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Journal articles on the topic 'Grammatical relation'
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Bredin-Oja, Shelley L., and Marc E. Fey. "Children's Responses to Telegraphic and Grammatically Complete Prompts to Imitate." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 23, no. 1 (2014): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2013/12-0155).
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PurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine whether children in the early stage of combining words are more likely to respond to imitation prompts that are telegraphic than to prompts that are grammatically complete and whether they produce obligatory grammatical morphemes more reliably in response to grammatically complete imitation prompts than to telegraphic prompts.MethodFive children between 30 and 51 months of age with language delay participated in a single-case alternating treatment design with 14 sessions split between a grammatical and a telegraphic condition. Alternating orders of the 14 sessions were randomly assigned to each child. Children were given 15 prompts to imitate a semantic relation that was either grammatically complete or telegraphic.ResultsNo differences between conditions were found for the number of responses that contained a semantic relation. In contrast, 3 of the 5 children produced significantly more grammatical morphemes when presented with grammatically complete imitation prompts. Two children did not include a function word in either condition.ConclusionProviding a telegraphic prompt to imitate does not offer any advantage as an intervention technique. Children are just as likely to respond to a grammatically complete imitation prompt. Further, including function words encourages children who are developmentally ready to imitate them.
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Mohammed Sulaiman, Nayaf, Bakir Mohammed Mahmood, and Mohammed Adli Mohammed. "the grammatical marks", and its relation to the grammatical analysis." Anbar University Journal of Languages & Literature 5, no. 3 (2013): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37654/aujll.2013.79363.
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Monogarova, A. G., and M. N. Latu. "LANGUAGE REPRESENTATION OF SUBJECT AND OBJECT RELATIONS BETWEEN THE ELEMENTS OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE (BASED ON DEFINITIONS OF TERMS OF DEVELOPING PROFESSIONAL FIELDS)." Juvenis scientia, no. 11 (2018): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32415/jscientia.2018.11.12.
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The paper presents the most common patterns of representation of subject and object relations in the definitions of terms, and identifies the ways of implementing subject relations between elements of scientific knowledge in active and passive structures that are part of the structure of applied models of organization of scientific knowledge. In addition, the article raises the question of the potential of various grammatical structures in the context of the transfer of subject and object relations. The results of the study show that system relation S can be represented by lexical and grammatical means. The lexical verbalizes of this relation are the key words of blocks of subject relations, and among the grammatical language means it is possible to distinguish the category of case.
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Hinzen, Wolfram. "On the Grammar of Referential Dependence." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 46, no. 1 (2016): 11–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slgr-2016-0031.
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Abstract All forms of nominal reference, whether quantificational, definite, rigid, deictic, or personal, require that the nominals in question appear in relevant grammatical configurations. Reference is in this sense a grammatical phenomenon. It is never determined lexically or a word-world relation in a purely semantic or causal sense. Here it is further argued that the principles of the grammar of object-reference naturally extend to cases where the reference of one nominal depends on that of another, i.e. the grammar of referential dependence, without any further special grammatical relations such as ‘binding’ required. This further includes a relation of (referential) identity.
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K. "Grammatical Relation Extraction in Arabic Language." Journal of Computer Science 8, no. 6 (2012): 891–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/jcssp.2012.891.898.
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Surridge, Marie E. "Genre grammatical et dérivation lexicale en français." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 31, no. 3 (1986): 267–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100011749.
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Dans un article précédant (Surridge, 1985) nous avons examiné la relation entre le genre grammatical des composés en français et leur terminaison phonétique. Nous avons démontré que le genre grammatical des composés est attribué selon certaines règles relativement simples. Ces règles dépendent soit directement soit indirectement de la structure morpho-syntaxique du composé en conjonction, pour certains types de composés, avec des critères sémantiques étroitement liés à la structure du nom. La “micro-syntaxe” de la composition (nous empruntons le terme employé par Benveniste 1967:15) inclut une formule pour déterminer le genre grammatical des noms produits par ce mécanisme, formule qui est en large mesure indépendante de la terminaison phonétique du composé. Nous nous proposons maintenant d’examiner le rôle dans l’attribution du genre grammatical d’une autre “micro-syntaxe”, celle de la nominalisation suffixale, et d’un phénomène associé: la nominalisation par conversion grammaticale.
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Wijana, I. Dewa Putu. "REDUPLICATION IN JAVANESE." Linguistik Indonesia 39, no. 1 (2021): 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/li.v39i1.167.
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This paper aims at describing Javanese reduplication system with focus of attention on forms, functions, and grammatical meanings. By using data extracted from Javanese text books and ones of my own creation whose grammaticalty and acceptability are previously tested with several native speakers, through distributional method with its various technical analysis, the research found that Javanese reduplication can be classified into at least four linguistic forms. Those are full reduplication, partial reduplication, sound modification reduplication, and affix-combined reduplication. Javanese reduplication can either perform inflective or derivative function in relation to its potentiality to maintain and change the word identity. Finally, with regard to the grammatical meanings, Javanese reduplication at least can express eleven grammatical meanings, i.e. plurality, diversity, continuity, intensity, attenuation, reciprocity, artificiality, collectivity, rate, astonishment and contrast. Many of these grammatical meanings are context sensitive.
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Ito, Akihiro. "Japanese EFL Learners' Sensitivity To Configurational Distinction In English Relative Clause Comprehension." ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 147-148 (2005): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/itl.148.0.2002064.
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A variety of studies have reported that the order of Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy can be a valid predictor of difficulty of relative clauses, but it is unclear whether the difficulty of relative clauses should be attributed to the grammatical function of noun phrases (grammatical relation) or to configurational differences in the relative clause structure. A few articles have reported that learners of English are more sensitive to configurational distinctions than grammatical relation distinctions in relative clause production. However, not much research on this issue has been conducted. The results of a grammaticality judgment test conducted with 77 Japanese learners of English point toward a stronger sensitivity to configuration than to grammatical relation, favoring the configurational account.
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Kockelman, Paul. "Inalienable possession as grammatical category and discourse pattern." Studies in Language 33, no. 1 (2009): 25–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.33.1.03koc.
