vez que, além das propriedades exclusivas de sua categoria, apresentam ainda outras que são compartilhadas por diferentes tipos de construções, as CFFs não se encaixam no modelo clássico de categorização. Propus que apenas um modelo mais flexível, como aquele que prevê a existência de semelhança de famílias e de protótipos, é adequado para dar conta dos dados. Embora as CFFs possam ser concebidas como um membro de um continuum de construções de predicação complexa, com ocorrência em várias línguas, no que se restringe ao PB, as CFFs permanecem distintas de todos os outros tipos de construções. Tendo em vista as mudanças sofridas por ir, chegar e pegar que levaram ao desenvolvimento das CFFs, atesto que esses verbos percorrem os mesmos estágios iniciais previstos nos processos de gramaticalização, sem que, no entanto, tenham adquirido uma função gramatical prototípica, como tempo, aspecto e modo, mas sim uma função pragmática. Ao considerar que os verbos ir, chegar e pegar se gramaticalizaram, dando origem às CFFs, deixo claro que esses verbos exercem, nessas construções, uma função diversa daquelas originalmente previstas nos estudos de gramaticalização
Abstract: The present thesis examines the ¿foi fez constructions¿ (Lit. ¿Went Did constructions¿), henceforth FFCs, in spoken Brazilian Portuguese. FFCs exhibit definite morphosyntactic properties associated to the uses of the verbs ir (go), chegar (arrive) e pegar (take) and they also play a specific role on the speech situation. This thesis is developed under the functionalism paradigm (American version) and is based on data, collected from the PEUL Project database. In order to support my hypothesis and analyze some traditional sociolinguistics features, I adopted the methodological principles from the Theory of Linguistic Variation to make a quantitative analysis, using the VARBRUL, mainly the programs MAKECELL and CROSSTAB. FFCs consist minimally of a sequence of V1 and V2, where V1 and V2 share inflections for verb tense and subject. V1 is one of the verbs ir ¿go¿, chegar ¿arrive¿, and, pegar ¿take¿ and V2 is relatively open. V1 and V2 can be contiguous, type 1, or can be connected by e ¿and¿, type 2. The chief function of V1 in FFCs appears to be a discourse-pragmatic one, dramatizing or emphasizing the events codified by V2. FFCs do not constitute a sharply bounded grammatical category. As they share a number of resemblances with some other major construction, they cannot be analyzed in terms of discrete classical categories. I suggested that only a more flexible kind of categorization, as family resemblance and prototypic approaches, is appropriate to account for the data. Notwithstanding FFCs are understood here as a member of a group of complex predicates crosslinguistically observed, as far as Portuguese is concerned, they remain a distinctive class of grammatical construction. Furthermore I verified that ir, chegar e pegar have undergone changes, which result on the development of FFCs and concur with the first stages of grammaticalization. However, I stress that FFCs do not developed a prototypical grammatical function, like tense, aspect and mood, traditionally used to account for grammaticalization. Rather they developed a pragmatic one. Although I consider the development of FFCs as a result of a grammaticalization process, it is necessary to emphasize that they acquire a function different from those expected for grammaticalized items
Doutorado
Sociolinguistica
Doutor em Linguística
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Pais, Artur Geraldo [UNESP]. "As formas de pretérito do modo indicativo no Ensino Fundamental II: reflexões e propostas de atividades." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/147128.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Os recentes materiais didáticos destinados à aprendizagem de Língua Portuguesa no Ensino Fundamental II têm procurado desenvolver um trabalho de gramática direcionado aos mais diversos gêneros textuais. No que diz respeito ao ensino dos verbos, particularmente as formas de pretérito do modo indicativo, gêneros como relato de experiência, notícia de jornal, crônica, biografia, entre outros, contemplam o conteúdo das formas de passado no português brasileiro. Entretanto, percebe-se que ainda persiste um mero ensino das características morfológicas desse tempo verbal. Noções de aspecto, modalidade e uso são deixadas em segundo plano, ou simplesmente ignoradas. O Currículo do Estado de São Paulo propõe, com base nos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais, que o ensino gramatical seja voltado para o texto em seus mais variados gêneros, e que tenha respaldo na língua em situações de uso real. Por outro lado, os materiais de apoio do Currículo (Caderno do Aluno e Caderno do Professor) não concentram o ensino da gramática a essas situações de uso e acabam seguindo o mesmo padrão adotado pelos livros didáticos, nos quais sequer existem menções a valores aspectuais e modais dos verbos. