Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Grammarian'

En la enseñanza del inglés como lengua extranjera existen una serie de diccionarios especialmente diseñados para ayudar al alumno a desarrollar su dominio de esta lengua, tanto a nivel léxico, como también, sintáctico y fonético.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This paper aims to propose a reflection on the problem of defining, whose semantically stable appearance produces an effect of evidence of knowing, dissimulating the interpretative gesture of the subject it defines. Thus, our proposal is to develop a study on what makes a definition not merely a formulation inscribed in a paraphrastic net but a formulation that historicizes, that makes part of the interdiscourse at the same time it individualizes the subject, and makes him/her responsible for what s/he writes. Therefore, we work with the notion of function-author (ORLANDI, 2007 [1996]), in order to investigate what makes the definition a singular formulation. Furthermore, we question the effect of evidence that constitutes the act of defining, since our reflection on language accepts the discomfort of not settling on the evidence and in the place of the already-said. We take as an object of analysis the definition attributed to the designation of syntagma , which is associated to Saussure as the one who attributed to such a definition its conceptual character when introducing it in linguistic studies, and which, from the second half of the 20th century, started to make part of the grammarians domains in Brazil time when the grammarians saying was determined by the Brazilian Grammatical Nomenclature (NGB). Considering the displacement of the designation of syntagma among different knowledge domains, we propose to investigate how the linguists and the grammarians knowledge is articulated from the definition attributed to the syntagma designation. Thus, we first consider the definition of syntagma in the formulation of grammarians and how it constitutes a chain of paraphrastic constructions that lead to a source-formulation that is inscribed in another knowledge domain, and produces different effects of sense that are under the same appearance. Our work belongs to the History of Linguistic Ideas in its articulation with French Discourse Analysis. Thus, we reflect how some knowledge is constituted and then reformulated, getting thus specific features (GUIMARÃES, 2004).
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo propor uma reflexão sobre a problemática da definição, cuja aparência semanticamente estável produz um efeito de evidência do saber, dissimulando o gesto interpretativo do sujeito que define. Nossa proposta é desenvolver um estudo sobre o que faz com que a definição não seja apenas mais uma formulação inscrita em uma rede parafrástica, mas sim uma formulação que historiciza, que passa a fazer parte do interdiscurso, ao mesmo tempo em que individualiza o sujeito, colocando-o como responsável por aquilo que diz e escreve. Para tanto, mobilizaremos a noção de função-autor (ORLANDI, 2007 [1996]), procurando investigar o que torna a definição uma formulação singular. Além disso, questionaremos o efeito de evidência que constitui o ato de definir, uma vez que a nossa reflexão sobre a linguagem aceita o desconforto de não nos ajeitarmos nas evidências e no lugar do já-dito. Tomaremos como objeto de análise a definição atribuída à designação sintagma , a qual é associada a Saussure como aquele que primeiro atribuiu a essa designação um caráter conceitual ao introduzi-la nos estudos lingüísticos. Tal designação, a partir da segunda metade do século XX, passou a fazer parte também do domínio de saber do gramático no Brasil, época em que o dizer do gramático passou a ser determinado, sobretudo, pela Nomenclatura Gramatical Brasileira (NGB). Considerando o deslocamento da designação sintagma entre diferentes domínios de saber, propomos investigar como se articula o saber do linguista e do gramático a partir da definição atribuída à designação sintagma . Dessa forma, propomos considerar inicialmente a definição de sintagma na formulação do gramático e como, a partir daí, constitui-se uma rede de reformulações parafrásticas que remontam a uma formulação-origem que está inscrita em outro domínio de saber, produzindo efeitos de sentido diferentes sob a aparência do mesmo. Nosso trabalho está filiado à História das Ideias Linguísticas articulada à Análise de Discurso de linha francesa. Trata-se, pois, de refletir como certos saberes se constituem e, ao permanecerem, são reformulados, ganhando contornos específicos (GUIMARÃES, 2004).

