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1
Naienko, Halyna. "Factors of variability of grammatical system of the Ukrainian language of 17th century." Ukrainian Linguistics, no. 47 (2017): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/um/47(2017).27-35.
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The article examines species of variance in the graphic, phonetic-phonological and grammatical systems, which should be taken into account in the preparation of the historical grammar dictionary, grammar annotation of historical texts. The author defines the dynamic processes which make it dependent on the example of theoretical guide treatise by I. Galyatovskyi “Order or method of compiling a sermon” (second half of 17th century). The author points to the various graphical representations of phonemes, formation of new paradigms and interference processes. Phonetic variability correlated to loss of reduced phonemes and formation of a new phoneme /i/. Grammatical variation appears due to the influence Old Church Slavonic language or borrowing new terms from Latin. Coexistence grammatical forms old and new types of inflection manifested primarily in conjugation. She also gives an example of a variative paradigm of the noun.
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Carvalho, Fernando O. de. "The historical phonology of Paunaka (Arawakan)." Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas 13, no. 2 (August 2018): 405–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981.81222018000200008.
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Abstract This paper applies the comparative method to unravel the historical development of the segmental phonology of Paunaka, an Arawakan language of Bolivia. Although the Paunaka vowel system features a single back rounded vowel, it is rather simple to show that it derives from a system with two back rounded qualities *u and *o, but that the former segment shifted to a high central unrounded vowel ɨ. The language has lost *r unconditionally, implying that Paunaka items with r are probable loanwords. Paunaka underewent a spirantization of *ts, thus merging this affricate with the fricative *s. Although Paunaka shares a coronalization of *k > s with Proto-Mojeño, most of the phonological developments that affected Paunaka are either recurrent in the Arawakan language family or only superficially similar to developments in related languages, and thus provide little weight as evidence for subgrouping. An Appendix is also included, with 105 etymologies matching Paunaka lexical and grammatical morphemes with their cognates in Proto-Mojeño, the two extant Mojeño dialects (Ignaciano and Trinitario) and Terena.
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Zalcmane, Karina, and Marina Kameņecka-Usova. "Whether Sports Liability is an Independent Type of Legal Liability." SOCRATES. Rīgas Stradiņa universitātes Juridiskās fakultātes elektroniskais juridisko zinātnisko rakstu žurnāls / SOCRATES. Rīga Stradiņš University Faculty of Law Electronic Scientific Journal of Law 2, no. 20 (2021): 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/socr.20.2021.2.255-267.
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Sport law as a highly developed complex branch of law regulates legal relations related to the subject of the different branches of law. Liability for violation of rights, non-performance or improper performance of duties is the basis of criminal, administrative, disciplinary and civil liability. However, there is another type of liability and sanctions provided for violation of sport rules. Nevertheless, no commonly accepted opinion has still been formed whether sports liability is a new type of legal liability or not. Therefore, the aim of the research paper, through general scientific methods (monographic method, analytical method, historical method, comparative method, induction deduction) and methods of interpreting legal norms (grammatical, historical, teleological and systemic methods) is to determine the concept and content of sport liability. To reach the proposed aim, the authors of the study have formulated the concept and signs of sports liability, determined the types of a sports offense, analysed non-standard cases that outside the sports industry would not be subject to any liability and have identified main types of sports sanctions.
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CURTIS, BYRON G. "Calvin: Interpreter of the Prophets." Unio Cum Christo 3, no. 2 (October 1, 2017): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.35285/ucc3.2.2017.art2.
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Abstract: This article explores the hermeneutical principles behind John Calvin’s commentaries and lectures on Isaiah (1550/1559), Hosea (1557), the Minor Prophets (1559), Daniel (1561), Jeremiah (1563), and Ezekiel 1–20 (posthumous, 1565). Calvin is not the founder of historical-grammatical exegesis, the precursor of the historical-critical method, or a literalist. He crystallizes earlier medieval practices with his expanded sensus literalis. His use of history, grammar, allegory, anagogy, and analogy receive attention, as do the sources of Calvin’s historical and chronological errors. Calvin takes ancient Israel’s return from exile, Christ’s death and resurrection, and the church’s present condition as embraced within the literal sense of the prophetic word. This inclusiveness allures us as Calvin’s pastoral passion comes out and the prophetic word addresses us.
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Jäger, Gerhard. "Support for linguistic macrofamilies from weighted sequence alignment." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 41 (September 24, 2015): 12752–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1500331112.
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Computational phylogenetics is in the process of revolutionizing historical linguistics. Recent applications have shed new light on controversial issues, such as the location and time depth of language families and the dynamics of their spread. So far, these approaches have been limited to single-language families because they rely on a large body of expert cognacy judgments or grammatical classifications, which is currently unavailable for most language families. The present study pursues a different approach. Starting from raw phonetic transcription of core vocabulary items from very diverse languages, it applies weighted string alignment to track both phonetic and lexical change. Applied to a collection of ∼1,000 Eurasian languages and dialects, this method, combined with phylogenetic inference, leads to a classification in excellent agreement with established findings of historical linguistics. Furthermore, it provides strong statistical support for several putative macrofamilies contested in current historical linguistics. In particular, there is a solid signal for the Nostratic/Eurasiatic macrofamily.
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Krampuža, Ilga. "THE DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS OF BIOLOGICAL BEEKEEPING." ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (June 16, 2021): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2021vol1.6532.
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Beekeeping is an integral part of the European agricultural production. More than 620 000 beekeepers work in the beekeeping branch of the European Union. Beekeeping is recognised to be an activity, which has an essential significance in the sustainable development of the rural areas, in the job-creation, the conservation of the ecosystem’s biological diversity, and in the maintenance of ecological balance. The basic principle of biological beekeeping is the production of as natural produce as possible. The study uses the analytical method to explore the current situation in the biological beekeeping sector. The analytical and comparative method helped to identify the problematic issues concerning the implementation of the beekeeping process and support measures. To study different views on the problems of biological beekeeping, the following methods for interpretation of legal norms were used: grammatical, systemic, teleological, and historical. The inductive and deductive scientific research methods were used to draw conclusions regarding current normative regulations and to recommend possible solutions.
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Slade, Darren M. "Patristic Exegesis: The Myth of the Alexandrian-Antiochene Schools of Interpretation." Socio-Historical Examination of Religion and Ministry 1, no. 2 (August 26, 2019): 155–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33929/sherm.2019.vol1.no2.03.
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The notion that there existed a distinction between so-called “Alexandrian” and “Antiochene” exegesis in the ancient church has become a common assumption among theologians. The typical belief is that Alexandria promoted an allegorical reading of Scripture, whereas Antioch endorsed a literal approach. However, church historians have long since recognized that this distinction is neither wholly accurate nor helpful to understanding ancient Christian hermeneutics. Indeed, neither school of interpretation sanctioned the practice of just one exegetical method. Rather, both Alexandrian and Antiochene theologians were expedient hermeneuts, meaning they utilized whichever exegetical practice (allegory, typology, literal, historical) that would supply them with their desired theology or interpretive conclusion. The difference between Alexandria and Antioch was not exegetical; it was theological. In other words, it was their respective theological paradigms that dictated their exegetical practices, allowing them to utilize whichever hermeneutical method was most expedient for their theological purposes. Ultimately, neither Alexandrian nor Antiochene exegetes possessed a greater respect for the biblical text over the other, nor did they adhere to modern-day historical-grammatical hermeneutics as theologians would like to believe.
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Binar, Sri, Harman Ziduhu Laia, and Widi Prasetyo. "EXEGESIS OF REVELATION 20:1-10 ABOUT "THE MILLENNIAL KINGDOM "." Journal KERUGMA 2, no. 2 (October 8, 2019): 33–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33856/kerugma.v2i2.131.
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This paper is about The Millennial Kingdom in Revelation 20: 1-10. By using the exegetical method which has nine steps of analysis (context, literary, structural, grammatical, lexical, historical/conceptual, theological and exegetical), the writer examines the meaning of the phrase inductively. The conclusions obtained are several things, which can be generally described that the phrase thousand years is about the existence of the kingdom of God on earth in the future, literally for a thousand years, where Christ as king was accompanied by his twelve disciples as judges. At that time, the condition of the earth was peaceful because there was no apostasy from Satan.
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Putrawan, Bobby Kurnia. "God’s People Struggle and Justice: An Exposition Review Amos 1: 1-15." DUNAMIS: Jurnal Teologi dan Pendidikan Kristiani 5, no. 1 (September 29, 2020): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30648/dun.v5i1.321.
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Abstract. This article aimed to show God's justice in the midst of lives of His people. The method used is the historical and grammatical exposition of Amos 1: 1-15. The struggle of faith of God's people is never loose in sorrow, sadness, and cheering. In the book of Amos 1: 1-15 teaches us that the people's struggle is inseparable from God's justice. God gives protection to His people to pass through every issue or problem of life. God also does His justice both to good doers and condemnation to those who do evil. Thus every people should live what God promised and hold in hope in God.
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Maulidya, Fitra, and Ninuk Lustyantie. "DEVIATION IN POETRY GUILLAUME APOLLINAIRE'S POETRY COLLECTION." IJLECR - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE EDUCATION AND CULTURE REVIEW 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/ijlecr.042.20.
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This research intends to describe the types of deviations contained in the collection of poems Calligrammes by Guillaume Apollinaire. The approach used is a qualitative approach with content analysis method. The data collection technique used is Miles and Huberman. The theory used as the main reference is the deviation theory according to Geoffrey N. Leech which divides the deviation into eight types, namely lexical deviation, phonological deviation, grammatical deviation which includes morphological and syntactic, graphological deviation, semantic deviation, dialectal deviation, deviation of register, and deviation of historical period. The result of data analysis from 7 poems found 5 out of 8 types of deviation which are diffused in each poem, including 24 semantic deviations, 18 graphological deviations, 4 deviations of register, 3 syntactic deviations and 2 lexical deviations. While the types of phonological deviation, morphological deviation, dialectal deviation, and deviation of historical period are not found in any of the data in this collection of poems Calligrammes.
