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1
Meijer, Sietske Johanna. "Lexical and grammatical prepositions." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302247.
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Bordet, Lucile. "L'intensification en anglais : entre grammatical et lexical." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO30039.
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L’expression de l’« intensification » en anglais a peu été abordée par la communauté linguistique. Les études qui ont été menées se limitent aux adverbes intensifieurs et classent ces derniers parmi les procédés morphosyntaxiques. Il semble toutefois que les adverbes intensifieurs se situent à l’interface du lexical et du grammatical et sont soumis à un renouvellement constant. Ce travail se propose dans un premier temps d’établir une nouvelle typologie des procédés d’intensification en tenant compte des zones de chevauchement qui existent entre les divers procédés. Dans un second temps, le cas particulier des adverbes intensifieurs est abordé à l’aune de la grammaticalisation et de la lexicalisation. Finalement, ce travail conclut par une étude de l’évolution diachronique des adverbes intensifieurs afin de mettre au jour les mécanismes du processus de renouvellement langagierThe expression of intensification has hardly been tackled by the linguistic community over the years. The research that has been conducted so far is usually restricted to intensifying adverbs, which are generally considered as morphosyntactic processes. Intensifying adverbs, also referred to as “intensifiers”, are submitted to constant renewal. However, intensifiers appear to be at the junction of grammar and lexis. First, a new typology of the processes used to express intensification will be put forward. The fact that the various processes often overlap will be taken into account. The specific case of intensifiers will then be dealt with in the light of grammaticalization and lexicalization, two processes which seem to be at work in the evolution of intensifiers. Lastly, a corpus-based study will look into the diachronic evolution of intensifiers in order to unveil the mechanisms of renewal and language change
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Chan, Wing-shan Angel. "The relationship between early lexical and grammatical development in Cantonese-speaking children." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36207482.
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Thesis (B.Sc)--University of Hong Kong, 2000."A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, 10 May, 2000." Also available in print.
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Cane, Graeme. "A linguistic description of spoken Brunei English in the 1990s." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1993. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21242.
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The thesis discusses the variety of English that is spoken today in Brunei Darussalam and assesses its status as a 'New English'. Using a corpus of spoken data which was recorded and transcribed by the author, the thesis attempts to produce an empirically based linguistic description of the grammatical, lexical and discourse features found in spoken Brunei English and to discuss the ways in which these features differ from the equivalent features in Standard British English. The final part of the study is concerned with the pedagogical and language planning implications of recognizing the existence of a Bruneian variety of English, and with proposing an appropriate English language teaching model for the Bruneian education system.
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Chia, Liang. "Language shift in a Singaporean Chinese family and the matrix language frame model." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365765.
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Cvekić, Ivana Verfasser], Holger [Akademischer Betreuer] [Hopp, and Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Neef. "Crosslinguistic influence in second language lexical-grammatical sentence comprehension / Ivana Cvekić ; Holger Hopp, Martin Neef." Braunschweig : Technische Universität Braunschweig, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1230550860/34.
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Sulis, Serena. "English lexical and grammatical influence on contemporary Italian : an analysis of Italian technical and marketing texts." Thesis, University of Reading, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.394418.
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Carson, Robyn. "Processing Grammatical and Notional Number Information in English and French." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38309.
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Number is a grammatical category found in nearly every language around the world (Corbett, 2000). The syntactic expression of number is referred to as grammatical number. In English and French, two number categories are in use: singular and plural. Nouns that are written more frequently in their singular form are called singular-dominant, while those that are written more frequently in their plural form are called plural-dominant. Several lexical decision and picture naming studies have found that grammatical number and noun dominance interact, resulting in a surface frequency effect for singular-dominant nouns only. Singular-dominant nouns are recognized/named significantly faster in their singular form than in their plural form, while plural-dominant nouns are recognized/named equally fast in both forms (e.g., Baayen, Burani, & Schreuder, 1997; Biedermann, Beyersmann, Mason, & Nickels, 2013; Domínguez, Cuetos, & Segui, 1999; New, Brysbaert, Segui, Ferrand, & Rastle, 2004; Reifegerste, Meyer, & Zwitserlood, 2017). The objective of this thesis is to extend our understanding of the singular-dominant noun surface frequency effect in English and French by adopting three procedures. First, advanced linear mixed modelling techniques were used to improve statistical power and accuracy. Second, the noun dominance ratio technique (Reifegerste et al., 2017) was applied to investigate whether the surface frequency effect remains significant when noun dominance was treated as a continuous variable. Third, a determiner-noun number agreement task was created to determine whether the surface frequency effect could be reproduced in a novel task. Three studies were conducted. In Study 1, two lexical decision tasks (LDTs) were conducted. Results revealed that in both English and French, singular nouns were recognized faster than plural nouns while the noun dominance effect was non-significant. The interaction between grammatical number and noun dominance was significant in French and marginally so in English. The interaction pattern was identical in both languages, singular-dominant nouns demonstrated a surface frequency effect while plural nouns did not. In Study 2, three determiner-noun number agreement tasks (NATs) were conducted. Results revealed that in both English and French, plural nouns were recognized faster than singular nouns. No other effects were significant. Incorporating irregular singular nouns (e.g., bonus) and plural nouns (e.g., mice) as foils produced the same results. In Study 3, two LDTs and one NAT were conducted. Lexical decision results revealed that in both English and French, singular nouns were recognized faster than plural nouns. However, the effects of noun collectivity and animacy were significant in English only; non-collective nouns were recognized faster than collective nouns while inanimate nouns were recognized faster than animate nouns. Number agreement results revealed that in English, plural nouns were recognized faster than singular nouns; no other effects reached significance. Taken together, my studies confirm that a strong surface frequency effect exists during visual word recognition for singular-dominant nouns. However, the surface frequency effect does not extend to the formation determiner-noun number agreement decisions, which were influenced nearly exclusively by grammatical number.
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Nyamasyo, Eunice A. "A corpus-based study of grammatical and lexical characteristics of the writing of Kenyan pre-university students." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334727.
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Veeman, Hartger. "A comparative study of the grammatical gender systems of languages by means of analysing word embeddings." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik och filologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-425635.
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The creation of word embeddings is one of the key breakthroughs in natural language processing. Word embeddings allow for words to be represented semantically, opening the way to many new deep learning methods. Understanding what information is in word embeddings will help understanding the behaviour of embeddings in natural language processing tasks, but also allows for the quantitative study of the linguistic features such as grammatical gender. This thesis attempts to explore how grammatical gender is encoded in word embeddings, through analysing the performance of a neural network classifier on the classification of nouns by gender. This analysis is done in three experiments: an analysis of contextualized embeddings, an analysis of embeddings learned from modified corpora and an analysis of aligned embeddings in many languages. The contextualized word embedding model ELMo has multiple output layers with a gradual increasing presence of semantic information in the embedding. This differing presence of semantic information was used to test the classifier's reliance on semantic information. Swedish, German, Spanish and Russian embeddings were classified at all layers of a three layered ELMo model. The word representation layer without any contextualization was found to produce the best accuracy, indicating the noise introduced by the contextualization was more impactful than any potential extra semantic information. Swedish embeddings were learned from a corpus stripped of articles and a stemmed corpus. Both sets of embeddings showed an drop of about 6% in accuracy in comparison with the embeddings from a non-augmented corpus, indicating agreement plays a large role in the classification. Aligned multilingual embeddings were used to measure the accuracy of a grammatical gender classifier in 24 languages. The classifier models were applied to data of other languages to determine the similarity of the encoding of grammatical gender in these embeddings. Correcting the results with a random guessing baseline shows that transferred models can be highly accurate in certain language combinations and in some cases almost approach the accuracy of the model on its source data. A comparison between transfer accuracy and phylogenetic distance showed that the model transferability follows a pattern that resembles the phylogenetic distance.
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El, Haj Ahmed Mohammed. "Lexical, cultural and grammatical translation problems encountered by senior palestinian EFL learners at the Islamic University of Gaza, Palestine." Thesis, University of Salford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.517603.
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Walton, Linda. "Nouns and Verbs in the Tagalog Mental Lexicon." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3546.
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The purpose of this research was to study grammatical categories in the Tagalog mental lexicon using lexical decision tasks. Some linguists question whether words in Tagalog can be classified as nouns and verbs (Foley, 1998; Kaufman, 2011) because most root words can be inflected for any grammatical function and because verbs cannot be used in their uninflected form. Previous studies with English and German (Kauschke and Stenneken 2008) have shown that participants respond differently to nouns and verbs in lexical decision tasks. These studies have also shown that participants respond differently to transitive and intransitive verbs in lexical decision tasks. It was assumed that if nouns and verbs exist in Tagalog, response times to Tagalog lexical decision tasks will show similar patterns to those performed in English and German. Two experiments were performed to examine whether words are classified as nouns and verbs in the Tagalog mental lexicon and whether other factors affected that classification. For the experiments, native speakers of Tagalog participated in lexical decision tasks and response times were measured. The first experiment tested the classification of root nouns and verbs. Contrary to findings in other languages, there was no significant difference between response times to nouns and verbs. However, there were differences in response times to nouns from different semantic categories and to verbs with different morphosyntactic structures. The second experiment examined the classification of inflected nouns and verbs. Again, the results showed no difference between response times to nouns and verbs. There was also no difference between transitive and intransitive verbs. However, there was a slight difference between verbs of different voice inflections. The results of the experiments suggest the while the grammatical classes of nouns and verbs may not be the most important features of words in the Tagalog mental lexicon, they may still play a role since different features, semantics or morphosyntactics, did affect the responses to words from the different categories.
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Radwan, M. A. "A linguistic analysis of the grammatical and lexical errors in the nominal group fund in the written English of Syrian university students." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.380973.
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Kapnoula, Efthymia Evangelia. "Not everything that competes means something: evidence for competition among word-forms in a novel-word learning paradigm." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2013. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/4660.
