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St, Clair Michelle Christina. "Language structure and language acquisition : grammatical categorization using phonological and distributional information." Thesis, University of York, 2007. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/9943/.
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This thesis addresses the question of how words are grouped according to their grammatical categories during language acquisition. Over the past 20. years a general consensus has developed that distributional and phonological cues are important cues that language learners utilize in the grammatical categorization process (e.g., Kelly, 1992; Redington, Chater, & Finch, 1998). The combination ofthese cues was investigated with artificial language learning experiments, which combined two categories of. phonologically coherent words with co-occurring distributional cues, and corpus analysis techniques. Experiments I to 4 indicated that both phonological and distribution cues are necessary for the categorization of high and low frequency words. Additionally, these experiments indicated that distributional information alone was sufficient to categorize high frequency words, but that phonological cues were necessary for low frequency words. It was also found that succeeding bigram distribution cues induced more grammatical categorization than the preceding bigram cues. This is explained by the Rescorla-'\yagner (1972) model of associative learning; associations were stronger between the category words and succeeding cues as a single succeeding cue followed all category words. Associations were weaker with preceding cues as numerous category words followed the preceding cues. Experiments 5, 6 and 7 also found that the effectiveD~ss of the distributional cues was influenced by prior linguistic experience, resulting in higher learning with distributional cues which were phonologically consistent with distributional cues found in the participants' native language (English). This thesis also investigated the debate as to what type of distributional cue is most useful in the categorization process, with some researchers advocating trigram cues (Mintz, 2002) while others advocate bigram cues (Monaghan & Christiansen, 2004; Valian & Coulson, 1988). The results of a corpus analysis and two experiments provided evidence that trigram cues (aXb) are very effective at categorization, but preliminary evidence suggests that this categorization may simply be due to the combined influence of the beginning and ending bigrams (aX and Xb). Overall, this thesis indicates that phonological and distributional cues are key to grammatical categorization, which occurs through associative learning principles; grammatical categorization progresses faster with succeeding cues; and bigram distribution cues may be the initial source of distributional information in the grammatical categorization process.
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Backhouse, Rene. "An analysis of the grammatical structure of small clauses in Afrikaans : a minimalist approach." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95928.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The main goal of this study is to provide a grammatical analysis of small clauses in Afrikaans. A proper analysis of this phenomenon has not yet been attempted in the literature on Afrikaans syntax. However, within the framework of generative grammar, including the most recent versions of Minimalist Syntax, extensive research has been conducted on the small clause phenomenon for a wide range of other languages. In these studies, various types of small clause constructions have been identified. For the purpose of this study, a systematic analysis is given for seven of these small clause construction types, focusing specifically on the Afrikaans data. In order to establish whether the Afrikaans small clause constructions exhibit the same characteristics as those found in other languages, a taxonomy is given of their Dutch, English, West Flemish and Polish counterparts as described by, among others, Hoekstra (1988a, 1992), Bennis, Corver and Den Dikken (1998), Citko (2008) and Haegeman (2010). It is against this background that the characteristics of the different Afrikaans small clause constructions are described. In addition, an explication is given of the various proposals regarding the underlying structure of such constructions. Based on proposals by Oosthuizen (2013), it is argued that a small clause construction is a projection of a particular functional category, namely a defective light verb, sc-v. It is claimed that such a light verb analysis can provide an adequate account of the Afrikaans facts.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die hoofoogmerk van hierdie studie is om ’n grammatikale analise van beknopte sinne (“small clauses”) in Afrikaans te verskaf. ʼn Behoorlike analise van hierdie verskynsel is nog nie tevore aangebied in die literatuur oor Afrikaanse sintaksis nie. Binne die raamwerk van generatiewe grammatika, insluitend die mees onlangse versies van Minimalistiese Sintaksis, is daar egter uitgebreide navorsing gedoen oor die verskynsel van beknopte sinne in ʼn verskeidenheid ander tale. In die betrokke studies is verskeie tipes beknopte sin-konstruksies geïdentifiseer. Vir die doel van hierdie studie word ’n sistematiese analise gegee van sewe van hierdie konstruksie-tipes, met spesifieke fokus op die Afrikaanse data. Ten einde vas te stel of die Afrikaanse beknopte sin-konstruksies dieselfde eienskappe toon as dié in ander tale, word ’n taksonomie verskaf van die ooreenstemmende konstruksies in Nederlands, Engels, Wes-Vlaams en Pools, soos beskryf deur onder meer Hoekstra (1988a, 1992), Bennis, Corver en Den Dikken (1998), Citko (2008) en Haegeman (2010). Dit is teen hierdie agtergrond dat die eienskappe van die verskillende Afrikaanse beknopte sin-konstruksies beskryf word. Verder word ʼn uiteensetting gegee van verskeie voorstelle oor die onderliggende struktuur van sulke konstruksies. Gebaseer op voorstelle deur Oosthuizen (2013), word daar geargumenteer dat ’n beknopte sin-konstruksie ’n projeksie is van ’n spesifieke funksionele kategorie, naamlik ’n defektiewe ligte werkwoord, sc-v. Daar word aangevoer dat so ’n ligte werkwoord-analise ’n toereikende verklaring kan bied van die Afrikaanse feite.