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar os resultados acerca da investigação e análise da abordagem dada às concepções de ensino de língua e aos estudos gramaticais nos materiais de apoio do Currículo do Estado de São Paulo e em alguns livros didáticos de Língua Portuguesa de 6º e 7º anos do Ensino Fundamental, com um recorte dado aos verbos e, particularmente, às formas flexionadas nos tempos do pretérito do modo indicativo no português do Brasil. Considerando os conceitos de tempo e de aspecto verbal e as diferentes perspectivas de abordagem dos tempos de pretérito do modo indicativo na Língua Portuguesa, esta pesquisa, de caráter qualitativo, consiste na análise dos documentos oficiais e dos materiais didáticos utilizados na Educação Básica, e apresenta, como proposta de intervenção, um Caderno Complementar de Atividades para o professor aplicar junto aos alunos do Ensino Fundamental II, com exercícios que contemplem o passado dos verbos em português, dentro de uma perspectiva semântica e funcional, em diferentes gêneros textuais. A presente pesquisa também apresenta uma análise da elaboração do Caderno Complementar e da aplicação das primeiras atividades com alunos do 7º ano de uma escola pública da cidade de Assis, SP.
The newest schoolbooks for the learning of Portuguese language in Elementary Education try to develop a grammar teaching according to various text genres. When the subject is the teaching of verbs, particularly the forms of the past tenses in the indicative mood, text genres like experience report, newspaper report, chronicle, biography, and many others, include the contents of the forms of the verbs in the past in Brazilian Portuguese. However, it is very clear that there is still a mere teaching of the morphological characteristics of this tense. The verbal aspect, the modal verbs and the functions of verbs are not the main topic in the studies, or they are simply ignored. The Currículo do Estado de São Paulo – an official document that indicates the contents to be taught in public schools in São Paulo State – proposes, based on the PCN (Brazilian National Curriculum Parameters), that the grammar teaching must be focused on the text in its several genres, and has to consider the language in real use situations. On the other hand, the Currículo support materials (student’s and teacher’s notebooks) do not consider these situations in the grammar teaching, and the approach follows the same pattern adopted by the textbooks, in which there is not any mention about aspect values or modal verbs. The aim of this work is to present the results on the research and analysis of the approach of the language teaching concepts in the support materials of the Currículo do Estado de São Paulo and in some textbooks of the 6th and the 7th years in elementary school, with the focus on the grammatical studies about the verbs and, particularly, their inflected forms in the past tenses in the indicative mood, in Brazilian Portuguese. Considering the concepts of tense and verbal aspect, and the different perspectives of approach to the past tenses in the indicative mood in Portuguese, this qualitative research analyzes the official documents and the teaching materials used in Elementary Education, and presents, as a proposal of intervention, a Complementary Activities Notebook for the teacher’s work with the elementary school students, with exercises that include the verbs in the past in Portuguese, in a semantic and functional perspective, in different genres. This research also analyzes the development of that Complementary Notebook and the results of implementing its first activities with students in a 7th year at a public school in Assis, São Paulo State.
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Derraz, Naoual. "Temps et aspect en anglais et en arabe." Thesis, Paris 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA030053.