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The aim of the present study was to investigate whether learning a meaningless phonological word-form, can affect its ability to compete with other words shortly after it was learned. According to previous experimental work we expected that a semantic referent (Leach & Samuel, 2007), and/or consolidation over a significant amount of time (Gaskell& Dumay, 2003) are necessary for a novel word-form to be able to engage in lateral inhibition with other words. In order to examine this we used the experimental design that was used by Dahan, Magnuson, Tanenhaus and Hogan (2001). Experiment 1 was a replication of the Dahan et al (2001) study. In Experiment 2 we added a condition in which a novel word was now assigned the role of the competitor, by inserting a nonword learning task (that was performed right before the Dahan task). The goal was to see whether any differences would arise between this new novel-word condition and the nonword condition. The results from Experiment 2 were inconclusive due to the stimulus set and this is why we conducted Experiment 3, which was similar to Experiment 2, but had a different stimulus set. The results of Experiment 3 showed that, in contrast to the predictions, a novel word can compete with other words, even if it does not have meaning and, moreover, this happens immediately after training. These findings indicate that 1) a word does not have to be complete (i.e. include semantic information) in order to compete with other words and 2) connections between novel and known words can form faster than what has been suggested.
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Zariquiey, Roberto, Alonso Vásquez, and Gabriela Tello. "Lenguas y dialectos pano del Purús: una aproximación filogenética." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/103273.
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El presente artículo ofrece una propuesta de clasificación de las variedades lingüísticas pertenecientes a la familia lingüística pano habladas en la provincia del Purús (región Ucayali, Perú). Los datos empleados recogen información léxica sobre nueve de estas variedades lingüísticas e información gramatical sobre ocho de ellas. Este material ha sido analizado empleando métodos filogenéticos y demuestra la pertinencia de agrupar a todas estas lenguas en un subgrupo al interior de la familia pano. Sin embargo, los resultados revelan una contradicción entre los datos provenientes del léxico y los datos provenientes de la gramática: los primeros sugieren la existencia de tres unidades lingüísticas bien delimitadas, mientras que los segundos sugieren la existencia de cuatro. Esto abre interesantespreguntas en torno a la posible existencia de un continuo dialectal yaminawa. Finalmente, este artículo discute la posición de la lengua iskonawa (una lengua pano obsolescente) en relación con las lenguas del Purús. Los datos muestran que el iskonawa exhibe una fuerte base purusina, que nos lleva a postularlo como una lengua muy cercana a las lenguas habladas en el Purús.The present paper aims to provide a classification of the Panoan linguistic varieties spoken in the province of Purus (Ucayali, Peru). The data covers lexical information coming from nine Panoan linguistic varieties of the Purus province, as well as grammatical information taken from eight of them. The data have been analyzed using phylogenetic methods and show the need of including all these languages in a single Panoan subgroup. The results, however, show inconsistent trends between the lexical and the grammatical data: lexical data suggest the existence of three well-defined linguistic units, while the grammatical data point towards the existence of four. This fact opens interesting questions regarding the so-called Yaminawadialectal continuum. Finally, this paper discusses the position of Iskonawa (an obsolescent Panoan language) in relation to the languages of Purus. The data shows that Iskonawa is closely-related to the languages of the Purus region.
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Karayayla, Tugba. "Turkish as an immigrant and heritage language in the UK : effects of exposure and age at onset of bilingualism on grammatical and lexical development of the first language." Thesis, University of Essex, 2018. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/22392/.
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Recent decades have brought an extensive amount of research that informs our understanding of the complex relationship between the languages in a multilingual mind and how this is shaped by biological, cognitive and external factors. The current study is an attempt to contribute to this understanding by providing a comprehensive picture of the structural and lexical development of Turkish as an immigrant and heritage language in the UK and its predictors. It specifically aims to gain insights into the roles of age at onset of bilingualism (AaO) and quantity/quality of L1 contact in this development by bringing together the body of research that was traditionally carried out separately either with early bilinguals/heritage speakers or late bilinguals (attriters). The spoken performance of a total of 92 Turkish - English bilinguals with a wide AaO range (0–42) divided into three age ranges and of 44 monolinguals was investigated. This approach allowed us to control for the quality of input available to the speakers within this community and test the impact of AaO to see whether these factors remain equally predictive of L1 knowledge across a wide range of linguistic abilities including past tense, overall structural complexity, foreign accentedness, and word formation. The synthesis of the findings obtained from three empirical studies written as chapters of this thesis suggested that this was not the case. The productivity in word formation, for example, was largely independent of AaO effect and past L1 experience, while both factors were at play in the remaining properties showing a dynamic, nonlinear interaction between the two. While in older bilinguals the transfer from the L2 to L1 was mostly subtle (due to late AaOs), for younger bilinguals, L1 development was variable and affected by a range of additional factors. Findings are discussed within the premises of various theoretical approaches.
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Shain, Rachel M. "The Preverb Eis- and Koine Greek Aktionsart." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1238085936.
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Fontes, Michel Gustavo [UNESP]. "A distinção léxico-gramática na Gramática Discursivo-Funcional: uma proposta de implementação." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/148543.
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Esta tese, ao investigar a distinção léxico-gramática no âmbito do modelo da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (doravante GDF), de Hengeveld e Mackenzie (2008), objetiva reunir, num diálogo entre os princípios da gramaticalização e os da GDF, mecanismos que permitam uma abordagem, dentro desse modelo, da gradualidade entre léxico e gramática. Encaram-se, assim, duas frentes de investigação: (i) caracterizar a multifuncionalidade de ainda no português, e (ii) descrever a natureza composicional, a funcionalidade comunicativa e o estatuto categorial das formas perifrásticas com ainda, no caso ainda assim, ainda bem, ainda mais e ainda que. Em relação a (i), dois mecanismos se mostram pertinentes para a descrição dos diferentes usos de ainda: (a) a determinação das diferentes relações de escopo que ainda pode instaurar a depender de seu uso; e (b) a avaliação dos diferentes estatutos categoriais de ainda enquanto primitivo da formulação. Esta tese distingue, então, quatro usos de ainda, que se dispõem ao longo de um contínuo entre léxico e gramática e que evidenciam um processo de gramaticalização, que, à luz da GDF (cf. HENGEVELD, no prelo; DALL’AGLIO-HATTNHER; HENGEVELD, 2016), caracteriza-se por uma mudança de conteúdo e por uma mudança formal. Em relação a (ii), esta tese defende que as formas perifrásticas com ainda ocupam diferentes posições no cline de lexicalidade/gramaticalidade (cf. BRINTON; TRAUGOTT, 2005). Isso aponta para dois processos de mudança linguística envolvidos em sua emergência, lexicalização e gramaticalização, que, à luz da GDF, implicam não só um aumento nas relações de escopo ou uma mudança categorial, mas também um percurso do tipo relação núcleo-dependente > primitivo, que dá conta da representação do processo de fixação na emergência dessas formas via lexicalização ou gramaticalização.
This study investigates the lexical-grammatical distinction in Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG). Our point of departure is the interface between grammaticalization principles and the FDG model that allows representing the gradience between Lexicon and Grammar within this model. This requires a twofold analysis: (i) one that accounts for the multi-functions of ainda in Portuguese; and (ii) another one that describes the compositional nature, the functions, and the categorial status of derived forms of ainda, such as ainda assim, ainda bem, ainda mais e ainda que. In relation to (i), two mechanisms are relevant for the description of the different uses of ainda: (a) the determination of the different scope relations that ainda may obtain, and (b) the evaluation of ainda’s different categorial status as a primitive of formulation. Therefore, this thesis distinguishes four different uses of ainda, which are arranged in a continuum between Lexicon and Grammar and reveal that a grammaticalization process in a FDG approach is characterized by contentive and formal change (cf. Hengeveld, approved for publication; Dall’Aglio-Hattnher; Hengeveld, 2016). Regarding (ii), this study argues that the derived forms of ainda occupy different positions within the lexicality/grammaticality cline (cf. Brinton; Traugott, 2005). This shows that there are two processes of linguistic change responsible for their emergence: lexicalization and grammaticalization. From a FDG standpoint, both processes imply not only an increase in their scope relations or a categorial change, but also predict a path from a nucleus-dependent relation to a primitive, as a way of representing the fixing process in the appearance of periphrastic forms by lexicalization or grammaticalization.
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Gourlet, François. ""Quand P" comme adverbial de localisation temporelle." Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040110.
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Nous nous demandons dans ce travail de quelle manière "quand" modifie l'interprétation qui serait faite d'une séquence de propositions P. Q ou Q. P lorsqu'il préfixe P. Après avoir souligné les problèmes que cette question soulevé dans plusieurs études fondatrices en sémantique temporelle, nous apportons des arguments pour défendre la théorie, admise par plusieurs auteurs, selon laquelle "quand P" est un adverbial de localisation temporelle. Nous montrons que les propriétés discursives de P, souvent traitée dans la littérature comme une proposition présupposée, s'expliquent par cette seule contrainte : "quand" impose de traiter cette proposition comme la description d'un repère temporel utilisé dans l'interprétation de Q. Nous montrons en outre que la théorie selon laquelle "quand P" désigne un repère temporel permet de rendre compte des contraintes qui pèsent sur les relations chronologiques pouvant s'établir entre les événements eP et eQ des deux propositions. En particulier, nous avançons que l'inférence d'une relation de succession immédiate entre eP et eQ reflète l'une des relations qui peuvent s'établir entre le référent d'un adverbial de localisation et l'événement qu'il localise : le référent de l'adverbial sert de borne initiale à l'intervalle d'occurrence de l'événement. Enfin, nous étudions la manière dont la description d'éventualité et le marqueur temporel accueillis par P contribuent à la sémantique de l'adverbial "quand P". Nous précisons les propriétés quantificationnelles et temporelles conférées au référent de "quand P" par les différents temps du français et expliquons par ces propriétés les contraintes de cooccurrence qui pèsent sur l'emploi des temps dans P et QIn this work, we adress the following question: how does "quand" change the interpretation that may be made of a sequence of clauses P. Q or Q. P when it prefixes P? After highlighting the problems that this matter raises in several pioneering studies in temporal semantics, we provide arguments to defend the theory E accepted by several authors E that quand P is a temporal locating adverbial. We show that the discourse properties of P, which is often treated in the literature as a presupposed proposition, is explained by the following single constraint: "quand" demands to treat this clause as the description of a time mark to be used in the interpretation of Q. We further show that the theory that "quand P" designates a time mark accounts for the constraints on the temporal relations that can be established between eP and eQ, the events of both clauses. In particular, we argue that the inference that eQ immediately follows eP reflects one of the relations that can be established between the referent of a temporal locating adverbial and the event it locates: the referent of the adverbial provides an initial bound to the interval of occurrence of the event. Finally, we study how the event description and the tense of P contribute to the semantics of the adverbial "quand P". We specify the quantificational and temporal properties imparted to the referent of quand P by the different tenses of French and explain these properties by co-occurrence constraints that impact the use of tenses in P and Q
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Gallé, Matthias. "Searching for Compact Hierarchical Structures in DNA by means of the Smallest Grammar Problem." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00595494.