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Malt, Alexander James. "Embodiment and grammatical structure : an approach to the relation of experience, assertion and truth." Thesis, Durham University, 2014. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10775/.
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In this thesis I address a concern in both existential phenomenology and embodied cognition, namely, the question of how ‘higher’ cognitive abilities such as language and judgements of truth relate to embodied experience. I suggest that although our words are grounded in experience, what makes this grounding and our higher abilities possible is grammatical structure. The opening chapter contrasts the ‘situated’ approach of embodied cognition and existential phenomenology with Cartesian methodological solipsism. The latter produces a series of dualisms, including that of language and meaning, whereas the former dissolves such dualisms. The second chapter adapts Merleau-Ponty’s arguments against the perceptual constancy hypothesis in order to undermine the dualism of grammar and meaning. This raises the question of what grammar is, which is addressed in the third chapter. I acknowledge the force of Chomsky’s observation that language is structure dependent and briefly introduce a minimal grammatical operation which might be the ‘spark which lit the intellectual forest fire’ (Clark: 2001, 151). Grammatical relations are argued to make possible the grounding of our symbols in chapters 4 and 5, which attempt to ground the categories of determiner and aspect in spatial deixis and embodied motor processes respectively. Chapter 6 ties the previous three together, arguing that we may understand a given lexeme as an object or as an event by subsuming it within a determiner phrase or aspectualising it respectively. I suggest that such modification of a word’s meaning is possible because determiners and aspect schematise, i.e. determine the temporal structure, of the lexeme. Chapter 7 uses this account to take up Heidegger’s claim that the relation between being and truth be cast in terms of temporality (2006, H349), though falls short of providing a complete account of the ‘origin of truth’. Chapter 8 concludes and notes further avenues of research.
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Osborne, Olga Languages & Linguistics Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences UNSW. "Comparative analysis of atypical coordinate structures in Russian and English languages in correlation with field structure of grammatical category coordination." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Languages & Linguistics, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43738.
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This dissertation examines specific features of atypical coordinate structures (from now referred to as ACS) in both English and Russian languages: those features which differentiate ACS from typical coordinate structures, but nevertheless allow them to keep the status of coordinate structures. Comparing ACS with typical coordinate structures in terms of linguistic norms, this thesis provides a view of ACS as less standard, non-normative forms of syntactic representations of coordinate relations. Most research on coordinate structures focuses either on syntax, or on semantics. This dissertation advocates the expediency of a functional-dynamic approach to ACS, applying the methods of linguistics, psycholinguistics, cognitive linguistics and social linguistics. It argues that coordination is a complex speech-thinking mechanism and that ACS should be analysed by taking into account the cognitive-pragmatic-emotive intentions of the speaker. This dissertation proposes the analysis of structure, semantics and pragmatics of ACS in correlation with their functioning in a text. For the first time the thesis provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of ACS in English and Russian languages. This analysis demonstrates that the syntactically comparable translation of the majority of ACS from English to Russian and vice versa is possible due to the same factors involved in the process of ACS formation in both languages. It also shows that the absence of the same coordinate structure of idiomatic character in the other language makes the adequate translation impossible. This dissertation argues that all types of coordinate structures have the same invariant meaning of MULTITUDE, but syntactically this meaning is represented differently by typical and atypical coordinate structures. The result of the comparative analysis is the proposal of a nucleus-peripheral structure of coordination which represents the diversity of coordinate structures. In the nucleus-peripheral structure typical coordinate structures represent the nucleus and have prototypical status, whereas ACS represent the periphery; different types of ACS are arranged at different distances from the nucleus depending on how many common properties they share with prototypical structures. The fact that this structure can be applied to both English and Russian languages advocates for the common principles of coordinate structures formation mechanism in these otherwise unrelated languages.
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Hörberg, Thomas. "Probabilistic and Prominence-driven Incremental Argument Interpretation in Swedish." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-129763.
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This dissertation investigates how grammatical functions in transitive sentences (i.e., `subject' and `direct object') are distributed in written Swedish discourse with respect to morphosyntactic as well as semantic and referential (i.e., prominence-based) information. It also investigates how assignment of grammatical functions during on-line comprehension of transitive sentences in Swedish is influenced by interactions between morphosyntactic and prominence-based information. In the dissertation, grammatical functions are assumed to express role-semantic (e.g., Actor and Undergoer) and discourse-pragmatic (e.g., Topic and Focus) functions of NP arguments. Grammatical functions correlate with prominence-based information that is associated with these functions (e.g., animacy and definiteness). Because of these correlations, both prominence-based and morphosyntactic information are assumed to serve as argument interpretation cues during on-line comprehension. These cues are utilized in a probabilistic fashion. The weightings, interplay and availability of them are reflected in their distribution in language use, as shown in corpus data. The dissertation investigates these assumptions by using various methods in a triangulating fashion. The first contribution of the dissertation is an ERP (event-related brain potentials) experiment that investigates the ERP response to grammatical function reanalysis, i.e., a revision of a tentative grammatical function assignment, during on-line comprehension of transitive sentences. Grammatical function reanalysis engenders a response that correlates with the (re-)assignment of thematic roles to the NP arguments. This suggests that the comprehension of grammatical functions involves assigning role-semantic functions to the NPs. The second contribution is a corpus study that investigates the distribution of prominence-based, verb-semantic and morphosyntactic features in transitive sentences in written discourse. The study finds that overt morphosyntactic information about grammatical functions is used more frequently when the grammatical functions cannot be determined on the basis of word order or animacy. This suggests that writers are inclined to accommodate the understanding of their recipients by more often providing formal markers of grammatical functions in potentially ambiguous sentences. The study also finds that prominence features and their interactions with verb-semantic features are systematically distributed across grammatical functions and therefore can predict these functions with a high degree of confidence. The third contribution consists of three computational models of incremental grammatical function assignment. These models are based upon the distribution of argument interpretation cues in written discourse. They predict processing difficulties during grammatical function assignment in terms of on-line change in the expectation of different grammatical function assignments over the presentation of sentence constituents. The most prominent model predictions are qualitatively consistent with reading times in a self-paced reading experiment of Swedish transitive sentences. These findings indicate that grammatical function assignment draws upon statistical regularities in the distribution of morphosyntactic and prominence-based information in language use. Processing difficulties in the comprehension of Swedish transitive sentences can therefore be predicted on the basis of corpus distributions.