A noção de comentário está intrinsecamente ligada ao trabalho de editar textos, que era feito em bibliotecas antigas, como a de Alexandria, e aos compêndios de gramática, que sistematizavam os conceitos utilizados para a leitura dos textos. Além disso, esse material de anotações e explicações era utilizado no ambiente escolar, como um apoio elucidativo de passagens obscuras, de palavras e costumes antigos, de mitos e histórias e de usos gramaticais, por exemplo. Entre os autores que passaram pelo crivo dos comentadores e que, então, faziam parte do programa escolar, está Vergílio, como nos indica Quintiliano, na Instituição Oratória. Assim, os Comentários de Sérvio Honorato ao Canto VI, da Eneida nos possibilitam conhecer um pouco do trabalho feito nas bibliotecas, acerca das edições e leituras dos textos, dos autores estudados nas escolas e da forma como eles eram lidos. De modo mais específico, esses Comentários trazem-nos informações valiosas sobre costumes, histórias e a filosofia que vigoraram entre os mais antigos
The notion of commenting is intrinsically related to the work of editing texts developed in ancient libraries, such as the Alexandria Library, and to grammar textbooks, which systematized concepts used in text reading. These notes and explanations were also used in schools as a support to clarify obscure passages, words and ancient customs, myths, tales and grammatical usages, for instance. Among the authors examined by commentators and who were on the syllabus at the time is Vergil, as Quintilian quotes in Institutio Oratoria. So the commentaries of Servius Honoratus on Aeneid \"Book VI\" enable us to acquire some knowledge on the work developed in libraries involving editions and the readings of texts, the authors who were studied in schools, taking into consideration the way they were read at that time. Particularly, these Commentaries give us some precious information on a set of topics invaluable for the members of that ancient society

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
Esta tese é uma análise de Contra os gramáticos, tratado sobre a linguagem escrito quase vinte séculos atrás pelo cético Sexto Empírico. Dedicando-se a esse importante capítulo na história das idéias lingüísticas, o estudo tem em seu horizonte mais amplo contribuir para o entendimento das relações entre ceticismo e linguagem. Responde, em especial, a um cenário contemporâneo em que as virtudes das palavras para o entendimento e a comunicação são recorrentemente postas em dúvida – nas artes em geral, e também em expressiva parcela das reflexões teóricas produzidas no âmbito das ciências humanas e sociais. Partindo da hipótese de que o exame de uma das mais remotas manifestações do pensamento cético sobre a linguagem pode nos ajudar a compreender esse cenário, a pesquisa teve como perguntas norteadoras as seguintes: (i) que perspectiva(s) de linguagem informa(m) os argumentos de Sexto Empírico em seu tratado Contra os gramáticos? e (ii) Sob que aspectos da linguagem a dúvida cética recai nesse tratado? O antigo texto foi assim interrogado por meio de uma abordagem conscientemente anacrônica: tomamos como balizas de análise perspectivas contemporâneas de linguagem, a saber, aquelas que inflamaram o debate filosófico no âmbito da assim chamada virada lingüística, em que se pode discernir a oposição básica entre uma visão pragmática e uma visão representacionalista da linguagem. Reconhecendo que a contenda adquire inflexões substantivamente distintas conforme os autores que se tenha em mente, optamos aqui por tomar como referência mais específica a manifestação do referido antagonismo na filosofia de L. Wittgenstein – levando em conta sobretudo os interlocutores que dialogam em suas Investigações filosóficas. Uma primeira conclusão do estudo é que convivem na trama argumentativa de Contra os gramáticos duas proto-imagens de linguagem, associáveis respectivamente ao representacionalismo e ao pragmatismo. Outra conclusão a que chegamos é que, em Contra os gramáticos, a dúvida cética incide sobre a idéia de uma ordem intrínseca à linguagem, mas não sobre as suas virtudes práticas, cotidianas. Mostraremos ainda que a noção de linguagem comum, central em Contra os gramáticos, tem ali um status de solução, contrapondo-se a ambições metalingüísticas vistas como nocivas e fadadas ao insucesso. Por fim, concluímos que uma análise da mesma noção de linguagem comum em outras obras de Sexto Empírico desestabiliza esse status: a linguagem comum passa então a receber cuidados e a despertar escrúpulos sugestivos de que pode ser ao mesmo tempo solução e problema.
This thesis is an analysis of Sextus Empiricus’ Against the Grammarians – a skeptical treatise on language written almost twenty centuries ago. In addressing this important chapter in the history of linguistic ideas, the study aims more broadly at the understanding of the relationship between language and skepticism. It is thus specially responsive to a contemporary scenario, where the virtues of language to promote understanding and communication are systematically placed under suspicion – in the arts in general, as well as in a significant part of the theoretical reflections in human and social sciences. Assuming that the examination of one of the remotest manifestations of skeptical thought about language may help understanding this contemporary scenario, this research was guided by the following questions: (i) what perspective(s) on language inform(s) Sextus Empiricus’s arguments in Against the Grammarians?; and (ii) what aspects of language fall under skeptical doubt in this treatise? The ancient text was thus interrogated by means of a deliberately anachronic strategy: our analysis took contemporary perspectives of language as points of reference - views that inflamed philosophical debate after the so-called linguistic turn, and can roughly be distributed between a pragmatic and a representationalist perspective. Since the dispute assumes quite different inflections according to the authors one has in mind, we have opted to focus on the manifestation of this debate within the philosophy of L. Wittgenstein, notably by taking as references the opposing voices that come into dialogue in his Philosophical Investigations. A first conclusion of this study is that two proto-images of language coexist within the argumentative web of Against he Grammarians, views that parallel the representationalist and the pragmatic contemporary stances. Another conclusion is that, in this ancient treatise, skeptical doubt falls over the idea that language has an intrinsic order, but not over language’s practical and day-to-day virtues.