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Motivé par la découverte automatique de la structure hiérarchique de séquences d'ADN, nous nous intéressons au probléme classique de la recherche de la plus petite grammaire algébrique générant exactement une séquence donnée. Ce probléme NP-dur a été largement étudié pour des applications comme la compression de données, la découverte de structure et la théorie algorithmique de l'information. Nous proposons de décomposer ce probléme en deux problémes d'optimisation complémentaires. Le premier consiste á choisir les chaînes de la séquence qui seront les constituants de la grammaire finale alors que le second, que nous appelons ''analyse grammaticale minimale'', consiste á trouver une grammaire de taille minimale permettant l'analyse syntaxique de ces constituants. Nous donnons une solution polynomiale au probléme d' ''analyse grammaticale minimale'' et montrons que cette décomposition permet de définir un espace de recherche complet pour le probléme de la plus petite grammaire algébrique. Nous nous intéressons aux algorithmes praticables permettant de retourner une approximation du probléme en un temps suffisamment raisonnable pour être appliqués á de grandes séquences telles que les séquences génomiques. Nous analysons l'impact de l'utilisation de classes différentes de maximalité de répétitions pour le choix des constituants et le compromis entre l'efficacité et la taille de la grammaire finale. Nous présentons des avancées algorithmiques pour une meilleure efficacité des algorithmes hors-ligne existants, dont notamment la mise á jour incrémentale de tableaux de suffixes en cours de recodage. Enfin, la nouvelle décomposition du probléme nous permet de proposer de nouveaux algorithmes génériques permettant de trouver des grammaires 10\% plus petites que l'état de l'art. Enfin, nous nous intéressons á l'impact de ces idées sur les applications. En ce qui concerne la découverte de structures, nous étudions le nombre de grammaires minimales et montrons que ce nombre peut être exponentiel dans le pire cas. Nos expérimentations sur des jeux de séquences permettent cependant de montrer une certaine stabilité de structure au sein des grammaires minimales obtenues á partir d'un ensemble de constituants. En ce qui concerne la compression des données, nous contribuons dans chacune des trois étapes de la compression á base de grammaires. Nous définissons alors un nouvel algorithme qui optimise la taille de la chaine de bits finale au lieu de la taille de la grammaire. En l'appliquant sur les séquences d'ADN, nos expérimentations montrent que cet algorithme surpasse tout autre compresseur spécifique d'ADN á base de grammaire. Nous améliorons ce résultat en utilisant des répétitions inexactes et arrivons á améliorer les taux de compression de 25\% par rapport aux meilleurs compresseurs d'ADN á base de grammaire. Outre l'obtention de taux de compression plus performants, cette approche permet également envisager des généralisations intéressantes de ces grammaires.
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Frederick, John. "The ethics of the enactment and reception of cruciform love : a comparative lexical, conceptual, exegetical/theological study of Colossians 3:1-17 and the patterns of thought which have influenced it in their grammatical/historical context." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11854.
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This thesis aims to compare the words and governing ethical pattern of thought in the catalogue of virtues and vice in Colossians 3:5, 8, 12-17 to Greco-Roman and Jewish texts that are antecedent to, or contemporaneous with the writings of the apostle Paul and the Epistle to the Colossians. In carrying out this study, I will interact with and critique the arguments of scholars who have proposed that Paul and the author of Colossians are operating from a Stoic, Cynic or Aristotelian governing ethical pattern of thought. I will demonstrate that such positions are called into question in light of the lack of both central Greco-Roman ethical terms, and the lack of essential ethical concepts in both the generally agreed upon genuine Pauline epistles and in the Epistle to the Colossians in particular. Lastly, I will combine the results of the comparative studies of Colossians and the Greco-Roman and Jewish sources with an exegesis of Colossians in order to propose that: (i) the ethical terms of Colossians - while incidentally and peripherally influenced by the various Hellenistic ethical schools of thought - are most directly influenced by words found in the texts of the Jewish traditions, (ii) several of the ethical terms used by the author of Colossians are largely absent from and certainly uncommon in the Greco-Roman sources surveyed but widely attested in the Jewish sources, and that (iii) the author of Colossians presents his ethical material through an inherited binary format derived from the Jewish Two Ways tradition that is driven by a governing pattern of thought which focuses on Christlike transformation through the enactment and reception of cruciform love.
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Wang, Luying. "Second Language Acquisition of Mandarin Aspect Markers by Native Swedish Adults." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik och filologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-175785.
Full textAbstract:
This experimental study investigates the second language acquisition of the four Mandarin aspect markers -le, -guo, -zhe, and zai- by native Swedish university students enrolled in Chinese language courses in Sweden. The main points of inquiry are acquisition order, the Aspect Hypothesis, the Distributional Bias Hypothesis, and the Prototype Model. The study contains a cross-sectional study and a longitudinal study. Both written and spoken data are collected. The tasks in the cross-sectional study include film-retelling, picture-retelling, grammaticality judgment, fill-in-the-blank questions and comprehension. The longitudinal study includes written data produced by seven students in their tri-monthly journal. The study shows that perfective markers are produced before imperfective markers. The results of the experiments are consistent with the Aspect Hypothesis. The Distributional Bias Hypothesis can account for most of the Aspect Hypothesis but there are exceptions that indicate that other factors could also influence the acquisition process, such as L1 transfer. The Prototype Model cannot be conclusively proven. Apart from contributing to second-language acquisition theo-ries on cross-linguistic tense-aspect morphology, this study can provide empirical evidence with significant pedagogical implications for the second-language learning classroom.
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Henadeerage, Kumara, and kumara henadeerage@anu edu au. "Topics in Sinhala Syntax." The Australian National University. Faculty of Arts, 2002. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20060426.142352.
Full textAbstract:
This study is a detailed investigation of a number of issues in colloquial
Sinhala morphosyntax. These issues primarily concern grammatical relations,
argument structure, phrase structure and focus constructions. The
theoretical framework of this study is Lexical Functional Grammar.¶Chapter
1 introduces the issues to be discussed, followed by a brief introduction
of some essential aspects of colloquial Sinhala as background for the
discussion in the following chapters. In Chapter 2 we present basic
concepts of the theoretical framework of Lexical Functional Grammar.¶ The
next three chapters mainly concern grammatical relations, argument
structure and clause structure in colloquial Sinhala. Chapter 3 examines
grammatical relations. The main focus lies in establishing the subject
grammatical relation in terms of various subjecthood diagnostics. We show
that only a very small number of diagnostics are reliable, and that the
evidence for subject is weaker than assumed previously. All the subjecthood
diagnostics that were examined select the most prominent argument in the
argument structure as the subject, i.e. 'logical subject'. However, there
appear to be no processes in the language that are sensitive to the subject
in the grammatical relations structure, i.e. 'gr-subject'. Further, there
is no evidence for other grammatical relations like objects. In Chapter 4
we discuss the agentless construction and related valency alternation
phenomena. It was previously assumed that the agentless construction,
valency alternation phenomena and the involitive construction are all
related. We argue that the agentless construction should be treated as a
different construction from the involitive construction. We also show that
the agentless construction and the involitive construction have contrasting
characteristics, and that treatment of them as separate constructions can
account for some phenomena which did not receive an explanation previously.
The valency alternation phenomena are related to the agentless
construction, therefore there is no valency alternation in involitive
constructions. It will be shown that verbs undergoing the valency
alternation can be distinguished from the other verbs in terms of the
lexical semantic properties of individual verbs. Chapter 5 examines the
structure of non-verbal sentences in terms of a number of morphosyntactic
phenomena. It was previously argued that verbal sentences and non-verbal
sentences in colloquial Sinhala differ in terms of clause structure.
However, the present study shows evidence to the contrary.¶ The next two
chapters deal with modelling contrastive focus and the phrase structure of
the language. Chapter 6 is a detailed analysis of the contrastive focus
(cleft) construction in various clause types in the language, and proposes
a unified syntactic treatment of contrastive focus. Contrastive focus is in
some constructions morphologically encoded, while in others it involves
both morphological and configurational assignment of focus. The complex
interaction between focus markers and verb morphology in various focus
constructions is accounted for by general well-formedness conditions
applying to the f-structure, and the principles of Functional Uncertainty
and Morphological Blocking. In Chapter 7, we discuss the phrase structure
of the language, in particular such issues as its non-configurational
nature and the lack of evidence for VP. We propose non-configurational S
and some functional projections to account for word order freedom under S
and to explain certain morphosyntactic phenomena, such as configurational
focus assignment. Finally, Chapter 8 summarises the conclusions made in
previous chapters.
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Prieto, Gastón. "”¿Me pasarías la blåbärssylt?” : Lexikaliskt inskott och genusval: hur infödda talare av spanska väljer grammatiskt genus när de skjuter in svenska substantiv i spanskt tal." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Centrum för tvåspråkighetsforskning, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-169410.