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Scotland, James. "Participating in a shared cognitive space : an exploration of working collaboratively and longer-term performance of a complex grammatical structure." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/32739.
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Qatar’s education system has recently been subjected to a process of deep structural reform. One of the beliefs which underpins this reform is the assumption that learner-centred pedagogy is more effective than traditional teacher-centred pedagogy. However, there is limited empirical evidence from a Qatari classroom context regarding the effectiveness of using learner-centred pedagogies. This lack of empirical evidence extends to the teaching of English as a foreign language. This study employed Vygotskian sociocultural theory as a lens to investigate the effects of working collaboratively on learners’ longer-term performance of two grammatical structures, the simple past passive and the present continuous passive, as well as the cognitive processes involved. Interventionist dynamic assessment was used to quantify the linguistic performance of male Arabic undergraduate EFL learners (N = 52) three times (pretest, posttest, and delayed posttest) over a 12-week period. In-between the pretest and the posttest, six form-focused treatment tasks were administered. The experimental group (n = 20) completed the treatment tasks collaboratively; the comparison group (n = 16) completed the treatment tasks individually; and the control group (n = 16) did not complete the treatment tasks. In addition, the genetic method was employed to trace the linguistic development of four participants in the experimental group. These four participants were audio-recorded as they collaboratively completed each treatment session. Mood’s median test (Mood, 1954) found a pretest to posttest statistically significant difference (M = 7.70, df = 1, p = 0.01) between the performances of the experimental and control groups for the structure of the simple past passive which is moderate to large in size (Cramér’s V = 0.46). However for both target structures, no statistically significant difference was found between the experimental group and the comparison group, suggesting that the treatment condition of working collaboratively was not more effective in promoting learners’ linguistic development than the treatment condition of working individually. Additionally, the descriptive statistics revealed high levels of individual variation. Of the four participants who were audio-recorded, the journey of one learner is presented. This data was analysed using a microgenetic approach with LREs (Swain and Lapkin, 1995, 1998, 2002) as the unit of analysis. The microgenetic analysis shows how working collaboratively provides learners with access to a shared cognitive space. Within this space, they can employ language as a cognitive tool to access other-regulation from their peers and deploy their own self-regulatory strategies. The experience of an individual was explored within the context of the linguistic gains made by the collective to whom he belongs. Thus, even though the statistical analysis of the results suggests that working collaboratively is not more effective in facilitating learners’ linguistic development than working individually, the process of language learning has been connected to the outcome of language learning through the results of the descriptive statistics and the microgenetic analysis. This study contributes to a better understanding of: the types of pedagogies that may be effective in a Qatari undergraduate context, why collaborative learning can be effective, how knowledge which is initially social can take on a psychological function, and how the Vygotskian sociocultural methodologies of the genetic method and dynamic assessment can be integrated into an SLA design.
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Walker, Katie Lynn. "Modeling Children's Organization of Utterances Using Statistical Information from Adult Language Input." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7378.
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Previous computerized models of child language acquisition have sought to determine how children acquire grammatical word categories (GWCs). The current study seeks to determine if statistical structure can be corroborated as a factor in GWC acquisition. Previous studies examining statistical structure have dealt with word order rather than GWC order and only examined an overall success rate. The present study examines how well a computer model of child acquisition of GWCs was able to reorganize scrambled sentences back into the correct GWC order using transitional probabilities extracted from adult language input. Overall, a 50% success rate was obtained, but when broken down by utterance length, utterances up to eight words in length had a success rate much higher than chance. Thus, it is likely that statistical structure informs children's acquisition of GWCs.
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Morey, Mathieu. "Étiquetage grammatical symbolique et interface syntaxe-sémantique des formalismes grammaticaux lexicalisés polarisés." Phd thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00640561.