Magister Artium - MA
This thesis .investigates the function of a topicalized constituent .in the narrative non-direct speech texts .in 2 Kings. Many traditional BH grammarians described the :function of a topicalized constituent as "emphasis". Recent BH grammarians pointed out that extralinguistic factors like the total communicative context should also be considered in the description of a function for a topicalized constituent. The shift from the structural to a more pragmatic approach is illustrated in this study. The pragmatic approach proved to be not only possible, but also advantageous to the study of function in BH. The aim of this study was to test the viability and results of the various theories and categories of the BH linguists. This study also researched whether their linguistic approaches are indeed an improvement on the descriptions as defined by the traditional grammarians. In other words, to see whether and in which way more recent studies of BH could aid the understanding of the function of a topicalized constituent in BH word order. The methodology utilized in this study is briefly outlined as follows: 1. This study examined the description of word order in terms of the traditional and more recent approaches. The categories used to describe the function of a topicalized constituent were our main focus. At the end we compiled a theoretical frame of reference that we regard as representative of modem attempts to acquire a more refined comprehension of BH word order. A theoretical linguistic framework was formulated which could be used in our description of a sentence in BH in 2 · Kings. This attempt could be described as eclectic because it used the diverse perceptions from the various linguistic approaches. Richter's theoretical linguistic framework (with its limitations) together with contributions of Van der Merwe, Buth and Gross were used as a basis for the description of the sentences. 3. Sentences were analysed systematically and holistically at the different levels of description, namely morphology, morphosyntax, sentence syntax, semantics and pragmatics. Because of the difficulty in defining semantics and with pragmatics still in disarray, this study defined some semantic-pragmatic concepts it worked with. 4. In the description of sentences we incorporated and tested the viability of the different categories of various grammarians. By carefully considering the context of each sentence, this study posed the question: which, if any; of the categories could adequately describe the semantic-pragmatic function of a topicalized constituent in 2 Kings.

Le corpus de cette thèse est fourni par les exemples en langue grecque de la grande grammaire de Priscien, ouvrage rédigé dans le premier tiers du VIe siècle à Constantinople. La première partie est une longue introduction, qui présente un historique des recherches et évalue la fiabilité de l'édition de référence établie par Martin Hertz en 1855-1859. Un retour à la tradition manuscrite permet de proposer des amendements au texte grec. La deuxième partie présente une typologie de l'utilisation du grec dans la grammaire, à l'exclusion du vocabulaire technique. Ainsi, le recours au grec de Priscien est mis en relation avec la pratique des autres grammairiens latins de l'Antiquité tardive. Elle permet de relativiser l'idée d'une fonction purement heuristique du grec, éclaircissement du latin. La troisième partie consiste en une étude des sources grecques des exemples de Priscien, qu'elles soient nommées comme Apollonios Dyscole ou Hérodien, ou implicites comme la métrique ou les dialectologues. Priscien apparaît très proche, dans son maniement de la littérature technique d'époque romaine, de ses successeurs grammairiens d'époque byzantine. La quatrième et dernière partie se concentre sur la théorie et la pratique comparatistes de Priscien, en particulier dans son étude syntaxique. On y avance l'hypothèse que la recherche d'une correspondance entre faits de langue grecs et latins conduit à transférer des notions et des règles grammaticales du latin vers le grec. Le développement est complété par deux annexes : comparaison du texte des citations grecques de Priscien avec la tradition directe, accords entre les analyses de Priscien et celles des grammairiens grecs.