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Sánchez-Moreno, Joseph. "The Reason that Motivated Jonah’s Escape." Expository Times 132, no. 2 (August 7, 2020): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0014524620947534.
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The author of this research seeks to clarify what was the reason that motivated Jonah’s escape from his responsibility to give Nineveh the message of salvation. The methodology used response to the historical-grammatical method and belongs to the line of biblical-theological research, in which an exegesis of 4:1–3 is made. The results indicate that the reason why Jonah fled from his responsibility is that he considered that this mission was a waste of time and resources. He is sure that the warning he was going to provide would produce true but not lasting repentance in Nineveh, which would then return to his cruel and wild habits with the nations they will conquer.
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Zimmerling, Anton V. "Andrej Zaliznjak. Cutting off the unnecessary." Slovo.ru: Baltic accent 11, no. 2 (2020): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2225-5346-2020-2-1.
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This paper offers a polemic linguistic and philological view on the scientific heritage of one of the most prominent linguists of the 20th century, Andrej A. Zaliznjak (1935—2017), who authored fundamental works on the Russian and Old Russian languages. In different years, Zaliznjak addressed issues in morphology, syntax, accentology, and historical grammar. This apparent variety of his research interests gives an impression that Zaliznjak moved from purely structural paradigmatic descriptions to merely historical-philological analysis of specific texts. Zaliznjak basic method, however, remained unchanged throughout his life. His descriptions were always rule-based: he extracted rules from language data and tested them on a specific collection of texts. Zaliznjak’s rules can, therefore, be identified with predictive models in the sense adopted in natural sciences. His models gave accurate results since Zaliznjak had a rare gift of cutting off all kinds of redundant information in his rule-based grammatical descriptions and kept the latter apart from other linguistic issues as well as from historical-philological commentary. Although Zaliznjak himself stayed away from programmatic declarations about the language structure and avoided developing integral theories of language, he can be called a consistent structuralist who successfully applied natural science criteria to linguistic evidence.
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Daniels, Don. "Using phonotactics to reconstruct degrammaticalization." Diachronica 36, no. 1 (April 5, 2019): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.18015.dan.
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Abstract The principle of directionality is an important part of the comparative method: in order to arrive at a reconstruction, historical linguists need a robust theory that informs them in what direction linguistic change is likely to proceed. But any such theory will have exceptions. How are these to be spotted? I examine one case in which a counter-directional change, degrammaticalization, can be reconstructed by invoking the phonotactics of the proto-language. The degrammaticalized form is the Sirva 3sg pronoun be, and the proto-language is Proto-Sogeram. After making this reconstruction, I also demonstrate that it can be used to enhance our understanding of degrammaticalization. Be spawned a small family of related forms, which shows us that degrammaticalized forms can become polygrammaticalized in the same way as other grammatical morphemes.
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Юлія Данилова, Наталія Лєбошин, and Ольга Савченко. "SYSTEMATIC APPROACH IN LEARNING ENGLISH TO DEVELOP LANGUAGE COMPETENCIES." Collection of Scientific Papers of Uman State Pedagogical University, no. 3 (September 4, 2020): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31499/2307-4906.3.2020.219089.
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The subject matter of this article is a systematic approach as a methodological basis for teaching a foreign language. The object is the conceptual framework, means and ways of developing language skills and communicative competencies in the context of the academic subject “Foreign language”. To study the literature on the target issues and to sum up the obtained data, such general theoretical methods as the analysis and synthesis method, comparative historical analysis and cause-and-effect analysis were used. The goal of this study is to systematize the general principles of the systematic approach to learning a foreign language and, in the context of the systematic approach, focus on lexical and grammatical components of the language as a system so that university students can master them in a logical and consequential way. In the course of the study, the following tasks were solved: certain principles and ways of teaching a foreign language were considered, the importance to focus on developing lexical and grammatical component of speech competence while learning a foreign language was substantiated, the means aimed at mastering lexical and grammatical material in the context of the systematic approach were systematized so that communication skills be developed while learning English. Conclusions. The systematic approach in learning foreign languages is the main, holistic and most effective way of teaching since it makes it possible to identify all the parameters and relationships of the language components. In the context of the systematic approach, a language system is considered as a set of interconnected linguistic components, therefore, individual structures and elements cannot be viewed and interpreted fragmentarily, it is necessary to take into account the properties of the entire language system. The systematic approach to learning foreign languages is a more advanced technique of teaching since the methodology of teaching the language components in the context of the systematic approach provides the most optimal development of speech skills, abilities and communication competencies.
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Astuti, Tri. "STUDI BIBLIKA SPRITUALITAS MANUSIA BARU BERDASARKAN SURAT EFESUS 4: 23-32." Shift Key : Jurnal Teologi dan Pelayanan 10, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 26–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.37465/shiftkey.v10i1.73.
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The news of the New Testament can be summarized as; God wants us to be His children, in the image of His likeness. The problem is how can believer achieve the God's goal of becoming a new human being? In Ephesians 4: 23-32 Paul explains about how believer can have a true new human spirituality. The purpose of this research is to find out how believers can have true new human spirituality. The research method used is a qualitative biblical approach by using historical and grammatical analysis. The results found several important behaviors that need to be done by believers to experience the renewal of the quality of the spiritual mind, in order to grow into a new human being desired by God, that is, speaking according to the truth, controlling anger, working optimally and behaving affectionately.
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O.V., Hlushchenko. "FUNCTIONING OF MIDDLE HIGH-GERMAN DIPHTHONGS ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE WORK “IMPERIAL CHRONICLE” (“DER KAISERCHRONIK”)." South archive (philological sciences), no. 84 (December 23, 2020): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-2691/2020-84-12.
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The article is devoted to the genesis of diphthongs and their functioning within the word of the Middle High German (MHG) period of German language development.The aim of the given article is to study the origin, development and functioning of diphthongs on the material of MHG work “Imperial Chronicle” (“Der Kaiserchronik”).Methods. The main method of research is comparative-historical, which enabled tracing the dynamics of the formation and functioning of German diphthongs. The use of the probabilistic-statistical method contributed to obtaining data on the frequency of diphthongs in the experiment. The descriptive method was used to systematize and classify diphthongs, to describe their phonetic and lexical-grammatical features at this stage of German language development.Results. The results of the study allowed to establish the main functions of diphthongs and showed a direct correlation between the time of origin of diphthongs and the frequency of their implementation in the text. From the grammatical perspective MHG diphthongs were grouped on the principle of alternation in root morphemes, while performing the grammatical function of these word forms, which enabled distinguishing a group of “ablaut diphthongs”; from the lexical perspective MHG diphthongs were grouped into “meaningful homonymous diphthongs”. It was also found that the largest number of MHG diphthongs fall in the middle of the word: anlaut – 35 lexical units (0.8%), inlay – 390 lexical units (0.87%), auslaut – 25 lexical units (0.5%), and MHG auslaut indicators decrease, because during changes in the grammatical structure of words its inventory root morpheme becomes more significant, where the main phonetic and grammatical processes take place. Significant reduction in the implementation of diphthongs at the end of MHG words is the result of constant articulatory attenuation of sounds, which leads to the reduction of vowels, and in some cases to their complete disappearance or contraction.Conclusions. Diphthongs were living and specific linguistic phenomena in prehistoric times. MHG diphthongs were carriers of meaning, while performing phonetic and grammatical functions. The study indicates the presence of a correlation between the time of origin of diphthongs and their implementation in language (speech).Key words: ablaut, diachrony, dialect, correlation, morpheme, phoneme. Стаття присвячена ґенезі дифтонгів та їх функціонуванню в межах слова середньоверхньонімецького (свн.) періоду розвитку німецької мови.Мета. Метою запропонованої статті є дослідження зародження, розвитку та функціонування дифтонгів на матеріалі свн. твору «Хроніка імператорів» («Der Kaiserchronik»).Методи. Основним методом дослідження є порівняльно-історичний, що надав можливість простежити динаміку становлення і функціонування німецьких дифтонгів. Використання ймовірнісно-статистичного методу посприяло отриманню даних про частоту реалізації дифтонгів у проведеному експерименті. Дескриптивний метод використовувався для систематизації та кла-сифікації дифтонгів, опису їхніх фонетичних та лексико-граматичних особливостей на даному етапі розвитку німецької мови.Результати. Результатидослідження дозволили встановити основні функції дифтонгів і показали пряму кореляцію між часом зародження дифтонгів та частотою їхньої реалізації в тексті. З граматичного ракурсу свн. дифтонги були угруповані за принципом чергування в кореневих морфемах, виконуючи при цьому граматичну функцію цих словоформ, що уможливило виділити групу «аблаутних дифтонгів»; з лексичного ракурсу свн. дифтонги були об’єднані в групу «змістовні дифтонги-омоніми». Виявлено також, що найбільша кількість свн. дифтонгів припадає на середину слова: анлаут – 35 л. о. (0,8%), інлаут – 390 л. о. (0,87%), ауслаут – 25 л. о. (0,5%), а свн. ауслаутні показники зменшуються, оскільки під час змін у граматичній структурі слів більш вагомою стає його інвентарна коренева морфема, де відбуваються основні фонетичні та граматичні процеси. Значне зменшення реалізації дифтонгів у кінці свн. слова є результатом постійного артикуляторного послаблення звуків, яке призводить до редукції голосних, а в деяких випадках – до повного їх зникнення або стяжіння.Висновки. Дифтонги були живими і специфічними мовними явищами ще у прагерманські часи. Свн. дифтонги були носія-ми значення, виконуючи при цьому фонетичні та граматичні функції. Проведене дослідження свідчить про наявність кореляції між часом зародження дифтонгів та їх реалізацією в мові (мовленні).Ключові слова: аблаут, діахронія, діалект, кореляція, морфема, фонема.