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Les travaux de cette thèse portent sur l'analyse syntaxique et sémantique de la phrase, en utilisant pour l'analyse syntaxique un formalisme grammatical lexicalisé polarisé et en prenant comme exemple les grammaires d'interaction. Dans les formalismes grammaticaux lexicalisés, les polarités permettent de contrôler explicitement la composition des structures syntaxiques. Nous exploitons d'abord le besoin de composition exprimé par certaines polarités pour définir une notion faible de réduction de grammaire applicable à toute grammaire lexicalisée polarisée. Nous étudions ensuite la première phase de l'analyse syntaxique des formalismes lexicalisés: l'étiquetage grammatical. Nous exploitons là encore le besoin de composition de certaines polarités pour concevoir trois méthodes symboliques de filtrage des étiquetages grammaticaux que nous implantons sur automate. Nous abordons enfin l'interface syntaxe-sémantique des formalismes lexicalisés. Nous montrons comment l'utilisation de la réécriture de graphes comme modèle de calcul permet concrètement d'utiliser des structures syntaxiques riches pour calculer des représentations sémantiques sous-spécifiées.
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Gourlet, François. ""Quand P" comme adverbial de localisation temporelle." Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040110.
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Nous nous demandons dans ce travail de quelle manière "quand" modifie l'interprétation qui serait faite d'une séquence de propositions P. Q ou Q. P lorsqu'il préfixe P. Après avoir souligné les problèmes que cette question soulevé dans plusieurs études fondatrices en sémantique temporelle, nous apportons des arguments pour défendre la théorie, admise par plusieurs auteurs, selon laquelle "quand P" est un adverbial de localisation temporelle. Nous montrons que les propriétés discursives de P, souvent traitée dans la littérature comme une proposition présupposée, s'expliquent par cette seule contrainte : "quand" impose de traiter cette proposition comme la description d'un repère temporel utilisé dans l'interprétation de Q. Nous montrons en outre que la théorie selon laquelle "quand P" désigne un repère temporel permet de rendre compte des contraintes qui pèsent sur les relations chronologiques pouvant s'établir entre les événements eP et eQ des deux propositions. En particulier, nous avançons que l'inférence d'une relation de succession immédiate entre eP et eQ reflète l'une des relations qui peuvent s'établir entre le référent d'un adverbial de localisation et l'événement qu'il localise : le référent de l'adverbial sert de borne initiale à l'intervalle d'occurrence de l'événement. Enfin, nous étudions la manière dont la description d'éventualité et le marqueur temporel accueillis par P contribuent à la sémantique de l'adverbial "quand P". Nous précisons les propriétés quantificationnelles et temporelles conférées au référent de "quand P" par les différents temps du français et expliquons par ces propriétés les contraintes de cooccurrence qui pèsent sur l'emploi des temps dans P et QIn this work, we adress the following question: how does "quand" change the interpretation that may be made of a sequence of clauses P. Q or Q. P when it prefixes P? After highlighting the problems that this matter raises in several pioneering studies in temporal semantics, we provide arguments to defend the theory E accepted by several authors E that quand P is a temporal locating adverbial. We show that the discourse properties of P, which is often treated in the literature as a presupposed proposition, is explained by the following single constraint: "quand" demands to treat this clause as the description of a time mark to be used in the interpretation of Q. We further show that the theory that "quand P" designates a time mark accounts for the constraints on the temporal relations that can be established between eP and eQ, the events of both clauses. In particular, we argue that the inference that eQ immediately follows eP reflects one of the relations that can be established between the referent of a temporal locating adverbial and the event it locates: the referent of the adverbial provides an initial bound to the interval of occurrence of the event. Finally, we study how the event description and the tense of P contribute to the semantics of the adverbial "quand P". We specify the quantificational and temporal properties imparted to the referent of quand P by the different tenses of French and explain these properties by co-occurrence constraints that impact the use of tenses in P and Q
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Cazala, Aurore. "Codage neuronal de l'ordre des signaux acoustiques dans les chants des oiseaux Neuronal Encoding in a High-Level Auditory Area: From Sequential Order of Elements to Grammatical Structure." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS481.