Government and Binding Theory dictates that the case features of noun phrases are assigned structurally under government. On this basis the claim by Ibn Mada'al-Qurtubi, in The Refutation of the Grammarians, that case is assigned solely by the language user on strictly semantic grounds, is rejected; also untenable, however, is the position of traditional Arab grammarians that case can, in some contexts, be assigned by "concealed" governors, as the Projection and Structure-Preserving Principles require that material having semantic content be visible at all levels of representation. Government and Binding principles are adequate to account for case-assignment in the issues raised by Ibn Mada'; they cannot, however, offer a clear solution to the apparent violation of Principle C of the Binding Theory found in some examples of bab al-tanazuᶜ, the category of "contention in government".

Grammar is one of the most problematic areas when it comes to teaching a language; to know if or when, and how grammar should be taught, are relevant questions to all language teachers. The aim of the study was to investigate teachers’ attitudes towards teaching grammar, and how much, how and why they use the methods that they do. Therefore semi-structured interviews were undertaken with six 9th grade English teachers. The main results showed that all six teachers were positive to formal instruction, and they considered implicit knowledge of grammar superior to explicit knowledge. The teachers found it problematic to estimate the time spent working on grammar, mainly because half of them saw working on grammar in a wider perspective. All the teachers used the deductive method of teaching, but only half of them also used the inductive method. All but one teacher mentioned the students as being the most important factor that influences their teaching, and also time is mentioned and considered by two of the teachers as a reason for using a text book. The results of this study may be of help to foreign language teachers, or student teachers when considering how to teach grammar.

Le sujet sur lequel porte cette thèse de doctorat est l’atellane. La première partie de la thèse consiste à présenter ce genre, ce qui a conduit l'auteur à s’intéresser à sa place et à son statut, à la lumière de ce qu’écrit Tite-Live notamment. Puis est proposée une interprétation des fragments qui nous sont parvenus : l'auteur montre que si l’atellane emprunte au théâtre d’Aristophane ou de Plaute notamment, elle a aussi son originalité propre. Après cette étude générale, la thèse présente l'histoire du texte. Comme aucun manuscrit des auteurs d’atellanes n'a été conservé, c'est uniquement par la tradition indirecte qu'il est possible de reconstituer ce que furent ces pièces atellanes : l'auteur a donc étudié cette tradition qui est essentiellement grammaticale, car c'est dans les travaux des grammairiens d'époque tardive, et presque exclusivement chez Nonius, que se trouvent des citations des auteurs d'atellanes. La thèse présente ensuite l’édition critique des fragments de Pomponius et Novius, avec, en regard, la première traduction en français de ces pièces dont il ne reste environ que trois cents vers au total. Contrairement aux éditions précédentes, l'auteur de cette thèse a fait le choix d’un apparat critique positif constitué à partir de la consultation de tous les manuscrits de Nonius. La dernière partie de la thèse est consacré au commentaire de ces fragments
The field which this thesis covers is the so-called Atellana fabula. In the first part of it, which is an overall presentation of the particular genre, such questions as the one of the position of the Atellana with respect to other similar genres are addressed in the light of Livy’s texts among others. Then an interpretation of the fragments that came to us is proposed: it is put forward that the Atellana had original characteristics whatever it may have borrowed from the plays of Aristophanes or Plautus among others. After this overall presentation of the Atellanae, the historical study of the text and its tradition is proposed. As the text itself of the Atellanae is not given in any manuscript, one only may rely on indirect tradition to restore fragments of those plays. Most of this tradition is found in the works of the grammarians of later antiquity, especially in Nonius, where almost all of the quotations of Atellanae that came to us are preserved. Then a new critical edition of Pomponius’ and Novius’ fragments is proposed, along with the first translation into French of these plays of which no more than three hundred lines are preserved. Contrary to the previous editions of these fragments, this one presents a positive apparatus criticus, which includes the readings from the manuscripts of Nonius which all have been directly collated. Finally a new commentary on the fragments is proposed