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Nous avons argumenté, dans cette thèse, en faveur de l’idée selon laquelle l’anglais et l’arabe, deux langues très différentes, possèdent, l’une et l’autre, un système temporel et aspectuel. Ce point de vue a nécessité l’étude d’autres aspects des deux langues. C’est pour cela que nous ne nous sommes pas limitée à étudier uniquement les deux formes perfective (FP) et imperfective (FI) en arabe et les formes équivalentes en anglais. Nous avons également traité, pour les deux langues, la forme participiale, le système négatif, les adverbes temporels, le mode, et la modalité. Nous avons conclu que le temps et l’Aktionsart restent invariables d’une langue à l’autre et que seul l’aspect grammatical varie selon les langues. De fait, l’aspect morphologique détermine le temps en arabe. Nous avons essayé d’expliquer pourquoi Neg sélectionne FI et proposé que FI apparaît en bas de la structure et qu'elle est bloquée par Neg. FI est marquée pour [+Asp], contrairement à FP qui est [+ T]. Nous avons suggéré, finalement, que l’imperfectif en arabe fonctionne comme un infinitif, marqué pour les traits [-T] et [+Agr]Although English and Arabic are typologically two very different languages, we have argued in this thesis that both possess a temporal and an aspectual system. This view required the study of other aspects of these two languages. That's why we have not limited our study to only perfective (PF) and imperfective (IF) forms in Arabic and their equivalent in English. We also studied the participial form, the negative system, temporal adverbs, mood and modality. We concluded that tense and Aktionsart remain unchanged from one language to another and only the grammatical aspect varies according to the different languages. In fact, morphological aspect determines tense in Arabic. We tried to explain why Neg selects IF and proposed that IF appears at the bottom of the structure and it is blocked by Neg. IF is [+Asp], contrary to PF which is marked for [+T]. We suggested, finally, that the imperfective in Arabic functions like an infinitive with the ! features [-T] and [+Agr]
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Bashir, Ahmed Mustafa Aamir. "Temps et aspect en arabe : étude comparative avec le français." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCC030.
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Le sujet de cette recherche, intitulé Temps et Aspect en arabe. Étude comparative avec le français, porte sur une étude comparative du fonctionnement du temps et de l’aspect dans les deux langues. Le présent travail décrit le système temporel de la langue et étudie les procédures de fonctionnement du temps dans le récit et les effets de sens relevant des différentes procédures de l’énonciation du temps.En effet, notre étude n’est pas uniquement une étude à perspective contrastive de l’arabe et du français. Elle a aussi pour but d’éclairer le processus de production écrite des étudiants soudanais quant à l’expression du temps. Nous recueillerons dans un premier temps un corpus de productions écrits d’étudiants soudanais. Nous avons consacré dans un deuxième temps notre étude à un corpus littéraire (deux récits : Saison de la migration vers le nord et Le Messie du Darfour)The subject of this research, entitled Tenses and Aspect in Arabic: a comparative study with French, consists of a comparative study of the functioning of tenses and aspect in the languages in question. This work describes the tense systems of both languages: it studies howt heses tenses function in narration and the effects of meaning under the different procedures of the enunciation of tenses. However, our study is not only a contrastive study of Arabic and French tenses. It also aims to shed light on the written production process of Sudanese students as regards the expression of tenses. We will first collect a corpus of written productions of Sudanese students. We also based our study on a literary corpus (two stories: Season of the migration to the north and The Messiah of Darfur)
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Haß, Norman. "Doppelte Zeitformen im Deutschen und im Französischen." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BOR30075.
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Le français et l’allemand connaissent des formes verbales rares que la linguistique appelle « formes surcomposées ». Dans les deux langues, elles se composent d’une forme de l’auxiliaire avoir (haben) ou être (sein), du participe passé (Partizip II) du verbe principal et du participe passé (Partizip II) du même auxiliaire. Il s’agit de constructions du type : Das hat er mir gesagt gehabt. Ce couteau a eu coupé. Pour les deux langues, la description de leur valeur sémantique pose beaucoup de problèmes. Pour le français, il a déjà été démontré que les formes en question pourraient prendre des fonctions qui dépassent les approches classiques aspecto-temporelles. On évoque notamment une fonction expressive. Pour l‘allemand nous avons essayé, en nous basant notamment sur des corpus d’allemand parlé, de déterminer des contextes dans lesquels se révèle le caractère expressif de ses formes. Il s’est avéré que la fonction expressive en français est probablement le résultat du contraste avec la forme composée simple et non-marquée tandis qu’en allemand cette expressivité émane plutôt de la possibilité du participe II de l’auxiliaire de se chevaucher en tant que troisième temps d’évaluation avec le participe II du verbe principal. Notre propre proposition pour l’analyse et l’interprétation des formes verbales surcomposées en allemand et en français considère que les formes surcomposées dans les deux langues