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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Grammatical relation'
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Yeon, Jae-Hoon. "Grammatical relation changing constructions in Korean : a functional-typological study." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.392390.
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Ura, Hiroyuki. "Checking theory and grammatical functions in universal grammar /." New York [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press, 2000. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0605/99023232-d.html.
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Malt, Alexander James. "Embodiment and grammatical structure : an approach to the relation of experience, assertion and truth." Thesis, Durham University, 2014. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10775/.
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In this thesis I address a concern in both existential phenomenology and embodied cognition, namely, the question of how ‘higher’ cognitive abilities such as language and judgements of truth relate to embodied experience. I suggest that although our words are grounded in experience, what makes this grounding and our higher abilities possible is grammatical structure. The opening chapter contrasts the ‘situated’ approach of embodied cognition and existential phenomenology with Cartesian methodological solipsism. The latter produces a series of dualisms, including that of language and meaning, whereas the former dissolves such dualisms. The second chapter adapts Merleau-Ponty’s arguments against the perceptual constancy hypothesis in order to undermine the dualism of grammar and meaning. This raises the question of what grammar is, which is addressed in the third chapter. I acknowledge the force of Chomsky’s observation that language is structure dependent and briefly introduce a minimal grammatical operation which might be the ‘spark which lit the intellectual forest fire’ (Clark: 2001, 151). Grammatical relations are argued to make possible the grounding of our symbols in chapters 4 and 5, which attempt to ground the categories of determiner and aspect in spatial deixis and embodied motor processes respectively. Chapter 6 ties the previous three together, arguing that we may understand a given lexeme as an object or as an event by subsuming it within a determiner phrase or aspectualising it respectively. I suggest that such modification of a word’s meaning is possible because determiners and aspect schematise, i.e. determine the temporal structure, of the lexeme. Chapter 7 uses this account to take up Heidegger’s claim that the relation between being and truth be cast in terms of temporality (2006, H349), though falls short of providing a complete account of the ‘origin of truth’. Chapter 8 concludes and notes further avenues of research.
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Michel, Lucy. "La relation entre genre grammatical et dénomination de la personne en langue française : approches sémantiques." Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOL027/document.
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Le point de départ de cette recherche est le constat d’une rupture dans le fonctionnement sémantico-référentiel du genre grammatical, qui oppose d’un côté noms d’inanimés et d’animés non-anthropomorphisés, et de l’autre noms d’animés humains ou anthropomorphisés. Ce constat amène inévitablement la question, souvent traitée, du type de répartition des substantifs (arbitraire ou motivé) que permet le genre grammatical. Le fait de centrer le propos sur les noms d’humains, et plus précisément, sur la classe des « dénominations de la personne », permet de sortir de cette opposition pour analyser plus précisément les difficultés posées par la catégorie grammaticale du genre dans son lien avec la bipartition sexuée des êtres humains, généralement et traditionnellement pensée comme première. Ce travail de thèse, appuyé sur les théories de la dénomination et affiné par les outils du matérialisme et des réflexions queer sur le langage, est centré sur une proposition d’analyse stéréotypique du sens du genre grammatical. Celle-ci permet à la fois de ne pas penser l’idée d’une hiérarchie entre les genres grammaticaux (« le masculin l’emporte... ») comme structurelle et interne au système linguistique français, et de comprendre certains phénomènes en apparence contradictoires et généralement rejetés comme idéologiques et/ou politiques, donc non-linguistiques. Cette hypothèse émerge d’une réflexion sur le concept de catégorisation et sur les difficultés phénoménologiques et linguistiques qui lui sont liées. La proposition avancée est de plus orientée vers le développement d’un modèle lexicographique : le travail engagé dans cette thèse de doctorat vise donc une applicabilité potentielle<br>This research was initiated with the idea of a semantic and referential splitting of grammatical gender within the French language between nouns denoting inanimates or non-anthropomorphic animates, and nouns denoting human or anthropomorphic animates. This splitting inevitably leads to the traditional question of the arbitrary or motivated nature of grammatical gender. The fact that this study focuses only on nouns denoting human animates, and more specifically on person denominations, enables to surpass this question and analyze more carefully the difficulties that arise from the idea of a link between grammatical gender and sexual bipartition. My work, nourished both by denomination theories and material and queer theories on language, is thus centered on proposing a stereotype-based semantic analysis of grammatical gender. This analysis opposes the idea of a structural hierarchy between masculine and feminine grammatical genders, and enables to understand some of the phenomena that are usually not considered as linguistic, but rejected as ideological or political. This hypothesis is thus born of a discussion of categorization theories, and of the phenomenological and linguistic difficulties that they present. Finally, one of the goals of this work is to be appliable : I will thus propose a lexicographic model of the stereotype-based hypothesis
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Johns, Alana. "Transitivity and grammatical relations in Inuktitut." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5334.
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Sanfilippo, Antonio. "Grammatical relations, thematic roles and verb semantics." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6585.
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Grammatical relations have always constituted a primary focus of attention in the study of language. Within the last three decades, the topicality of this trend has increasingly been determined by the quest for a universal characterization of the language faculty which has shaped the goals and directives of most current works in theoretical linguistics. Although the realization patterns and syntactic functionality of grammatical relations are subject to cross-linguistic variation, studies in comparative grammar have provided suggestive evidence that the range of variation found can often be contained within the limits fixed by a discrete set of parameters. The investigation of these parameters has broached the possibility of a universal specification of the nature of grammatical relations. This thesis proposes that such a specification should be achieved by establishing regularities in the syntax-semantics interface within a constraint-based approach to linguistic analysis that integrates a precise computational interpretation. In keeping with this objective, a unification-based categorial grammar framework is developed which incorporates the semantic insights of a Neo-Davidsonian approach to verb semantics and predicate-argument combination, where thematic roles are defined as clusters of entailments of verb meanings. This framework is extended with an integrated approach to argument selection and selection change. Properties of the resulting system are demonstrated with respect to a variety of natural language phenomena concerning grammatical function changing, unaccusativity and clitic dislocation.
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Alexander, Matthew John. "Agreement configuations : grammatical relations in modular grammar." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13165.
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Morris, William C. "Emergent grammatical relations : an inductive learning system /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9828973.
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Gregory, Howard Anthony Oliver. "An information-based theory of topics and grammatical relations." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1999. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28471/.
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This dissertation proposes a formal semantic characterization of topichood and an account of the relationship between Topic and core Grammatical Relations. The theoretical framework employed is a form of HPSG (Pollard & Sag (1994)). The notion of Topic has been widely invoked in descriptions both of sentence structure and of intersentential discourse relations. Despite this a formal characterization of this notion is lacking in the literature. It is proposed here that Topics should be seen as predication targets at an underlying semantic level, and that the Topic-Comment relation is analogous to that between possible worlds (situations) and the propositional contents which they support. A Topic is interpreted as a point whose location has to be fixed in some conceptual space formed by the Comments, and this metaphor is extended to the overall Topic of a discourse sequence. Formally, it is suggested that Topics and Comments can be treated as the points and open sets respectively of a topological space. It is claimed that this captures well-known semantic restrictions on which NPs can be made Topics of a sentence. The proposed treatment is also extended to intersentential Topic relations. This account of Topics is made the basis of a revision to the relational hierarchy, which underlies many relational theories of grammar. It is proposed that basic predicates in language are maximally binary and sensitive to topichood, their initial Subject being the default predication target or Topic. Predicates of greater valency are treated as composite, and the effects of the relational hierarchy are derived from rules governing the process of composition. A number of cross-linguistic phenomena are examined which bear on the relationship between Topics and core Grammatical Relations, including the double Subject constructions characteristic of Japanese and other East Asian languages, the clitic doubling of Objects which is an areal phenomenon of the Balkans, and the so called "Object agreement" of Amharic. Finally a chapter is devoted to the nature of Indirect Objects, which are argued (against standard views) to rank above Direct Objects. It is claimed that with this approach an important part of the relational basis of syntax can be derived, without losing descriptive accuracy, from the proposed treatment of predication.