O trabalho objetiva apresentar uma tradução da primeira seção (Brahma- kan.d. a) do Vakyapadya juntamente com o Vr tti, seu mais antigo comentário, obras que têm sido comumente atribuídas ao gramático e filósofo da linguagem indiano Bhartr -hari (séc. V d.C). Visando, ademais, fornecer subsídios para a leitura do texto, recupera, em Do autor, aquilo que se tem discutido acerca da pessoa deBhartr -hari e do período em que viveu. Em seguida, em Da obra, trata de descrever as obras desse autor e comentar os problemas relativos à autoria de outros textos a ele atribuídos. Segue uma Antologia dos textos e seus comentários, onde se pretende ilustrar perspectivas teóricas centrais do pensamento de Bhartr -hari, bem como revelar o intenso e necessário diálogo que se dá no seio da própria tradição indiana entre as obras e sua forma de exegese primeira, representada na literatura dos comentários. A parte seguinte, A Brahma-kan.d.a-vr tti: notas de estilo aprofunda os problemas de forma e descreve peculiaridades estilísticas do texto da Vr tti, a fim de fornecer ferramentas para os que pretendam estudar a obra no original sânscrito. Trata-se, a seguir, no Excurso, dos diversos sentidos e da sinonímia da palavra sabda, a palavra/linguagem, que é objeto primeiro desse primeiro livro da Vakyapad ya. Enfim, apresenta-se a tradução, com notas, precedida de uma sinopse.
Our thesis presents a translation of the first section (Brahma-kan.d. a) of the Vakyapadya together with the Vr tti, its oldest commentary, both works usually attributed to the Indian grammarian and language philosopher Bhartr -hari (fth century A.D). In order to create tools for reading the text, we discuss, in Do autor (\"On the author\"), what has been said about the person of Bhartr -hari and the period in which he lived. Then, in Da obra (\"On his works\"), we describe Bhartr - hari\'s works and comment on the problems related to the authorship of other works that have been attributed to him. Then follows an Antologia dos textos e seus comentarios (\"Anthology of the works and their commentaries\"), where we intend to illustrate the major theoretical tenets of Bhartr -hari\'s thought, as well as reveal the strong and necessary dialog that occurs inside the Indian tradition itself between the primary works and their rst form of exegesis represented in the commentarial literature. Next, in A Brahma-kan.d. a-vr tti: notas de estilo (\"The Brahma-kan.d. a-vr tti : notes on style\"), we go deeper into the matters of form and describe stylistic minutiae of the Vr tti \'s text in order to furnish tools for the ones wishing to read it in the original Sanskrit. Then, in Excurso (\"Excursus\"), we treat the many meanings and synonyms of the word sabda, the word/language, which is the primary object of this rst book of the Vakyapadya. Lastly, we present the translation with select notes, preceded by a synopsis.

Le δεῖπνον et le συμπόσιον ne constituent pas le simple cadre formel des Banquets littéraires. Leur déroulement et les conventions morales qui s’y expriment sont des éléments structurants de la narration, dont ils assurent la progression. Surtout, ils deviennent l’objet même de la discussion des convives. Le récit s’attache plus particulièrement à contextualiser le déroulement du δεῖπνον et du συμπόσιον, pour en faire ressortir un élément qui, par son incongruité ou par son obscurité initiale, ébranle l’opinion première et crée les conditions de la ζήτησις. Il existe donc un type de προϐλήματα spécifique aux Banquets littéraires, où l’on ne parle que de ce qu’on a sous la main. Cette proximité conduit chacun à proposer un développement personnel qui, loin de tout exposé dogmatique, lui permet de mettre en avant son acribie et son esprit d’à-propos sur des objets qui, le plus souvent, échappent au champ de la philosophie. Ce faisant, les Banquets littéraires mettent les philosophes à l’épreuve de la table et du vin et définissent la nature véritable du savoir en faisant tomber, dans la bonne humeur, le masque des imposteurs. Partant, le δεῖπνον et le συμπόσιον ne sont jamais refusés, mais permettent de créer un rapport d’identité entre le philosophe idéal et le parfait convive au sein d’œuvres qui sont toutes caractérisées, malgré leur irréductible diversité formelle, par leur ambition propédeutique. Ce ne sont donc ni la référence à un modèle initial ni le respect d’éventuelles conventions régulatrices qui assurent l’unité du corpus des Banquets littéraires, mais le partage d’une même intention programmatique
Δεῖπνα and συμπόσια are not merely formal settings in literary symposia. Their organization and the moral conventions that they entail are part and parcel of the narrative structure. Above all, they become the very topic of the participants’ conversation. These narratives make use of the context of δεῖπνον and συμπόσιον in order to emphasize one item whose oddity or whose initial obscurity challenges common wisdom and paves the way for ζήτησις. Thus, there is a type of προϐλήματα that is specific to literary symposia, which consists in only discussing matters immediately at hand. Far from leading to dogmatic discourses, this allows every dinner guest to offer their personal views, displaying their acumen and wit on topics that are often outside the realm of philosophy. In these literary symposia, the philosophers are put to the test of good meals and good wine, and define the true nature of knowledge, while cheerfully unmasking impostors. By no means are δεῖπνον and συμπόσιον rejected, but on the contrary they create a link between the ideal philosopher and the perfect dinner guest in literary works that, in spite of their inevitable formal variety, all share propaedeutic ambitions. Literary symposia, therefore, are not defined as a genre by references to one initial model nor by normative conventions, but by the intentions that they share