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Budanova, S. G., and A. G. Ryabinina. "Lexis Learning Assignments as a Special Kind of Secondary Texts: Creation and Solution Using Linguistic Dictionaries." Russian language at school 80, no. 4 (July 18, 2019): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.30515/0131-6141-2019-80-4-7-15.
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In this article, the authors attempt to show the learning opportunities of lexicographical sources while learning the lexicology and the Russian language as a whole. As the basic methods, we use the method of controlled selection, which allows specific dictionary entries to be considered; the method of contextual analysis, revealing the features of linguistic elements functioning in context; the method of intertextual analysis, which helps to identify the signs of the source text in relation to the secondary text structure; the method of synchronous and diachronous analysis, aimed at studying units from the historical and modern points of view in a specific period of the language development. We propose various types of assignments for students’ advanced training in lexicology, including those that can be used as Academic Olympics tasks in linguistic competitions in the Russian language at various levels. The primary basis for creating assignments was the material of linguistic dictionaries, which is cognitively significant when studying lexicology. The presented learning assignments are a special type of secondary texts, since their creation involves the selection of material according to certain criteria, the formulation of a question according to well-known schemes and models, as well as the reliance on prototext materials – articles of linguistic dictionaries, transformed in terms of lexical-semantic, grammatical, compositional, pragmatic and other aspects.
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Archer, Dawn. "“Can innocent people be guilty?”." Journal of Historical Pragmatics 3, no. 1 (January 25, 2002): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhp.3.1.02arc.
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In this paper, I present a sociopragmatic method of analysing historical courtroom interaction, drawing data from Boyer and Nissenbaum’s (1977) Salem Witchcraft Papers. Concentrating as much upon the answers that the magistrates’ questions received as the questions themselves, I complement a grammatical analysis of question-types and their conducivity, with an analysis of responses in terms of Grice’s (1975) Cooperative Principle. I argue that (1) the magistrates’ questions appear to take on additional “controlling” and “accusing” functions, and (2) questions that functioned as accusations were particularly difficult to disprove, in part because the magistrates were responsible for “judging” the “legitimacy” of a “reality” their questioning strategy helped to construct. I demonstrate that the Salem magistrates adopted a “guilty but unwilling to confess” paradigm that led them to assume that defendants who maintained their innocence were lying, and then discuss the implications of reality paradigms for Grice’s (1975) theory.
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Dinsberga, Jolanta, and Ilona Tiesniece. "Problems Related to the Abolition of Divided Real Estate Ownership." Economics and Culture 13, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jec-2016-0021.
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Abstract Legal relationship between apartment owners in residential buildings and the land owners, that is, divided real estate ownership, was created in the Republic of Latvia in 1990, within the framework of the Land Reform, restoring property rights of the former owners or their heirs or privatising apartments in multi-apartment residential buildings. The existence of such legal relationship created different lease problems and restrictions on the property rights to the owners of both the building and the land. To abolish the legal relationship related to divided real estate ownership, the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Latvia has developed a draft law Regarding the Abolition of Mandatory Divided Real Estate Ownership in Multi-Apartment Buildings (hereinafter referred to as Draft Law). Unfortunately, in the opinion of authors of this article, there are serious shortcomings to the Draft Law which must be corrected. The aim of the research is to identify the problematic issues by selecting and analysing the legislation on the abolition of the divided real estate ownership, which is related to the calculation of redemption price, payment method and consequences of non-payment, which are not regulated by the new Draft Law. The article reflects research on the determination and calculation of redemption price reglamented by the Draft Law and also analyses the Law of December 8, 1938, On the Abolition of Divided Real Estate Ownership and its practical implementation, which may significantly influence the redemption price and the method of its calculation; however, the mentioned law has been disregarded in developing the Draft Law. Thus the research has both theoretical and practical significance. For the research purposes general research methods, such as historical, analytical, inductive, deductive, logical-constructive and descriptive methods, are used. For the interpretation of legislation norms, grammatical, systemic, teleological and historical methods are used.
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Razak, Norizan Abdul, Nur Fadhila Binti Ahmad, Nabila Binti Suhaimi, Khairun Nadrah Binti Saidin, and Abdul Azim Bin Mahda. "Multilingualism and Multiculturalism Impact on Shaping Oral Literacy and Communicative Competence." TESOL and Technology Studies 1, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.48185/tts.v1i1.67.
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This study was conducted to investigate on how does the multilingual and multicultural factor affect an individual oral literacy by conducting an interview session and correspondingly examine the features of the conversation from the interview session through a conversational analysis method. The purpose of the study is to have a better understanding of the strategies involved during the learning and acquisition process, the peers and surroundings of the participants, the elements of multiculturalism and multilingualism exhibited in the case of study. The studies show a different strategy was adopted in order to achieve the communicative competence as suggested by Canale and Swain (1980). The results shows that the learners achieved the communicative competence by recognizing the specific structure and features of the language (grammatical competence), understanding the historical background of the ethnicity belong to the language (sociolinguistic competence), practicing the languages ( strategic competence) and understanding the language coherent by listening (discourse competence).
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Andalangi, Jammer Prayerson. "1 Timotius 2:11-15: Sebuah Argumentasi Paulus Bagi Kesetaraan Gender Di Dalam Kepenilikan Jemaat Lokal." Predica Verbum: Jurnal Teologi dan Misi 1, no. 1 (June 12, 2021): 61–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.51591/predicaverbum.v1i1.14.
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The debate between biblical patriarchy, complementarianism, and egalitarianism continues until this very day. One of the frequently used texts to prohibit women’s role as teachers and leaders in a local church is 1 Timothy 2:11-15. Hierarchical argumentations have failed to understand Paul’s techniques for showing emphasis through a gradual or logical sequence of words in effective sentences, as well as his reference to the creation and fall story. This research investigates the text in a comparative study with Genesis 1-3. This research uses a grammatical-historical hermeneutic method that examines Paul’s logical development of argument, situations behind the statements, and different subgenres used in the letter. This research finds that Paul’s techniques for showing emphasis through words of gradual sequence and allusion to Genesis 1-3 are a defense for an equal imago Dei of man and woman and a valid basis for equal authority value of the two in church leadership.
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Tampubolon, Yohanes Hasiholan, Aeron Frior Sihombing, Geri Gehotman Mangasake, Hafa’ Akhododo, Maria Mayda Bunge Tana, Ricky Pianto Randa, and Williams Jefferson Bill Walimena. "Analisis Perbandingan Gramatikal-Historis Bahasa Lidah dalam 1 Korintus dan Kisah Para Rasul." Jurnal Teologi Berita Hidup 3, no. 2 (March 25, 2021): 189–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.38189/jtbh.v3i2.80.
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Glossolalia is currently a relevant topic. There is much controversy and debate about the practice of speaking in tongues. This paper will conduct a comparative analysis of tongues in 1 Corinthians and Acts. The practice referred to is specifically whether the Bible allows simultaneous speaking in tongues based on both books. Also regarding the speaking in tongues, whether it must be understood by others or is it necessary for someone to interpret it. This situation also occurs in the current context. Believers in some churches when in a worship (singing or praying) together speaking in tongues and without interpretation. The author finds that there are significant differences regarding the practice of speaking in tongues as instructed by Paul in 1 Corinthians and the story of speaking in tongues as written by Luke in Acts. In fact, there is an interpretive vacuum that contemporary interpreters must fill. The author uses a comparative method and a grammatical-historical hermeneutic approach to the biblical text.
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Mazure, Liga. "THE EXPRESS WILL OF A PATIENT: TYPOLOGY BY NATURE OF ITS ORIGIN." Latgale National Economy Research 1, no. 9 (November 30, 2017): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/lner2017vol1.9.2226.
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The patient's express will, in accordance with the nature of its origin, could be categorized into initial and derivative express will. However, the regulatory framework is insufficient in Latvia, considering the significance of these institutes in the civil-law protection of the patient's express will and their specificity of different legal nature.The aim of the research is to carry out the analysis of the patient's express will types according to the nature of origin, to determine regulatory gaps and propose certain solutions for the elimination of the identified gaps. In order to achieve the aim, the following objectives are set: 1) to analyse the patient's express will classification according to various classification criteria; 2) to study legal nature of patient's consent; 3) to assess patient's refusal of a medical treatment and its legal consequences; 4) to analyse withdrawal by a patient as a derivative express will. The following research methods are applied in the paper: semantic method; grammatical method; historical method; comparative method; systemic method; teleological method. Research hypothesis: if all the patient’s express will types based on the nature of origin are regulated in detail, the legal status of a patient in medical treatment legal relations will be improved and stabilized. Literature, regulatory acts and legal practice materials are applied in the research as information resources.The author has developed the principles regarding the patient's express will types based on the nature of origin, which are in accordance with the legal system of Latvia and should be implemented in the regulatory framework, thus improving the civil law protection of patient's express will.
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Shipton, Warren, and Youssry Gurguis. "Controversy Worldview Insights and Contributions to Philosophy Made by Bible Writers was and others." Abstract Proceedings International Scholars Conference 7, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 2004–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.35974/isc.v7i1.934.
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Introduction: The paper seeks to give a coherent outline of the biblical worldview. The basic questions that underlie the formation of such a worldview are examined in the areas of ontology, epistemology, and axiology.
Method: The historical-grammatical approach to biblical understanding was adopted. Questions on ontology, epistemology, and axiology were explored by examining Bible writer records. Four major historical periods, from around 1500 BCE to 100 CE, were examined. The concepts highlighted were compared with corrective statements made by Christ on views expressed in His day.
Result: Moses and other prophets spoke with a singular voice regarding a controversy worldview between good and evil, which also is mirrored by New Testament writers. They corporately also identified the principal elements of philosophy underpinning this theme that should guide Christians in the areas of reality, knowing, and acting. There is a striking commonality of information across the four historical periods examined, but we do not assert that believers at the time necessarily held views identical to those held today. Anciently, philosophers, scholars and leaders studied and admired other belief and worship systems. This led to disastrous consequences on account of syncretism. Christ corrected the principal misunderstandings for hearers of His day.