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Le chant des oiseaux, comme le langage oral chez les humains, nécessite une reconnaissance fine des signaux acoustiques émis. Mais un chant d’oiseau n’est pas qu’une simple succession d’éléments sonores, appelés syllabes. L’agencement des syllabes suit des règles, et, d’un point de vue comportemental, les oiseaux peuvent discriminer les chants en fonction de cet agencement. Comme ils possèdent, de plus, un ensemble de régions cérébrales spécialisées dans la perception, la production et l’apprentissage du chant, ils sont un très bon modèle d’étude des mécanismes neuronaux impliqués dans le traitement de l’ordre temporel des signaux acoustiques. Au cours de cette thèse, cette question a été le cœur de deux études basées sur des enregistrements électrophysiologiques (extracellulaires) de l’activité des neurones lors de la diffusion de chants.La première étude a porté sur le traitement de l’ordre au niveau d’une aire analogue du cortex auditif secondaire des mammifères, le nidopallium caudo-médian (NCM), chez une espèce, le diamant mandarin (Taeniopygia guttata), capable de discriminer des chants suivant l’agencement des syllabes. Les neurones du NCM ont la particularité d’avoir des réponses qui diminuent lors des répétitions d’un stimulus et qui augmentent si un nouveau chant est présenté. En se basant sur cette propriété d’adaptation, nous avons montré qu’il n’est pas nécessaire de changer de chant, un changement de l’ordre des syllabes suffit à réinstaller des réponses. Changer l’ordre modifie le contexte acoustique dans lequel se trouve une syllabe (ce qui précède est différent), les neurones du NCM seraient donc sensibles à ce contexte. Pour aller plus loin, nous avons utilisé comme stimuli de courtes séquences composées de 2 syllabes différentes, A et B, organisées selon les structures grammaticales ABAB ou AABB. Les résultats montrent que les neurones détectent cette différence de structure, apportant un argument supplémentaire à l’hypothèse d’un traitement de la façon dont les syllabes se succèdent dans un chant.La deuxième étude a porté sur le traitement de l’ordre des syllabes dans une aire sensori-motrice, le HVC, chez le canari (Serinus canaria). Les neurones du HVC ont déjà été identifiés comme sensibles à l’ordre des syllabes dans le propre chant de l’oiseau (bird’s own song ou BOS). Le canari produit des chants complexes composés de phrases successives, elles-mêmes contenant des répétitions d’une même syllabe. L’agencement des phrases dans les chants est régi par des probabilités de transition et conduit à former des séquences stéréotypées et récurrentes dans les chants, les chunks. De plus, la position des phrases varie d’une phrase à l’autre. L’activité des neurones du HVC a été enregistrée lors de la diffusion d’un des BOS de l’oiseau composé de 3 chunks et de variantes : le BOS dans lequel seul l’ordre des phrases dans un chunk ou seul l’ordre des chunks est modifié. Les résultats montrent un impact plus fort des modifications de l’ordre des chunks que de l’ordre des phrases dans les chunks, sur les réponses neuronales. Contrairement à une étude chez une autre espèce d’oiseau, nos résultats n’apportent pas d’arguments en faveur de l’idée que la sensibilité à l’ordre repose sur un traitement des probabilités de transition entre les phrases. Ils suggèrent que la sensibilité des neurones s’étend sur plusieurs phrases, au-delà de la structure des chunks eux-mêmes et dépend de l’ordre des chunks dans le chant.Ces études montrent que les réponses des neurones à une syllabe ou à une phrase donnée dépendent de ce qui la précède, que ce soit au niveau d’une aire sensorimotrice ou d’une aire auditive de haut niveau. Au niveau du HVC, cette sensibilité au contexte peut s’étendre sur plusieurs phrases, et donc plusieurs secondes, permettant d’envisager comment l’ordre des mots du langage humain pourrait être traité au niveau neuronalSongs of songbirds, such as speech in humans, requires fine recognition of emitted acoustic signals. But bird's song isn’t only a succession of sound elements, called syllables. The order of syllables follows rules, and, from a behavioral point of view, birds can discriminate songs according to this order. Moreover, since they have a set of specialized brain regions in the perception, production and learning of singing, they are a major model for studying neural mechanisms involved in the processing of temporal order of acoustic signals. During this thesis, the focus was on two studies based on electrophysiological recordings (extracellular) of neurons activity during the song diffusion.The first study focused on the treatment of order in an analog area of the mammalian secondary auditory cortex, the caudomedial nidopallium (NCM), in one species, the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata), able to discriminate songs according to syllables order. NCM neurons responses decrease during iterations of a stimulus and increase if a new song is presented. Based on this adaptation property, we have shown that it's not necessary to change the song, a change in the order of syllables is sufficient to re-establish responses. Changing the order changes the acoustic context of the syllable (what comes before is different), so the NCM neurons would be sensitive to this context. To go further, we used as stimuli a short sequence composed of 2 different syllables, A and B, organized according to ABAB or AABB grammatical structures. The results show that the neurons detect this difference in structure, providing an additional argument to the hypothesis of a treatment depending on how the syllables follow each other in a song.The second study focused on the treatment of the order of syllables in a sensorimotor area, the HVC (proper noum), in the canary (Serinus canaria). HVC neurons have already been identified as sensitive to syllable order in the bird's own song (BOS). The canary produces complex songs composed of successive phrases, themselves containing repetitions of the same syllable. The arrangement of the phrases in the songs depends on transition probabilities and leads to the formation of stereotyped and recurrent sequences, called chunks. In addition, the position of sentences varies from one sentence to another. The activity of the HVC neurons was recorded during the diffusion of one of the BOS composed of 3 chunks and variants: BOS in which only the order of the phrases in a chunk or only the order of the chunks, is changed. The results show a stronger impact on the neuronal responses, of changes in the order of the chunks than in the order of sentences in the chunks. At the contrary to a study of another species of bird, our results don’t provide any arguments in favor of the idea that order sensitivity is based on a treatment of transition probabilities between phrases. They suggest that the sensitivity of neurons extends over several phrases, beyond the structure of the chunks themselves and depends on chunks order in the song.These studies show that responses of neurons to a given syllable or phrase depend on what precedes it, whether at the level of a sensorimotor area or a high-level auditory area. At the HVC level, this sensitivity to context can extend over several phrases, and therefore several seconds, to consider how the order of words of human language could be treated at the neuronal level
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Kosterina, Anna P. "The influence of the grammatical structure of L1 on learners' L2 development and transfer patterns in ESL academic writing a comparative study (a case of Chinese and Czech speakers) /." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.
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Ryan, A. "Adult learner strategies in foreign language grammar learning : A task-based study of approaches to the learning of grammatical structure in a micro-language, with a discussion of their implications for language teaching and materials." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375802.