Full textAbstract:
När en infödd talare av spanska med hög behärskningsnivå i svenska samtalar med en annan individ med liknande språkbakgrund är det inte sällan fraser som ”¿me pasarías la blåbärssylt?” (”kan du skicka blåbärssylten, tack?”) uppstår. Lexikaliskt inskott (eng. noun insertion), d.v.s. att skjuta in substantiv från andraspråket i för övrigt förstaspråksdominerat tal, är ett vanligt förekommande fenomen hos tvåspråkiga. Men vad händer när de två samspelande språken har asymmetriska genussystem som spanskans och svenskans? Vilket spanskt grammatiskt genus ska man då tillskriva de inskjutna svenska enheterna som ”blåbärssylt” i rubriken? Och vad är det som styr dessa val? Två hypoteser ställs upp för att försöka få svar på dessa frågor: genusvalet styrs i större utsträckning av det inskjutna substantivets ändelsemorfem, eller så styrs det i större utsträckning av dess översättningsmotsvarighet. För att testa dessa två hypoteser genomfördes ett experiment med 30 infödda spansktalare med svenska som andraspråk där de ombads attribuera ett spanskt grammatiskt genus, maskulinum eller femininum, till en del svenska substantiv i två olika uppgifter, en lucktext och en ordlista. Resultaten visade att både de olika stimuliordens ändelsemorfem och översättningsmotsvarighet spelade en signifikativ roll för val av grammatiskt genus, och att översättningsmotsvarighet hade en relativt större påverkan på genusvalet jämfört med ändelsemorfem. Detta kan eventuellt peka på att genus hos infödda spansktalare upplevs som en inherent egenskap hos själva referenten, med påtagliga konsekvenser för hur de ser på och tänker kring omvärlden.
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Butrimienė, Lauryna. "Lietuviškus ir britiškus prekinius ženklus lydinčių reklaminių šūkių kalbinės poveikio priemonės." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140721_132226-18158.
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Šio magistro darbo tikslas - išanalizuoti, kokios kalbinės poveikio priemonės dominuoja lietuvių ir britų kultūrose ir kaip reklaminiuose šūkiuose atskleidžiami nacionaliniai lietuvių ir britų būdo bruožai. Lietuviškų ir britiškų reklaminių šūkių kalbinių poveikio priemonių ir nacionalinio lietuvių ir britų charakterio atspindžio analizei reklaminiuose šūkiuose atlikti buvo surinkti 105 lietuviški ir 95 britiški reklaminiai šūkiai. Tyrimas atliktas naudojant kokybinį, kiekybinį ir gretinamąjį metodus, remiantis reklamos teorija, retorinėmis poveikio priemonėmis ir lietuvių ir britų kultūrų skirtumais, atsižvelgiant į nacionalinį tautų charakterį. Tyrimo rezultatai atskleidžia, kad lietuviai fonetinių, leksinių ir sintaksinių stiliaus figūrų reklaminiuose šūkiuose vartoja kur kas gausiau nei britai ir nevengia viename reklaminiame šūkyje pavartoti kelių skirtingų stiliaus figūrų. Reklaminiuose šūkiuose lietuviai akcentuoja tautiškumą, meilę gamtai, šeimą, sveikatą ir meilę maistui, o britai – tautiškumą, meilę gamtai, sveiką gyvenimo būdą, maistą ir pagarbą tradicijoms.The aim of the present paper was to analyze the dominant linguistic power means in the Lithuanian and British slogans and to determine how the Lithuanian and British national character is reflected in slogans. To reveal the main differences and similarities of the linguistic power means in the Lithuanian and British slogans 105 Lithuanian and 95 British slogans were collected. All the slogans were analzysed phonetically, lexically and syntactically. To carry out the research qualitative, quantitative and the contrastive analysis methods were used. The research was based on the advertising theory, rethorical power means and the theory of the Lithuanian and British national character.The research revealed that Lithuanians use much more phonetical, lexical and syntactical means in slogans than the British and they do not avoid to use a few different stylistic means in a slogan. Furthermore, Lithuanians are inclined to advertise nationality, love to nature, family, health and love to food and the British tend to advertise nationality, love to nature, healthy lifestyle, food and respect to traditions.
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Skerra, Antje. "Verfügbarkeit von Kohäsionsmitteln für Kinder mit einer Sprachentwicklungsstörung." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/18624.
Full textAbstract:
Die Studie verfolgte das Ziel, die Zusammenhänge zwischen einer unzureichenden grammatischen Entwicklung und den Fähigkeiten Texte zu verstehen, aufzudecken.
Hierfür wurden in 3 Experimenten zum Verstehen und Verwenden von satzübergreifenden pronominalen Bezügen und Konnektoren (Konjunktionen & Adverbien) querschnittliche und längsschnittliche Daten von Kindern mit eine spezifischen Sprachentwicklungsstörung (SSES), von typisch entwickelten Kindern des gleichen chronologischen Alters und von Kindern des gleichen Sprachentwicklungsalters erhoben. Insgesamt wurden 120 Kinder mit einer Altersspanne von 3;0 – 10;11 Jahren getestet. Es wurde untersucht, ob Kinder mit einer SSES die grammatischen Voraussetzungen mitbringen, Kohäsionsmittel zu verstehen oder einzubinden.
Die wesentliche Grundlage bot die Minimal Default Grammar – Annahme (Penner & Roeper, 1998), die besagt, dass Kinder mit einer SSES in einem Zwischenstadium der grammatischen Entwicklung stagnieren. Diese konnte in der vorliegenden Studie bestätigt werden.
In Experiment 1 wurde das Verständnis intersententialer Pronomen in nichtkanonischen Sätzen untersucht. Diese Leistung wurde zum einen mit kanonischen Sätzen mit Pronomen im Nominativ im Vorfeld und zum anderen mit adverbinitialen Sätzen mit Pronomen sowohl im Nominativ als auch im Akkusativ im Vor-und Mittelfeld verglichen. In Experiment 2 wurde das Verständnis der Konjunktionen weil und aber untersucht, welche die die grammatischen Positionen Vorvor- und Vorfeld besetzen. Schließlich wurde in Experiment 3 die Produktion von referentiellen und relationalen Kohäsionsmitteln in Erzählungen untersucht. Hierfür wurden von jedem Kind vier Geschichten hinsichtlich der Verwendung von Pronomen und Konnektoren in sämtlichen grammatischen Positionen analysiert.
Die Ergebnisse zeigten hochsignifikante Gruppenunterschiede zwischen Kindern der SSES-Gruppe und beiden Kontrollgruppen (SSES < EA p < .001; SSES < CA p < .001). Die Leistungen unterschieden sich qualitativ und quantitativ. Kohäsionsmittel konnten von Kindern mit SSES weder verstanden noch aktiv verwendet werden. Dabei konnte ein enger Zusammenhang zwischen der grammatischen Entwicklung und der Verfügbarkeit von Kohäsionsmitteln nachgewiesen werden.The availability of cohesive means in children with developmental language disorder. The aim of the study was to disentangle the interrelation between deficits in the grammatical development and the ability to understand texts. In 3 experiments the comprehension and production of intersentential pronoun resolution as well as connectives were assessed. A large cohort of n= 120 with n= 40 children with specific language impairment (SLI/DLD) (age of 3;0 to 10;11 years) was compared to control groups with chronological age matched and language age matched children. There were cross-sectional and longitudinal data collected. The main question was: Do children with DLD have the preconditions to understand intersentential pronoun resolution and connectives in discourse? Most of the theoretical background was provided by the Minimal Default Grammar – Hypothesis (Penner & Roeper, 1998). The framework postulates that children with DLD adhere to an interim grammar without CP- shell. So the account predicts a considerable deficit at the level or the syntax-discourse interface. In experiment 1 the comprehension of intersentential pronoun resolution in noncanonical clauses was tested and compared with the performance in canonical and adverb initial clauses. In experiment 2 the children had to judge the truth of the sentences with weil and aber. The connective weil is syntactically embedded within the matrix clause. The connectiv aber however is syntactically nonembedded within the sentences, it introduces a co-ordinate clause. Finally in experiment 3 the children tell stories. The focus of the analyses was on the production of referential and relational devices in all syntactical positions. The results show highly significant differences between the performance of the DLD group as compared to the control groups (SSES < EA p < .001; SSES < CA p < .001). Grammatically impaired children neither understand nor use referential and relational cohesive devices within the CP-position. Strong correlations were found between the grammatical development of the children and the availability of cohesive means.
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Michalkova, Marcela. "Gender Asymmetries in Slovak Personal Nouns." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1262189760.
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Adegboku, Dele. "Les apprenants nigérians face aux temps verbaux passés du français : une analyse des aspects et des temps grammaticaux des langues française et yoruba en vue d'applications pédagogiques." Thesis, Besançon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BESA1043/document.