disposent d’un auxiliaire qui est lui-même composé, c’est-à-dire d’un auxiliaire au parfait dans le cas d’un passé surcomposé /doppeltes Perfekt ou bien d’un auxiliaire au plus-que-parfait/Plusquamperfekt dans le cas d’un plus-que-parfait surcomposé /doppeltes Plusquamperfekt. De cette manière, ces formes se caractérisent par un troisième temps d’évaluation au passé. Comme nous l’avons montré, l‘allemand et le français disposent des procédés différents afin de positionner ce temps d’évaluation en fonction des possibilités offertes par chaque langue. Le concept du troisième temps d’évaluation est, selon nous, mieux capable d’expliquer les différentes utilisations des temps surcomposés que d’autres propositions existantesRare verbal constructions, which in linguistics are called “double compounds”, exist in German and French. In both languages, they consist of a form of the auxiliary avoir/haben or être/sein, the past participle of the main verb as well as the past participle of the auxiliary. We talk about constructions of the following type: Das hat er mir gesagt gehabt. Ce couteau a eu coupé. For both languages, the description of their semantic value poses many problems. For French, the proposal has already been made that the form in question could take functions which are beyond the classical aspecto-temporal approaches. Attention has been drawn especially to the surcomposé’s expressive function. For German, too, we have tried to identify contexts, in which these forms reveal their expressive qualities. We have reasons to assume that the expressive functions of the French surcomposé result from a contrast with the unmarked passé composé whereas in German, expressivity comes rather from the possibility of the past participle of the auxiliary to overlap with the past participle of the main verb. Our own proposition for the analysis and the interpretation of double compounds in German and French regards the constructions in question as forms with a complex auxiliary. In the case of a double perfect, the auxiliary is a perfect itself. In the case of a double pluperfect, the auxiliary is a pluperfect itself. Seen like this, double compounds are characterised by a third evaluation time, which, as we have shown, can be placed differently according to the options of each language. Our concept of the third evaluation time seems to be better capable to explain the different usages of double compounds in French and German than other existing proposals
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Debord, Sfar Laurence Marie. "Cohérence de la discordance temporelle dans l'article de presse en espagnol péninsulaire contemporain." Thesis, Paris 10, 2020. http://faraway.parisnanterre.fr/login?url=http://bdr.parisnanterre.fr/theses/intranet/2020/2020PA100049/2020PA100049.pdf.
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La pratique de l’espagnol en discours implique différentes possibilités d’expression. Elle se heurte à la rigidité normative de la concordance temporelle des grammaires descriptives : temps de la principale/temps de la subordonnée, incluant l’antériorité et la postériorité des procès. Notre objectif tente de déterminer ce mode incompris qu’est le subjonctif. Notre démarche a consisté à rendre compte des différentes raisons de la discordance temporelle dans la presse péninsulaire contemporaine. En effet parfois le journaliste-rapporteur a le choix entre deux possibilités temporelles du subjonctif. Aussi nous démontrons qu’un sens unique regroupe tous les sens attribués à ce mode dont les paramètres peuvent être déterminés grâce à la théorie calculatoire des modalités de L. Gosselin. Notre recherche met en évidence les causes multifactorielles parfois en interaction, à savoir le double sémantisme des verbes introducteurs d’alternance modale, le type de discours, le double positionnement énonciatif, le point de vue du locuteur, la dislocation temporelle, les adverbes de temps opposé dans les deux propositions, la cohérence textuelle, les inférences, etc. qui peuvent conduire, malgré la non-concordance, à une meilleure expressivité grâce aux effets de sens des temps du subjonctifThe practice of Spanish in speech implies different possibilities of expression. It comes up against the normative rigidity of the temporal concordance of prescriptive grammars: tense of the principal / tense of the subordinate, sometimes including the anteriority and posteriority of the processes. Our objective attempts to determine this misunderstood mode that is the subjunctive. Our approach consisted in accounting for the different reasons for the temporal discordance in the contemporary peninsular press. Indeed, sometimes the journalist-reporter has the choice between two temporal possibilities of the subjunctive. Thus, we show that a single meaning includes all the meanings attributed to this mode whose parameters can be determined thanks to L. Gosselin’s computational theory of modalities. Our research highlights the multifactorial causes that are sometimes interacting (i.e. the double semantics of modal alternation introductory verbs, the type of discourse, the enunciative double positioning, the speaker’s point of view, the temporal dislocation, the adverbs of opposite time in the two propositions, the textual coherence, the inferences, etc.) which can lead, despite the non-concordance, to a better expressiveness thanks to the sense effects of the times of the subjective
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Pasquer, Caroline. "Etude diachronique (XIIIe - XVe siècles) de la concordance des temps en espagnol médiéval. Approche explicative." Thesis, Paris 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA030142/document.