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This essay analyzes the grammatical category of inalienable possession by examining the interaction of morphosyntatic forms, semantic features, pragmatic functions, and discourse frequencies. Using data from Q’eqchi’-Maya, it is argued that inalienable possession may be motivated relative to two dimensions: (1) whatever any person is strongly presumed to possess (identifiability); (2) whatever such personal possessions are referred to frequently (relevance). In regards to frequency, inalienable possessions are compared with possessed NPs, and possessed NPs are compared with all NPs, in regards to grammatical relation, information status, animacy rank, and semantic role. In regards to identifiability, it is argued that inalienable possessions are like deictics and prepositions in that they guide the addressee’s identification of a referent by encoding that referent’s relation to a ground; and inalienable possessions are different from deictics and prepositions in that the ground is a person and the referents are its parts or relations.
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CAIN, KATE. "Syntactic awareness and reading ability: Is there any evidence for a special relationship?" Applied Psycholinguistics 28, no. 4 (2007): 679–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716407070361.
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Syntactic awareness has been linked to word reading and reading comprehension. The predictive power of two syntactic awareness tasks (grammatical correction, word-order correction) for both aspects of reading was explored in 8- and 10-year-olds. The relative contributions of vocabulary, grammatical knowledge, and memory to each were assessed. After vocabulary, memory explained variance on the word-order correction task; in contrast, grammatical knowledge explained performance on the grammatical correction task. The relation between syntactic awareness and reading comprehension was mediated by vocabulary, grammatical knowledge, and memory; in contrast, word reading and syntactic awareness shared unique variance not explained by these controls. The implications for how we measure syntactic awareness and its relation with reading ability are discussed.
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Brown, Esther L., and Javier Rivas. "Grammatical relation probability: How usage patterns shape analogy." Language Variation and Change 24, no. 3 (2012): 317–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394512000154.
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AbstractIt has been argued speakers' knowledge of the probabilities of certain phones, words, and syntactic structures affects language production (Bell, Brenier, Gregory, Girand, & Jurafsky, 2009; Tily, Gahl, Arnon, Snider, Kothari, & Bresnan, 2009). This study provides evidence for effects of grammatical relation probabilities by identifying significant effects on verb morphology in the Spanish presentative [haber ‘there (be)’+ NP] construction stemming from nouns with varying proportion of use in subject function. In addition to this novel type of probability (grammatical relation), we present calculations that are not context-dependent but cumulative, reflecting speakers' overall experience with these nouns in the grammar. We conduct variationist analyses on corpora of spoken Puerto Rican Spanish. Our results reveal that nouns with a high probability of subject function promote the analogical leveling of haber by increasing the likelihood of reanalysis of the object as subject of the construction. We interpret these results as suggesting speakers possess lexicalized knowledge of grammatical relation usage patterns.
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Browne, Mitchell. "On the Integration of Dative Adjuncts into Event Structures in Yapa Languages." Languages 6, no. 3 (2021): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6030136.
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Warlpiri and Warlmanpa (Ngumpin-Yapa languages of Australia) exhibit a complex predicate construction in which a class of preverbs introduces a single argument that is not shared by the argument structure of the inflecting verb, nor is there necessarily any shared event structure. This is problematic for many theories of linking structures of complex predicates, since no arguments or events are shared between the predicative elements of the complex predicate. The same grammatical relation is instantiated by a beneficiary adjunct. In light of new research in event and argument structure, I propose a lexical rule which introduces an applicative argument to account for the beneficiary construction; and that the preverbs take another predicate as one of their arguments to account for the complex predicates. The applicative rule and the preverbs both introduce an argument of the same grammatical relation, leading to interesting interactions, given that two grammatical relations of the same type are not expected to co-occur within a single clause.
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Lim geunseok. "On the Relation between Grammatical Collocation and Grammaticalization." Journal of Korean Linguistics ll, no. 51 (2008): 115–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15811/jkl.2008..51.005.
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Rezeki, Tri Indah, and Mulyadi. "Grammatical Relation: Subject Constructions in Batak Toba Language." East Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research 3, no. 4 (2024): 1521–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/eajmr.v3i4.7527.
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This research aims to delineate the grammatical relations within the Toba Batak language, explicitly focusing on characterizing the behavioral properties of subject construction. Employing a descriptive qualitative research approach, this study drew its data from 14 songs in the Toba Batak language retrieved from the social media platform YouTube, containing instances of grammatical relations, particularly those undergoing subject construction examination. The data collection process involved listening to and recording song lyrics in the Toba Batak language. Within these songs, the identified subject constructions undergoing testing include the Subject of quantifier float ("all") and relativization ("which"). Subject constructions such as non-obvious pronominal (PRO) and raising were also observed. Consequently, it is inferred that subject construction can be examined and scrutinized within the context of Toba Batak language songs.
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Aribzhanova, Iryna. "The semantic-syntactical structure of the apposition phrase." Ukrainian Linguistics, no. 47 (2017): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/um/47(2017).52-62.
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The article is devoted to the semantic-syntactical structure of the appositive phrase in the Ukrainian language. The term “double name”is used for the demonstration of semantical parameteres of the apposition phrase. Two levels of syntactic analysis are considered: abstract-grammatical level (internal structure of the appositive word-combinations) and concrete-grammatical level (the function in sentence structure). The concrete-grammatical analysis indicates that appositional phrases in the sentence are: syntactically indivisible components that serve as a simple part of the sentence (subject, object). The conflict arises between formal analyticity and functional syntheticity. This conflict is caused by nominative features of double name (compound nouns indicates the same subject of objective reality). Therefore they can be referred to as the type of lexical (stable) word-combinations. Abstract-grammatical analysis leads to the conclusion that internal structure of the appositional phrase can express different semantic-syntactical relations between nouns: appositional relations or mutual appositional relations. The mutual appositional relations are peculiar to the majority of stylistically neutral double names. O. Peshkovskiy wrote about mutual relations between nouns. The differentiation of two relation types was done with the help of the semantic principle and predicate transformation method.
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Boelens, Harrie, and Jeroen Mollers. "In Search of Competition between Lexical and Grammatical Growth." Psychological Reports 104, no. 2 (2009): 407–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.104.2.407-417.
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Relations between lexical and grammatical growth were examined in a Dutch boy from age 1:0 to 2:6. The overall shape of lexical growth was a pronounced increase in rate until age 2:2 approximately and a slight decrease in rate thereafter. Two measures of early grammatical growth (the percentage of obligatory plural contexts in which plurals were used and mean length of utterances) reached high levels well before the age of 2:2. Further, there was no evidence for a relation between the change from one week to the next in the number of new words and the change from one week to the next on the two grammatical measures. Thus, no evidence for competition between lexical and grammatical growth was found on both a larger and a smaller time scale. Patterns of lexical and grammatical growth suggestive of competition may be especially likely when the productive lexicon grows very fast initially.