Full textAbstract:
Ce travail se penche sur les difficultés auxquelles font face les apprenants nigérians de français, précisément ceux de langue maternelle yoruba, quant à ce qui concerne les temps passés du français : l'imparfait et le passé composé. Nous sommes parti des productions des apprenants, deux exercices à trous et un écrit long de type rédaction, pour exposer les erreurs de temps commises. Nous avons découvert, suite à l'analyse des productions, que la plupart de ces erreurs proviennent du système aspectuo-temporel du yoruba, langue ne connaissant pas de conjugaison (désinences verbales) comme le français. Mais, la langue étrangère qu'ils sont en train d'apprendre constitue aussi une source de ces difficultés : il leur est particulièrement difficile de gérer les circonstants et adverbes temporels, les connecteurs syntaxiques et logiques, et l'ensemble des shifters accompagnant les temps verbaux français, surtout un écrit long. D'autre part, l'analyse des deux tests à trous en plus de celle des copies de rédaction montrent que, le manque de connaissance de certaines notions linguistiques est une autre cause des difficultés rencontrées par les apprenants : la notion de discours / récit et celle de premier / arrière-plan.En somme, nous pensons qu'un enseignement / apprentissage des temps basé sur la notion d'aspect grammatical, et prenant en compte les notions précédemment mentionnées, sera certainement plus productif. Nos propositions de pistes pour un meilleur enseignement/apprentissage des temps concernés terminent cette recherche. Nous pensons, par ailleurs, qu'en ajoutant à ce que nous venons de dire, les détails que nous ont révélés les analyses linguistiques des systèmes aspectuo-temporels des deux langues, nous pourrons construire par la suite une méthode d'enseignement et apprentissage des temps verbaux du passé pour l'apprenant nigérian. Ainsi, nous aurons apporté une autre contribution à l'enseignement / apprentissage du français au NigeriaNigerian learners of French as a Foreign Language are generally faced with difficulties while using French Past Tenses in producing written composition. In this thesis, we are particularly interested in the case of the Yoruba learners of French language. The analysis of their written composition copies reveals that most of the errors committed originate from the mother tongue, Yoruba which does not know the tense-markedness of French language with her conjugation and complicated verb endings. This specifically means that there are problems closely related to the French Language herself. Actually, Yoruba learners find it particularly difficult to use French temporal adverbs and shifters in their written composition copies. On the other hand, through our analysis of copies of two objective tests in which students were to produce the missing verb forms, we also found that the learners lack some theoretical linguistic knowledge which is important in understanding French past tenses : for instance, Benveniste's “Discours & récit” and Weinrich's “Premier plan / Arrière-plan”. In addition, our analysis of the tempo-aspectual systems of both languages shows that contrary to French language, Yoruba aspects and tenses do not function separately.We believe that students would better understand the use of French past tenses if they have a good grasp of the “grammatical aspect” notion and if this linguistic notion is taken into account while teaching the topic. We brought the research to a close with different suggestions on how to improve the teaching / learning of the French tenses concerned here. On the whole, placing oneself on the didactic perspective, we are of the opinion that all these information put together can help develop a Methodology for the teaching and learning of French past tenses; and by so doing, advance the more the cause of the teaching and learning of French in Nigeria
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Svensson, Maria Helena. "Critères de figement : L’identification des expressions figées en français contemporain." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Moderna språk, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-335.
Full textAbstract:
Although there are units larger than the word in language, linguists have not been able to agree on a definition of these units. This study examines a variety of notions, relevant in the study of ”fixed” or ”frozen” expressions in contemporary French. Criteria such as memorization, unique context, non-compositionality, marked syntax, lexical blocking and grammatical blocking are analyzed in detail. A closer look at them reveals that in fact only one of them, lexical blocking, is both necessary and sufficient in the description of a fixed expression. The other criteria are, however, also important to the notion of ”fixedness”. It may well be that the criteria that have often been proposed in linguistic literature would benefit from being organized in a family resemblance rather than being used as necessary and sufficient conditions.
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Burov, Aleksej. "Temporaladverbien als sprachliches Mittel zum Ausdruck der Zeitwahrnehmung Fachübergreifende Analyse des Nibelungenliedes (Handschrift B)." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20111102_111402-23755.
Full textAbstract:
Der Forschungsgegenstand der vorliegenden Dissertation ist die Semantik der Temporaladverbien im Nibelungenlied (Handschrift B). Der Ausgangspunkt der wissenschaftlichen Auseinandersetzung beruht auf der Annahme, die semantische Analyse der Temporaladverbien im Text ermögliche die Untersuchung der Zeitwahrnehmung der vergangenen Epochen.
Den theoretischen Teil (Kapitel 1-5) eröffnet die Fragestellung nach der Zeit. Es werden mehrere grundlegende Zeitkonzepte beschrieben, in denen das untersuchte Problem aus der Perspektive der subjektiven Wahrnehmung (im Unterschied zur objektiven Zeit), chronologisch (von Aurelius Augustinus bis zu Arvydas Šliogeris ) problematisiert wird. Im anschließenden Kapitel wird das Wesen der zyklischen und der linearen Zeitwahrnehmung dargestellt. Auch die ausführliche Auseinandersetzung mit den sprachlichen Mitteln zum Ausdruck der Zeit (mit Schwerpunkt auf dem Temporaladverb) wird im theoretischen Teil unternommen. Abgeschlossen wird der Teil mit der ausführlichen Darstellung des literaturhistorischen Kontexts des zu untersuchenden Textes (Kapitel 5).
Im empirischen Teil (Kapitel 6) werden die mhd. Temporaladverbien im Nibelungenlied (Handschrift B) analysiert. Im Kapitel (7) werden die Schlussfolgerungen aus der Untersuchung des Liedes gezogen.
Mit der Erscheinung der vorliegenden Dissertation erfolgt die Anknüpfung der litauischen Germanistik an das fachübergreifende Gespräch über die Zeitwahrnehmung im Rahmen der germanistischen Mediävistik... [der volle Text, siehe weiter]Disertacijos tyrimo objektas – laiko prieveiksmių semantika Nybelungų giesmėje (B rankraštis). Disertacijos tikslas – remiantis viduriniosios vokiečių aukštaičių kalbos laiko prieveiksmių analize nustatyti, kuris laiko suvokimo modelis dominuoja apie 1200 m. nežinomo autoriaus parašytoje Nybelungų giesmėje (B rankraštis). Manoma, kad skirtingais žmogaus vystymosi etapais vyravo vienas iš trijų laiko suvokimo modelių: laikas kaip atskirų punktų visuma, kaip tam tikras pasikartojantis ciklas arba kaip nenutrūkstanti linija. Manoma, kad būtent Viduramžiais dabartinės Vokietijos teritorijoje ciklinį laiko suvokimo modelį pakeitė linijinis. Suformuluotas darbo tikslas peržengia kalbos istorijos tyrimų ribas, todėl iškelta problema nagrinėjama ir iš filosofijos mokslo, religijotyros, kultūrologijos bei literatūros mokslo perspektyvų. Darbą sudaro septynios dalys: įvadas, skyriai „Laiko suvokimas kaip filosofijos mokslo tyrimo objektas“, „Laiko suvokimas bei laiko suvokimo modeliai“, „Kalbos priemonės laikui reikšti“, „Nybelungų giesmės tekstas bei jo sociokultūrinis kontekstas“, „Nybelungų giesmės vokiečių aukštaičių kalbos laiko prieveiksmių analizė“ bei išvados. Išanalizavus 822 viduriniosios vokiečių aukštaičių kalbos laiko prieveiksmius buvo nustatyta, kad Nybelungų giesmėje egzistuoja ir ciklinis, ir linijinis laiko modeliai. Atlikus tyrimą paaiškėjo, kad tekste atsispindi nuostata, jog laikas – tai amžina ir besikartojanti kategorija. Tą liudija 59 % visų analizės metu... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The object of the doctoral thesis is to explore the semantics of the adverbs of time in The Song of the Nibelungs (Manuscript B). Drawing on the analysis of the adverbs of time in Middle High German, the research aims at disclosing the prevalent model of time in The Song of the Nibelungs, composed by an anonymous writer about AD 1200. It is assumed that at different stages of the development of humanity one of the three models of time was dominant: time as the sum of separate points, time as a cycle or an uninterrupted line. It is supposed that mainly in the Middle Ages in the territory of present-day Germany there was a shift from the cyclical to linear concept of time. The research question is discussed not only from the perspective of historical linguistics but also from philosophical, religious, cultural and literary perspectives. The doctoral thesis consists of seven parts: Introduction, chapters „Conceptualization of time as the object of research in philosophy“, „Conceptualization of time and its models“, „Linguistic means of expressing time“, „The text of The Song of the Nibelungs and its sociocultural context“, „The analysis of the adverbs of time in Middle High German in The Song of the Nibelungs“ and Conclusions. The research of 822 adverbs of time in Middle High German has proved that The Song of the Nibelungs displays both cyclical and linear models of time. The findings of the research have revealed that 59% of the adverbs of time refer to time as an infinite... [to full text]
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Burov, Aleksej. "Laiko prieveiksmis – leksinė priemonė laiko suvokimo modeliams reikšti. Tarpdalykinė Nybelungų giesmės (B rankraštis) analizė." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20111102_111518-86126.
Full textAbstract:
Disertacijos tyrimo objektas – laiko prieveiksmių semantika Nybelungų giesmėje (B rankraštis). Disertacijos tikslas – remiantis viduriniosios vokiečių aukštaičių kalbos laiko prieveiksmių analize nustatyti, kuris laiko suvokimo modelis dominuoja apie 1200 m. nežinomo autoriaus parašytoje Nybelungų giesmėje (B rankraštis).
Manoma, kad skirtingais žmogaus vystymosi etapais vyravo vienas iš trijų laiko suvokimo modelių: laikas kaip atskirų punktų visuma, kaip tam tikras pasikartojantis ciklas arba kaip nenutrūkstanti linija. Manoma, kad būtent Viduramžiais dabartinės Vokietijos teritorijoje ciklinį laiko suvokimo modelį pakeitė linijinis.
Suformuluotas darbo tikslas peržengia kalbos istorijos tyrimų ribas, todėl iškelta problema nagrinėjama ir iš filosofijos mokslo, religijotyros, kultūrologijos bei literatūros mokslo perspektyvų.
Darbą sudaro septynios dalys: įvadas, skyriai „Laiko suvokimas kaip filosofijos mokslo tyrimo objektas“, „Laiko suvokimas bei laiko suvokimo modeliai“, „Kalbos priemonės laikui reikšti“, „Nybelungų giesmės tekstas bei jo sociokultūrinis kontekstas“, „Nybelungų giesmės vokiečių aukštaičių kalbos laiko prieveiksmių analizė“ bei išvados.