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Sevinc, Ayca Muge. "Grammatical Relations And Word Order In Turkish Sign Language (tid)." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12607289/index.pdf.
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This thesis aims at investigating the grammatical relations in Turkish Sign Language (TiD). For this aim, word order, nominal morphology, and agreement morphology of verbs are examined. TiD lacks morphological case, but it has a very rich pronominal
system like other sign languages. Verbs are classified according to their morphosyntactic features. With this classification, we can observe the effect of word order and agreement morphology on the grammatical relations.
Combinatory Categorial Grammar as a lexicalized grammar encodes word order, morphological case, and agreement features in the lexicon. Hence, it has the tools for testing any lexicalized basic word order hypothesis for a language based on the gapping data. Gapping data based on grammatical judgments of native signers indicate that TiD is a verb final language.
Syntactic ergativity seems to be prevailing in coordination of a transitive sentence and an intransitive sentence where the single argument of the intransitive clause or one of the arguments of the transitive clause is missing. TiD also shows a tendency for ergativity in lexical properties such as agreement and pro-drop.
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Owen-Smith, Thomas. "Grammatical relations in Tamang, a Tibeto-Burman language of Nepal." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2015. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/23664/.
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This thesis investigates grammatical relations in Tamang, a (Tibeto-Burman) Sino-Tibetan language with roughly one million mother-tongue speakers, who live predominantly in the central hills of Nepal. Sino-Tibetan languages are known for their diversity of morphosyntactic profiles for expressing predicate-participant relations, which range from fully syntactic grammatical functions (eg. in Kham, Kiranti languages) to non-syntactic systems which encode semantic and pragmatic information about elements of the clause (eg. in Meithei, Chinese). Tamang represents an intermediate type, displaying a mixture of non-syntactic and syntactic patterns. This mixed profile is evident in intra-clausal relations in main and dependent clauses, where assignment of case morphemes encoding a mixture of semantic, pragmatic and syntactic information interacts with other strategies such as manipulation of word order and omission of clause participants. Inter-clausal relations are also unevenly syntacticized, some being based on syntactic pivots which privilege particular arguments, and some not. The research presented here is based on a corpus of field data from the Tamang dialect spoken in the villages of Lekharka and Bhote Namlang in the valley of the Indrawati River (Sindhupalchok District). Following a discussion on theoretical approaches to the analysis of clause participants and a grammatical overview of this dialect (which includes a detailed description of the verbal system), the thesis presents the morphosyntactic means by which grammatical relations are expressed, and the relations which hold between predicates and their participants in all types of main clause. Lastly, it examines grammatical relations in dependent clauses and structures of clause linkage, and explores links between grammatical relations and other domains of the language such as information structure, pragmatics and the lexicon. Phenomena observed in Tamang are considered in the context of typological literature on grammatical relations and alignment and, where possible, comparisons are drawn with patterns noted in other Sino-Tibetan and Tibeto-Burman languages.
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Croft, William. "Syntactic categories and grammatical relations : the cognitive organization of information /." Chicago : University of Chicago press, 1991. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35503082t.
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Peterson, John M. "Grammatical relations in Pāli and the emergence of ergativity in Indo-Aryan /." München : LINCOM Europa, 1998. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb371128321.
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Bélanger, Gilles. "Étude des relations cohésives grammaticales : perspectives traductologique et typologique." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/10078.
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La présente étude constitue une application d'un principe théorique de la linguistique textuelle à l'étude du processus de traduction, d'une part, et à celle de la classification des textes de spécialités scientifiques et techniques, d'autre part. La cohésion est en effet l'un des paramètres importants de la textualité; la question se pose donc de savoir comment est rétablie cette cohésion dans le texte traduit. Le processus traductionnel, pour atteindre ses objectifs, doit prendre en compte tous les facteurs de la communication, en particulier le monde référentiel. Or, les éléments cohésifs grammaticaux d'un texte participent, au même titre que les éléments lexicaux, à la construction de la référence. L'analyse d'un corpus de textes originaux anglais et de leurs traductions françaises a permis de mettre en évidence un processus dynamique de transfert de la cohésion grammaticale dans le texte traduit. Ce processus souligne l'importance du contexte situationnel dans l'opération de traduction. Les langues de spécialités comportent par ailleurs des caractéristiques textuelles qui les distinguent des textes littéraires et des textes en langue courante. La présente étude analyse la composition des marqueurs de la cohésion grammaticale dans la perspective d'une typologie textuelle communicationnelle afin de déterminer les variables les plus discriminantes. Le corpus, constitué de textes d'exposition technique, d'exposition scientifique, d'argumentation scientifique et de narration scientifique, a été comparé à un groupe témoin de textes de narration/fiction. Des différences significatives ont ainsi été observées entre les différents types de textes en ce qui concerne la cohésion grammaticale. Cela montre l'intérêt d'affiner les typologies textuelles appliquées aux langues de spécialités.
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Pin-Fat, Veronique Ming-Tsu. "Ethics and the limits of language in international relations theory : a grammatical investigation." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340925.
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Hodgson, Katherine. "Relative clauses in colloquial Armenian : Syntax and typology." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCF006/document.
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Cette thèse étudie la syntaxe et la typologie des propositions relatives en arménien parlé. Elle propose une analyse syntaxique et une classification des stratégies de relativisation disponibles en arménien, dans le cadre des approches théoriques et typologiques existantes de la relativisation, ainsi qu’à identifier les facteurs décisifs pour le choix des différentes stratégies. Chaque stratégie ayant des équivalents dans d'autres langues de la région, le contact linguistique peut influencer leur choix. Il est également probable que le rôle de l'élément relativisé dans la proposition relative soit pertinent pour le choix de la stratégie. En particulier, les données présentées dans de précédentes études sur l'arménien suggèrent que la distribution des relatives participiales peut constituer une violation de la hiérarchie d'accessibilité de la relativisation si elle est envisagée comme opérant directement en termes de fonctions grammaticales syntaxiques. L’étude se concentre sur les parlers de diverses régions d’Arménie. Les propositions relatives ont été saisies dans une base de données d’environ 2000 exemples avec des filtres portant sur les paramètres pertinents.Les résultats montrent que l’accessibilité à la relativisation est déterminée par la saillance liée aux rôles sémantiques (affectivité) et pragmatiques (thematicité) et par de fréquents modèles d’association rôle-référence plutôt que directement par des fonctions grammaticales syntaxiques. Ceci fournit une explication cohérente des violations apparentes de la hiérarchie d'accessibilité trouvées en arménien, ainsi que d'autres phénomènes qui se sont révélés problématiques pour les interprétations de l'accessibilité à la relativisation basées directement sur la structure syntaxique<br>This thesis presents a study of the syntax and typology of relative clauses in colloquial Armenian. It proposes a syntactic analysis and classification of the relativization strategies available in Armenian within the framework of existing syntactic theoretical and typological proposals concerning relative clauses, and to identify the decisive factors associated with the distribution of these different strategies. As each of the available strategies is paralleled in other languages of the area, it is possible that language contact will have an impact on the choice of strategy. There is also evidence that the role of the relativized element in the relative clause is relevant for the choice of strategy; in particular, evidence presented in previous studies of Armenian suggests that the distribution of participial RCs may violate the Relativization Accessibility Hierarchy if this is envisaged as operating directly in terms of syntactic grammatical relations.The study is mainly based on data from sound recordings of native speaker consultants from various areas of Armenia, both spontaneous speech and responses to stimuli designed to elicit relative clauses with particular properties that have been proposed to affect the choice of relativization strategy. The relative clauses are entered into a database with filters for relevant features, which contains approximately 2000 examples. The results show that accessibility to relativization is determined by semantic (affectedness) and pragmatic (topicality) role prominence, and by frequent role-reference association patterns, rather than directly by syntactic grammatical relations. This provides a coherent explanation of the apparent Accessibility Hierarchy violations found in Armenian, as well as other phenomena that have proved problematic for syntactic structure-based interpretations of accessibility to relativization
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Kheshaifaty, Hamza M. J. "The grammatical relations of concord in the Makkan dialect of Arabic : a sociolinguistic study." Thesis, University of Reading, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235702.