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Arta, Putu Owen Purusa, I. Nyoman Sedeng, and Putu Lirishati Soethama. "Mapping Grammatical Relations of English Verbs." Humanis 26, no. 3 (2022): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jh.2022.v26.i03.p12.
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This study entitled Mapping Grammatical Relations of English Verbs, concerns on numbers of arguments that a verb could assign and how an argument is syntactically motivated in clauses of which the mood is declarative. This study involves to library research, and the method that was applied in this study was descriptive method which describes linguistics phenomena like what it actually is. The data of this study were taken from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) by inputting verbs those have been determined to the website http://www.english-corpora.org/coca/. The main theory applied in this study was Kroeger’s (2005) regarding to transitivity and grammatical relation. Based on the analysis, verbs in English require argument(s), terms or obliques. An intransitive verb assigns a term that stands as subject, a transitive verb assigns two terms those stand as subject and primary object. On the other hand, a ditransitive verb assigns three terms those stand as subject, primary object and secondary object. In addition, there is an argument that stands as oblique. 
 
 
 
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I.E, Umirov. "LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL MEANINGS OF PARAPHRASES ATTITUDE." Current Research Journal of Pedagogics 5, no. 11 (2024): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/pedagogics-crjp-05-11-15.
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It is known that in any text, the noun phrase is used more than other word phrases. Especially in the process of learning paraphrases, it is observed that this condition is even more active. In our opinion, this is explained by the nature of paraphrases.In this article, the grammatical, more precisely, morphologicalfeatures of paraphrases were studied, and their relation to word groups was analyzed.
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Zuindra, Zuindra. "GRAMATICAL RELATION ON OBJECT IN DELI JAVANESE DIALECT: TYPOLOGY STUDY." JURNAL PENELITIAN PENDIDIKAN BAHASA DAN SASTRA 7, no. 2 (2022): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32696/jp2bs.v7i2.1388.
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This research is aimed at describing one of the properties of grammatical relation namely object in Deli Javanese Language (DJL). The purpose of this research is to analyze the forms of the object based on its behavior which depicts (a) FN as object controlling object prefix on verb, (b) FN as object directly follows verb and (c) object as FN can be raised to the position of Subject through the process of passivity. This research refers to the grammatical relation concept of tipology study by obtaining the data from text books, journals and interview. The result showed that object relation was an FN that directly follows verbs and could not be inserted by any adverb. The verb prefix as transitive verb could be placed after subject and it needed an object as the second arguments of the clause. Object relation, then, could be raised to subject position at the DJL passivity; meanwhile the subject of original clause became an Oblique relation. Furthermore these findings are expected to give much contribution on understanding in studying gramatical relation with Typology approach.
 
 Keywords: Object, Grammatical Relation, Deli Javanese Language, Typology approach.
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Klienkova, I. B. "Peculiarities of Grammatical Properties in Nominal Word Combinations." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 4(37) (August 28, 2014): 300–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-4-37-300-305.
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The article examines some peculiarities if grammatical properties of nominal word combinations based on the study of German-speaking Swiss press. The accumulated experience of linguists is analyzed and certain factors influencing the choice of syntactic relations in nominal word combinations with quantitative meaning are researched. It has been established that the choice of syntactic relations in such word combinations is determined by functional style, semantics and grammatical features of nouns - first or second components in a word combination. The aforementioned factors influencing the choice of syntactic relations in quantitative nominal word combinations are studied on the material of Germanspeaking Swiss press. The research revealed a number of peculiarities. First of all, German-speaking Swiss press uses such syntactic relation as genitive subordination quite often, not only on "special occasion" and unlike its use in Germany does not produce a magniloquent, pompous impression. Secondly, it has been established that the choice of syntactic relations in word combinations of the above-mentioned type of word combinations greatly depends on the semantic meaning of the noun - the first component of the word combination - and does not always coincide with the grammatical properties in nominal combinations in Germany. Thirdly, a clear dependence of syntactic relations choice is observed. Moreover, the article highlights the importance of grammatical features of the second component. These are such features as gender, number, case accompanied by noun declension. All the afore-mentioned features help to define the type of syntactic relations, which nominal quantitative word combinations may be connected by. The results of the comparisons of grammatical properties of quantitative nominal word combinations in German and Swiss press are demonstrated in a table below.
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Klee, Thomas, and Martha Deitz Fitzgerald. "The relation between grammatical development and mean length of utterance in morphemes." Journal of Child Language 12, no. 2 (1985): 251–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900006437.
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ABSTRACTA widely held practice in many studies of child language development and disorders has been to employ an easily calculated numerical metric, mean length of utterance measured in morphemes (MLU), as a ‘general index of grammatical development’. While this practice seems to have found acceptance among many students of child language, the usefulness of MLU past Stage II has been assumed but never empirically tested. This study evaluated the grammatical performance and MLU of 18 normally developing 2- and 3-year-old children and found that MLU did not correlate significantly with age (r = 0·26), nor did it discriminate children's profiles of grammatical development.
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Yusuf, Muhammad, Mulyadi, Aprilza Aswani, and Rumnasari K. Siregar. "Grammatical relation in applicative construction of Asahan Malay language." Multidisciplinary Science Journal 5, in Progress (2023): 2023011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2023011.
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This study deals with depicting the realization of grammatical relationfound in applicative construction in Asahan Malay Language (AML). This study departs from the theory of relational grammar. The design of this study is by using a qualitative approach. In collecting the data, a documentation technique was used. The informants were three people whose sub-ethnic is Malay, and AML is their first language. They were observed speaking AML in order to distinguish the appropriateness of the informants. Distributional method was used and the data were presented formally and informally. Referring to the data analysis, the conclusion can be drawn that in the basic construction, FN: DO changes the relation into chomeur relation. Then, FN: OBL in basic construction converts into DO or occupy (R2) because it is directly placed after the verb. In the passive construction, the two FNs behind P lose their relation; thus, it brings the predicate as chomeur.
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HAWKINS, JOHN A. "Why are categories adjacent?" Journal of Linguistics 37, no. 1 (2001): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002222670100860x.
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This paper presents patterns of adjacency in performance data and in cross-linguistic grammatical conventions. It is argued that a common principle of processing efficiency explains both: the more syntactic and semantic relations whose processing domains are minimized, and the greater the minimization preference in the processing of each relation, the more adjacency we find. The preferences of performance are quite systematic and it is suggested that they are ultimately motivated by reductions in simultaneous processing demands in working memory. The correlations with patterns of grammatical variation exist because grammars have conventionalized the adjacency preferences of performance.