Išanalizavus 822 viduriniosios vokiečių aukštaičių kalbos laiko prieveiksmius buvo nustatyta, kad Nybelungų giesmėje egzistuoja ir ciklinis, ir linijinis laiko modeliai. Atlikus tyrimą paaiškėjo, kad tekste atsispindi nuostata, jog laikas – tai amžina ir besikartojanti kategorija. Tą liudija 59 % visų analizės metu... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]The object of the doctoral thesis is to explore the semantics of the adverbs of time in The Song of the Nibelungs (Manuscript B). Drawing on the analysis of the adverbs of time in Middle High German, the research aims at disclosing the prevalent model of time in The Song of the Nibelungs, composed by an anonymous writer about AD 1200. It is assumed that at different stages of the development of humanity one of the three models of time was dominant: time as the sum of separate points, time as a cycle or an uninterrupted line. It is supposed that mainly in the Middle Ages in the territory of present-day Germany there was a shift from the cyclical to linear concept of time. The research question is discussed not only from the perspective of historical linguistics but also from philosophical, religious, cultural and literary perspectives. The doctoral thesis consists of seven parts: Introduction, chapters „Conceptualization of time as the object of research in philosophy“, „Conceptualization of time and its models“, „Linguistic means of expressing time“, „The text of The Song of the Nibelungs and its sociocultural context“, „The analysis of the adverbs of time in Middle High German in The Song of the Nibelungs“ and Conclusions. The research of 822 adverbs of time in Middle High German has proved that The Song of the Nibelungs displays both cyclical and linear models of time. The findings of the research have revealed that 59% of the adverbs of time refer to time as an infinite... [to full text]
Der Forschungsgegenstand der vorliegenden Dissertation ist die Semantik der Temporaladverbien im Nibelungenlied (Handschrift B). Der Ausgangspunkt der wissenschaftlichen Auseinandersetzung beruht auf der Annahme, die semantische Analyse der Temporaladverbien im Text ermögliche die Untersuchung der Zeitwahrnehmung der vergangenen Epochen. Den theoretischen Teil (Kapitel 1-5) eröffnet die Fragestellung nach der Zeit. Es werden mehrere grundlegende Zeitkonzepte beschrieben, in denen das untersuchte Problem aus der Perspektive der subjektiven Wahrnehmung (im Unterschied zur objektiven Zeit), chronologisch (von Aurelius Augustinus bis zu Arvydas Šliogeris ) problematisiert wird. Im anschließenden Kapitel wird das Wesen der zyklischen und der linearen Zeitwahrnehmung dargestellt. Auch die ausführliche Auseinandersetzung mit den sprachlichen Mitteln zum Ausdruck der Zeit (mit Schwerpunkt auf dem Temporaladverb) wird im theoretischen Teil unternommen. Abgeschlossen wird der Teil mit der ausführlichen Darstellung des literaturhistorischen Kontexts des zu untersuchenden Textes (Kapitel 5). Im empirischen Teil (Kapitel 6) werden die mhd. Temporaladverbien im Nibelungenlied (Handschrift B) analysiert. Im Kapitel (7) werden die Schlussfolgerungen aus der Untersuchung des Liedes gezogen. Mit der Erscheinung der vorliegenden Dissertation erfolgt die Anknüpfung der litauischen Germanistik an das fachübergreifende Gespräch über die Zeitwahrnehmung im Rahmen der germanistischen Mediävistik... [der volle Text, siehe weiter]
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MUSILOVÁ, Andrea. "Syntaktická analýza barokního textu." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-50166.
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This thesis deals with syntactical analysis of historical text from the beginning of the eighteenth century. The title of the work is Vidění rozličné sedláčka sprostného and it was written by Valentin Bernard Jestřábský (1630 ? 1719), who was an important writer and a preacher in that time. One of the chapters is part of the appendix in this work as it was analyzed more properly than the others. The aim of our research is analysis of the structure of the compound and complex sentences in baroque texts and also the outline of the used formal means (grammatical and lexical) that the author used for expressing semantic relationships within the sentences.
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KLIMEŠOVÁ, Markéta. "Syntaktická analýza barokního textu." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-136561.
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The subject of the diploma thesis is syntactical analysis of the collection of sermons Vejtažní naučení (1740) by Antonín Koniáš. The aim of the thesis is the research of grammatical and lexical means used in this text to express relations in compound sentences. The thesis is divided into a theoretical and a practical part. In the theoretical part we give information about Koniáš´s life and work, further we characterize the basic syntactical phenomena and define the baroque compound sentence. In the practical part we deal with individual paratactic relations, especially we have the frequency of coordinating means in view. Subsequently we summarize the results of our work, we assess the found out coordinating means and compare them with those in the contemporary Czech language.
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Sun, Ching-Chu, and 孫清珠. "The Development of gĕi 給 in Chinese: Phonological, Grammatical, and Lexical." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/05905024481160761898.
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碩士靜宜大學
英國語文學系
89
In Modern Mandarin, gĕi給 ‘give’ is a high frequency verb used in everyday conversation. Due to gĕi給’s irregular development from an earlier attested phonological form, /ki«p/, it has been alleged that the semantics and pronunciation of gĕi給 were derived from synonyms. However, until now no conclusive evidence had been adduced to determine the etymology of gĕi給. The aim of our study is to pursue the history of gĕi給 and reveal its diachronic development in three areas: phonological, grammatical, and lexical. This study probes into the phenomenon of exceptional sound change in Chinese to search for a reasonable explanation of gĕi給’s unusual phonological development. Historical literary works representing spoken language are adopted to scrutinize gĕi給’s semantic evolution over time in order to trace a natural derivation of gĕi給. Theories of lexicalization and grammaticalization are utilized to account for its evolution. The unusual pronunciation of gĕi給resulted primarily from an unstressed articulation in conversation. Gĕi給, whose ancient form was /ki«p/ and later /ki(/, underwent a split and thus manifested two realizations: /ki(/ > [kei] when serving as a highly bleached, specialized verb ‘give’ and a dative preposition; /ki(/ > [tþi] when used as a full lexical word. The source of gĕi給, /ki«p/給, which was employed as an adjective meaning ‘enough’ during the pre-Qin Dynasties, gradually acquired more meanings: ‘satisfy,’ ‘supply,’ and ‘give.’ The older and newer meanings coexist in Modern Mandarin. Cross-linguistically, dative verbs are especially amenable to grammaticalization. Once it was used as a dative verb meaning ‘give,’ gĕi給 embarked on two pathways of grammaticalization: benefactive and permissive, respectively. Development of the two paths led to gĕi給’s serving as a benefactive or active marker, a marker of affectedness, a patient marker, and an expressive marker in one path and as a permissive or agent marker, a passive marker, and an expressive marker on the other. The process of gĕi給’s grammaticalization was unidirectional; yet, the result of this process was not. Gĕi給shifted from a helping verb to a preposition and from this self-same preposition to an auxiliary─another helping verb. Each step along the path of grammaticalization involved bleaching and recruitment to a new, specialized slot in the grammar. However, the change from A(AUX) to B(P) to C(AUX) led to a situation in which Stage C more closely resembled the initial Stage A than the intermediate Stage B.
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Zare, Hoda. "The relationship between lexical and grammatical development in typical and brain-damaged children." 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/22025.
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Although there are many studies about the relationship between grammar and lexicon, there is a lack of studies examining the relationship between the growth of compound words and complex sentences. This study examined the relationship between compound words at the lexical level, and complex sentences, auxiliaries and modals, and coordinated subjects/objects at the grammatical level, for both brain-injured and typically developing children between the ages 4 and 6. For 10 typically developing children, 3091 utterances, and for 18 brain-injured children, 6460 utterances were examined. The results revealed that both groups showed a significant increase in the use of compound words and coordinated clauses. The growth of auxiliary and modal verbs is significant only for typically developing children and the growth of subordinate clauses is significant just for brain injured children. Moreover, there is an interaction between the growth of coordinate clauses and compound words just for brain injured children.
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Chang, Yu Chi, and 張玉琦. "Evolution of the Grammatical Morpheme `De': from the Viewpoints of Grammaticalization and Lexical Replacement." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/42026262525416639790.
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碩士國立清華大學
語言學系
83
The history of De involves two kinds of development: (1) grammaticalization and (2) lexical replacement. In this paper, we make a quantitative analysis on these two processes, based on historical colloquial texts from Zutangji (around 953 A.D.) to contemporary Mandarin. The variety of the V-De constructions and abstractness-tendency of the meanings feature the grammaticalization of De. From a diachronic perspective, we make an analysis on the statistics of three sets of linguistic variation to substantiate our claim on the grammaticalization of De. They are (1) the ratios of the three correlated constructions, i.e., V-De, V-De-O and V-De-C in each period, (2) the ratios of the 'resultative' and 'potential' meanings in the V-De-(O) constructions, and the proportion of the four types of the V-De-C forms, i.e., V- De[R]-C, V-De[P]-C, V-De[D]-C and V-De[E]-C and (3) the ratios of the two Des, i.e., De 得 and de 的 in the three V- De, V-De-O and V-De-C constructions. As for the lexical replacement, we examine in detail the delicate relationship among the three resultative complements, De, dao and zhao, sharing a common semantic feature of [telic], with close attention to the processes of co-existence, competition and decline/rise. This thesis consists of five chapters. Chapter One is an introduction. Chapter Two presents the literature reviews of the histories of De and the V-De constructions. In Chapter Three, grammaticalization of De is our major concern. Chapter Four discusses lexical replacement of De by dao and zhao. In Chapter Five, we draw a conclusion.
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郭怡君. "Lexical - grammatical and pragmatics-stylistic features of Diminutive nouns in Russian Chastushkas (folk songs)." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/42295112942035812836.
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Oliveira, Melissa Pereira. "Práticas de literacia familiar, desenvolvimento lexical e gramatical em bebés." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/43162.