Discussion: Our Lord spoke against many worldview perversions. The instruction comes to us, through these examples, to make sola Scriptura its own interpreter, to reverence God’s revelations through His prophets, and to seek to understand God’s beautiful character as the guide to our worship and ethical behavior. Further research might be conducted on the origin of changes seen in today’s major Christian churches that are exerting a contrary impact.
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Shishigin, K. A., and K. S. Laukhina. "Yiddish Phraseology: Ill Wishes." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 22, no. 4 (January 5, 2021): 1152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2020-22-4-1152-1159.
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The present research featured Yiddish idioms of ill-wishing, which can be considered as both phraseological units and micro-texts. The study featured semantic and stylistic analysis, analysis of dictionary definitions, and the traditional descriptive method. The authors tried to answer some current issues using the case of Yiddish ill wishes. The paper focuses on cultural, mythological, religious, and universal foundations of phraseology, as well as the functions of the idioms in question. It introduces some thematic and semantic characteristics of Yiddish ill wishes, e.g. get-ill wishes, death-wishes, ill wishes per se, cursing one’s family, etc., as well as their lexical and grammatical stylistic features. Yiddish ill wishes proved to form a specific component of the Yiddish lexicon, motivated by both popular and less obscure religious, historical, and cultural archetypes and scenarios. It is their external and internal form that makes these phraseological units ill wishes: stylistically and pragmatically, they represent humorous and sarcastic phraseological units of reproachful character and interjective nature. The research results can be used for further linguistic and cultural studies.
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Shishigin, K. A., and K. S. Laukhina. "Yiddish Phraseology: Ill Wishes." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 22, no. 4 (January 5, 2021): 1152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2020-22-4-1152-1159.
Full textAbstract:
The present research featured Yiddish idioms of ill-wishing, which can be considered as both phraseological units and micro-texts. The study featured semantic and stylistic analysis, analysis of dictionary definitions, and the traditional descriptive method. The authors tried to answer some current issues using the case of Yiddish ill wishes. The paper focuses on cultural, mythological, religious, and universal foundations of phraseology, as well as the functions of the idioms in question. It introduces some thematic and semantic characteristics of Yiddish ill wishes, e.g. get-ill wishes, death-wishes, ill wishes per se, cursing one’s family, etc., as well as their lexical and grammatical stylistic features. Yiddish ill wishes proved to form a specific component of the Yiddish lexicon, motivated by both popular and less obscure religious, historical, and cultural archetypes and scenarios. It is their external and internal form that makes these phraseological units ill wishes: stylistically and pragmatically, they represent humorous and sarcastic phraseological units of reproachful character and interjective nature. The research results can be used for further linguistic and cultural studies.
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Sundararaj, D. "Description of vowel in the first grammatical work of Tamil and Arabic: A contrastive analysis." Buletin Al-Turas 23, no. 1 (January 31, 2017): 175–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/bat.v23i1.4808.
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Abstract Tolkāppiyam and Al-Kitāb, these two grammatical texts are belonging to two different languages Tamil and Arabic. Tamil is a Dravidian family and Arabic is a Semitic family with different writing systems (Tamil-left to right; Arabic-right to left). These two grammatical texts are written in different historical period, Tolkāppiyam written in BC 300 and Al-Kitāb written in AD 800. Both are describes the vowels of respective language through different phonetic features. The main aim of this paper is to evaluate and analyze the articulatory treatment of vowels in the perspective of first grammatical work of respective languages. The first section of the paper is evaluating the articulatory treatment, theory, classification and phonetic frameworks of vowels in respective grammars, and the second section analyzing in contrastive and describes the commonness and differences between these two texts. This section finds out the commonness in the following features: articulatory treatment, descriptive and use of technical terms etc. The differences are found in the following features: order of the description of speech sounds, method of classification of vowels etc. ---AbstrakTolkāppiyam dan Al-Kitab adalah dua teks gramatikal yang menggunakan dua bahasa yang berbeda, yakni Tamil dan Arab. Ditinjau dari aspek rumpun bahasa, Tamil merupakan keluarga bahasa Dravida, sedangkan Arab adalah keluarga bahasa Semit. Sistem penulisan kedua bahasa itu berbeda bahasa Tamil memiliki sistem penulisan dari arah kiri ke kanan; sedankgan bahasa Arab memakai sistem penulisan dari arah kanan ke kiri. Kedua teks tata bahasa itu ditulis dalam periode sejarah yang berbeda, Tolkāppiyam ditulis dalam SM 300 dan Al-Kitab yang ditulis dalam AD 800. Keduanya menunjukkan vokal bahasa masing-masing, melalui fitur fonetik yang berbeda. Tujuan utama dari artikel ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi dan menganalisis cara artikulasi vokal dalam perspektif tata bahasa, bahasa itu. Bagian pertama dari tulisan ini mengevaluasi cara artikulasi, teori, klasifikasi dan kerangka fonetik yang menunjukkan bunyi-bunyi vokal dalam tata bahasa masing-masing, dan bagian analisis kedua dilakukan tinjauan aspek kontrastif dan menggambarkan secara umum persamaan dan perbedaan antara dua teks tersebut. Pada kesempatan ini dipaparkan secara umum beberapa fitur antara lain: cara artikulasi, deskripsi dan penggunaan istilah teknis. Bertumpu kepeda beberapa fitur itu terdapat perbedaan yang ditemukan dalam fitur itu, yaknit: urutan deskripsi suara pidato, metode klasifikasi vokal dan beberapa fitur lainnya.DOI: 10.15408/al-turas.v23i1.4808
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Budiselić, Ervin. "Lessons from the Early Church for Today’s Evangelical Christianity." Kairos 11, no. 1 (July 9, 2017): 67–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32862/k.11.1.3.
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Presuming that within Evangelical Christianity there is a crisis of biblical interpretation, this article seeks to address the issue, especially since Evangelicals view the existence of the church as closely connected to the proclamation of the Truth. Starting with a position that Evangelical hermeneutics is not born in a vacuum, but is the result of a historical process, the first part of the article introduces the problem of sola and solo scriptura, pointing out some problematic issues that need to be addressed. In the second part, the article discusses patristic hermeneutics, especially: a) the relationship between Scripture and tradition embodied in regula fidei and; b) theological presuppositions which gave birth to allegorical and literal interpretations of Scripture in Alexandria and Antioch. In the last part of the article, based on lessons from the patristic era, certain revisions of the Evangelical practice of the interpretation of Scripture are suggested. Particularly, Evangelicals may continue to hold the Bible as the single infallible source for Christian doctrine, continue to develop the historical-grammatical method particularly in respect to the issue of the analogy of faith in exegetical process, but also must recognize that the Bible cannot in toto play the role of the rule of faith or the analogy of faith. Something else must also come into play, and that “something” would definitely be the recovery of the patristic period “as a kind of doctrinal canon.”
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Gordiyenko, Olena. "Nomenklature in the system of English medical terminography." Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu. Serìâ: Fìlologìâ 12, no. 21 (2019): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-3055-2019-12-21-117-123.
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The article is devoted to the issues of LSP (language for specific purposes) lexicography in the field of medicine. Medical nomenclatures (MN), created in the framework of English medical terminography (EMT), are in the focus of the study as one of the first original reference works of EMT. The methodology of the study is comprehensive and includes the following methods: an analytical review of the literature, a bibliographic method for compiling a list of medical nomenclatures; a descriptive method of lexicographic analysis to characterize the parameters and structure of MN; the method of typological analysis was used to develop the principles of MN classification; the comparative analysis to summarize and conclude the results of the investigation. The use of historical and typological approach enabled to conduct a detailed analysis of extralinguistic and linguistic characteristics of the MN. A brief historical background on the formation and development of English medical reference works is given. Such MN as anatomical (Terminologia Anatomica), dental (Dental Terminology), embryological (Terminologia Embryologica) and histological (Terminologia Histologica) nomenclatures were under the study. A typological classification of MN is made by considering methods and approaches for the representation and explication of medical term. The following parameters as field of terms, method of term representing, type of definition, number of languages were studied. The main functions of the MN were identified and described, namely, the collection, the standardization, the systematization of medical terms and medical knowledge transfer. The results of the lexicographic analysis show that MN are factual reference works and perform almost all the basic functions of terminographic dictionary guides, with the exception of explicatory one, with a description of grammatical and orthoepic characteristics, codification of the polysemy of medical term and an illustration of its use in medical discourse. The comparative analysis of histological, dental and embryological nomenclatures revealed that they do not have significant differences at the level of mega- and microstructures in comparison with the anatomical ones. The studied nomenclatures were created using termographic tools and principles which were first applied for anatomical nomenclatures. The place and the role of MN, as a factual reference work, in the system of English medical terminography is determined. Perspective directions of the further research are outlined in the frame of the comprehensive study of terminological lexicography as a factor of the global scientific and technical space formation in the field of medicine.
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Mau, Marthen. "Panggilan Timotius Menurut 2 Timotius 2:2 Dan Implikasinya Bagi Kompetensi Guru Agama Kristen." CARAKA: Jurnal Teologi Biblika dan Praktika 1, no. 2 (October 12, 2020): 180–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.46348/car.v1i2.20.