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Ariasih, Ni Luh Putu, and I. Nyoman Sedeng. "Argument structure of transition and transfer verbs." International journal of linguistics, literature and culture 8, no. 3 (2022): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/ijllc.v8n3.2076.
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This study entitled Argument Structure of Transition and Transfer Verbs. It focused on the argument structure which maps the grammatical relation and the semantic roles. This study aimed to recognize the grammatical relations of transition and transfer verbs of slides verbs arguments and to explain the semantic roles of transition and transfer verbs of slides verbs arguments. This study is library research. The data of this study were collected from Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) which was related to transition and transfer verbs. The documentation method and note-taking technique were applied in collecting the data. In analyzing the data, the descriptive-qualitative method was applied. The data were described and explained based on the theory of argument structure and the theory of transition and transfer verbs. Based on the analysis, the grammatical relation operated within transition and transfer verbs with the class of slide verb involve subject, object and oblique. Verb bounce, float, move, roll and slide can be constructed with SV, SVO, SV OBL, SVO OBL and SVO OBL OBL. Furthermore, the structure SVO OBL OBL only appears in the verb of move.
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Dewika, Ni Putu Anna Purna, I. Nyoman Sedeng, and Novita Mulyana. "Passive clauses argument structure of give verbs in corpus of contemporary American English (COCA)." International journal of linguistics, literature and culture 8, no. 3 (2022): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/ijllc.v8n3.2077.
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This study is entitled Passive Clauses Argument Structure of Give Verbs in Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). It is concerned with the argument structure which is mapped to the grammatical relation. This study aimed to recognize the grammatical relations in passive clauses which have “give verbs”. This study is library research. The data of this study were taken from Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) which is concerned with passive clauses. To collect the data, the documentation method and note-taking technique were applied. The descriptive-qualitative method was applied in analyzing the data. The data were described and explained based on the theory argument structure and the theory of passive. Based on the analysis, the grammatical relation operated within passive clauses with the class of give verbs involves subject, object, and oblique. Verb feed, give, and pay in passive can be constructed with S-V, S-V-O, S-V-OBL, and S-V-O-OBL. However, the construction found with verb lease in passive is S-V and S-V-OBL. On the other hand, the possible construction found in verb lend in passive is S-V, S-V-OBL, and S-V-O.
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Rania Nayla Ramadani, Shanaz Ayuningtyas, Mario Yonathan, Kalila Giantari, and Aurellia Anindya Putri. "RELASI MAKNA DAN MAKNA GRAMATIKAL DALAM LAGU-LAGU KARYA ORKES PENSIL ALIS." Jurnal Kata : Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pembelajarannya 12, no. 2 (2024): 396–406. https://doi.org/10.23960/kata.v12i2.227.
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In a song, the songwriter’s message is often misinterpreted by the listener due to complex word choice and grammatical processes. In the semantic field, the meaning relation theory refers to the meaning relation between a language unit and another language unit. Grammatical meaning is a new meaning formed after a grammatical process. This study focuses to identify and analyze the result of meaning relation and grammatical meaning in the song lyrics written by Orkes Pensil Alis, famous for using eccentric diction. This study used a content analysis form in the qualitative descriptive method, and note-taking technique. The outcome of this study shows that there are 226 pieces of data which include every aspect of the meaning relation, specifically: synonymy, antonymy, homonymy, hyponym, polysemy, ambiguity, and redundancy. This study also discovered the aspects of grammatical meaning, such as affixation, reduplication, and composition. The result of this research shows that eccentric diction used in songs by Orkes Pensil Alis plays a significant role in the listeners’ interpretation of the songs. This can be studied through the meaning relation and grammatical meaning analysis. Dalam lagu, pesan yang ingin disampaikan penulis sering kali disalahartikan oleh pendengar akibat pemilihan kata dan proses gramatikal yang kompleks. Dalam ilmu semantik, relasi makna merujuk pada hubungan kemaknaan antara satuan bahasa. Makna gramatikal merupakan makna yang hadir setelah penambahan proses gramatikal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan memaparkan hasil analisis relasi makna serta makna gramatikal dalam lirik lagu karya Orkes Pensil Alis yang diketahui kerap menggunakan diksi eksentrik. Digunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif yaitu analisis konten serta teknik simak catat. Dalam hasil penelitian, ditemukan 226 data yang mencakup seluruh unsur relasi makna, yaitu: sinonimi, antonimi, homonimi, hiponimi, polisemi, ambiguitas, dan redundansi. Penelitian ini juga menemukan unsur-unsur makna gramatikal, yaitu afiksasi, reduplikasi, dan komposisi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa diksi eksentrik dalam lagu-lagu karya Orkes Pensil Alis memiliki peran yang signifikan terhadap interpretasi makna oleh pendengar lagu. Hal tersebut dapat dikaji melalui analisis relasi makna dan makna gramatikal.
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Ito, Akihiro. "Japanese EFL Learners' Sensitivity to Configurational Distinction in English Relativization." ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 131-132 (January 1, 2001): 11–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/itl.131-132.02ito.
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Abstract The present study investigated what determined the difficulty of English relative clauses. Grammatical relation, configuration and thematic role in relative clause structures were selected as variables determining the English relative clause difficulty. The results indicated that Japanese learners of English were more sensitive to configurational distinction than grammatical relation distinction and thematic distinction. Based on the research results, the recent treatment of Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy in second language acquisition re-search was criticized.
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Gulö, Ingatan, and Teo Vany Rahmawelly. "An Analysis of Omission in Students’ English Writings." TEKNOSASTIK 16, no. 2 (2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33365/ts.v16i2.141.
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This paper is part of research with a larger scope covering errors students made related to subject-verb agreement. This part aims to elaborate grammatical problems faced by foreign language learners of English in relation to the omission they made in their writings. A qualitative data collection method was applied in gathering the data. The researchers collected pieces of writing from the students, read them, and analysed the omission errors found in the collected writings. As result, the most common omissions found in the data are related to verb markers. Omission of main verbs and auxiliaries also occur, creating sentences without any verbs or grammatically necessary auxiliaries. Absense of these kinds of function in Indonesian is the main reason for this grammatical problem faced by the learners. In addition, omissios of suffix -ing were also found by the researchers in the data. These findings should be able to contribute to existing works on grammatical errors and increase the success of both teaching and learning of a foreign language like English.Key Words: error, grammar, omission, writing
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Vlasov, Sergei V., and Leonid V. Moskovkin. "Categories of the name and the verb in Anfangs-Gründe der Russischen Sprache (1731)." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature 18, no. 3 (2021): 528–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu09.2021.307.