La présente dissertation analyse toutes les prises de position attribuées dans les scholies hésiodiques à un commentateur de l'Antiquité. Cette étude a pour optique d'apporter un regard nouveau sur les méthodes philologiques appliquées par les exégètes des époques hellénistique et romaine à la lecture des textes poétiques archaïques.
Doctorat en Langues et lettres
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Rédigé vraisemblablement à la fin du IVe siècle, à une époque où l’enseignement traditionnel des écoles romaines se maintient et où le paganisme cherche à conserver sa place face au christianisme, le commentaire de Servius à l’Énéide de Virgile, dont le livre V fait l’objet du présent travail, est une œuvre particulièrement importante. Il est destiné à ouvrir à ses auditeurs (les élèves de la classe de Servius), puis à ses lecteurs, la possibilité de mieux comprendre le texte virgilien, et il offre au spécialiste moderne de multiples traces de rites, croyances, pratiques et récits mythologiques qui, sans la richesse de ses développements, resteraient inconnus. Le commentateur laisse parfois percevoir au fil de ses remarques sa vision de l’époque de Virgile et de la sienne propre, et il livre aussi des éléments d’information concernant la réception de l’Énéide dans l’Antiquité tardive. L’intérêt de l’ouvrage est doublé du fait que s’y sont entremêlés ensuite des ajouts d’origines diverses transformant pour ainsi dire le commentaire de Servius en un second commentaire, connu sous l’appellation de « Servius Danielis », présent dans certains manuscrits médiévaux. C’est pour toutes ces raisons que nous proposons, après une introduction consacrée à ses thématiques centrales, une traduction complète de ce double commentaire servien au livre V de l’Énéide de Virgile, en accompagnant et documentant cette traduction par les notes nombreuses et détaillées que réclament la richesse et la complexité de ce travail caractéristique des savants que l’Antiquité appelait des « grammairiens »
Most certainly written at the end of the 4th century, at a time when traditional teaching from roman school persists and when paganism tries to keep its position facing Christianity, Servius’ Commentary on Virgil’s Aeneid, whose book V is the subject of this study, is a particularly significant work. It is intended to permit the listener (Servius’ students), then the reader, to better understand Virgil’s text and offers to modern specialists many vestiges of rituals, beliefs, practices and mythology’s stories that, without the richness of its body, certainly wouldn’t be known nowadays. The commentator sometimes suggests, throughout his remarks, the vision he has of the Virgil’s time as being his own time and he also gives some information about the Aeneid’s reception in the last Antiquity. The interest of the book is doubled because the text is mixed with elements from diverse origins; it turned the commentary into a second one, known as “Servius Danielis” text and present in some manuscripts. That is why we offer, after an introduction devoted to the main themes of the book, a complete translation of this double servian commentary at the Virgil Aeneid, book 5; this translation goes with many detailed commentaries needed due to the richness and the complexity of expert’s typical work which Antiquity called “grammarian”