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Cette thèse propose une approche explicative de la « concordance des temps » en espagnol médiéval grâce à l'apport de la théorie des modes développée par Gilles Luquet. Nous avons tout d'abord synthétisé les apports des grammaires et des linguistes sur ce phénomène syntaxique. Mais la controverse toujours en vigueur sur l'existence d'une règle – la « new rule » de Jerzy Kowal date de 2007 –, ses contradictions et ses insuffisances (exemples « non concordants ») sont autant de facteurs qui nécessitent de repenser les paramètres qui conditionnent véritablement le choix des formes verbales. Les exemples, issus de corpus informatisés, ont été classés selon la terminologie traditionnelle entre subordonnées substantives, adjectives et adverbiales. Nous avons cherché à déterminer les raisons qui sous-tendaient l'alternance, l'émergence ou la disparition de certaines formes verbales. L'analyse des variations – diachroniques, diaphasiques, diastratiques et diatopiques – est également au cœur de cette étude. L'approche quantitative a pour objectif de déterminer la représentativité des occurrences et la fiabilité des évolutions constatées.Il ressort de cette étude que le locuteur médiéval n'était pas plus contraint à une « concordance des temps » fondée sur un accord mécanique que le locuteur d'aujourd'hui. Il pouvait au contraire (in)actualiser les éléments de son discours en fonction de sa visée discursiveThis thesis provides an explicative case study method to explore the "sequence of tenses" in Old Spanish thanks to the theory of moods developed by Gilles Luquet.We first examined the contributions of grammars and linguists on this syntactic phenomenon. Nevertheless, the ongoing controversy on the existence of a rule – the 2007 "new rule" proposed by Jerzy Kowal –, its contradictions and weaknesses ("violations") are all factors that make it essential to rethink the criteria that determine verbal forms. The collected data, drawn from linguistic databases, were classified according to the traditional terminology of embedded clauses : substantive, adjective and adverbial clauses. We attempted to determine the factors underlying the alternation, the emergence or disappearance of certain verbal forms. Variations – diachronic, diaphasic, diastratic and diatopic variations – were also analyzed. Statistics were used to fix the magnitude of the patterns and to guarantee the reliability of the observed evolutions.This study reveals that the medieval speaker wasn't more governed by a ''sequence of tenses'' based on mechanical congruence than the actual speaker. On the contrary, the speaker himself was able to (in)actualize parts of his speech in function of specific communicative purpose
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Diaz, Villalba Alejandro. "Le participe dans les grammaires des langues romanes (XVe-XVIIIe siècles). Histoire comparée d'une classe grammaticale." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCA080.