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The relevance of this study is due to the importance of Vasiliy Adodurov’s Anfangs-Gründe der Russischen Sprache as the first academic grammar of the Russian language written by a Russian scholar and published in Russia. The aim of the article is to show the innovations of Adodurov’s grammatical views and the relation of his grammar with Western European and Slavic grammatical traditions in the conceptual presentation of the name and the verb. The material of the research is the Russian grammar of Adodurov in comparison with the grammars by H.W.Ludolph, I.W.Paus, the Slavonic grammar by M. Smotritsky, the Latin grammars by I.Rhenius, E.Kopijewitz, I.Lange, “Grammatica Marchica”, and the German grammar by M. Schwanwitz. The descriptive and comparative research methods are used. A particularity of the research approach is the comparison of Anfangs-Gründe not only with the Russian, Slavonic and German grammars, but also with the Latin grammars. The results of the study show the innovations of Adodurov in the interpretation of the gender of names, voices of the Russian verb, and the forms of the future and the past tense. He simplifies the noun and verb description scheme taking into account specific features of the Russian language and methodological considerations. The article also proposes a new version of the collaboration between Adodurov and the anonymous German-speaking author of the comments in the margins of the manuscript Compendium Grammaticae Russicae, explaining Adodurov’s use of these comments in Anfangs-Gründe.
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Juliana, Juliana, and Mulyadi Mulyadi. "Unveiling Acehnese Subject Properties: A Typological Analysis of Grammatical Relations and Behaviors." REiLA : Journal of Research and Innovation in Language 6, no. 2 (2024): 207–23. https://doi.org/10.31849/reila.v6i2.20550.
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This study provides a comprehensive typological analysis of the grammatical characteristics of subjects in Acehnese, focusing on the unique subject properties in this lesser-studied language. Utilizing a qualitative descriptive methodology, data were sourced from Acehnese language corpora and existing grammatical accounts. Selective sampling identified 200 sentences, which were analyzed across six syntactic parameters: fronting, floating quantifier, control, relativization, word order, and interrogative sentence construction. The analysis employed distributional and permutation techniques to identify patterns and deviations in subject behavior. Findings reveal that Acehnese subjects, typically noun phrases preceding verbs, can function as patients in transitive clauses without distinct marking. Crucially, Acehnese does not conform to a single 'subject' relation; instead, syntactic processes differentiate between Actor and Undergoer roles. This non-conformity to conventional typological theories underscores the unique syntactic structure of Acehnese. The results highlight the flexible and complex nature of grammatical relations in Acehnese, challenging traditional notions of subjecthood. This study contributes significantly to the broader understanding of syntactic diversity, emphasizing the need for refined and flexible theoretical frameworks in grammatical relations. By illuminating the intricate grammatical systems in Acehnese, the research underscores the importance of adaptable models in linguistic theory to accurately capture the diversity and complexity inherent in human languages. This insight is crucial for advancing linguistic typology and enhancing comparative linguistic analysis in the Southeast Asian region.
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Rashel, Md Mostafa. "Morphosyntactic Analysis of Mro Language." Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics 2, no. 3 (2010): 141–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujl.v2i3.4149.
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In this article, I have used many examples to build up a concept about the relationship between Mro morphology and syntax, especially the different case markers to find out the relationship among them. During the research my goal was to provide a description of the constituent order; grammatical categories like tense; comparative marker -la'e (then), -leplep la'e (most); pronominal system (determiners used with first and second person but 3rd person is independent); demonstratives, adverbs, clause combination like conditional markers, reasons, time, motion; structures of question like y/n question, informal, exclamatory; case markers like noun, pronoun (relative), numeral relation to conjunction, suffix, clause/sentence level; grammatical relation (GR) as well as text analysis of Mro language. Key words: Morphosyntax, Language family, pronominal system, Case marker, grammatical relation, Mro.DOI: 10.3329/dujl.v2i3.4149 The Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics: Vol.2 No.3 February, 2009 Page: 141-160
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SAGAE, KENJI, ERIC DAVIS, ALON LAVIE, BRIAN MACWHINNEY, and SHULY WINTNER. "Morphosyntactic annotation of CHILDES transcripts." Journal of Child Language 37, no. 3 (2010): 705–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000909990407.
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ABSTRACTCorpora of child language are essential for research in child language acquisition and psycholinguistics. Linguistic annotation of the corpora provides researchers with better means for exploring the development of grammatical constructions and their usage. We describe a project whose goal is to annotate the English section of the CHILDES database with grammatical relations in the form of labeled dependency structures. We have produced a corpus of over 18,800 utterances (approximately 65,000 words) with manually curated gold-standard grammatical relation annotations. Using this corpus, we have developed a highly accurate data-driven parser for the English CHILDES data, which we used to automatically annotate the remainder of the English section of CHILDES. We have also extended the parser to Spanish, and are currently working on supporting more languages. The parser and the manually and automatically annotated data are freely available for research purposes.
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Sidabutar, Usman, and Mulyadi Mulyadi. "How is The Grammatical Relation of Batak Toba Wedding Ceremony?" Jurnal Onoma: Pendidikan, Bahasa, dan Sastra 9, no. 2 (2023): 1115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30605/onoma.v9i2.2946.
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This article discusses grammatical relations in Toba Batak language. Toba Batak language has formal markings, both predicates and arguments that show the relationship between clause elements, and the coding of words in the language. arguments are integrated syntactically. This research uses descriptive qualitative research. Qualitative is used to investigate an issue in order to gain a clear understanding of a particular phenomenon. The main data of this research are sentences. Sentence data in this study were obtained through traditional Toba Batak documents, namely 'marhata sinamot' which is commonly used Grammatical relations have an important role and function to identify the correctness of the syntactic process because they are considered to connect arguments with clauses. The grammatical relationship and the semantic role of the Toba Batak language are S = A/P and S = P/A. That is, the Toba Batak language treats S as A and S as P. A language is said to be of ergative type if the patient (P) of a transitive verb is treated with or coreferential with the subject (S) in an intransitive clause and different from the agent (A) of the verb transitive.