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Pucilowski, Anna. "Split-Ergativity in Māori." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Linguistics, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/884.
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The so-called passive in Māori has been the topic of a long-standing debate in the linguistics literature. Its frequency, especially in past tense narratives, makes this construction an atypical passive. It has been suggested that the passive in Māori is used with perfective (Clark 1973) and dynamic (Bauer 1997) events, and when the clause contains an affected direct object (Chung 1978). This thesis finds that all of these suggestions are correct, but, rather than a passive construction, it is ergative, so that Māori has split-ergativity. As predicted under the Transitivity Hypothesis (Hopper & Thompson 1980), the most transitive clauses in Māori have ergative marking, and less transitive clauses are accusatively marked. Transitivity is understood as a property of an entire clause, involving a number of factors, and the most important features of transitivity in Māori are PARTICIPANTS, AFFECTEDNESS OF O, ASPECT and PUNCTUALITY. Clauses that are low in transitivity are uniformly accusative, in both their morphology and syntax. However, highly transitive clauses, which we expect to follow ergative alignment, have some evidence of syntactic accusativity. This mixed behaviour follows directly from the Inverse Grammatical Relations Hypothesis (Manning 1996). Manning claims syntactic constructions like control, binding and imperative addressee are accusatively aligned in all languages, because they are restricted at argument structure. Languages can only be ergative at the level of grammatical relations, where syntactic processes such as relative clauses, question formation and topicalisation are restricted. It then follows that ergativity is only present in Māori at gr-structure in the most highly transitive clauses. We also look at Māori from a diachronic perspective, and see that it differs from its Eastern Polynesian sisters, which are all accusative. Māori is different because the extension of the imperfective pattern did not spread to all transitive clauses, thus preventing a reanalysis of imperfective clauses as active.
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Collombert, Philippe. "Du néo-égyptien au Démotique : procédés grammaticaux pour l'expression des relations temporelles." Paris, EPHE, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000EPHE4035.
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Etude diachronique appliquée à quatre morphèmes temporels. La recherche porte sur l'évolution de chacune de ces formes sur près de 1800 ans, du Néo-Egyptien au Démotique. Elle illustre également ce que l'étude d'une forme grammaticale, dans un état de langue donné, peut apporter comme éclairage sur un état de langue antérieur ou postérieur. L'étude montre une très graduelle évolution des formes, tant morphologique que sémantique. Le lien très étroit qui unit Néo-Egyptien et Démotique se trouve aussi illustré par la conservation de très nombreux éléménts communs
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Sakuma, Jun’ichi. "On the Tripartite System of Case Marking in the Finnish Language." School of Letters, Nagoya University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/19780.
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Whiteside, Karin. "A corpus-driven investigation into the semantic patterning of grammatical keywords in undergraduate History and PIR (Politics & International Relations) essays." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2016. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/89288/.
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This thesis involves a comparative lexico-grammatical analysis of third-year student writing belonging to the Essay genre family (Nesi and Gardner, 2012) in two disciplines, History and PIR (Politics and International Relations), from two UK higher educational institutions. The project adopts a corpus-driven approach which was developed by Groom (2007) in his analysis of professional academic writing in Literature and History: statistically significant grammatical words are identified using a keyness analysis, and the phraseological patterning around these grammatical keywords is then qualitatively analysed and phraseologies are categorised according to their semantic purposes. In the project five grammatical keywords - of, and, that, as and this - were analysed across four sub-corpora each consisting of student writing from one of the two disciplines at one of the two institutions. It was found that there were more similarities than there were variations in the semantic patterning of grammatical keywords across the four disciplinary/institutional sub-corpora, and that these similarities could to a large extent be explained in terms of the shared features of student Humanities and Social Sciences writing (Durrant, 2015). The variations that occurred fell along disciplinary rather than institutional lines and it is argued that, with regards to both similarities and differences, in the case of these two disciplines at the two target institutions, discipline seems to override institution as an influence at lexico-grammatical level on the nature of student academic writing. It is also argued that Groom’s (2007) approach is an extremely useful one to take in analysis of student writing as it uncovers lexico-grammatical features which occur extremely regularly within student texts and thus, from a pedagogical perspective, are of high value in terms of how much of the text they ‘operationalize’ (Bruce, 2011, p. 6).
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Katupha, Jose M. M. "The grammar of Emakhuwa verbal extensions : an investigation of the role of extension morphemes in derivational verbal morphology and in grammatical relations." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1991. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29410/.
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The central concern of this thesis is a group of derivational suffixes characteristic of the Bantu languages known as verbal extensions yielding such derived verbs as causative, frequentative, passive, reciprocative. The study is based on a textual corpus from Emakhuwa, a Bantu language of Mozambique, supplemented by the author's native knowledge of the language. The theoretical background is provided by Lexical Functional Grammar (Bresnan (1982)), which provides a means of relating theta roles (agent, instrument, theme etc.) to grammatical functions through the Lexical Mapping sub-theory. After exploring in chapter two the morphology of these suffixes and their suppletive relationship within the lexicon, chapter three examines the syntax of primitive verbs, classified principally as ergative, unergative and unaccusative. In this analysis "objecthood" and "restrictedness" prove difficult to establish, since object c1iticization is largely restricted to human reference, while passivization (chapter five) is applied to all roles below the highest, including roles such as time and manner, normally perceived as adverbial. Furthermore, word order is little constrained and not decisive of function. Certain constructions allow variable mapping of roles to functions and introduction of supplementary objects corresponding to co-referent patients or reason, but without morphological verbal indexation. Focus in chapters four and five is narrowed to thematic extensions adding or dropping roles. The applicative introduces a beneficiary, instrument or goal, interpreted partially according to animacy; the repeated extensions may introduce multiple roles. The causative constructions include the inductive, introducing a reason/instrument role with optional suppression of agent and/or theme. The reciprocative may have a quasi-causative reading introducing an involved but unequal participant. Uses of these extensions with the passive and stative, singly or in combination, are systematically explored. The conclusion casts doubts on the adequacy of theories relying heavily on the traditional morpho-syntactic manifestations of object.
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Morbiato, Anna. "Word order and sentence structure in Mandarin Chinese: new perspectives." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/20464.