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Zhang, Andrew H. M. Eng Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Structured Grammatical Evolution applied to program synthesis." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122995.
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This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2019
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 27).
Grammatical Evolution (GE) is an evolutionary algorithm that is gaining popularity due to its ability to solve problems where it would be impossible to explore every solution within a realistic time. Structured Grammatical Evolution (SGE) was developed to overcome some of the shortcomings of GE, such as locality issues as well as wrapping around the genotype to complete the phenotype. In this paper, we apply SGE to program synthesis, where the computer must generate code to solve algorithmic problems. SGE was improved upon, because the current definition of SGE does not work. Given that the solution space is very large for possible codes, we aim to improve the efficiency of GE in converging to the correct solution. We present a method in which to remove cycles from a grammar for SGE, to be able to make sure that a genotype matches to a phenotype with reusing parts of the genotype, and analyze results to shed insight on future improvements.
by Andrew H. Zhang.
M. Eng.
M.Eng. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
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Frost, Rebecca. "Learning grammatical structures with and without sleep." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2014. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/72373/.
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Karmakar, Saurav. "Syntactic and Semantic Analysis and Visualization of Unstructured English Texts." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/cs_diss/61.
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People have complex thoughts, and they often express their thoughts with complex sentences using natural languages. This complexity may facilitate efficient communications among the audience with the same knowledge base. But on the other hand, for a different or new audience this composition becomes cumbersome to understand and analyze. Analysis of such compositions using syntactic or semantic measures is a challenging job and defines the base step for natural language processing.
In this dissertation I explore and propose a number of new techniques to analyze and visualize the syntactic and semantic patterns of unstructured English texts.
The syntactic analysis is done through a proposed visualization technique which categorizes and compares different English compositions based on their different reading complexity metrics. For the semantic analysis I use Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) to analyze the hidden patterns in complex compositions. I have used this technique to analyze comments from a social visualization web site for detecting the irrelevant ones (e.g., spam). The patterns of collaborations are also studied through statistical analysis.
Word sense disambiguation is used to figure out the correct sense of a word in a sentence or composition. Using textual similarity measure, based on the different word similarity measures and word sense disambiguation on collaborative text snippets from social collaborative environment, reveals a direction to untie the knots of complex hidden patterns of collaboration.
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Henadeerage, Kumara, and kumara henadeerage@anu edu au. "Topics in Sinhala Syntax." The Australian National University. Faculty of Arts, 2002. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20060426.142352.
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This study is a detailed investigation of a number of issues in colloquial
Sinhala morphosyntax. These issues primarily concern grammatical relations,
argument structure, phrase structure and focus constructions. The
theoretical framework of this study is Lexical Functional Grammar.¶Chapter
1 introduces the issues to be discussed, followed by a brief introduction
of some essential aspects of colloquial Sinhala as background for the
discussion in the following chapters. In Chapter 2 we present basic
concepts of the theoretical framework of Lexical Functional Grammar.¶ The
next three chapters mainly concern grammatical relations, argument
structure and clause structure in colloquial Sinhala. Chapter 3 examines
grammatical relations. The main focus lies in establishing the subject
grammatical relation in terms of various subjecthood diagnostics. We show
that only a very small number of diagnostics are reliable, and that the
evidence for subject is weaker than assumed previously. All the subjecthood
diagnostics that were examined select the most prominent argument in the
argument structure as the subject, i.e. 'logical subject'. However, there
appear to be no processes in the language that are sensitive to the subject
in the grammatical relations structure, i.e. 'gr-subject'. Further, there
is no evidence for other grammatical relations like objects. In Chapter 4
we discuss the agentless construction and related valency alternation
phenomena. It was previously assumed that the agentless construction,
valency alternation phenomena and the involitive construction are all
related. We argue that the agentless construction should be treated as a
different construction from the involitive construction. We also show that
the agentless construction and the involitive construction have contrasting
characteristics, and that treatment of them as separate constructions can
account for some phenomena which did not receive an explanation previously.
The valency alternation phenomena are related to the agentless
construction, therefore there is no valency alternation in involitive
constructions. It will be shown that verbs undergoing the valency
alternation can be distinguished from the other verbs in terms of the
lexical semantic properties of individual verbs. Chapter 5 examines the
structure of non-verbal sentences in terms of a number of morphosyntactic
phenomena. It was previously argued that verbal sentences and non-verbal
sentences in colloquial Sinhala differ in terms of clause structure.
However, the present study shows evidence to the contrary.¶ The next two
chapters deal with modelling contrastive focus and the phrase structure of
the language. Chapter 6 is a detailed analysis of the contrastive focus
(cleft) construction in various clause types in the language, and proposes
a unified syntactic treatment of contrastive focus. Contrastive focus is in
some constructions morphologically encoded, while in others it involves
both morphological and configurational assignment of focus. The complex
interaction between focus markers and verb morphology in various focus
constructions is accounted for by general well-formedness conditions
applying to the f-structure, and the principles of Functional Uncertainty
and Morphological Blocking. In Chapter 7, we discuss the phrase structure
of the language, in particular such issues as its non-configurational
nature and the lack of evidence for VP. We propose non-configurational S
and some functional projections to account for word order freedom under S
and to explain certain morphosyntactic phenomena, such as configurational
focus assignment. Finally, Chapter 8 summarises the conclusions made in
previous chapters.