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Mejri, Salah. "Frozen structure and concessive relations: a complex predication." Thélème. Revista Complutense de Estudios Franceses 34, no. 1 (2019): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/thel.64091.
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This paper aims at analyzing the concessive relation, as a complex predication, under the scope of the freezing concept. After having defined the three terms of the analysis, we proceed to the description of the concessive relation, which includes several predicates at a time. This complexity is fixed in the language through grammaticalization, as a form of freezing, by means of grammatical expressions used to structure the organization of the predicative relations in the utterance, whether sentencial or multi-sentencial. This fixation in the language declines the same concessive relation with semantic nuances that testify to the richness of this complex predication.
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Sun, Weiwei, Yufei Chen, Xiaojun Wan, and Meichun Liu. "Parsing Chinese Sentences with Grammatical Relations." Computational Linguistics 45, no. 1 (2019): 95–136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00343.
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We report our work on building linguistic resources and data-driven parsers in the grammatical relation (GR) analysis for Mandarin Chinese. Chinese, as an analytic language, encodes grammatical information in a highly configurational rather than morphological way. Accordingly, it is possible and reasonable to represent almost all grammatical relations as bilexical dependencies. In this work, we propose to represent grammatical information using general directed dependency graphs. Both only-local and rich long-distance dependencies are explicitly represented. To create high-quality annotations, we take advantage of an existing TreeBank, namely, Chinese TreeBank (CTB), which is grounded on the Government and Binding theory. We define a set of linguistic rules to explore CTB’s implicit phrase structural information and build deep dependency graphs. The reliability of this linguistically motivated GR extraction procedure is highlighted by manual evaluation. Based on the converted corpus, data-driven, including graph- and transition-based, models are explored for Chinese GR parsing. For graph-based parsing, a new perspective, graph merging, is proposed for building flexible dependency graphs: constructing complex graphs via constructing simple subgraphs. Two key problems are discussed in this perspective: (1) how to decompose a complex graph into simple subgraphs, and (2) how to combine subgraphs into a coherent complex graph. For transition-based parsing, we introduce a neural parser based on a list-based transition system. We also discuss several other key problems, including dynamic oracle and beam search for neural transition-based parsing. Evaluation gauges how successful GR parsing for Chinese can be by applying data-driven models. The empirical analysis suggests several directions for future study.
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Janardana Dwipayana, Ida Bagus, I. Wayan Arka, and I. Nyoman Sedeng. "Grammatical Relations and Semantic Roles of Arguments in English Verbs of Transfer “Convey”." Udayana Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (UJoSSH) 7, no. 1 (2023): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ujossh.2023.v07.i01.p03.
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This study entitled Grammatical Relations and Semantic Roles of Arguments in English Verbs of Transfer “Convey”. It focused on grammatical relations and semantic role of argument within a certain argument structure. The particular and only data source of this study is Corpus of Contemporary American English. This study used accidental sampling method. Therefore, every data found are constructed with transfer verb “convey” proposed by Levin. Base theories of the analysis are Grammatical Relation and Semantic Role by Kroeger, while it supported by theory of Proto-Roles by Dowty and Taylor. The data representation chosen are presented both in formal and in-formal method. There are 3 different argument structures found within the 100 samplings. Transitive Structure turn out to be the most dominant structure, while the other which are intransitive and ditransitive are reasonably represented. All the grammatical relations are found, they are Subject, Object, Oblique, and Adjunct. In the other hand, all the semantic roles are found except stimulus, beneficiary, and accompaniment. Terms proto-agent and proto-patient supports the mapping of the semantic content. Some roles such as theme and instrument have different lexical understanding. It divided into three terms; physical, perceptive, abstract entities. Specifically, the agent classified into three different indication they are non-symbolic agent, metaphorical agent, abstract agent.
 
 
 
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SANSAVINI, ALESSANDRA, ANNALISA GUARINI, ROSINA ALESSANDRONI, GIACOMO FALDELLA, GIULIANA GIOVANELLI, and GIANPAOLO SALVIOLI. "Early relations between lexical and grammatical development in very immature Italian preterms." Journal of Child Language 33, no. 1 (2006): 199–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000905007208.
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This study aimed to investigate early lexical and grammatical development and their relations in a sample of very immature healthy preterms, in order to assess whether their linguistic development was typical, at risk or atypical. The effects of biological factors and parental level of education on preterms' linguistic development were also investigated. Seventy-three Italian preterms and 22 Italian fullterms (control sample) were assessed at 2;6 with an Italian test of repetition of sentences (TRF). Their mothers completed the Italian version of the MacArthur questionnaire (PVB). Our results showed that most of the preterm sample displayed a typical development, compared with the fullterms, with lexicon and grammar within the normal range and a normal relation between these competencies. However, preterms characterized by an extremely low birthweight (ELBW), a very low gestational age and male gender were at risk, with slight delays in the lexicon and grammar, but still retaining the normal relation between the two.
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AlArfaj, Abeer. "Towards relation extraction from Arabic text: a review." International Robotics & Automation Journal 5, no. 5 (2019): 212–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/iratj.2019.05.00195.
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Semantic relation extraction is an important component of ontologies that can support many applications e.g. text mining, question answering, and information extraction. However, extracting semantic relations between concepts is not trivial and one of the main challenges in Natural Language Processing (NLP) Field. The Arabic language has complex morphological, grammatical, and semantic aspects since it is a highly inflectional and derivational language, which makes task even more challenging. In this paper, we present a review of the state of the art for relation extraction from texts, addressing the progress and difficulties in this field. We discuss several aspects related to this task, considering the taxonomic and non-taxonomic relation extraction methods. Majority of relation extraction approaches implement a combination of statistical and linguistic techniques to extract semantic relations from text. We also give special attention to the state of the work on relation extraction from Arabic texts, which need further progress.
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Rondal, Jean A., Martine Ghiotto, Serge Bredart, and Jean-François Bachelet. "Age-relation, reliability and grammatical validity of measures of utterance length." Journal of Child Language 14, no. 3 (1987): 433–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900010229.
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ABSTRACTThis study evaluated the age-relationship, intra-sample reliability and grammatical validity of MLU-like measures of utterance length in the free speech of 21 normally developing children aged 1;8 to 2;8 with MLU between 1·05 and 3·06. Contrary to a previous study by Klee & Fitzgerald (1985). it was found that measures of utterance length hold a good relation with age, are reliable and predict grammatical development well in the age and MLU range considered. It is argued that there are identifiable points in the developmental evolution of MLU and MLU-like indices beyond which their reliability and validity have serious problems. Below these points, they constitute sound measures of syntactic development.