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Dissertação de mestrado integrado em PsicologiaO presente estudo pretende avaliar o efeito da idade e sexo das crianças, das habilitações literárias das mães e das práticas de literacia (oportunidades e interação) no desenvolvimento lexical e gramatical das crianças. A amostra é constituída por 76 crianças com idades compreendidas entre os 16 e 30 meses de idade. Foram administrados o Questionário de Práticas de Literacia e o Inventário de Desenvolvimento Comunicativo de MacArthur (CDI) (8-30 meses). A análise de regressão linear múltipla hierárquica revelou que a idade e as interações são preditores significativos do número de palavras produzidas pelas crianças, uma medida de desenvolvimento lexical. A análise de regressão logística binária hierárquica revelou que a idade das crianças e a leitura com um maior número de familiares eram preditores significativos da capacidade de combinar palavras, utilizada como medida de desenvolvimento gramatical. Os resultados são discutidos à luz da teoria, são apresentadas as limitações dos estudos e as orientações para investigações futuras.
The present study aims to investigate the effect of age and sex, mother’s academic achievement and home literacy practices (opportunities and interaction) on child lexical and grammatical development. The sample included 76 children with 16 to 30 months of age. The following measures administered were the Questionnaire of literacy practices and the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (CDI) (8-30 months). Hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses revealed that children’s age and interaction with parents are significant predictors on the children word production, a measure of lexical development. Hierarchical binary logistic regression analyses showed children’s age and reading with several family members are significant predictors on the ability to combine words, used as a measure of grammatical development. These results will be discussed and the studies’ limitations as well as guidelines for future research are presented.
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Keskin, Yilmaz, and 葉瑪思. "An Analysis of the English and Turkish Lexical and Grammatical Errors Made by Chinese College Students in Taiwan." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/87398414196194159390.
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碩士國立彰化師範大學
英語研究所
92
The purpose of this study was to investigate English and Turkish lexical and grammatical errors made by college sophomore, junior and senior students in Taiwan. Forty-four Chinese subjects were selected from those who studied Turkish in an university in the Taipei area. The major findings are: First, failing to attach case ending suffixes, verbs, and pronouns are the largest error types. Second, Turkish case endings constitute a high degree of difficulty for the Chinese learners of Turkish. Two major types of errors are observed in the use of Turkish case endings: the learner either omits the endings or makes a wrong choice. Third, the students’ largest errors are in tenses, verbs, spelling errors, language transfer, and prepositions in English. But in Turkish, they are in case endings, verbs, pronouns, adverbs, plurals, adjectives, and nouns in the descending order. It was found that the sophomores outperformed the others in the lexical errors of English. But their performance in grammatical errors of English is the worst of all groups. In Turkish, the sophomores have worst performance both in lexical or grammatical errors. And the juniors outperformed others. In Turkish lexical errors, the seniors have the best performance and the juniors are better than the sophomores. A descending order was found in the performance of the seniors, juniors and the sophomores. The findings of this study lead us to make suggestions as a general reference to those who are interested in teaching or doing researches on English and Turkish lexical and grammatical errors. In terms of research, we propose to incorporate a contrastive analysis between the lexical and grammatical errors in English and Turkish. In addition, communicative approach needs to be adopted. Meanwhile, errors made during the learning of these languages must be taken into serious consideration if the teaching effects are to be enhanced.
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Shin, Chang Won 1972. "Korean EFL learners' knowledge of semantic, morphological, and syntactic properties of English verbs: the relationships of lexical and grammatical knowledge." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/3583.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between lexical and grammatical knowledge in the L2 acquisition of English by Korean EFL learners by examining how the depth of lexical knowledge that Korean learners have about English verbs is related to their grammatical knowledge. For this study, L2 research into depth of lexical knowledge and generative syntactic theory have been reviewed to suggest the interdependent nature of vocabulary and grammar in L2 acquisition (Nation, 1990, 2001; Chomsky, 1981, 1986, 1995; Herschensohn, 2000). Data were collected from Korean EFL learners through a depth of vocabulary knowledge test which focused on semantic, morphological, and syntactic properties of English verbs and a grammar test. The results showed that there was a high positive correlation between vocabulary and grammar knowledge in L2 English acquisition by Korean learners, and that semantic, morphological, and syntactic properties of lexical knowledge all contributed to the prediction of L2 learners' grammatical knowledge. In particular, the syntactic property of lexical knowledge was found to be the most important predictor of grammatical knowledge. However, it was also found that the morphological property was not as important in the prediction of L2 grammatical knowledge as the syntactic property. Based on these findings, it was argued that the in-depth view of L2 lexical knowledge might be appropriate for explaining the interdependent nature of lexical and grammatical knowledge, since this in-depth perspective sees lexical knowledge as consisting of various properties such as semantic, morphological, and syntactic features. On the other hand, a generative view on syntax also seems to provide an account of how each property of lexical knowledge would be related to overall grammatical knowledge. Thus, the syntactic property of word knowledge such as argument structures and subcategorization frames might serve as a connector which links lexical and grammatical knowledge. Finally, some possible accounts of why the morphological property of vocabulary knowledge did not contribute as much to the prediction of L2 grammatical knowledge as the syntactic property were provided on the basis of the notion of argument structures, the characteristics of morphological knowledge assessed by the in-depth vocabulary test, and L2 lexical development model proposed by Jiang (2000).
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Lin, Ching-Hsi, and 林靜熙. "Grammatical and Lexical Patterning of Make in Native Speaker, Taiwanese and Other Asian Learner Writing: A Corpus-Based Study of ICNALE." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4mj762.
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碩士國立臺北科技大學
應用英文系碩士班
105
This study investigates Taiwanese learner, native speaker, and other Asian learner use of the high-frequency verb make in English written essays based on the learner corpus ICNALE (The International Corpus Network of Asian Learners of English). The ICNALE is a collection of 1.3 million words of essays written by 2,600 college students from ten Asian countries, as well as by 200 native speakers of English. The main research questions are: (1) to what extent does the lexical and grammatical patterning of make differ between Taiwanese and native English speakers?; (2) what lexical and grammatical features of make vary among Taiwanese learners at different English proficiency levels?; (3) what are the common errors in the use of make among Taiwanese learners at different English proficiency levels?; and (4) to what extent does the use of make display similar lexical and grammatical features among EFL learners from different Asian countries? This study analyzes the grammatical and lexical features of make based on the analytical framework proposed by Altenberg and Granger (2001) and employs the computer-aided analysis software Wordsmith Tools 7.0 to identify the different patterning of make by native speakers and Asian learners across different proficiency levels. The findings show that make was used substantially more by both Taiwanese and Asian EFL learners compared with native speakers, especially for causative uses; however, Asian EFL learners tend to use less varieties of delexical uses compared with native speakers. The results also demonstrate the difficulties with the use of make across all proficiency levels of Taiwanese learners. This study provides important pedagogical implications of raising learners’ awareness of the complexity of high-frequency verbs.
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Kaprasová, Karolína. "Využití jazykových her ve výuce češtiny jako cizího jazyka pro děti." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-353865.
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The thesis deals with an analysis of language game repertory found in textbooks of foreign languages - Czech, English and German - for children of primary school age, and with a research of the use of language games in classes, which is conducted by means of a questionnaire survey. The first part contains a description of the issue of a game as such, its importance for ontogenetic and personality development of each individual based on specialized literature. The attention here is also concentrated on the existing game typologies and on defining appropriate classification according to which the game activities found in the selected textbooks will be sorted. The game activities are, in the second part, classified by belonging to the individual types of the selected classification and they are supplemented with a more detailed description in terms of language levels (phonetic, lexical and grammatical) and linguistic elements which can be practised through these activities. The questionnaire survey analysed in the third part of the thesis monitors if and to what extent teachers of foreign languages use game activities in their classes with regard to their usefulness and efficiency. Keywords: didactic game, language game, textbooks of foreign languages, phonetic level, lexical level, grammatical level
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FRIEDRICHOVÁ, Petra. "Jazyková analýza barokního kázání." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-55622.
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In the thesis Language Analysis of Baroque Sermon I deal with the morphological level of the Baroque sermon written by Karel Václav Černý Medotekoucí sláva na hůře Libanu (Fame on Liban Mountain) dating back to 1727. The thesis is a follow-up of my bachelor thesis analyzing the syntactic level of sermon. Besides this it involved the exposition concerning the Baroque time and the Saint John of Nepomuk. For this reason I do not state this information in my thesis. The thesis is based on the research of grammatical means applied in the text, as in view of the scope the thesis could not be focused on the lexical and stylistic level. Theoretical base are for me the present as well as the historical grammar books. I classify word classes acquired by excerption and focus on their characteristic features. I try to prove everything by examples found in the text. The target of this thesis is to compare the Baroque grammatical means with the means of the present Czech language.
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Šmejkalová, Natalie. "Gramatický a lexikální rozbor učebnice čínštiny N. A. Spěšněva Vvěděnije v kitajskij jazyk." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-330206.
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The major objective of this thesis is to conduct complex grammatical and lexical analysis of the Chinese language textbook by N. A. Speshnev Vvedenye v kitayskiy yazik. Results of the analysis are compared with textbook written by Oldrich Svarny Introduction to the Study of colloquial Chinese (Uvod do studia hovorove cinstiny) and A Frequency Dictionary of Modern Chinese. Analysis and comparison results serve as a basis for evaluating the coverage of basic vocabulary and grammar used in Speshnev's textbook and its suitability for first-year students of Sinology. The results of lexical analysis include a list of all lexical items used in the textbook, as well as the information on their grammatical function characteristics, meanings, usage and frequency. Grammatical analysis results provide an overview of all grammatical constructions and features that are present in the textbook. Important part of grammatical analysis is introduction of comprehensive view on individual grammar features and comparison of their various perceptions in different grammatical systems. In conclusion, the positives and negatives of Speshnev textbook are evaluated and new suggestions to its use in complex language teaching are presented. Key words Chinese, colloquial Chinese, Chinese grammar, grammatical analysis, lexical...
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Hrach, Petr. "Analýza profilů chování iterativních sloves v latině." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-352703.