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AbstractTimothy receive God’s calling through Paul for pastoral ministry in Ephesus. Because there was no minister in that church. In 2 Timothy 2:2 Paul Gave assignments to Timothy to entrust the teachings he got from Paul to the faithful people who are able to teach the congregation. In the present time, the Christian religion teacher are given trust to hold the spiritual formation for student in the formal education institution. The religion teacher are given the task to hold the spiritual formation of the student as a form of implementing their competence of religion teacher are pedagody, personality, social, professional, and spiritual. This research is a qualitative research by applying the historical of grammatical method or exegetical methods on the text 2 Timothy 2: 2. Based on the exegetical method, it can be concluded that Christian religion teachers should be trustworthy, capable of teaching, dare to rebuke the wrongs, have loyalty, have integrity, and have spiritual qualities.Keywords: Calling Timothy; 2 Timothy 2:2; Teacher competencesAbstrakTimotius menerima panggilan Tuhan melalui Paulus untuk pelayanan pengembalaan di Efesus. Oleh karena saat itu di jemaat Efesus belum ada pelayan Tuhan. Menurut 2 Timotius 2:2 Paulus memberikan tugas kepada Timotius untuk memberikan kepercayaan kepada orang-orang yang dapat dipercayai dan sanggup mengajar orang lain di jemaat Efesus. Pada masa sekarang guru pendidikan agama Kristen menerima kepercayaan untuk melaksanakan pembinaan rohani peserta didik Kristen di lembaga pendidikan formal. Guru pendidikan agama Kristen diberikan tugas untuk melaksanakan pembinaan kerohanian kepada peserta didik sebagai bentuk mengimplementasikan kompetensi-kompetensi yang dimilikinya. Kompetensi yang dimiliki oleh guru pendidikan agama Kristen adalah pedagogik, kepribadian, sosial, profesional, dan spiritual. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan menerapkan tipe metode historikal gramatikal atau eksegesis pada teks 2 Timotius 2:2. Berdasarkan metode eksegesis dapat disimpulkan bahwa guru pendidikan agama Kristen dapat dipercayai, cakap mengajar, berani untuk menegur yang salah, memiliki kesetiaan, memiliki integritas, dan memiliki kualitas rohani.Kata Kunci: Panggilan Timotius; 2 Timotius 2:2; Kompetensi guru
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Ivanova, Olga. "Working on the Dictionary of Nizhny Novgorod Proper Names: the Structure of the Dictionary Article." Nizhny Novgorod Linguistics University Bulletin, no. 52 (December 30, 2020): 20–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.47388/2072-3490/lunn2020-52-4-20-37.
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In discussing the structure of dictionary entries for linguoculturological dictionaries of proper names, the author emphasizes the great importance of creating dictionaries of this type, both from the point of view of the language and from the point of view of culture, since such lexicographic sources serve to reflect and preserve the cultural space of the region. The aim of the study was to determine the optimal structure of an entry in a dictionary of proper names. Using the descriptive method as well as methods of analysis and interpretation, and leaning on the existing draft version of the dictionary of proper names of Nizhny Novgorod, the author postulates that the optimal dictionary entry should include brief information about the meaning of the word (or word combination), analysis of its morphemic structure, information on its grammatical features (e.g. declension paradigm), a list of its possible syntactic roles, etymological information, historical information, and visual material (photographs, drawings, etc.). To illustrate her point, the author includes several examples of dictionary entries of proper names of different types (toponyms, hydronyms, anthroponyms, etc.) and follows them up with a discussion of the main principle for constructing an entry article of a linguistic-cultural dictionary of proper names, namely: the need to combine linguistic information about the word (or word combination) and cultural-historical information about the object that has this specific proper name. This principle for constructing a dictionary entry is consistent with the principles of the linguocultural approach to language learning, which is highly relevant in modern linguistic science. This structure would provide the dictionary with the widest possible application and make it user-friendly for journalists, local historians, public figures, and teachers, including those teaching Russian to foreigners.
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Grachev, Mikhail. "The Lexicographic Problems of Compiling Argot Dictionaries." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 1 (April 2019): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2019.1.5.
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The article argues for the need to compile a new fundamental argotic dictionary on a scientific basis. Using the comparative and historical method, the paper provides the criticism of the previous lexicons reflecting the language of the criminal world. With respect to the mistakes and inaccuracies made by compilers of the available dictionaries, the author develops the principles of lexicographic representation of the Russian argot, determines the sources of the language material included in the dictionary (folklore, old Russian literature, speech of modern representatives of the criminal subculture), proposes criteria and methods of the qualifying a lexical unit as argot. The article describes the new dictionary structure that reflects complex characteristics of its constituent units (a headword with stress, reference articles, meaning interpretation, context of use, phraseological units, grammatical characteristics, etymology). It also identifies tendencies of the modern Russian argot evolution caused by the influence of changes in the Russian society in general and in the criminal world in particular, as well as the reasons for penetrating argot in the spoken language and media texts. Besides, the paper shows the possibilities of using the new qualitative linguistic dictionary to study the linguistic picture of the world of argot speakers, to form an objective evaluation of this phenomenon and to improve the speech culture of Russian society.
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Sharov, Konstantin S. "Gender-Neutral Linguistic Transformations of Messianic Scriptures in the Modern Anglican Homiletic Literature." Russian Journal of Linguistics 23, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 523–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-9182-2019-23-2-523-543.
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Actuality. Our time is characterised by the penetration of egalitarian ideas of Western liberalism and political correctness in the sphere of language. Language, speech, communication practices are reviewed and revised to determine if they are politically correct. Religious and sacred texts of Christianity and Judaism do not stand aside from the careful examination of the followers of the ideas of compiling a politically correct Bible. The purpose of this article is to find out if it is possible to change the texts of English translations of the Christian Bible, from a theological and linguistic point of view, and if it is possible to consider gender-neutral versions of Messianic passages of the English Bible as authentic, suitable for the correct transmission of meaning, i.e. reading, theological and historical analysis, as well as liturgical practice. The object of the research is represented by the texts of several widely used in modern Anglicanism gender-neutral English versions of the Bible: The Inclusive Bible: The First Egalitarian Translation by Priests for Equality (IBFET, 2009); New English Translation (NET, 1998); New International Version Inclusive Language Edition (NIVI, 1995). King James’ Bible original version (KJV) of 1611 edition is used as a reference point. Research techniques include the method of contextual analysis, comparative method, structural method, comparative historical method. Such taxonomic units of sacred Messianic texts as son of God, son of man, the lord, the master, the king, heaven kingdom , constructions of common grammatical gender are analysed. It is demonstrated that in almost all cases of gender-neutral constructions use, the meaning of the text changes: from insignificant changes to the reproduction of openly heretical views from the viewpoint of traditional Anglicanism. Our study shews that gender-neutral language introduces new feminist meanings into Messianic sacred texts, which were not previously contained there. Gender-neutral English translations of the Christian Bible cease to be canonical from the point of view of Christian theology. Nevertheless, gender-neutral philological strategies of modifying the ways of modern Anglican preaching can be an extremely interesting and instructive example of the fact that in the modern world certain social and political discourses can stand behind Christian homiletics.
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H. Husnutdinov, Damir, Ramilya K. Sagdieva, Ramil H. Mirzagitov, and Gulnaz T. Karipzhanova. "The Role of Onomatopoeic and Predicative Words in Formation of Concretizing Relations in Tatar Language." Journal of Social Sciences Research, SPI 1 (November 13, 2018): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.spi1.28.31.
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This article examined the roles of onomatopoeic and predicative words in the formation of a concretizing relations in the Tatar literary language. For many years, language onomatopoeic and predicative words in Tatar language had been studied as a part of the modal speech. Since the end of the 20th century, onomatopoeic words have been included into the list of notional parts of speech. Predicative words also stand between the notional and service parts of speech, that is, as a separate unit. In syntactic terms, both of these can be attributed to notional parts of speech, as they form word combinations. In this scientific work, the authors were first to study the concretizing relations between onomatopoeic words, verbs, and nouns and also between predicative words and nouns, pronouns, and verbs. The article also shed light on semantic nuances and means of communication.A concretizing link refers to an expression of a concretizing relation between words using special means of communication. The category of concretizing relations includes a rather wide range of semantic nuances between notions; therefore, the means of their expression are very diverse. The scientific novelty of this article was determined by the functional-semantic analysis of the concretizing relationship, wherein onomatopoeic and predicative words were either dependent or dominant components.The research method was determined by the goals and objectives of the work, as well as by the specificity of the material being studied. The main research method was descriptive-analytical, with its main components: observation, generalization, and interpretation. Comparative-historical method was also used for the purpose of comprehensive analysis of linguistic features of speech, allowing determining certain tendencies in the development of grammatical system of national literary language. The study also involved comparative-typological and statistical methods.
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Eliman and Aris Elisa. "Pelayanan Pastoral Bagi Kaum Lansia Ditengah Pandemi Covid-19." SCRIPTA: Jurnal Teologi dan Pelayanan Kontekstual 9, no. 1 (May 28, 2020): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47154/scripta.v9i1.109.
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Penelitian ilmiah ini membahas tentang pelayanan pastoral terhadap kaum lansia ditengah pandemic covid-19. Pelayanan pastoral terhadap jemaat kaum lansia yang ada di dalam gereja adalah sesuatu yang penting karena diharapkan para lansia tetap dapat digembalakan dan diberdayakan sesuai dengan kapasitas atau potensi yang ada pada mereka sekalipun ditengah pandemi covid-19, bahkan diharapkan kaum lansia dapat tetap mengaktualisasikan diri. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif, penelitian kepustakaan (Libarary Research) fokus pada penafsiran Kitab Suci sesuai dengan kaidah gramatikal, historical, dan konteks. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menunjukkan bukti data Alkitab bahwa orang lanjut usia masih memiliki potensi yang dapat diberdayakan, sebagaimana Tuhan tetap memakai tokoh-tokoh Alkitab di usia senjanya sehingga pelayanan pastoral terhadap kaum lansia ditengah pandemi covid-19 tetap dapat dijalankan dengan baik.