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L’étude présente l’histoire de la classe du participe à travers un corpus de grammaires del’espagnol, du français, de l’italien et du portugais parues entre le XVe et le XVIIIe siècle.La démarche comparative s’appuie sur le principe méthodologique de la mise en série d’une centaine d’ouvrages regroupés et confrontés selon des paramètres variables : la chronologie, le thème ou la tradition grammaticale de la langue-objet.La première partie aborde la question de la catégorisation en linguistique et s’interroge sur la nature des formes non finies du verbe, tout particulièrement du participe et de son emploi dans les formes verbales analytiques. La deuxième partie traite de l’histoire du participe sous un angle général. Ainsi, après avoir donné un aperçu des aspects problématiques qui intéressent les grammairiens grecs et latins, l’analyse se centre sur le traitement de la classe dans les grammaires des langues romanes. La troisième partie s’attache à étudier les approches et les concepts dont se servent les grammairiens de la Renaissance pour traiter les temps composés ainsi que la façon dont ils décrivent et (re)catégorisent les formes participiales de ces temps verbauxThe study investigates the history of the word-class of participle through a close study of a corpus of French, Spanish, Portuguese and Italian grammars which were published between the 15th and 18th centuries. The comparative approach is based on the methodological principle of “series of texts”, by grouping and collating a hundred works according to several variable parameters: the chronology, the theme or the grammatical tradition of the language in question.The first part of the study deals with the linguistic categorization and questions the nature of the non-finite verbal forms, especially the participle and its use in an analytical verbal form. The second part deals with the history of the participle from a more general point of view. Thus, after an overview of the problematic aspects of Greek and Latin grammarians, the analysis focuses on the treatment of the word-class in the grammars of the Romance languages. The third part focuses on the approaches and concepts used by the Renaissance grammarians to deal with compound tenses and on how they described and (re)-categorized the participle forms of these verbal tenses
El estudio presenta la historia de la clase del participio a través de un corpus de gramáticas de español, francés, italiano y portugués publicadas entre los siglos XV y XVIII. El enfoque comparativo se basa en el principio metodológico de la constitución de series textuales, que nos permite agrupar y cotejar un centenar de textos en función de parámetros variables: la cronología, el tema o la tradición gramatical de la lengua objeto.La primera parte aborda el asunto de la categorización en lingüística e indaga la naturaleza de las formas no finitas del verbo, especialmente la del participio y su utilización en las formas analíticas del verbo. La segunda parte propone una aproximacióna la historia del participio desde una perspectiva más general. Así pues, tras una cala en los aspectos problemáticos relacionados con el participio tratados por los gramáticos griegos y latinos, el análisis se centra en el tratamiento de la clase en las gramáticas de las lenguas romances. La tercera parte investiga sobre los enfoques y los conceptos que emplean los gramáticos del Renacimiento para tratar los tiempos compuestos, y sobre el modo en que describen y (re)categorizan las formas participiales de esos tiempos verbales
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Zhang, Xingzi. "L’acquisition des temps verbaux du passé chez les apprenants chinois du français première langue et seconde langue étrangères : une analyse portant sur un corpus de récits écrits." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCA090.
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Cette étude comparative porte sur un corpus de récits écrits d’apprenants chinois du français première langue (FL2) et seconde langue étrangères (FL3) en milieu scolaire. Elle a trait à deux groupes d’apprenants de même L1 (le chinois) ayant des accès différents à la langue cible, le français (avec ou sans anglais L2). L’analyse tient compte des différences entre les trois langues, une langue romane (le français), une langue germanique (l’anglais) et une L1 qui ne leur est pas typologiquement apparentée (le chinois). La thèse vise à répondre aux questions suivantes : comment les apprenants chinois en FL2 et FL3 utilisent-ils les temps verbaux du passé à différents niveaux d’apprentissage ? Quels rôles jouent respectivement la L1 et de la L2 dans l’apprentissage de la L3? L’analyse des données s’exerce au niveau sémantique (l’hypothèse de l’aspect, Andersen & Shirai 1994) et fonctionnel (l’hypothèse du discours, Hopper 1979). Les résultats montrent que l’emploi de l’imparfait chez les deux groupes d’apprenants ne suit pas l’hypothèse de l’aspect. Ils montrent aussi que les apprenants ont des difficultés à distinguer trame et arrière-plan du récit. Par ailleurs, on montre quel type d’influence l’acquisition de la L2 exerce sur celle de la L3This comparative study deals with a corpus of written narratives of Chinese FL2 and FL3 learners in school settings. The two groups of learners have the same L1 (Chinese), but different access to the target language, French (with or without English L2). The analysis takes into account the differences between the three languages, a Romance language (French), a Germanic language (English), and a typologically different L1 (Chinese). The thesis deals with the following research questions : how do Chinese FL2 and FL3 learners use past verbal tense at the beginner and intermediate levels. What are the roles of L1 and L2 for FL3 learners ? The data are analysed from a semantic (aspect hypothesis, Andersen & Shirai 1994) and a functional (discourse hypothesis, Hopper 1979) point of view. The results show that the use of the imparfait in both groups of learners does not follow the AH. They also show that learners have difficulties distinguishing the foreground from the background of the narrative. Moreover, both L1 and L2 exert influence over L3 acquisition
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Hu, Xiaoshi. "Les constructions causatives du français et du chinois." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC056/document.