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This thesis deals with the group of Latin iterative verbs, i.e. the group that is formally marked with the iterative suffix -t. It deals with the question what was the actual meaning of the iterative suffix -t in classical Latin as reference literature says that in some cases the meaning of iterative verbs in classical Latin was the same as that of the base verb and there are iterative verbs whose base verbs are not attested at all. Also, only iterative verbs often passed into Romance languages. Another question this thesis deals with is the relationship of iterative verbs as a group set off on the basis of the category of aktionsart as it is understood in the Czech linguistic tradition and the categories that are generally referred to as aspect (grammatical aspect, lexical aspect). In this case, the selected method is a corpus-based quantitative method called the "behavioural profiles". In our case, the corpus is limited to selected prosaic works of the classical Latin period of approximately the 1st century b.C. to the 1st century AD. In its first part, the analysis is based on studying the occurrences of selected iterative verb - base verb pairs in the above mentioned corpus, especially focused on the frequency of occurrence, valence and classification of predicates into Vendler's classes,...
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Jestřábová, Radka. "Kritika překladu románu Die liebhaberinnen Elfriede Jelinekové ve zpracování překladatelky Jitky Jílkové." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-311129.
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The central theme of the thesis is an in-depth translation criticism of the Austrian novel Die Liebhaberinnen by Elfriede Jelinek in the translation of Jitka Jílková. The criticism is based on the theoretical model of Katharina Reiss which is explored in her work Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Übersetzungskritik. This model is expanded by the role of the editor and translationese style. At the end of the thesis Jitka Jílková is briefly presented, the translation analysis is summarised and evaluated with regard to an interview with the translator about her work.
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Kořenář, Michal. "Na rozhraní lexikální a gramatické povahy vidu: studie očních pohybů." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-370101.
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I malé změny v Gramatický a lexikální aspekt jsou dva příklady kategorií, které se na této mentální reprezentaci podílí. Pomocí těchto kategorií vytváříme mentální koncepty, pomocí opujeme naše prožívání místa a času. Tato studie zkoumá interakci lexikálního a gramatického vidu a jak se tato interakce odráží na charakteru očních pohybů u mluvčích nizozemštiny. Bylo užito 04). Byly měřeny oční pohyby 20 rodilých mluvčí nizozemštiny, během toho, co sledovali bílou obrazovku bez jakýchkoliv explicitních obrazových stimulů a poslouchali věty vytvořené s ohledem na různé kombinace lexikálního a gramatického vidu. Užité paradigma simuluje případy z běžného života, kdy lidé pasivně poslouchají mluvenou řeč bez doprovodné vizuální složky. Tato studie nabízí důkazy, že gramatický a lexikální aspekt ovlivňují celou řadu očních pohybů. Tato práce je hodnotným rozšířením naší znalosti o psycholingvistické realitě vidu v nizozemštině, tomto ohledu věnována dostatečná pozornost. Výsledky tohoto výzkumu vnáší nové světlo do probíhající diskuse o tom, zda i tak abstraktní ává měřitelné stopy v našem senzomotorickém systému, a zda je schopný ho ovlivňovat. Navíc tato studie otevírá dveře dalšímu výzkumu zaměřenému na spojení mezi jazykem a mozkovými drahami, které se podílí na zpracování vjemových stimulů. klíčová slova:...
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VENUŠOVÁ, Alena. "Aspekt ve verbonominálním predikátu s kategoriálním slovesem." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-387588.
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The dissertation deals with aspect in light verb constructions in French (LVCs). Light verb predicates such as faire du doublage, faire une découverte, and donner un conseil, constitute a specific kind of verb-noun construction recognizable by two transformational tests i.e., the cancellation test and the argument co-reference test. From the aspectual point of view, there are three parameters to be recognized: the lexical aspect (states, processes, events), grammatical aspect (perfectivity, imperfectivity), and aktionsart (quantity, quality, and phase of action). Being the semantical root of LVCs, the predicative noun is a starting point for aspectual analysis, nevertheless this aspectual interpretation is drawn from the whole sentence and takes account of the whole LVC, as well as of other aspectually relevant components (aspect shifting and aspectual composition). The objective of the research is to clarify the aspectual properties of the predicative noun and examine whether and how the principle of lexical aspect shifting is applied in the context of LCVs with a focus on the role of semantics (creation, motion containing a goal destination), of the predicative noun's complement (its quantization and cumulativity), countability, and determination of the predicative noun. It is observed that countability marked by articles has a crucial effect on the interpretation of the lexical aspect and aktionsart (faire un saut - sauter une fois, faire un emballage - emballer un cadeau, *emballer une fois). The research is based upon a systematic use of real corpora contexts (InterCorp 2018, FrWac, araneum), French lexicon-grammar data (Maurice Gross and his colleagues), and native-speaker competence.
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Pohorská, Iva. "Zrádná slova v češtině a polštině a práce s nimi ve výuce češtiny jako cizího jazyka." Master's thesis, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-448834.
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The diploma thesis focuses on the so called "false friends" in contemporary Czech and Polish. Both languages are first introduced in the context of their linguistic and typological features as relevant to the subject of the thesis. Particular attention is paid to the differences between the two languages, and therefore possible language interferences. Furthermore, the paper discusses the issue of so called "false friends" and, based on the studies of E. Lotko, there were selected four types of false friends (grammatical (according to the grammatical gender of the noun), lexicographical, stylistic and valency false friends) and discussed more. Those lexical units are first characterized in general terms, and are then focused on the apecific "false friends" contained in the Common European Framework of Reference (levels A1-B1 for Czech as a foreign language). The second part of the thesis (based on the acquired theoretical knowledge) tries to design and recommend a methodology for working with so called "false friends" in the teaching of Czech as a foreign language to the target group of native Polish speakers. This includes worksheets for students as well as the methodology for teachers. Key words False friends, Interlanguage homonymity, Czech language, Polish language, Common European Framework of...
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Breed, Catharina Adriana. "Die grammatikalisering van aspek in Afrikaans : 'n semantiese studie van perifrastiese progressiewe konstruksies / Catharina Adriana Breed." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/11959.
Full textAbstract:
Temporal constructions in Afrikaans are ambiguous with respect to aspectual meaning. The past tense construction with het ge-, for instance, can be interpreted as progressive, perfective or anterior. In the same vein, the unmarked present tense construction can be interpreted as a construction with a progressive or a perfective meaning.
This aspectual ambiguity of the Afrikaans verbal system has a significant effect on the way in which Afrikaans grammar is described or understood. The observation by native speakers, linguists, literary specialists and writers that the temporal constructions in Afrikaans are vague or ambiguous with regard to aspectual meaning has led to certain views about the expression of tense in the language. In Afrikaans literature, for example, there is a tradition to write prose primarily in the present tense, because of the perception that the past tense is not adequate to convey particular semantic nuances. Furthermore, certain speakers of Afrikaans and linguists believe that Afrikaans grammar has been simplified and just does not have aspect.
However, Afrikaans possesses alternative strategies to specify aspectual meaning. The five prototypical ways of expressing aspectual meaning in Afrikaans are i) lexical constructions (such as adverbs and conjunctions); ii) constructions with affixes, iii) reduplication constructions; iv) passive constructions; and v) periphrastic constructions.
Aspectual meaning in Afrikaans is an almost entirely unexplored research field. In my opinion, the literature on the expressions of aspectual meaning in Afrikaans contains two shortcomings. First, Afrikaans aspect needs to be described theoretically. Second, more research is needed concerning the specific ways in which aspectual meaning is expressed in Afrikaans. The scope of this entire research field is too large for a single study. For that reason, the present study aims to reveal the way in which periphrastic constructions are used to convey progressive meaning.
As far as temporal meaning is concerned, it is possible to make a distinction between tempus meaning, which stands for deictic temporal meanings (i.e. past, present and future tense), and aspectual meaning, which stands for non-deictic temporal meanings such as duration, point of view and the internal structure of the situation. One can also distinguish between lexical and grammatical aspect. Lexical aspect has to do with the conceptual properties of a situation or, in other words, with the question whether it is static or dynamic, telic or atelic and durative. There are five situation types: states, activities, achievements, accomplishments and semelfactives. Grammatical aspect concerns the point of view from which the situation is perceived. One can make a distinction between perfective and imperfective grammatical aspect. The latter can be subdivided into imperfectives conveying habitual meaning and imperfectives conveying progressive meaning.
Grammaticalisation theory is useful and a relevant tool to provide answers to the afore-mentioned research questions. First, it offers insight into the manner in which the ambiguous tempus constructions of Afrikaans came into being. Second, it can be used to show how the alternative aspectual constructions have developed and how they are currently employed in the language. For the purpose of this study, grammaticalisation is regarded as language change in which a construction loses its lexical meaning and comes to express grammatical meaning. Grammatical constructions can be used in more contexts than their lexical counterparts, as grammaticalised uses have been generalized contextually. Grammatical constructions lose the morphosyntactic properties typical of their lexical counterparts and assume grammatical properties. Grammaticalisation is a typological phenomenon and the lexical origin of a grammatical construction is often the same in different languages. Grammaticalizing constructions exhibit an increase in frequency.
Afrikaans and Dutch are closely related languages and possess cognate periphrastic progressive constructions, viz. i) the aan het- / aan die- ii) VPOS te / VPOS en-; en iii) bezig- / besig- progressive constructions. To examine the use of periphrastic progressive constructions in Afrikaans from a grammaticalisation perspective, I compare the results of a study of these constructions in an Afrikaans corpus to those of previous studies of the periphrastic progressive constructions in Dutch.
The respective constructions are compared on the basis of four criteria, viz. i) frequency; ii) verb collocations; iii) transitivity; and iv) combinatorial possibilities with other aspectual periphrastic constructions. The lexical origins of the various constructions are also considered.
The comparison of the constructions on the basis of the afore-mentioned criteria makes it possible to demonstrate how the periphrastic progressive constructions in Afrikaans came into being and how they have developed into grammatical constructions conveying aspectual meaning and in which way the different Afrikaans periphrastic constructions express progressive meaning.PhD (Afrikaans and Dutch), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012