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Abbas, Nawal Fadhil. "A Stylistic Study of Cohesion in Relation to Narrative Techniques in Religious Discourse." Journal of the College of Education for Women 31, no. 1 (2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36231/coedw.v31i1.1343.
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Cohesion is well known as the study of the relationships, whether grammatical and/or lexical, between the different elements of a particular text by the use of what are commonly called 'cohesive devices'. These devices bring connectivity and bind a text together. Besides, the nature and the amount of such cohesive devices usually affect the understanding of that text in the sense of making it easier to comprehend. The present study is intendedto examine the use of grammatical cohesive devicesin relation to narrative techniques. The story of Joseph from the Holy Quran has been selected to be examined by using Halliday and Hasan's Model of Cohesion (1976, 1989). The aim of the study is to comparatively examine to what extent the types of grammatical cohesive devices and their frequencies and densities are affected by thetechniques of narration, namely, internal and external or as commonly known as conversational and narrative. The researcher has come into the conclusion that the grammatical cohesive devices form one third of the story and accordingly, they affect the structure and interpretation of the text. Moreover, thegrammatical cohesive devices are more frequent in the conversational part when compared to the narrative part. It is also concluded that the endophoric reference is the dominant category in the conversational and narrative parts of the story, unlike the exophoric that can be identified only in relation to the background knowledge of the outside situation.
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Medado, Liezl, and Lorelie Honesto. "Self- Efficacy on Language Macro Skills of Learners in Relation to Grammatical Competence: Basis for Developmental Program." Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal 32, no. 5 (2025): 623–36. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14907376.
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Language learning is a multifaceted process that involves developing macro skills—listening, speaking, reading, and writing—alongside grammatical competence. Self-efficacy, or a learner’s belief in their ability to succeed in language-related tasks, plays a pivotal role in mastering these skills. This study aimed to examine the relationship between language macro skills and grammatical competence among 196 fourth-year Education students enrolled in various academic programs at a local college during the 2023-2024 academic year. A descriptive-correlational design was employed. The results indicated that the majority of respondents were female (81.6%), aged 21–22 years (59.2%), and from economically disadvantaged backgrounds (61.7%). Respondents were enrolled in diverse programs, including Bachelor of Elementary Education (15.3%), Bachelor of Physical Education (32.1%), Bachelor of Secondary Education majoring in Mathematics (9.2%), Social Studies (15.3%), and Filipino (28.1%). The study found that respondents exhibited a very high level of language macro skills (Mean= 3.57) and proficient grammatical competence (Mean= 76.09). There were no significant differences in language macro skills based on sex (p = 0.624), age (p = 0.362), or economic status (p = 0.097), but a significant difference was observed across academic programs (p = 0.014). Similarly, no significant differences in grammatical competence were found based on sex (p = 0.145), age (p = 0.092), or economic status (p = 0.083), with a significant difference noted across academic programs (p = 0.021). A significant relationship was established between language macro skills and grammatical competence (p = 0.031). The study emphasized the critical role of language macro skills—speaking, listening, reading, and writing—in enhancing grammatical competence. The findings highlighted the need for academic programs to integrate these skills into their curricula to foster overall language proficiency.
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Wangdi, Pema. "What is a word in Brokpa?" Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 44, no. 2 (2021): 255–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltba.19019.wan.
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Abstract This paper investigates the structure of phonological word and grammatical word in Brokpa, a Tibeto-Burman (Trans-Himalayan) language of Bhutan. Defining features of a phonological word include stress, tone, and segmental properties. A grammatical word is defined based on conventionalized coherence and meaning, fixed order of morphemes, and its behaviour in relation to derivational and inflectional marking. Grammatical and phonological words in Brokpa coincide in most instances. Typical mismatches include words involving non-cohering compounds and non-cohering reduplication. A formal distinction between phonological and grammatical word is the key to our understanding of the interactions between different parts of grammar in Brokpa, and help resolve potential ambiguities of the term “word” in this language.
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Le Levier, Hélène, and Catherine Brissaud. "Utilisation du vocabulaire grammatical dans des entretiens métagraphiques d’élèves de troisième." Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics 23, no. 1 (2020): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37213/cjal.2020.26448.
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Nous étudions le vocabulaire grammatical utilisé par des élèves de la quatrième année du secondaire français lors d’entretiens sur les procédures ou représentations métagraphiques mobilisées lorsqu’ils orthographient. Le vocabulaire utilisé est emprunté à la grammaire scolaire. Sa densité et sa pertinence varient beaucoup. Certains termes utilisés dès l’école primaire sont maitrisés par une proportion étonnamment faible d’élèves. Ainsi adjectif n’est utilisé de manière pertinente que dans 76,2 % des occurrences, pronom dans 58,3 % et déterminant dans 52,4 %. Afin d’évaluer le rôle de ce vocabulaire dans l’analyse orthographique des élèves, des tests de corrélation ont été effectués pour mettre en relation d’une part la réussite orthographique et d’autre part la diversité des termes grammaticaux utilisés de façon pertinente, le nombre de procédures de substitution et le nombre d’analyses syntaxiques. Toutes ces corrélations se sont révélées positives et significatives, mais les analyses syntaxiques sont plus fortement corrélées à la réussite orthographique. L’utilisation du vocabulaire grammatical ne se révèle pas indispensable puisque certains élèves orthographient correctement sans y avoir recours, mais il est notable qu’aucun élève ayant recours à du vocabulaire pertinent n’aboutisse à un grand nombre d’erreurs. Ces résultats valident donc l’intérêt du recours à un vocabulaire grammatical précis à l’appui d’analyses syntaxiques pour développer la performance orthographique.
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Janse, Mark. "Sex and Agreement." Keria: Studia Latina et Graeca 22, no. 2 (2020): 25–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/keria.22.2.25-55.
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This paper is about the relation between natural and grammatical gender in Greek and the ways in which the twain are matched or mismatched. A variety of topics is discussed, including the relation between grammatical gender and declension, the resolution of gender clashes in epicene nouns and the marking of natural gender in common nouns. Particular attention is given to the gendering of neuter diminutives with male or female referents. Age and particular aspects of “maleness” or “femaleness” are shown to be major determinants in triggering male or female instead of neuter agreement patterns, especially on anaphoric pronouns, but occasionally also on other word classes such as predicative adjectives and participles.