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Cette thèse est centrée autour des problèmes concernant les constructions causatives du français et du chinois, elle se veut une contribution empirique et théorique à l’étude formelle des systèmes verbaux du français et du chinois. Il sera montré que la défectivité en traits des têtes de phases joue un rôle important motivant la formation des constructions au sein de ces deux langues. Concernant la construction causative en faire du francais, nous allons utiliser l’interprétation de respectivement comme test pour justifier son statut bi-propositionnel? et l’examen des relations quantificationnelles va montrer que le vP causativisé dans le complément de faire constitue une phase défective, sélectionnée par une autre tête fonctionnelle phasale. De plus, la défectivité du vP causativisé et les traits-phi intégrés aux clitiques donnent lieu aux distributions des différents clitiques. A la différence de la construction causative du francais qui implique un TP défectif dans une structure bi-propositionnelle, les verbes causatifs du chinois sélectionnent directement un v*P phasal et il n’y a plus de projection fonctionnelle intervenante. Il sera montré que le chinois fait aussi la distinction entre les Temps fini et infinitif, bien qu’une telle distinction ne se manifeste pas sur les formes morphologiques des verbes. Cette thèse va aussi examiner la corrélation entre les verbes rang/jiao/gei, nous allons montrer que leurs fonctions causative et passive désignent différentes structures argumentales, et il n’y a pas de relation dérivationnelle entre ces deux structures argumentales de ces verbes. En ce qui concerne la perspective théorique, il sera montré qu’il y a quatre structures phasales possibles correspondantes à de différentes structures argumentales des verbes causatifs du francais et du chinois? et cette thèse va aussi explorer la pertinence de la condition d’impénétrabilité de phase et de la condition de minimalité par rapport aux différentes opérations de la syntaxe étroiteThis dissertation concentrates on the problems concerning the causative constructions in French and in Chinese, it constitutes empirical and theoretical contributions to the formal study of French and Chinese verbal systems. It will be shown that the feature defectivity of phasal heads plays a key role motivating the formation of constructions in the two languages. Concerning the causative construction of faire in French, we will use the interpretation of Respectively as test to justify its bi-clausal status; and the exploration of the quantificational relations will show that the causativized vP in the complement of faire determines a defective phase, selected by another phasal functional head. In addition, the defectivity of the causativized vP and the phi-features integrated in the clitics result in the distribution of different types of clitics. Different from the causative construction in French involving a defective TP in a bi-clausal structure, Chinese causative verbs sub-categorize directly a phasal causativized v*P, and there is no other intervening phasal projections. It will be shown that Chinese distinguishes finite and infinitive Tenses as well, even such a distinction may not be manifested on verb forms. Concerning the verbs rang/jiao/gei in Chinese, we will show that their causative and passive functions carry out the different argument structures; and there is no derivational relation between the two argument structures of these verbs. Concerning the theoretic perspective, it will be shown that there are four phasal structures corresponding to the different argument structures of the causative verbs in French and in Chinese. In addition, this thesis will also explore the performance of the phase impenetrability condition and of the minimality condition with respect on different operations of the narrow syntax
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Kim, Kyung-Rahn. "Agreement and tense in Korean and universal grammar." 1999. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/42710626.html.
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Livhebe, Milingoni Joyce. "Expression of tense in Tshivenda." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2185.
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ABUSCH, DORIT. "ON VERBS AND TIME (MONTAGUE GRAMMAR, SEMANTICS, ASPECT, TENSE)." 1985. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI8509519.