En deux parties distinctes mais complémentaires, ce travail se présente comme le parallèle dans le domaine grammatical des recherches menées sur l’archaïsme dans la rhétorique et la littérature latines. Nous analysons tout d’abord la manière dont les grammairiens latins, de Varron à Priscien, considèrent ce phénomène, dans le cadre de la définition de la langue latine correcte (Latinitas). Les questions du recours aux archaïsmes dans l’usage et de l’autorité des auteurs littéraires anciens, telles que l’on peut les retrouver dans les textes du corpus des grammatici Latini, sont au centre de notre étude. Nous proposons ensuite pour la première fois une édition avec traduction et commentaire critique des fragments de Flavius Caper, grammairien de la fin du IIe siècle après J.-C. : cette époque marquant la diffusion d’une mouvance stylistique et littéraire archaïsante, l’examen du point de vue d’un grammairien sur la langue latine contemporaine se révèle primordial pour comprendre l’évolution de la pensée linguistique antique. L'édition des fragments du De Latinitate et du De dubiis generibus de Caper nous donne par ailleurs l'occasion de réfléchir aux problèmes des sources et de la transmission des textes, aussi bien grammaticaux que littéraires, ainsi que d'effectuer un commentaire analytique sur un auteur à tort négligé et qui, par sa réception, a joué un rôle de premier plan dans la tradition artigraphique tardo-antique
Organised in two complementary parts, the present research follows up, in the grammatical tradition, on other studies led on archaism in the fields of Latin rhetoric and literature. The first part deals with the way in which Latin grammarians, from Varro to Priscian, apprehend the notion of archaism, within the definition of what they consider to be the correct Latin language (Latinitas). The study is focused on both the main issues of the use of archaisms in the current usage, and the ancient poets’ and prose writers’ authority, as noticeable in the grammatici Latini corpus. In the second part, an edition of Flavius Caper’s grammatical fragments, with a French translation and critical commentary, is proposed for the first time. Caper is a scholar of the end of the 2nd century AD, an era especially known for the diffusion in the literary circles of an archaizing stylistic tendency. Consequently, examining the point of view of a grammarian on the linguistic usage of his time appears crucial to understanding the evolution of linguistic thought in Antiquity. The edition of Caper’s fragmentary De Latinitate and De dubiis generibus gives us the opportunity to reflect upon sources and transmission of grammatical and literary texts. Finally, the comments made on the work of a still unrecognised scholar should highlight the importance of his treatises in the late antique grammatical tradition

Quoiqu’il soit le premier grammairien arrivé à nous, auteur de trois livres presque entièrement conservés, Marius Plotius Sacerdos, maître d’école à Rome à la fin du IIIe siècle ap. J.-C., pour longtemps a été négligé. Maintenant, l’étude de l’entière tradition manuscrite, incluant pour la première fois les contributions des copies humanistiques, a permis de dépasser les limites de l’édition de Keil et d’établir une nouvelle édition critique des deux premiers livres de sa grammaire ainsi que celle des Catholica Probi, en tant que forme parallèle et séparée du deuxième livre. Comme d’habitude, dans l’introduction on fournit les informations sur l’auteur et, à travers l’analyse structurale du texte, on chercher de présenter l’œuvre de Sacerdos comme la première tentative de construire une grammaire scolaire systématique. Le copieux commentaire veut mener à une compréhension exhaustive des textes, envisagent les implications de doctrine grammaticale, les problèmes textuels, les relations avec les autres grammairiens ainsi qu’avec la tradition exégétique antique
Despite of being the first grammarian who have come to us, author of three almost complete grammatical books, for long time Marius Plotius Sacerdos, teacher in Rome in the end of third century AD, has been neglected. At present, the study of the complete manuscript tradition, including for the first time the contribution of humanistic copies, has made it possible to overcome some defects of Keil’s edition and to provide a new critical edition of the first two Sacerdos’ books and of the Catholica Probi, which are a well-known stand-alone version of the second book. As is customary, the introduction gives the information about life of the author and, by means of analysis of the structure of the text, tries to show this work as the first attempt to produce a systematic school handbook. The extensive commentary wants to be an exhaustive guide for the texts, which treats the implications of grammatical doctrine, the textual problems, and the connections with other grammarians and the ancient exegetical tradition