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Nordborg, Martin. "Målspråksriktig svenska : - en studie kring betydelsen av fri och bunden ordföljd." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för språk, litteratur och interkultur, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-45819.
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Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka hur olika ordföljdsprinciper i ett förstaspråk påverkar inlärningen av ordföljden i andraspråket svenska. Två grupper jämfördes där den ena hade ett förstaspråk med en bunden ordföljd baserad på den grammatiska principen och den andra ett förstaspråk med en fri ordföljd baserad på tema-rema-principen. Respondenterna bestod av elever inom den kommunala vuxenutbildningen i en västsvensk kommun som gick och läste på Sfi och SAS Grund. Varje respondent fick i uppgift att fritt skriva en kort uppsats. Texterna analyserades därefter ingående för att kunna identifiera vilka sats- och textgrammatiska ordföljdsfel som hade gjorts. Resultatet visade att de båda grupperna gjorde ungefär samma typ av satsgrammatiska fel men att gruppen med ett förstaspråk med fri ordföljd gjorde något fler textgrammatiska fel. Medan flera andra studier lyfter fram övergeneralisering av tema-rema-principen som det största problemet ur textgrammatisk synvinkel för denna senare grupp, fann jag att det snarare var underanvändning av tema-rema-principen som var problematiskt.The purpose of this study was to examine how different word order principles in a first language influence the learning of word order in Swedish as second language. Two groups were compared in which one had a first language with a bound word order based on the grammatical principle and the other a first language with a free word order based on the topic-comment-principle. Respondents consisted of students in municipal adult education in a western Swedish municipality who studied at SFI and SAS Basic. Each respondent were asked to freely write a short essay. The texts were then analyzed in detail to identify which batch- and text grammatical word order inaccuracy that had been made. The results showed that both groups did about the same type of grammatical errors, but that the group with a first language with free word order did some more text grammatical errors. While several other studies highlight the generalization of the topic-comment-principle as the biggest problem for this latter group, I found that it was rather the lack of use of the topic-comment-principle that was problematic.
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Le, Nir Yannick. "Structure des analyses syntaxiques catégorielles : Application à l'inférence grammaticale." Rennes 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REN10145.
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En linguistique informatique, les structures des analyses syntaxiques catégorielles offrent une interface syntaxe sémantique directe et permettent l'apprentissage de grammaires à partir de phrases syntaxiquement correctes. Dans cette thèse, nous étudierons ces structures d'analyse pour les grammaires catégorielles de Lambek. Nous proposerons tout d'abord une transformation de ces structures vers des structures d'analyse dans les grammaires catégorielles classiques, en augmentant le nombre de types associés aux entrées lexicales. Nous en déduirons une sous-classe de grammaires de Lambek non associatives apprenable à partir d'exemples positifs. Nous montrerons enfin que la plupart des autres sous-classes de grammaires de Lambek ne sont pas apprenables à partir d'exemples positifs non structurés.
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Mok, Kwai-fong Cecilia, and 莫桂芳. "Comprehension and expression of grammatical structures in Cantonese-speaking preschoolers." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3195814X.
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Mok, Kwai-fong Cecilia. "Comprehension and expression of grammatical structures in Cantonese-speaking preschoolers." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B14751033.
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Conto, Janete Maria de. "O SISTEMA DE GÊNEROS DA SELEÇÃO DE CANDIDATOS A EMPREGO NO CONTEXTO EMPRESARIAL." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2008. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/9793.
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Studies in Genre Analysis have been developed with the aim of exploring the
typification of genres of the work environment and interpreting their funtions
according to the discursive communities in which they operate. Some examples are
studies carried out by Bazerman (2005) and Devitt (1991) on documents from
professional contexts. In that regard, Bazerman (2005) discusses notions such as
genre, genre sets, genre systems and activity systems. Language practices in
professional contexts have also been the object of investigations among Brazilian
research teams, for instance LAEL at PUC/SP and PUC/RJ, in efforts to understand
how the participants of a communicative event interact and how their lexicogrammatical
choices construe meaning. In that sense, the present study approaches
the system of genres adopted in the selective process for hiring a salesperson,
conducted by a cooperative company in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. This system
of genres comprises several texts: Want Ad, Presentation Letter, Curriculum Vitae
and Interview. The objective of this study is to investigate the system of genres for
job application from the perspective of language as social practice with a focus on
practices circumsbribed to the work sphere. This way, the struture of the texts within
this system of genres is analyzed using the framework of Systemic-Functional
Linguistics (Halliday, 1994; 2004 and Halliday & Hasan, 1989). The texts are
analyzed in their organizational patterns and clauses are classified considering the
type of processes, according to the System of Transitivity. Besides, the
communicative purposes as welll as the characterization of the participants in the
activities system are identified. Contrary to initial expectations, the interview was
pointed out in the results as the most relevant genre in evaluating the applicants.