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Word order (WO) is one of the most fascinating and investigated topics in Mandarin Chinese (MC) linguistics: topic-comment structures, argument alternations, and available WO patterns and variations in general have received considerable critical attention in the past decades. However, despite the large amount of research, several WO-related issues remain rather controversial. Crucially, no unified consensus exists on the relationship between WO and the different dimensions of the language (i.e. semantics, syntax and pragmatics), and on how these levels interact with each other. The present thesis’s aim is twofold: (1) identify the categories that are useful to account for WO patterns and variations in MC; (2) examine in greater depth the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic factors that influence word order in MC, as well as how they interact and impose constraints on possible WO variations. The novelty of the approach lies on three aspects: (i) a typological, comparative perspective that benefits from cross-linguistic investigation of WO phenomena in other languages; (ii) a bottom up approach that employs cross-linguistically validated typological tools (e.g., GR tests, or constituenthood tests) aimed at conducting the analysis on a language-internal basis, and (iii) an empirical approach: the analysis avails itself of natural linguistic data, mainly drawn from corpora, and relies on acceptability checks with native speakers. Overall, the thesis highlights that WO patterns and constructions are determined by the interplay of different factors and constraints. It also highlights that, for the sake of clarity and ambiguity avoidance, WO constraints are hierarchically organised, and WO freezing phenomena occur to allow disambiguation of participants in the described event.
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Kronvall, Maria. "Translating emergency medicine from English to Swedish : A translation study on noun compounds in medical terminology." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-65511.
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Ahmiri, Farid. "De l'effacement en syntaxe : processus et modes de signification : etude du statut grammatical du zero dans l'incise, dans la relative et dans la comparative correlative en francais contemporain." Rennes 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993REN20027.
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L'analyse du statut de l'effacement en grammaire fait l'objet de cette thèse. C'est une étude glossologique du fonctionnement syntaxique de l'absence lexicale qui, commence par critiquer le globalisme et les idées reçues que porte la notion d'ellipse ainsi que ses dérives conceptuels ; trois chapitres, ensuite, démontrent, en les illustrant par des exemples du français contemporain, les trois modes de signification que le zéro peut représenter dans la formalisation des syntagmes de l'incise, (absence sans trace, chapitre 2), de la relative, (zéro chiffre, chapitre 3), et de la comparative en que (cumul systématique des deux procédés, chapitre 4). Du traitement de la similarité des modalités de l'effacement (chapitre 5) se déduit l'analyse de la différence entre processus et procédés, une analyse corroborée par des arguments qui non seulement prouvent les limites glossologiques de l'absence (en grammaire et en rhétorique), mais permettent aussi d'avancer des hypothèses concernant d'autres similarités<br>The analysis of the status of effacement in grammar is the aim of this study. It is a glossological study of the syntactic functioning of the lexical absence which starts by criticizing "globalism" and the received ideas concerning the notion of ellipsis and well as its derived conceptuals. Moreover, three chapters prove, with the help of examples from French, the three modes of signification that the zero can represent in the formalization of the interpolated clause's syntagms (absence without trace, ch. 2), of the relative clause (the numbered zero, ch. 3) and eventually of the correlative comparative (systematic accumulation of the one and the other, ch. 4) from the treatment of the similarity of the modes of effacement (ch. 5) can be deduced the analysis of the difference between "process" and "modes", an analysis corroborated by various arguments which not only prove glossological limits of the absence (both in grammar and rhetorics), but also put forward certain hypotheses concerning other similarities
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Jarbue, Saleh. "Quelques aspects des commentaires metalinguistiques relatifs aux choix de formes grammaticales en francais langue etrangere. Analyse de productions langagieres d'apprenants arabophones du proche-orient." Paris 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA030032.
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Un public de huit apprenants arabophones du proche-orient est soumis a une tache langagiere formelle en langue francaise. Cette tache vise a les confronter avec les principales difficultes en cette langue cible auxquelles se heurtent les arabophones. Dans le cadre de cette epreuve, les apprenants sont ainsi amenes a completer une serie de phrases (contextualisees ou non) par des elements grammaticaux touchant quatre categories de la langue francaise : articles, prepositions, pronoms personnels, temps verbaux. En plus des choix grammaticaux qu'ils sont conduits a faire, les huit apprenants sont invites a emettre des commentaires metalinguistiques relatifs a leurs choix, c'est-a-dire a justifier ces derniers. L'analyse de ces commentaires, bien que ceux-ci se revelent etre parfois d'une relative fiabilite, nous permet de mettre en lumiere certaines des strategies d'apprentissage suivies par les apprenants dans l'evolution de leur systeme vers la maitrise de la langue cible, de voir ce qu'ils retiennent du fonctionnement de celle-ci, de mettre egalement en evidence certaines des lacunes des methodes d'enseignement que ces apprenants ont suivies, et nous permettent de reflechir sur les possibles conditions d'une amelioration des materiels pedagogiques destines aux arabophones apprenant le francais<br>Eight native speakers of arabic from the near east, learners of french as a second language, are subjected to a formal task in the target language. The present study aims at facing these learners with the principal difficulties in french which are generally met by arabic native speakers. In the framework of the present study, the learners complete groups of sentences (contextualised or not) with grammatical items relative to four grammatical categories in french : prepositions, articles, personal pronouns, and verbal tenses. In addition, the eight learners are requested to formulate metalinguistic commentaries justifying their own choices of grammatical items. The analysis of these commentaries, inspite of the fact that some of them are not reliable, could shed light on the learning strategies followed by these students during the evolution of their interlanguage. Further, this analysis allows us to see what they have retained from the target system. We may underline the deficiencies in teaching methods to which they were exposed. On the basis of these points, they may be an improvement in pedagogic materials intended for native speakers of arabic learning french
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Jarbue, Saleh. "Quelques aspects des commentaires métalinguistiques relatifs aux choix de formes grammaticales en français langue étrangère analyse de productions langagières d'apprenants arabophones du Proche-Orient /." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376145169.
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Perreault, Marie-Claude. "La mesure des composantes de la révision, étude de la relation entre la capacité d'identifier des erreurs de nature grammaticale et syntaxique et celle de les corriger dans un texte uniforme à fautes tramées." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ57832.pdf.
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Durand, Tom. "L'intransitivité scindée dans les langues arawak." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016INAL0012/document.
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Dans cette thèse, j’étudie l’intransitivité scindée dans la famille linguistique arawak (Amérique du sud). L’analyse grammaticale du phénomène de l’intransitivité scindée s’appuie sur la prise en compte d’une part de ses motivations sémantico-pragmatiques, et d’autre part de ses réalisations morphosyntaxiques selon les catégories grammaticales, les changements de diathèse et les facteurs de TAM. En plus des marquages canoniques de l’agent et du patient d’un verbe transitif, les constructions impliquant des marquages non canoniques, comme celles engageant des verbes nominalisés ou un marquage différentiel, ont également été considérées.Cette étude non seulement révèle l’existence d’une grande diversité parmi les sous-types d’intransitivité scindée, mais propose les moyens de comprendre l’évolution diachronique de ces sous-types, avec laquelle ont pu interférer les effets du contact de langues. Les hypothèses avancées sur l’évolution historique des systèmes grammaticaux mettent à jour les voies où plusieurs langues ont pu s’engager vers des alignements à coloration accusative vs. ergative.Au travers de cette orientation, l’étude nous éclaire sur les différentes manières qu’a l’intransitivité scindée d’affecter l’alignement des actants, apportant ainsi sa contribution à la typologie des langues<br>In this thesis I study in depth the split intransitivity in the Arawak family of languages of South America. The grammatical analysis of the split intransitivity phenomenon is based on both their semantico-pragmatical motivations and their morphosyntactical realizations according to grammatical categories, valence changes and TAM. Besides, I also take into account constructions involving other types such as nominalized verbs and differential marking.This study not only reveals the existence of a rich diversity of split intransitivity patterns within this family, but it also proposes paths to understand the diachrony of such patterns, involving shifts from ergative alignment to accusative alignment, for which the effects of language contact may have played an important role. In this connection, the study sheds light onto the ways split intransitivity has implication for alignment-type and it is thus of interest for language typology
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Henadeerage, Kumara, and kumara henadeerage@anu edu au. "Topics in Sinhala Syntax." The Australian National University. Faculty of Arts, 2002. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20060426.142352.