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Li, Penglin. "Adjectivized Grammatical Metaphors in Daily Chinese Conversation." SHS Web of Conferences 179 (2023): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202317901001.
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This paper investigates the phenomenon of adjectival grammatical metaphor in everyday Chinese conversation, with the aim of determining its development and its relation to vocabulary structure. The results show that the verb phrase is one of the main sources of adjectival grammatical metaphors. The combination of adjectival phrases and nouns is a form of ‘verb phrase consists of verb + adjective’, which is commonly used in conversation situations. Moreover, vocabulary structure and lexicality are the major factors that affect the expression of adjectival grammar metaphor and its developing mode.
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Keizer, Evelien. "Idiomatic expressions and anaphoric reference in functional discourse grammar." Quaderns de Filologia - Estudis Lingüístics 23, no. 23 (2018): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/qf.23.13527.
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This paper deals with a special type of anaphoric relation that consists in a reference through/to a part of a fixed idiomatic experience. It is proved that, contrary to what is generally assumed, such references are not necessarily grammatically or stylistically marked. Instead, they are part of several productive usage patterns. With corpus data and a discursive-functional grammatical approach, I provide a theoretically-substantiated analysis of each of these patterns. This analysis shows their production and interpretation processes, accounts for their systematicity and productivity, and puts forth an explanatory proposal of the cognitive effort and communicative advantages of their use.
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Butt, David G. "Our last Luciferian pact?" Language, Context and Text 5, no. 1 (2023): 193–242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/langct.00046.but.
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Abstract The paper argues for a semiotic – in fact, a grammatical – origin to a profound dimension of the human psyche: William James (1890, 1920[1892]) observed how there were far reaching effects from what he characterised as the “duplex self”. This ME/I relation requires cohesion, or co-ordination, much as first suggested by Hughlings Jackson and Théodule Ribot in the mid nineteenth century. The analysis of grammatical equations (identifying clauses) by the functional linguist M. A. K. Halliday can be called upon to show how many important relationships are enfolded in the apparently simple syntax of BE, and of some other cognate verbs. Through detailed exemplification, the paper shows how a double narrative of the “self” is an inevitable consequence of the first person taking on different combinations of grammatical address. This semiotic aspect of the psyche is also discussed in relation to bilaterian or “doubles” in a number of human sciences.
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KOMLYK, Nataliia, and Svitlana PEDCHENKO. "SEMANTIC BACKGROUND OF BINOMIALS WITH FOOD NAMES AS VARIETIES OF COORDINATE PHRASES." Folia Philologica, no. 5 (2023): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/folia.philologica/2023/5/4.
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The article is devoted to the study of the semantic level of English idiomatic expressions, which linguists distinguish into a separate group of binomials. It is noted that there is no single unified view of these phrases, and most linguists distinguish them as a type of phraseological units. However, binomials differ from other constructions in their formal and grammatical organization. A binomial construction combines two words belonging to a specific lexical and grammatical class and is connected through coordinating relation. It is emphasized that these units are “frozen” coordinate word combinations with copulative relations, from which they have adopted the main parameters and, at the same time, acquired new ones due to transformation. In contrast to free coordinative phrases, binomials cannot be rearranged, changed or supplemented. The analysis has shown that, despite the formal and grammatical openness caused by the specificity of the copulative conjunction and, binomials are inherently semantically closed. It is noted that, unlike ordinary coordinate phrases, the components of a binomial can be service words that do not have lexical meaning by their nature. However, the coordinating relation that connects them determines the acquisition of different semantic shades by such a binomial construction. Therefore, these idiomatic expressions are a vivid example of the close interaction between formal grammatical, semantic, and syntactic levels. Another feature of binomials is the interaction of their constituents: in a free coordinate phrase, the components show equality and independence, while in a binomial expression, the interdependence of the left and right components is clearly traced. Considering the semantic, it is advisable to classify binomials into three groups: 1) those in which the meaning of the binomial is fully motivated by the component composition; 2) idiomatic expressions that, having a direct meaning, can simultaneously acquire a figurative meaning; 3) binomials whose meaning is not motivated by the meaning of their components.
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Rusnak, Natalia, and Yulia Rusnak. "Debatability of the Ukrainian verb’s grammatical categories." Current issues of social sciences and history of medicine, no. 1 (December 30, 2024): 97–100. https://doi.org/10.24061/2411-6181.12.024.423.
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The central concept of the morphological terminology is a grammatical category. The verb has an extensive system of grammatical categories: aspect, transitivity- intransitivity, voice, mood, tense, person, number, gender etc. The relevance of the research determines the need for a new understanding of the terminology of morphology, taking into account the priority cognitive approach of analysis, the need for new searches for the description of the central part of the language in the morphological system – the Ukrainian verb. The purpose of the article is to propose a description scheme of the grammatical categories of the verb, which will illustrate the debatable points of the grammatical categories of the Ukrainian verb. Research methods. In the article as the main general scientifi c methods of analysis and synthesis are used, as well as linguistic – descriptive, structural methods and method of component analysis. Conclusions. The category of aspect has features of word-infl ected and non-infl ected categories. In the class of adverbs, aspect and transitivity- intransitiveness infl uence the creation of adverbial forms. Scholarly discussions arise around a number of key issues of the voice category. Regarding the content of the voice category, some linguists believe that the content of the voice category is the relation of the action to the subject, others – the relation of the action to the subject and the object. In science, the question regarding the quantitative manifestation of the voice category is undefi ned. In Ukrainian linguistics, the prevailing opinion is that the voice category is a two-membered grammatical category, but some scientists consider the state category to be three- membered.
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Slater, B. H. "E-type Pronouns and ε-terms". Canadian Journal of Philosophy 16, № 1 (1986): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1986.10717105.
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Speaking of Professor Geach's belief that pronouns in natural language function like the bound variables in quantification theory, Gareth Evans, in ‘Pronouns, Quantifiers, and Relative Clauses - I’ (Canadian Journal of Philosophy 7 [1977] 467-536) says (470):I want to try to show that there are pronouns with quantifier antecedents that function in a quite different way. Such pronouns typically stand in a different grammatical relation to their antecedents, and; in contrast with bound pronouns, must be assigned a reference, so that their most immediate sentential contexts can always be assigned a truth value. The relevant grammatical relation appears to be Klima's relation of ‘in construction with’. When the pronoun is in construction with its antecedent, as in (4) [‘Some man loves his mother’] and (5) [‘No man is happy when he is in love’] the result is a bound pronoun.