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This work is intended to contribute to the study of aspect. It is claimed that, just as change and causation can be viewed conceptually as either instantaneous or continuous, inchoatives and process verbs whose meanings involve such notions, appear in natural language as either event or process type verbs. We adopt Dowty's hypothesis that the difference between classes of aspectual verbs may be captured by the presence of abstract operator such as Become, CAUSE and DO in the logical structure of verbs, where these notions from generative semantics are formalized in a Montague Grammar. We argue that the presence of the abstract operators does not always yield the classification of aspectual verbs predicted by Dowty, due to the interaction of the meaning of these operators with other factors. While achievement and accomplishment verbs, which are analyzed as including Become and CAUSE respectively in their meaning, are event type verbs for Dowty, inchoative and causative verbs which are process verbs may be found in natural language. Their semantic analysis involves notions such as comparison, scope relations, conditions on the relationship between the time at which the two sentences underlying a causative sentence are true and the time adverbial modifying it, as well as other related topics concerning the interaction of the properties of partitivity and additivity and process causative verbs, and the gap problem in the case of process verbs vs. that in the case of process inchoative verbs. It is shown that Hebrew verb morphology system called "binyanim"reflects some of the subtler distinctions among verbs involving change and causation. The relations between the aspectual property of being an inchoative and change and that between being an accomplishment and causation is examined via the Hebrew binyanim, which are traditionally claimed to carry the semantic features of inchoation and causation. Several issues concerning the semantics of the English progressive, which is an overt aspectual marker, are discussed. Following Dowty and Kratzer a proposal is given analyzing it as an expression of necessity whose meaning contains a free variable over sets of worlds, which is fixed by the context of utterance.
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Agbetsoamedo, Yvonne. "Aspects of the Grammar and Lexicon of Sεlεε." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-106970.
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This thesis is a description of some aspects of the grammar of Sɛlɛɛ, a Ghana-Togo-Mountain (GTM) language, based on my own fieldwork. The thesis consists of an introduction and five papers. Paper (I), Noun classes in Sεlεε, describes the noun class system of Sɛlɛɛ. It consists of eight noun class prefixes, four marking singular and four plural. They are paired in irregular ways to form eight genders (singular-plural pairs). Nouns agree with determiners, numerals and interrogative qualifiers within the noun phrase and can be indexed on the predicate. Nouns are allocated to classes/genders based partly on semantic notions. Paper (II), Sεlεε (with Francesca Di Garbo), details the morphological encoding of diminution in Sɛlɛɛ either by the suffixes -bi, -bii, -mii, -e or -nyi alone or in combination with noun class shift. Augmentation is not expressed morphologically. Paper (III), The tense and aspect system of Sεlεε: A preliminary analysis, shows that Sɛlɛɛ, unlike most Kwa languages, has a rather elaborate tense system encompassing present, hodiernal, pre-hodiernal and future tenses. The aspectual categories are progressive, habitual and perfect. Both categories often amalgamate with first person singular subject clitics. Paper (IV), Standard negation in Sεlεε, deals with the negation of declarative verbal main clauses. This is primarily encoded by a high tone, sometimes combined with segmental morphemes, portmanteau negative tense-aspect morphemes and vowel lengthening. Each tense-aspect category has at least one particular negation strategy. Paper (V), Unravelling temperature terms in Sεlεε (with Francesca Di Garbo), investigates the grammatical constructions employed for temperature evaluations. Personal feeling is only encoded via subjects, while ambient and tactile evaluations are construed attributively and predicatively. A comparison of Selee and other GTM languages revealed similar noun morphologies but very different verbal morphologies.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Unpublished book chapter. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: In press. Paper 5: Unpublished book chapter.
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Wu, Mei-hui, and 吳美慧. "The effects of grammar instruction with games on Taiwanese 6th graders’ learning of English past tense." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/94299614302590733805.
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碩士國立臺北教育大學
兒童英語教育學系碩士班
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This study aimed to investigate the effects of the grammar instruction with games on Taiwanese 6th graders’ learning on past tense. Fifty-four 6th graders with similar intital English grammatical ability were recruited as the experimental and control group respective, the former receiving game-based grammar instruction and the latter learning gramma with worksheet. After 8-week experimental instruction, the study results showed that both groups of students’ English grammar ability were significantly improve; however, the experimental group obtained higher scores than the control group by 2.3. Meanwhile, twelve students were interviewed to investigate their reflection on game-based grammar instruction. The interest and motivation of the experimental group were promoted significantly. Some suggestions for further study, based upon the research results, are also provided.