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This study is a detailed investigation of a number of issues in colloquial
Sinhala morphosyntax. These issues primarily concern grammatical relations,
argument structure, phrase structure and focus constructions. The
theoretical framework of this study is Lexical Functional Grammar.¶Chapter
1 introduces the issues to be discussed, followed by a brief introduction
of some essential aspects of colloquial Sinhala as background for the
discussion in the following chapters. In Chapter 2 we present basic
concepts of the theoretical framework of Lexical Functional Grammar.¶ The
next three chapters mainly concern grammatical relations, argument
structure and clause structure in colloquial Sinhala. Chapter 3 examines
grammatical relations. The main focus lies in establishing the subject
grammatical relation in terms of various subjecthood diagnostics. We show
that only a very small number of diagnostics are reliable, and that the
evidence for subject is weaker than assumed previously. All the subjecthood
diagnostics that were examined select the most prominent argument in the
argument structure as the subject, i.e. 'logical subject'. However, there
appear to be no processes in the language that are sensitive to the subject
in the grammatical relations structure, i.e. 'gr-subject'. Further, there
is no evidence for other grammatical relations like objects. In Chapter 4
we discuss the agentless construction and related valency alternation
phenomena. It was previously assumed that the agentless construction,
valency alternation phenomena and the involitive construction are all
related. We argue that the agentless construction should be treated as a
different construction from the involitive construction. We also show that
the agentless construction and the involitive construction have contrasting
characteristics, and that treatment of them as separate constructions can
account for some phenomena which did not receive an explanation previously.
The valency alternation phenomena are related to the agentless
construction, therefore there is no valency alternation in involitive
constructions. It will be shown that verbs undergoing the valency
alternation can be distinguished from the other verbs in terms of the
lexical semantic properties of individual verbs. Chapter 5 examines the
structure of non-verbal sentences in terms of a number of morphosyntactic
phenomena. It was previously argued that verbal sentences and non-verbal
sentences in colloquial Sinhala differ in terms of clause structure.
However, the present study shows evidence to the contrary.¶ The next two
chapters deal with modelling contrastive focus and the phrase structure of
the language. Chapter 6 is a detailed analysis of the contrastive focus
(cleft) construction in various clause types in the language, and proposes
a unified syntactic treatment of contrastive focus. Contrastive focus is in
some constructions morphologically encoded, while in others it involves
both morphological and configurational assignment of focus. The complex
interaction between focus markers and verb morphology in various focus
constructions is accounted for by general well-formedness conditions
applying to the f-structure, and the principles of Functional Uncertainty
and Morphological Blocking. In Chapter 7, we discuss the phrase structure
of the language, in particular such issues as its non-configurational
nature and the lack of evidence for VP. We propose non-configurational S
and some functional projections to account for word order freedom under S
and to explain certain morphosyntactic phenomena, such as configurational
focus assignment. Finally, Chapter 8 summarises the conclusions made in
previous chapters.
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Kowalik, Richard. "Case and case alignment in the Greater Hindukush : An areal-typological survey." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Avdelningen för allmän språkvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-118563.
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This thesis concerns languages in the Greater Hindukush, the area in northern Afghanistan and Pakistan, where a total of about 50 languages are spoken. The thesis’ topic is case systems and case alignment systems of nouns in an areal-typological perspective. This is investigated by using a representative sample. The grammatical relations of S, A and P, and the cases marking these, are investigated. The three attested alignment systems are accusative, ergative and split, and are clearly geogra-phically distributed, which indicates that their status is areal-typological. Based on the sample, there seems to be a tendency for the languages in the Greater Hindukush to exhibit split align-ment systems built on tense-aspect. Most languages employ accusative alignment in imperfect-tive, and ergative alignment in perfective tense-aspects. A comparison with a worldwide sample (WALS) is only partly possible, as this sample uses more categories than accusative, ergative and split, but the present sample supports the results in those categories which can be compared. A predominant pattern in core case syncretism is observed, with an opposition of the nominative singular versus the nominative plural and the oblique in both numbers.<br>Denna uppsats behandlar språk i Hindukush i norra Afghanistan och Pakistan, där sammanlagt ca 50 språk talas. Ämnet för studien är kasussystem och kasusmarkeringssystem vid substantiv ur ett arealtypologiskt perspektiv, vilket undersöks utifrån grammatikor i ett representativt urval av språken. De grammatiska relationerna mellan S, A och P och de kasus som markerar dessa undersöks. Belagda kasusmarkeringssystem är ackusativ- och ergativsystem samt kluvet system. Systemen uppvisar en distinkt geografisk distribution, vilket antyder att kasusmarkeringssystemen är ett arealtypologiskt drag. Vidare pekar resultaten på ett kluvet system baserat på klyvning i tempus-aspekt som det dominerande kasusmarkeringssystemet i Hindukush. De flesta av språken använder ett ackusativt kasusmarkeringssystem i imperfektiva, och ett ergativt kasusmarke-ringssystem i perfektiva tempus-aspekt. En jämförelse med ett globalt sampel (WALS) är bara till viss del möjlig, eftersom studien i WALS använder fler kategorier än ackusativa, ergativa och kluvna system, men den här studien bekräftar resultaten i de kategorier som kan jämföras. Ett dominerande mönster för kärnkasussynkretism kan observeras, med sammanfall av nominativ plural och oblik i båda numerus.<br>Språkkontakt och språksläktskap i Hindukushregionen, Vetenskapsrådet, Projektnummer: 421-2014-631
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Morbiato, Anna. "Word order and sentence structure in Mandarin Chinese: new perspectives." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10278/3716543.
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Word order (WO) is one of the most fascinating and investigated topics in Mandarin Chinese (MC) linguistics, and many accounts have been proposed on different WO patterns and constructions. However, despite the large amount of research, several WO related issues remain rather controversial. Crucially, no unified consensus exists on the relationship between WO and the different dimensions of the language (i.e. semantics, syntax and pragmatics), and on how these levels interact with each other. The present thesis’s aim is twofold: (1) identify the categories that are useful to account for WO patterns and variations in MC; (2) examine in greater depth the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic factors that influence word order in MC, as well as how they interact and impose constraints on possible WO variations. The novelty of the approach lies on three aspects: (i) a typological, comparative perspective that benefits from cross-linguistic investigation of WO phenomena in other languages; (ii) a bottom up approach that employs cross-linguistically validated typological tools (e.g., GR tests, or constituenthood tests) aimed at conducting the analysis on a language-internal basis, and (iii) an empirical approach: the analysis avails itself of natural linguistic data, mainly drawn from corpora, and relies on acceptability checks with native speakers. Overall, the thesis highlights that WO patterns and constructions are determined by the interplay of different factors and constraints. It also highlights that, for the sake of clarity and ambiguity avoidance, WO constraints are hierarchically organized, and WO freezing phenomena occur to allow disambiguation of participants in the described event.
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Cooper, A. K. (Antony Kyle). "Standards for exchanging digital geo-referenced information." Diss., University of Pretoria, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23151.