ABSTRACT
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This scientific research discusses pastoral care for the elderly in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. Pastoral care for the congregation of the elderly in the church is important because it is hoped that the elderly can be shepherded and empowered according to their capacity or potential even in the middle. COVID-19 pandemic, it is hoped that the elderly can still actualize themselves. The research method used is qualitative, library research (Library Research) focuses on the interpretation of the Scriptures by grammatical, historical, and contextual rules. The purpose of this study is to show evidence of biblical data that the elderly still have the potential that can be empowered, as God continues to use biblical figures in his old age so that pastoral care for the elderly amid the COVID-19 pandemic can still be done well.
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Petr, Pavel. "Superficiary Right of Building: Origin and Development in Central Europe." DANUBE: Law and Economics Review 7, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/danb-2016-0008.
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Abstract The Czech Republic has been dealing for the last four years with a legal revolution in the field of private law. A new Civil Code was adopted in 2012 and many new and forgotten legal figures were restored in the text of the code. An interesting example of forgotten legal figures is the superficiary right of building, which has again entered the legal order of the Czech Republic after a long one hundred years. Unlike the Act on the Superficiary Right of Building of 1912, the new Civil Code extends the scope of persons that may create the superficiary right of building to their land. This should eliminate the obstacle that has substantially limited its wider use. The superficiary right of building is not likely to become a legal concept very frequently seen in public registers. The aim of this paper is, therefore, a reflection on divided ownership and the purpose and genesis of the superficiary right of building in relation to its origins, as well as a prediction of future developments of this legal concept in the real estate market. To analyse the concept, the paper employs formal and legal methods (logical, grammatical and historical method). A comparative study is conducted in the spirit of the comparative method. The superficiary right of building is a suitable complement to the range of options of property rights offered by the new Civil Code. The author concludes that the use of the superficiary right of building, although not limited in comparison with the 1912 Act, will likely be less frequent and focused on longer-term projects.
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Karina, Palkova. "Medical practitioner's legal regulations in the practice from urban-rural development perspective." SHS Web of Conferences 68 (2019): 01028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196801028.
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The role of medical practitioners in community safety area is huge. Especially huge responsibility medical practitioners have in medical treatment process from the point of view of treatment quality and legal liability. Medical practitioners are professionals regardless of territoriality. The mission and functions they perform do not depend on practice place. The responsibility is equal in both urban and rural level. To protect community safety from the medical practitioners' perspectives they should know their own rights, as well as patient's rights in healthcare. From the particular legal regulations arise duties and responsibilities of medical practitioners, which are described in the paper. The aim of the research is to study legislation that regulates medical practitioner‘s rights and duties in Latvia. The task of the paper is to study the characteristics of rights of medical practitioners in Latvia and the medical practitioner's knowledge of patients' rights in Latvia. In the research, the author has used general scientific methods such as analysis, synthesis, modelling, comparative method, inductive and deductive method, methods of interpretation of legal norms – grammatical, teleological, historical, as well as empirical method – survey. The paper describes the most important legal regulations in medical practitioner's activity, as well as defines problems and provides potential solutions that are necessary to protect community's safety. The results of the paper show that the regulatory framework exists in the field of healthcare of Latvia. Also in the field of professional activity, legal regulations exist, which govern the professional activity of medical practitioners. They are included in various law sectors (civil rights, labour rights, criminal rights, etc.). Apart from that, there exist a large number of legislative regulations of national level, which govern the professional activities of medical practitioners (special laws and Cabinet Regulations). It should be noted, that the competences of medical practitioners are not consolidated, but stipulated in separate legislative provision for each group of medical practitioners (for a doctor, doctor's assistant, nurse, etc.). The medical practitioner's knowledge of patients' rights is not good enough, especially in rural areas of Latvia.
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Vindele, Liene, and Renāte Cāne. "USE OF COPYRIGHT PROTECTED WORKS IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 1 (May 21, 2019): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2019vol1.3907.
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Copyright is one of the intellectual property rights whose main activity is to promote creativity and protect the ownership of the author. However, these rights are not absolute and are subject to certain restrictions.In the Berne Convention, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights and also WIPO Copyright Treaty embodied so-called “three-step test” allowing exceptions to copyright protection. They state that exceptions to copyright protection are admissible only in specific cases; if they comply with the rules of normal exploitation of the author's work; and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate rights of the author.While respecting the restrictions contained in international conventions, the Latvian Copyright Law also lays down various restrictions, when the author's work can be used without a special permit for the use of the author's work or for free, such as in the educational or research process. The free use of copyright-protected materials constitutes a restriction on the economic rights of copyright holders. These restrictions aim to strike a balance between the rights of the author and the interests of the public. Although copyright-protected works can be used in education almost everywhere in the world, restrictions on the exercise of these rights have not been clearly established.The aim of this paper is to research limits use of copyright-protected works in the educational process. Basis for this analysis will be the international and national legal framework about copyright exceptions in educational process.In the development of the research used an analytical method of scientific research, as well as a method of interpreting grammatical, teleological and historical legal norms. For the conclusions used inductive and deductive method of scientific research.
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Ulianitckaia, L. A., and A. A. Shumkov. "The Main Germanic Dialects of Flanders." Discourse 6, no. 6 (January 15, 2021): 137–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/2412-8562-2020-6-6-137-153.
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Introduction. The article reveals a complicated language situation in the Flemish region of Belgium - a progressing extinction of Germanic dialects, which are historically spread on this territory. Each dialectal group has its unique features, and the West-Flemish and Limburgish groups might have become grounds for particular languages.Methodology and sources. The methodological base consists in a complex approach, combining the comparative-historical and contrastive methods with the method of sociolinguistic interpretation. The investigation is conducted on the language material, collected from different dialectal dictionaries of Dutch, as well as from special linguistic papers on the language situation in Flanders.Results and discussion. The article represents a multiplicity of Germanic dialects, existing on the territory of modern Flanders. A short revue is given on lexical and grammatical peculiarities of four main dialectal groups, as well as on their peculiar phonetics. A special attention is, respectively, paid to the urban dialects of Antwerp, Gent, Bruges and Hasselt. There are analyzed some interferential phenomena, caused by the contact of the investigated dialects with Romanic and Germanic environment and occurring on all language levels - from phonetic to the syntactic ones. It has been suggested, that certain specific grammar forms in Flemish dialects may be result of phonetic interference. For Marols, which originally belongs to the group of Brabant dialects, the juncture between Germanic morphosyntactic structure and Roman lexis is discussed.Conclusion. For the last 20 years the percentage of persons, speaking the Germanic dialects of Flanders, has demonstrated a catastrophic decrease. Along with that, the main features of these dialects (mostly of the Brabant ones) have gone over to an intermediate language “tussentaal”, in both lexis and grammar. This language is being formed inbetween the Germanic dialects and Dutch; the latter is represented in the Flemish region by two variants – standard (common) Dutch and Belgian Dutch. The progressing decrease in the number of persons, speaking the autochthonous dialects of Flanders, is thoughtprovoking towards the exigency to fix the disappearing language variants through a strict scientific way.
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Veikša, Ingrīda. "DETECTING AND PREVENTING OF PLAGIARISM IN THE STUDY PROCESS." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 2 (May 20, 2020): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2020vol2.5178.
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The educational work is based on the acquisition and use of previously created cultural, artistic and scientific values for the purpose of student growth. In the educational process works created by other authors may be used without the author's consent and payment of remuneration, provided the necessary conditions are met. However, these works are not always used in good faith, and quite often students use them without references, thus assigning them to self-writing, or ordering them to be written by others, in violation of the principle of academic integrity. Creativity is the main criterion for creating an author's work. However, authors are often influenced by previous works of other authors that they have seen, heard, felt, which is quite natural. When this influence goes beyond originality, the newly created work is recognized as plagiarism, or appropriation of authorship.The aim of the study is to identify ways in which the works of other authors are unlawfully used in the study process, thus creating plagiarism, as well as offering solutions to reduce plagiarism.In the research was used an analytical method of scientific research and method of grammatical, teleological, systemical and historical interpretation of legal norms. For the conclusions were used inductive and deductive method of scientific research.In order to evaluate the legitimate use of the work of other authors in the study process, the data on recorded cases of plagiarism in universities in Latvia were reviewed. In order to analyse the issues of influence and misappropriation, disputes between authors of works in different countries were analysed.The results of research highlighted that Latvian legislation provides extensive and detailed rights for students, but does not impose any obligations to them, and this legal framework should be improved.
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Антон Іващук. "CONTENT AND STRUCTURE OF FRENCH TEXTBOOKS USED IN GALICIA (1867–1890)." Collection of Scientific Papers of Uman State Pedagogical University, no. 3 (September 4, 2020): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31499/2307-4906.3.2020.219094.
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The article under discussion deals with the textbooks for the French language learning used in the schools and gymnasiums of Galicia (1867–1890). The content and structure of textbooks by Jan Amborsky, August Svitkovsky and Stephanie Wechslerova have been analyzed in detail. Phonetic, grammatical and lexical material contained in the textbooks has been described. The historical and educational prerequisites that directly influenced the development of French language teaching in Galicy have been outlined. After having analyzed the textbooks for the French language learning in Galicia it was determined that during the indicated chronological period, there were three types of textbooks which were used in galician women’s schools, secondary schools and gymnasiums. Namely grammar reference books with or without exercises, readers with adapted or authentic texts and abstracts from well-known French literature and textbooks itself, which contained various texts, passages of literary works and which were used in order to teach grammar, reading, writing and translation. All found textbooks were analyzed according to the criteria created by N. Borysko. It was found that all analyzed textbooks were recommended for use in Galician women’s schools, secondary schools and gymnasiums by the Regional School Board. All the training material contained in the textbooks was in line with the main purpose of foreign language learning and the requirements of the Austro-Hungarian Ministry of Religion and Education. As a result of our research, it has been proved that in the selected period of time for teaching French language they used the grammar-translation method as evidenced by particular attention to the study of grammar theory, a large number of grammar-translation type of exercises and reading literary works in French.