This dissertation examines the function of subject-before-finite-verb clauses in the book of Genesis based on traditional, understanding. Chapter 1 presents an introduction, thesis, and methodology of the project. The research of this dissertation, following the understanding of traditional grammarians concerning subject-before-finite-verb clauses, furnishes the following thesis: all subject-before-finite-verb clauses render the subject prominent by both emphasis and description. Chapter 2 presents traditional grammarians' view concerning verbal and nominal clauses, including subject-before-finite-verb clauses in particular. They analyze the initial subject as the subject of the entire sentence and the following verb (the predicate) as a verbal clause. Chapter 3 explains that in narrative statements, the subject is usually more described than emphasized (rarely, more emphasized than described), though both description and emphasis are always present. Subject-before-finite-verb clauses may begin, transition/resume, or end a narrative, or they may give general descriptive statements. Emphasis appears stronger than description in some contrastive constructions, emphasis and description are more or less equal in other contrastive constructions, emphasis appears stronger than description with addition of certain particles and/or independent pronouns, after certain introductory formulas, with multiple subjects with modification, and when they continue a narrative. Chapter 4 offers the examination of subject-before-finite-verb clauses in non-narrative statements. The discussion in this chapter follows the same structure as Chapter Three. In non-narrative statements, the subject is usually emphasized (very rarely, more described than emphasized), though again both description and emphasis are always present. Description is stronger when the speaker narrates. Chapter 5 discusses modern attempts to redefine subject-before-finite-verb clauses, as Kautzsch, have confused the distinction between verbal and nominal clauses, which in turn, have perplexed many concerning the proper meaning of verbal and nominal clauses. Moreover, the traditional approach of subject-before-finite-verb clauses assumed a verb-subject for normal word order in Biblical Hebrew. Although Holmstedt has attempted to prove subject-verb as the "basic" word order in Biblical Hebrew, his argument has failed. Hebrew (and Arabic) is a verb-subject language. The traditional approach, therefore, represents the simplest, clearest, most accurate method for analyzing subject-before-finite-verb clauses.
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Tese de doutoramento em Biologia (Ecologia) apresentada à Fac. de Ciências e Tecnologia da Univ. de Coimbra
A distribuição, a dinâmica e a produção anual da população de E. marinus no estuário do Mondego foram afectadas pelo regime hidráulico. Verificou-se que principalmente a temperatura, a salinidade e a biomassa de macroalgas verdes influenciaram a população deste anfípode. No braço norte, onde ocorrem regularmente dragagens e onde as condições ambientais são caracterizadas por sedimentos arenosos e por variações diárias muito fortes da salinidade, E. marinus apresentou os valores mais baixos de densidade e de produção anual. Ao contrário, no braço sul, caracterizado por um regime hidráulico mais fraco, sedimentos vasosos e menores variações diárias da salinidade, E. marinus apresentou maiores densidades e valores mais elevados de produção anual, nomeadamente nas zonas mais interiores. Os presentes resultados mostraram que, no limite sul da distribuição desta espécie, o recrutamento é contínuo ao longo do ano e, como consequência, não se distinguem coortes na população. Em laboratório, a duração do período de desenvolvimento embrionário foi superior a 10 ºC e inferior a 20 ºC, verificando-se que apenas a temperatura afectou significativamente a duração do desenvolvimento embrionário de E. marinus, cultivado sob diferentes condições de salinidade e temperatura. O número de juvenis libertado por fêmea foi maior a 10 ºC e menor a 20 ºC. tendo apenas a temperatura afectado significativamente o número de indivíduos produzido por fêmea. O crescimento de E. marinus é contínuo ao longo da vida, sob todas as condições laboratoriais. As taxas intrínsecas de crescimento foram maiores a 20 ºC e menores a 10 ºC. A extrapolação dos dados laboratoriais para o cenário de campo sugere que E. marinus, no estuário do Mondego, tem um ciclo de vida multivoltino. Devido à sua importância ecológica, foi desenvolvido um modelo para investigar o impacto das flutuações de salinidade na abundância e biomassa de E. marinus. Os resultados do modelo prevêem que a população de E.marinus seja negativamente afectada em caso de prolongamento de períodos em que a salinidade seja baixa.

The master thesis The Langue d'oc in the Scholarly Discourse Before and After The Great French Revolution considers the image of the Occitan language in the lexico-graphical and grammatico-graphical works that have been written between the beginning of the 18th and the mid-19th century. During this epoch, in the framework of a diglossic model, the language in question had been suffering a status of a dominated language. At the same time, however, it had awaken an interest of many scholars whose motivations for their studies ranged from a will to contribute to a proliferation of Francization to an effort to save the Occitan language and restore its own dignity. It is precisely this motivation, as well as the denominations which our authors had given to the language in question and also their strategies for its valorization or devalorization, that this text engages with. The socio-linguistic situation in the Pays d'Oc and the impact of The French Revolution and of its linguistic politics on the presence and the representation of the Occitan are also being examined. These phenomena are studied in the framework of a theory of the formation of nations by Miroslav Hroch as the phase A of the Occitan movement which had remained, at least during this phase, a purely cultural phenomenon, that is to say a...