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The purpose of this dissertation is to assess digital geo-referenced information and standards for exchanging such information, especially the South African National Exchange Standard (NES). The process of setting up a standard is exacting. On the one hand, the process demands a thorough scrutiny and analysis of the objects to be standardised and of all related concepts. This is a prerequisite for ensuring that there is unanimity about their meaning and inter-relationships. On the other hand, the process requires that the standard itself be enunciated as succinctly, comprehensibly and precisely as possible. This dissertation addresses both these facets of the standards process in the context of standards for exchanging digital geo-referenced information. The dissertation begins with an analysis of geo-referenced information in general, including digital geo-referenced information. In chapters 2 and 3, the various aspects of such information are scrutinised and evaluated in more detail. The examination of concepts is backed up by a comprehensive Glossary of terms in the domain under discussion. Chapter 4 examines the nature of standards. It also proposes a novel way to approach a standard for the exchange of digital geo-referenced information: namely, that it can be viewed as a language and can accordingly be specified by a grammar. To illustrate the proposal, NES is fully specified, using the Extended Backus-Naur Form notation, in an Appendix. Apart from the advantages of being a succinct and precise formal specification, the approach also lends itself to deploying standard tools such as Lex and yacc for conformance testing and for developing interfaces to NES, as illustrated in a second appendix. As a final theme of the dissertation, an evaluation of such standards is provided. Other standards that have been proposed elsewhere for purposes similar to that of NES are surveyed in chapter 5. In chapter 6, features of NES are highlighted, including the fact that it takes a relational approach. Chapter 7 concludes the dissertation, summarising the work to date, and looking ahead to future work. AFRIKAANS : Die doel van hierdie verhandling is om versyferde geo-verwysde inligting en standaarde vir die uitruil van sulke inligting te ondersoek, met spesifieke verwysing na die Suid- Afrikaanse Nasionale Uitruilstandaard (NES). Die proses om ’n standaard op te stel is veeleisend. Aan die een kant vereis die proses ’n volledige bestudering en ontleding van die objekte wat gestandaardiseer gaan word, asook van al die verwante konsepte. Hierdie is ’n voorvereiste om te verseker dat daar oor hul betekenisse en onderlinge verwantskappe eenstemmigheid bestaan. Aan die ander kant vereis die proses dat die standaard so kernagtig, volledig en presies moontlik gestel moet word. Hierdie verhandeling spreek beide hierdie fasette van die standaardiseringsproses aan, en wel in die konteks van standaarde vir die uitruil van versyferde geo-verwysde inligting. Dié verhandling begin met ’n oorhoofse analise van geo-verwysde inligting, insluitend versyferde geo-verwysde inligting. In hoofstukke 2 en 3 word verskeie aspekte van dié inligting in meer detail ondersoek en geëvalueer. Hierdie ondersoek van konsepte word deur ’n omvattende woordelys van terme in die veld onder bespreking gesteun. Hoofstuk 4 ondersoek die aard van standaarde. Dit stel ook ’n nuwe manier voor om ’n standaard vir die uitruil van versyferde geo-verwysde inligting te benader, naamlik dat dit as ’n taal beskou kan word, en dat dit gevolglik deur middel van ’n grammatika gespesifiseer kan word. Om die voorstel te illustreer, word NES volledig in ’n aanhangsel deur middel van die Uitgebreide Backus-Naur Vorm notasie gespesifiseer. Afgesien van die voordeel van ’n kernagtige en presiese formele spesifikasie, ondersteun die benadering ook standaardgereedskap soos Lex en yacc wat vir konformeringstoetsing en vir NES koppelvlakke gebruik kan word, soos in ’n tweede aanhangsel illustreer word. As ’n finale tema van die verhandeling word ’n evaluasie van tersaaklike standaarde voorsien. Standaarde wat elders vir soortgelyke doeleindes aan dié van NES voorgestel is, word oorsigtelik in hoofstuk 5 beskou. In hoofstuk 6 word kenmerkende eienskappe van NES uitgelig, insluitend die feit dat dit op ’n relasionele benadering gebaseer is. Hoofstuk 7 sluit die verhandeling af met ’n opsomming van werk tot op datum en ’n blik op toekomstige werk.<br>Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 1993.<br>Computer Science<br>unrestricted
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Lam, Margaret Yiu-Ki Kong. "The acquisition of grammatical skills and its relation to reading comprehension in ESL students." 2005. http://link.library.utoronto.ca/eir/EIRdetail.cfm?Resources__ID=232541&T=F.
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Shiu, Li Ju. "EFL Learners’ Perceptions of Grammatical Difficulty in Relation to Second Language Proficiency, Performanc, and Knowledge." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/29869.
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This study investigated grammatical difficulty from the perspective of second language (L2) learners in relation to their overall L2 proficiency and L2 performance and knowledge. The design included the administration of a student questionnaire, an interview, a proficiency test, and oral production and metalinguistic tasks. The proficiency test and questionnaire were administered to 277 university-level Chinese EFL learners in Taiwan. The questionnaire explored learners’ perceptions of grammatical difficulty of 20 English grammar features. Thirty of the students who completed the questionnaire met with the researcher individually to complete a grammatical difficulty ranking activity, 2 grammar exercises and 2 stimulated recalls, all of which aimed to further explore why the learners considered the selected features to be more (or less) difficult for them to learn. The oral production tasks were administered to 27 of the students who completed the questionnaire. The metalinguistic task was administered to 185 of the students who participated in the questionnaire survey.
The questionnaire results indicate that, overall, the participants did not perceive the 20 target features to be difficult to learn. Notwithstanding, the ranking results of the questionnaire suggest that learners’ perceptions of grammatical difficulty are based on whether the rules to describe the formation of language features are easy or difficult to articulate. The qualitative results show that the learners’ perceptions of grammatical difficulty were influenced by several factors including their L2 knowledge, L2 grammar learning experience, and L1 knowledge, all of which were examined with reference to syntactic, semantic, and/or pragmatic levels. In terms of the relationship between learners’ perceptions of grammatical difficulty and their overall L2 proficiency, results show that learners’ perceptions of grammatical difficulty do not vary at the syntactic level, but that there is some variation at the pragmatic level. Regarding the relationship between learners’ perceptions of grammatical difficulty and their L2 knowledge, results suggest that learners’ perceptions of grammatical difficulty vary according to their implicit/explicit knowledge of the features in question; at the explicit knowledge level, the feature perceived to be less difficult to learn is used more accurately, while at the implicit knowledge level, this is not the case.
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Tsai, Chi Chang, and 蔡吉章. "Pattern Mining on English Grammatical Relations." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/72249234732234082770.
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碩士<br>國立政治大學<br>資訊科學學系<br>97<br>Some study found some common ESL (English as a Second Language) learners English Writing Error: improper use of the word, the verb form is not correct, the sentence lack of subject and verb tense errors. These errors are mainly due to: lack of vocabulary, grammar concept is not clear, the mother-tongue interference. In order to improve the ESL writing, we hope that the information from the grammatical relation to provide assistance. At present, the studies of grammatical relation mostly emphasize the word consisting of a single grammatical relation. However, words in the sentence may also have more than one grammatical relation. In our study, we first develop grammatical relation pattern recognition system. From the sentence using the system provides users with the grammatical relation, in order to understand the availability of the corresponding words. The corresponding words can help learners make appropriate use of this keyword. In addition the design of the user interface provides querying grammatical relation. This work makes use of grammatical relation and collocation in order to provide users with the assistance of English writing. And look for patterns of practice, we have proposed association rules and LSA (Latent Semantic Analysis) to implement.
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Suhandano. "Grammatical relations in Javanese : a short description." Master's thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/10080.