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Melnyk, Tetiana. "ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY IN UKRAINIAN TRANSLATED LEXICOGRAPHY OF THE 20–30 YEARS OF THE 20th CENTURY (on the material of the Russian-Ukrainian dictionary 1924–1933)." Philological Review, no. 1 (May 31, 2021): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31499/2415-8828.1.2021.232668.
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The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the peculiarities of the reproduction of Ukrainian anatomical terminology in the common lexicographical works of the 20–30 years of the 20th century (on the material of the «Russian-Ukrainian dictionary» 1924–1933). It was decided to investigate the codification registers of this period, because then the basic principles for establishing the vocabulary of the Ukrainian literary language in general and terminology in particular were formed. 20–30 years of the 20th century is a time of comprehensive scientific study and codification of the norms of the Ukrainian language. The main approaches to the elaboration and introduction of terminology for the designation of anatomical concepts in the translated academic dictionary are generalized. To achieve this goal, a historiographical method was used (to study linguistic facts taking into account the historical and cultural situation) and a descriptive method (to characterize the collected factual material).
Based on a detailed analysis of lexicographic registers of the dictionary, the main approaches to the translation of anatomical terms are identified. It was found that the main criteria when choosing a word for the dictionary was its distribution in the vernacular and compliance with the grammatical system of the Ukrainian literary language. It is determined that in the process of working with anatomical concepts, scientists: 1) critically analyzed the words recorded in terminological dictionaries that have appeared in Ukraine in recent years; 2) used borrowings from other languages when the Ukrainian language lacked a certain token; 3) tried to submit international terms without artificially translating into Ukrainian; 4) clarified the interpretation of terms by introducing examples from various sources.
It is concluded that the common language «Russian-Ukrainian dictionary» of 1924–1933 laid the foundations for the entry of terms into the lexical system of general literary language. The prospect of further research is determined in the study of the comparative aspect of the introduction of anatomical terminology in the registers of common codification works of the first part of the 20th century.
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Vanaga, Sanita, and Inga Pumpuriņa. "CHILD VIOLENCE AGAINST PARENTS: PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL ASPECTS AND PROBLEMS OF LEGAL REGULATIONS OF LIABILITY." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 3 (May 28, 2021): 446–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2021vol3.6226.
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Domestic violence is a cycle of various harassment in which the abuser can be any member of the family. Both media and research on domestic violence focus on the behaviour of adult family members, while there is a lack of research analysing child abuse, for example against their parents. The current legal framework establishes the procedure for bringing an abusive person to justice, however, the provided sanctions do not apply to a child being violent in case the offense is not of a criminal nature. The study presents the research in two parts, the first part, indicating the psychological and pedagogical aspects of the problem, and the second - the problem of the legal regulation of liability.The aim of the study was to analyse the regulatory framework, which determines the child's responsibility in cases of child-to-parent violence, to identify the problems of the legal framework and to develop proposals for the improvement of the legal framework.The study was developed interdisciplinary, performing the analysis of national and international legal acts, analysing statistical data and research on current issues. Analytical and descriptive method, grammatical, historical, teleological and systemic interpretation methods were used in the study.As a result of the research, a number of problems were identified. These were related to the identification of a child being violent, the rights and responsibilities of the family and society in cases of escalating violence, as well as the issue of taking responsibility for the child's violence. At the same time, it was concluded that cases of violence by children to parents are difficult to identify, which may be due to the parent-child relationship and ignorance of the parent's problem, resulting in a formal determination of the child's responsibility in case of violence. In turn, the legal framework should strengthen not only the procedure of holding the children responsible for their violent behavior, but also to call for interdisciplinary prevention of violence committed by children.
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Umi Musyarofah. "MENGOMENTARI TAFSIR JALĀLAYN." AL ITQAN: Jurnal Studi Al-Qur'an 6, no. 1 (February 20, 2020): 69–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.47454/itqan.v6i1.719.
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This study examines the manuscript of the Tafsir Jalālayn in Tamansari Village, Jaken, Pati. The research method used is qualitative with a philological and historical approach. The focus of research is on the physical text or codicological aspects, as well as the study of the text. Although it is not certain who copied them(by hand), this research finds that the manuscripts were written in the late 19th century (1890 AD). The existence of comments on the main text (matan) of Tafsir Jalālayn shows that there was a learning process of interpretation as well as an attempt to provide further explanations for this tafsir that was carried out in pesantren in this area at the end of the 19th century. This study also identifies the characteristics of the text in the manuscript. First, the interlinear translation (makna gandhul) along with the grammatical code that uses Javanese language to assist students understand the content of Tafsir Jalālayn. Second, the manuscript contains Javanese vocabulary which is no longer commonly used. Third, the marginal notes in Arabic (hamish) add a broader and deeper understanding of the Quran. Hamish has five contributions to the main text, i.e: explaining in more detail the content of the verse and its tafsir; as an explanation for words that are still general; as a source of reference information on writing the hamish; as a main text corrector; and as a complementary to the translation of the main text. The most interesting finding in its hamish is that there is a reference to a manuscript of tafsir written by a scholar from the Rengel area, Tuban, named Kiai Madyāni Abū Ishāq entitled Tibyān al-Asrārfī Qiṣṣati Yūsuf Ladhawī al-Abṣār. This is an initial indication of the existence of correspondence between Javanese scholars in terms of Quranic interpretation. Keywords: Manuscript of tafsir Jalālayn, codicology, characteristic of text.
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Putralin, Eliantri. "Makna Ungkapan "Dua Atau Tuga Orang Berkumpul Dalam Nama-Ku" Menurut Matius18:20." CARAKA: Jurnal Teologi Biblika dan Praktika 2, no. 1 (May 31, 2021): 108–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.46348/car.v2i1.47.
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AbstractGathering is a great opportunity to meet in large numbers and a lot but if there is no freedom to attend, then Allah wants two or three people to gather together. Gatherings or congregations in a quorum of two or three believers in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ, then God is still present through the Holy Spirit because God does not depend on a large number, but an insignificant number of God is still present because He is God Almighty. The presence of Jesus Christ in the midst of or among believers in a gathering is intended so that believers will not feel afraid and still believe that His presence does not depend on large numbers of people like the quorum taught by Jewish rabbis in Old Testament times. To find out the promise of Jesus' presence according to the text of Matthew 18:20, the research method used in this research is qualitative research, with a grammatical historical approach. The result of this research is that after getting the meaning of the phrase "Two or three people gathered in My name," the final result can be implicated by the followers of the Lord Jesus at this time in their life and ministry. AbstrakBerkumpul merupakan sebuah kesempatan besar untuk berhimpun dalam jumlah yang besar dan banyak tetapi jika tidak ada kebebasan untuk berhimpun, maka Allah menginginkan dua atau tiga orang berkumpul bersama. Perkumpulan atau perhimpunan dalam kuorum dua atau tiga orang percaya dalam nama Tuhan Yesus Kristus, maka Allah tetap hadir melalui Roh Kudus sebab Allah tidak bergantung pada jumlah yang banyak, tetapi jumlah yang sedikitpun Allah tetap hadir karena Dia adalah Allah yang Maha Hadir. Kehadiran Yesus Kristus di tengah-tengah atau di antara orang percaya dalam perkumpulan bertujuan agar orang percaya tidak merasa takut dan tetap meyakini bahwa kehadiran-Nya tidak bergantung pada jumlah orang yang banyak seperti kuorum yang diajarkan oleh rabi Yahudi pada masa Perjanjian Lama. Untuk mengetahui janji kehadiran Yesus menurut teks Matius 18:20, maka metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif, dengan pendekatan historikal gramatikal. Hasil penelitian ini adalah setelah mendapatkan makna ungkapan “Dua atau tiga orang berkumpul dalam nama-Ku,” maka hasil akhirnya dapat diimplikasikan oleh para pengikut Tuhan Yesus pada masa kini dalam kehidupan dan pelayanannya.
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Galkina, Natalja P. "SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC SYNCRETISM OF THE WORD ВЕДЬ AT THE LEVEL OF HYPOTAXIS." Verhnevolzhski Philological Bulletin 22, no. 3 (2020): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/2499-9679-2020-3-22-81-88.
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The paper is devoted to the role of the word ведь in the organization of a subordinate syntactic connection between sentences. The work is carried out within the study of the expression of relations of conditioning through complex sentences in works of the book style – scientific and publicistic. The word ведь has a variety of shades of meaning, it features polyfunctionality and syntactic variability. Most grammatical descriptions qualify it as both a particle and a conjunction. Given the polysemy and variety of uses of this word, modern researchers who study discourse classify it as a discoursive word/discourse marker. It is noted that polysemy and syntactic variability of the modern word ведь result from its historical origin and development. The method of interpretation based on the etymologically inherent meaning of this word and transformation method are proposed as a way to concretize relations marked by this linking device. According to observations on the material of journalism ведь often acts as a linking word for causal constructions both within a complex sentence and between separate, semantically related sentences. In certain cases, there is a combination of causal and conventional meanings. In addition, the combination of ведь with adversative conjunctions a, но adds the seme of concession. The observation results are illustrated with examples from journalism materials with their subsequent analysis. It is shown that replacing ведь with categorical causal, conditional, concessive conjunctions confirms the corresponding relationships, however, it cannot provide a full disclosure of the meaning of the statement, since with such a transformation the seme of presence, complicity, and the author's assessment observed in the original statements is lost. One should say about the stylistic marking of the structures under study, which contribute to the implementation of the evaluative and influencing function of the journalistic style. In other cases, the word ведь acts as a particle, contributing to the actualization of the utterance as something known, obviously expedient. Although there is a causal relationship in such constructions, the connecting function is not paramount there. Thus, the polyfunctionality of a polysemantic word ведь ensures the variability of its use by the authors and a multidimensional approach to its linguistic description.
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McGinn, Richard. "Some Irregular Reflexes of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian Vowels in the Rejang Language of Sumatra." Diachronica 14, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 67–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.14.1.04mcg.