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This sub-thesis presents a description of grammatical relations in Javanese. The description is presented within the framework of relational based view in which the notions of grammatical relations such as subjects, objects are treated as labels of relations in a network. Some syntactic tests are used to identify grammatical relations in Javanese, and the result is that grammatical relations in Javanese can be classified into four classes: subjects, objects, second objects, and obliques.
Using the notions of grammatical relations, three syntactic processes: passives, applicatives, and causatives are described. In terms of relation-changing processes, there is only a single rule of passive in Javanese; what is generally called canonical passives and object preposing constructions are variants of a single construction. This supports Kana's (1986) analysis of passives in Bahasa Indonesia, a language genetically related to Javanese. In the syntactic processes of applicative and causative, two suffixes -ake and -i play a crucial role.
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Sands, Kristina. "Complement clauses and grammatical relations in Finnish." Phd thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/147925.
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Miura, Hidematsu. "Grammatical relations, reflexives and pseudo-raising in Japanese." 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1542144211&sid=17&Fmt=2&clientId=39334&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--State University of New York at Buffalo, 2008.<br>Title from PDF title page (viewed on Nov. 21, 2008) Available through UMI ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Thesis adviser: Van Valin, Robert D. Includes bibliographical references.
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Wu, Jing-lan Joy. "Verb classification, case marking, and grammatical relations in Amis." 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1292457551&sid=17&Fmt=2&clientId=39334&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--State University of New York at Buffalo, 2006.<br>Title from PDF title page (viewed on Aug. 15, 2007) Available through UMI ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Thesis adviser: Van Valin, Robert D. Includes bibliographical references.
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Khairallah, Ziad. "Projection d'un analyseur grammatical via alignement bilingue de mots." Thèse, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/16671.
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Kaufman, Diana Kay. "Grammatical and cognitive interactions in the study of children's knowledge of binding theory and reference relations." 1988. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/22104912.html.
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Chen, Shu-Ching, and 陳淑卿. "A Discourse Analysis of Relative Clauses in Spoken Chinese: A Study Based on Grammatical Reflexes and Information Structure." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22748074492107025803.
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碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>語言學研究所<br>85<br>This study investigates the grammar of relative clauses in
spoken Chinese in terms of several information flow factors.
These factors include the information statusof NP, the grounding
mechanisms and the direction of grounding, the humanness of NP,
the definiteness of NP, and the function of the relative clause.
For non-human Head NPs, two statistically significant patterns
of relative clauses are found. The first pattern is that
Subject Heads tend to occur with Object-relatives. Since the
Head NPs are mostly given, relative clause under this condition
will serve the grounding function which is aimed at making a
referent relevant in the present discourse. The grounding is
being done through relating the Head NPs to the given referents
within the relative clauses, and this kind of grounding is
called anchoring. In a word, relative clauses in this pattern
are used to help the hearer to identify the given Head NPs.
The second significant pattern for non-human Head NPs is that
Object Head NPs tend to occur with Object-relatives. In this
pattern, the Head NPs are mostly new. The grounding needed is
usually being done through the main clause subjects, which is in
turn identified as the main-clause linking. Therefore, relative
clauses of this pattern are used to characterize the new Head
NPs. That is, relative clauses of this pattern provide the
speaker a way to characterize the new Head NPs. As for human
Head NPs, there is a tendency for human Head NPs of all kinds of
roles to occur with Subject-relatives. It is found that the
property of being both human and indefinite, together with the
grounding mechanism reflect a different interpretative outline
for Subject-relatives with human Heads. First, human Head NPs
tend to be indefinite. Second, the strategy used in grounding
human referents is very different from that for non-human
referents. To ground a non-human referent, one can just relate
it to the humans who own them, use them, and manipulate them.
However, to ground a human referent, one does not have to relate
it to other humans. Instead, one can just relate it to its own
activities, that is, to earlier predicates, most possibly
through proposition linking. This study also contributes to
a better understanding of the nature of information flow and
information patterning in natural discourse. It is observed
that in the S-O pattern for non-human Heads, the relative clause
that serves the Subject role in the main clause is mostly given.
In the O-O pattern, the relative clause that serves the Object
role in the main clause tends to be new. As for the semantics
of referents, it is found that human referents appear in A or S
while non-human referents usually occur in O. In other words,
this study supports an earlier finding by Huang and Chui (1994)
that Chinese is a discourse accusative language.
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Hendery, Rachel Marion. "The Diachronic Typology of Relative Clauses." Phd thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/49394.
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This thesis investigates the diachronic behaviour of relative clauses across a broad sample of constructions from genetically and geographically diverse languages. Previous studies of change in relative clause constructions have most frequently been restricted to individual languages or language families. By comparing such studies with each other and with the historical records of languages that have less commonly been the focus of diachronic syntactic works, I examine the strength of evidence for developments that are predicted by earlier literature to be "e;natural"e; or even "e;universal"e; pathways of change (for example, various sources of relative clause markers, the development of hypotaxis out of parataxis, shift from prenominal to postnominal relative clause position). I also look for evidence of changes that synchronic typological studies of relative clause constructions might lead us to expect to find (i.e., diachronic variation in the same parameters by which relative clause types distinguish themselves synchronically). I conclude that the sources of relative clause markers and the results of the extensions of these markers into other constructions are more varied then has generally been thought to be the case, including, for example, such sources as classifiers and discourse markers. Changes in other features of relative clauses, however, such as verb forms, embeddedness, and the relative position of the relative clause and its head tend to be remarkably stable over long periods of time. The factor that appears to have the greatest influence on whether changes in these otherwise stable features do occur is language contact. Features of relative clauses, markers, and even entire constructions can be copied from other languages, competing with pre-existing constructions until in some cases one replaces the other, and in others the two are redistributed according to considerations such as restrictiveness, animacy, case role or similar. These results point to the importance of incorporating the effects of language contact into models of language change rather than viewing contact situations as exceptional. There are also implications for the definition of relative clauses, their syntactic structures, and the relationships between the different"e;subtypes"e; of this construction.
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Bailey, Denise. "A grammar of Gawraǰū Gūrānī." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-002E-E4B3-F.
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Wan-Li, Yang, and 楊婉儷. "Relative Effectiveness of Input-based and Collaborative Output-based FonF Instruction on Grammatical Knowledge of English Plural Form ‘-s’ in EFL Young Learners." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/78311679668244264892.
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碩士<br>國立臺北教育大學<br>兒童英語教育學系碩士班<br>101<br>This study investigated the effectiveness of two relative focus on form (FonF) practice modes, input-based (IB) and collaborative output-based instruction (COB), on learning the English plural form –s. Participants included 81 second-grade students in an elementary school in New Taipei City. Three equal-sized classes (n = 27), two experimental groups (IB and COB) and one control group, underwent an eight-week instructional period where four number songs were taught. With every song taught, IB engaged in a FonF textual enhancement task, COB performed a FonF collaborative output-based reconstruction cloze task, and the control group did traditional song output practice. The three groups were assessed on two tasks, one listening recognition task and one oral production task, across pretest, immediate posttest and delayed posttest conditions. Multiple One-Way ANOVAs were carried out to compare relative effects of the two treatments as well as the effect of each treatment over time. Overall, the results showed significant gains for both IB FonF and COB FonF groups and none for the control group. It also indicated that whereas both types of FonF treatments facilitated students’ learning of the target form equally well, COB seems to enjoy an additional delayed learning effect in oral task performance.
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Лось, Ганна Олександрівна. "Складносурядні речення в історичному романі Валентина Терлецького “Книга сили. Воля”: формально-граматична і семантико-синтаксична структура". Магістерська робота, 2020. https://dspace.znu.edu.ua/jspui/handle/12345/4543.