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SUMMARY At issue is the role of dialect evidence to explain certain irregular reflexes of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian vowels in Rejang. According to Blust (1984), the Musi dialect of Rejang seems to exemplify two types of sound change, one conditioned solely by phonological factors and the other by nonphonological (semantic or grammatical) factors; thus PMP *a irregularly failed to diphthongize in kin terms, and word-final *a, *i and *u irregularly failed to diphthongize in the pronouns. On the contrary, the paper suggests 'neogrammarian' regularity for all reflexes of PMP vowels in kin terms and pronouns in Rejang. In order to account for the apparent irregularities, it has been necessary to broaden the data base by revisiting the PMP consonantal reconstructions and the role of the accent, and above all by incorporating evidence from other dialects of the Rejang group (Kebanagung, Pasisir). The possibility of eventual union between historical phonology and dialect geography is discussed. Two errors of method in the previous literature on Rejang are pointed out. RÉSUMÉ En cause est le rôle de la preuve dialectale pour expliquer certaines manifestations irrégulières des voyelles proto-malayo-polynésiennes en rejang. Selon Blust (1984), le dialecte musien du rejang semble exemplifier deux changements phonologiques, l'un conditionné seulement par les éléments phonologiques et l'autre par les éléments non-phonologiques (sémantiques et grammaticals); ainsi le *a PMP a manqué, irregulièrement, de diphtonguer avec des termes de parenté, et les voyelles *a, *i, et *u en fin de mot ont manqué, irregulierement, de diphtonguer dans les formes pronominales. Au contraire l'article suggère une régularité 'néogrammairienne' pour tous les réflexes des voyelles PMP avec les termes de parenté et les pronoms. Pour expliquer les irregularités apparentes, il fallait étendre la base de données par revisiter les reconstructions consonantiques de PMP et le rôle de l'accent, et surtout par incorporation de preuves d'autres dialectes du groupe rejangien (Kebanagung, Pasisir). La possibilité d'union productive entre la phonologie historique et la géographie dialectale est discutée. Deux erreurs de méthode dans les travaux précédents sur le rejang sont indiquées. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Untersuchung gilt der Rolle dialektaler Beweise zur Erklärung be-stimmter irregulärer Reflexe von Proto-Malayo-Polynesischen (PMP) Vokalen in Rejang. Nach Blust (1984) schien der Musi Dialekt von Rejang das Vorhandensein von zwei Typen von Lautver ä nderung zu beweisen: einer allein bedingt durch phonologische, der andere durch nicht-phonologische (semantische oder grammatische) Faktoren. Folglich wurden PMP *a irregular nicht in Verwandtschaftsbezeichnungen diphthongisiert, und am Wortende wurden *a, *i und *u irregular nicht in den Pronomen diphthongisiert. Der vorliegede Beitrag schlagt im Gegenteil 'junggrammatische' Regelmässigkeiten vor fiir alle Reflexe von PMP Vokalen in Verwandtschaftsbezeichnungen und Pronomen in Rejang. Um die offenbaren Unregelmässigkeiten zu erklaren, er-scheint es notwendig, die Datengrundlage durch emeutes Betrachten der Kon-sonantenrekonstruktion im PMP und der Rolle des Akzents, vor allem aber durch Einbeziehen anderer Dialekte der Rejang Gruppe (Kebanagung, Pasisir) zu erweitern. Die Möglichkeit einer letztlichen Verbindung zwischen histori-scher Phonologie und Dialektgeographie wird diskutiert. Zwei methodische Fehler in der bisherigen Literatur über Rejang werden aufgezeigt.
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Surahmiyoto, Triyono. "Makna Pengurapan Menurut 1 Yohanes 2:20, 27." HUPERETES: Jurnal Teologi dan Pendidikan Kristen 1, no. 1 (December 14, 2019): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.46817/huperetes.v1i1.15.
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The study is entitled The Meaning of Anointing According to 1 John 2:20, 27. The background of this study is the obscurity found in the usage of the term anointing among Christians, whether in casual conversation or in prayer in which the purpose is uncertain. The obscurity and ambiguity in the understanding of anointment tend to result in unrighteous behavior in Christian life. Based on that issue the writer undertook to research the usage of the term concerned especially in the New Testament. The writer has found the usage of the term in 1 John 2:20. By using the inductive interpretation method: literal, grammatical, contextual, historical, and theological and also do observations through multiple interpretations comparison, the writer has found that the anointment is referred to be used connotatively to depict the help from the Holy Spirit in every believer’s life. This anointment is closely related to teaching and the righteousness of teaching. The anointment happens once and permanent in a believer’s only life. This is identical to sealing and the Holy Spirit that resided in the believers. The anointing in 1 John 2:20 is chrism. Chrism is a noun that refers to the oil that is used in an anointing event. John states that a believer is already and receiving the chrism – the anointing oil – in the believer’s running life. Believers need to believe that God’s anointing has been done, is happening, resides to be with every believer in righteous life as a person who believes that Jesus is God.Judul bahasan adalah Makna Pengurapan Menurut 1 Yohanes 2:20, 27. Latar belakang pembahasan adalah adanya kesamaran penggunan istilah pengurapan dalam kehidupan masyarakat Kristen baik dalam percakapan maupun dalam doa- doa yang diucapkan secara samar. Kesamaran dan kerancuan dalam pemahaman tentang pengurapan cenderung menimbulkan perilaku yang tidak diharapkan dalam kehidupan masyarakat Kristen. Penyimpangan dan penyesatan bahkan perpecahan, perpindahan serta kecurigaan antar sesama orang percaya dapat terjadi dalam kehidupan masyarakat Kristen. Bertolak dengan hal tersebut maka penulis berusaha menelusuri penggunaan istilah pengurapan tersebut khususnya dalam Perjanjian Baru. Penulis menemukan istilah pengurapan dalam 1 Yohanes 2:20. Dengan menggunakan metode penafsiran induktif: literal, gramatikal, kontekstual, historikal, dan teologi serta memperhatikan pandangan beberapa penafsir penulis menemukan bahwa pengurapan yang dimaksud ternyata digunakan secara konotatif untuk menggambarkan pertolongan Roh Kudus dalam hidup setiap orang percaya. Pengurapan erat berhubungan dengan pengajaran dan kebenaran ajaran. Pengurapan sekali terjadi dan bersifat permanen dalam sepanjang hidup orang yang percaya. Pengurapan ini identik dengan pemeteraian dan pendiaman Roh Kudus dalam kehidupan orang percaya. Pengurapan dalam 1 Yohanes 2:20 adalah krisma. Krisma ini adalah kata benda dan menunjuk kepada minyak yang digunakan dalam peristiwa pengurapan. Yohanes menyatakan bahwa orang percaya sudah dan sedang menerima krisma yaitu minyak urapan dalam rentang kehidupannya. Dengan demikian sebenarnya orang percaya tidak perlu berulang-ulang meminta dan mengharapkan terjadinya pengurapan dalam kehidupannya. Orang percaya perlu mengimani bahwa pengurapan Allah sudah dan sedang terjadi serta menuntun setiap orang percaya dalam kehidupan yang benar sebagai orang yang sudah percaya bahwa Yesus itu Tuhan.
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ODYNTSOVA, HALYNA. "FORMATION OF GRAMMATICAL COMPETENCE OF FUTURE PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS BY MEANS OF INTERESTING LINGUISTICS." Scientific Issues of Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University. Series: pedagogy 1, no. 1 (July 7, 2021): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.25128/2415-3605.21.1.13.
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The questions of formation of grammatical competence as a component of an individual’s linguistic competence have been considered, the essence of the definition of “grammatical competence” has been analyzed and author’s comprehension of this notion has been suggested. The structural components of grammatical competence (grammatical knowledge, grammatical skills and abilities and grammatical awareness) have been singled out. It has been emphasized that the study of grammatical system of a language requires logical operations, such as scientific information analysis, ability to compare, relate and summarize the linguistic facts and deduce certain regularities. The possibilities of the subject “Formation of primary school students’ language personality by means of interesting Linguistics” in the process of formation of students’ grammatical competence in the context of linguistic subjects cycle have been outlined. Special attention has been paid to the application of interesting Linguistics elements while teaching students notional and categorical apparatus. It has been suggested to take into account the interpretation of linguistic terms by linguists, consider and correspond the modern ones with their equivalents in the old Grammar books. It has been proved that the definition of the term “Grammar” has been narrowed down diachronically. There have been outlined the other methods and techniques applied to form student’s grammatical competence (revealing linguistic notions etymology, using linguistic aphorisms, Comparative Historical Linguistics elements, didactic poetry, linguistic fairytales, entertaining tasks, exercises, jokes, learning projects) that contribute to enlargement of future teachers’ scientific perspective and their professional level growth.
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BITI, Dr Viola, and Dr Admira NUSHI. "Grammar Activities of Spanish Language in Albanian Auditorium." European Journal of Language and Literature 8, no. 1 (May 19, 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejls.v8i1.p7-15.
Full textAbstract:
The attitude towards grammatical exercises of a foreign language is one of the fundamental pillars upon which differences and changes of methods are historically produced. It's like an image of teaching practice. Switching from the traditional approach to the direct method, from the audio-visual method to the actual communicative methods through natural access is complemented by grammar with its own activities as a concrete way to develop language, as well as a way to see how it can be best learned. The place where grammatical activities can be developed, “the auditorium” where the student learns being a participant and cooperating with other students, with the teacher in the real process of research and joint construction of knowledge in personal and relevant social issues. The teaching process of foreign languages may take place in various forms: linguistic projects, occasional texts analysis, solution of situations or problems or preparation of topics that may arise during scientific activity. The grammar of Spanish language is consulted between lecturers who define a basic method that serves to orientate, but in many cases it happens that each of the teachers uses methods that are considered appropriate based on the requirements and capacities of students' learning process who are participants in the auditorium.