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Лось Г. О. Складносурядні речення в історичному романі Валентина Терлецького “Книга сили. Воля”: формально-граматична і семантико-синтаксична структура : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 035 «Філологія» / наук. керівник Р. О. Христіанінова. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ, 2020. 63 с.<br>UA : Для виконання кваліфікаційної роботи дібрано 1000 одиниць фактичного матеріалу, опрацьовано 58 наукових джерел. Об’єктом дослідження є складносурядні речення в сучасній українській літературній мові. Предмет дослідження – формально-граматична та семантико-синтаксична структура складносурядних речень, уживаних в історичному романі В. Терлецького “Книга сили. Воля”. Мета роботи: аналіз формально-граматичної та семантико-синтаксичної структури складносурядних конструкцій, уживаних в історичному романі В. Терлецького “Книга сили. Воля”. У процесі дослідження виконано такі завдання: 1) обґрунтовано теоретичні засади вивчення формально-граматичних та семантико-синтаксичних ознак складносурядних речень; 2) виявлено складносурядні конструкції в історичному романі В. Терлецького “Книга сили. Воля”; 3) проаналізовано формально-граматичну структуру складносурядних речень, уживаних у романі; 4) досліджено семантико-синтаксичну структуру складносурядних речень в історичному романі В. Терлецького “Книга сили. Воля”. Методи дослідження. Основним є описовий метод, який дав змогу лінгвістично обґрунтувати формально-граматичну і семантико-синтаксичну структуру складносурядних речень в українській мові загалом та використовуваних у романі В. Терлецького. Для виявлення особливостей функціювання означених речень у романі В. Терлецького порівняно з літературною мовою використано зіставний метод.<br>EN : To perform the qualification work, 1000 units of factual material were selected, 58 scientific sources were processed. The object of research is complex sentences in the modern Ukrainian literary language. The subject of research is the formal-grammatical and semantic-syntactic structure of compound sentences used in the historical novel by V. Terletsky “The Book of Power. Will". The aim of the work: analysis of the formal-grammatical and semantic-syntactic structure of complex constructions used in the historical novel by V. Terletsky “The book of power. Libert”. During the research, the following tasks were completed: 1) the theoretical bases of studying formal-grammatical and semantic-syntactic features of compound sentences are substantiated; 2) complex constructions in V. Terletsky's historical novel “The Book of Power. Libert”; 3) the formal-grammatical structure of compound sentences used in the novel is analyzed; 4) the semantic-syntactic structure of complex sentences in the historical novel by V. Terletsky “The book of power. Libert”. The research was conducted using a descriptive method that provides a linguistic justification of the formal-grammatical and semantic-syntactic structure of compound sentences in the Ukrainian language in general and used in the novel by V. Terletsky. To identify the peculiarities of the functioning of these sentences in the novel by V. Terletsky in comparison with the literary language used a comparative method.
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Kroon, Yosep Bisara. "A grammar of Solor – Lamaholot: a language of Flores, Eastern Indonesia." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/102380.
Full textAbstract:
This study is a grammatical description of an endangered language of eastern Indonesia called Lamaholot, spoken on the eastern part of Flores, and three neighboring small islands, Solor, Adonara and Lembata. The study focuses on the Solor dialect spoken over the entire Solor Island by about 20,000 people residing in
33 villages. The data for this study were collected from the native speakers in Karawatung village in three periods, each lasting for at least three months, through audio-video recording, elicitation and written document gathering. The language has a relatively simple phonological system. It has 16 native and 3 loan consonants, and 6 basic vowel qualities, where every oral vowel has a corresponding nasal vowel. It is an analytic language yet has a quite laborious morphological system because one form may signal different meanings. In clausal structures, there are mostly one-to-one corresponding between words and morphemes. Most bound morphemes are derivational and a few are inflectional affixes. The most important verbal affixes are clitics marking S or A arguments. Major word classes include nouns, verbs and adjectives. Adjectives share some identical properties with the other two classes; which is why some previous studies have hardly distinguished adjectives from nouns and verbs. The language has a Nominative-Accusative grammar system, with a fixed word order of SV(O). Phrases follow a modified-modifier pattern. Nearly all NPs in the Accessibility Hierarchy (Keenan & Comrie 1977) are relativizeable, except the object of comparison. The language has verbless and verbal clauses. It also has serial verb constructions used: (i) to encode oblique relations which, in non-serializing languages such as English, are expressed with prepositions; and (ii) to express secondary verbal concepts, which, for example in English, are modals and aspectual modifiers. Two prominent grammatical relations were discovered: Subjects and Objects. Objects are distinguished into two: a Primary Object that is the argument that comes immediately after a clause verbal predicate regardless of whether it is a direct or an indirect object, and a Secondary Object, which occurs farther away from the clause verb. The verbs in a serial verb construction mostly share the same subject argument, but the second verb may have its own additional argument which seems morphosyntactically like an object but is pragmatically an oblique. SL has some valence change operations including middle voice, reflexive and reciprocal, inverse, applicative and causative. Inverse constructions can only be translated into English as a passive clause, yet they are not passive in SL. Two distinct syntactic structures referred to here as subject prominent and topic prominent constructions may be considered as an active – passive counterpart in SL in an analysis following Shibatani (2006). With this perspective, SL can be assumed to have a passive system without passive morphology as is reported in some languages on Flores (Arka 2009).<br>Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Humanities, 2016.
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Henadeerage, Kumara. "Topics in Sinhala Syntax." Phd thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/47148.
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This study is a detailed investigation of a number of issues in colloquial Sinhala morphosyntax. These issues primarily concern grammatical relations, argument structure, phrase structure and focus constructions. The theoretical framework of this study is Lexical Functional Grammar.¶ ...
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Jankowski, Bridget Lynn. "A Variationist Approach to Cross-register Language Variation and Change." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/43604.
Full textAbstract:
The comparative method of variationist sociolinguistics has demonstrated that frequency changes are not reliable determinants of whether grammatical change is taking place. Frequency changes can be the result of extra-linguistic register changes, changes within the underlying grammar, or a combination (Szmrecsanyi, 2011; Tagliamonte, 2002). This work examines two variables known to vary along the written-to-spoken continuum — relative clause pronouns, and the genitive construction — across three registers of English and 100 years, with the goal of furthering our understanding of the relationship between spoken and written language. The s-genitive (i.e. Canada's government vs. the government of Canada) is on the rise in the 20th century (Hinrichs and Szmrecsanyi, 2007; Rosenbach, 2007). Statistical modeling confirms the press register leads this increase — a register change. Examination of internal linguistic constraints over time indicates simultaneous grammatical change, with the s–genitive increasing with certain inanimate subtypes.
The WH-forms (who, which) of the relative pronouns have become increasingly restricted to written registers (e.g. Romaine, 1982; Tottie, 1997), leaving that as the variant used most for subject function in vernacular speech (D'Arcy and Tagliamonte 2010). Although who continues to be used for animates, which is shown to have lost any grammatical conditioning that it once had and to be undergoing lexical replacement by that for non-human subject antecedents. Unlike the genitives, though, examination of internal linguistic factors reveals no evidence of grammatical change. The methodology employed here provides a way to tease apart grammatical change from register change, with register-internal change shown to be a motivating factor in change from above. While the vernacular is ''the most systematic data for our analysis of linguistic structure'' (Labov, 1972a:208), it is not necessarily the most innovative, nor is it always the locus of change. With that in mind, this work provides a model of language change that integrates change across speech and writing.