Overall, the results offer an understanding of the interaction as characterized by
specific aims in a particular professional sphere and can be valid for language
educators, mainly those who work with Portuguese as mother tongue for instrumental
purposes with a focus on professional genres.Estudos em Análise de Gênero têm sido desenvolvidos a fim de explorar a tipificação de gêneros do contexto do trabalho e interpretar suas funções de acordo com as comunidades discursivas em que operam. Alguns exemplos são os estudos desenvolvidos por Bazerman (2005) e Devitt (1991) sobre documentos de contextos profissionais. Em vista disso, Bazerman (2005) discute noções sobre gênero, conjunto de gêneros, sistema de gêneros e sistema de atividades. A linguagem voltada a contextos profissionais também tem sido objeto de análise para grupos de pesquisa brasileiros, por exemplo, o do LAEL da PUC/SP e o da PUC/RJ, no sentido de compreender como os participantes de um evento comunicativo interagem e como suas escolhas léxico-gramaticais constroem significado. Assim, o tema do presente estudo diz respeito ao sistema de gêneros de um processo seletivo para contratação de vendedor autônomo, realizado em uma empresa cooperativa do interior do Rio Grande do Sul. Esse sistema de gêneros acomoda vários textos: Anúncio de Emprego, Carta de Apresentação, Curriculum Vitae e Entrevista Pessoal. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar o sistema de gêneros da seleção a emprego a partir da perspectiva de linguagem como prática social, com ênfase nas práticas relacionadas às esferas do trabalho. Desse modo, a estrutura dos exemplares desse sistema de gêneros é descrita a partir de propostas da Lingüística Sistêmico-Funcional (Halliday, 1994; 2004 e Halliday e Hasan, 1989). São identificados os padrões de organização dos textos e classificados os processos das orações, conforme o Sistema de Transitividade. E, são identificados os propósitos comunicativos e o perfil dos participantes desse sistema de atividades. Na avaliação dos candidatos, contrariando a expectativa inicial, os resultados destacam a relevância maior para a Entrevista Pessoal. Enfim, a discussão aponta à compreensão de como se dá a interação, caracterizada por propósitos específicos em uma situação profissional e pode ser válida para os profissionais da linguagem, principalmente, àqueles que trabalham com o ensino instrumental da língua materna, voltado aos gêneros do contexto empresarial.
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Song, Yinglei. "Grammatical Study of Ribonucleic Acids Pseudo-Knot Structures: A Simulated Annealing Approach." Ohio : Ohio University, 2003. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1071064106.
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Torrie, Heather Colleen. "A Web-based Tool for Oral Practice and Assessment of Grammatical Structures." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2007. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1972.pdf.
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Lee, Juney M. Arch Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Grammatical design with graphic statics : rule-based generation of diverse equilibrium structures." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/99605.
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Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2015.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 129-131).
During early stages of design, an architect tries to control space by "finding a form" among countless possible forms, while an engineer tries to control forces by "form-finding" an optimized solution of that particular form. Most commonly used parametric tools in architectural design provide the user with extensive geometric freedom in absence of performance, while engineering analysis software mandates pre-determined forms before it can perform any numerical analysis. This trial-and-error process is not only time intensive, but it also prohibits exploration beyond the design space filled with already known, conventional solutions. There is a need for new design methods that combine form generation with structural performance. This thesis addresses this need, by proposing a grammar-based structural design methodology using graphic statics. By combining shape grammars with graphic statics, the generative (architectural) and the analytical (engineering) procedures are seamlessly integrated into a simultaneous design process. Instead of manipulating forms with multiple variables as one would in the conventional parametric design paradigm, this approach defines rules of allowable geometric generations and transformations. Computationally automated random generator is used to iteratively apply various rules to generate unexpected, interesting and yet structural feasible designs. Because graphic statics is used to embed structural logic and behavior into the rules, the resulting structures are always guaranteed to be in equilibrium, and do not need any further numerical analysis. The effectiveness of this new methodology will be demonstrated through design tests of a variety of discrete, planar structures. Grammatical Design with Graphic Statics (GDGS) contributes new ways of controlling both form and forces during early stages of design, by enabling the designer to: 1) rapidly generate unique, yet functional structures that fall outside of the expected solution space, 2) explore various design spaces unbiasedly, and 3) customize the combination of grammar rules or design objectives for unique formulation of the problem. Design tests presented in this thesis will show the powerful new potential of combining computational graphic statics with shape grammars, and demonstrate the possibility for richer and broader design spaces with much more trial, and less error. Key words: grammatical design, graphic statics, shape grammars, structural grammars, conceptual structural design, structural optimization
by Juney Lee.
M. Eng.
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Faghiri, Pegah. "La variation de l'ordre des constituants dans le domaine préverbal en persan : approche empirique." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCA161.
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Cette thèse propose une étude quantitative de la variation de l'ordre des constituants en persan avec un intérêt particulier pour l'ordre relatif entre le COD et le COI étant donné son rôle crucial dans les analyses de la structure du SV. Afin de remédier à une lacune empirique dont souffre l’étude de la syntaxe du persan, notre premier objectif est d’évaluer, à partir de données empiriques robustes, l’hypothèse largement admise selon laquelle il existe un ordre relatif canonique dichotomique entre les compléments verbaux, dépendant du marquage différentiel de l'objet (MDO). Notre second objectif, relatif à la linguistique générale et à la typologie, est de contribuer aux débats controversés sur les préférences translinguistiques de l'ordre des mots en étudiant, dans une langue SOV à structure mixte, les effets des facteurs tels que le poids (ou la longueur relative). Les résultats de nos études de corpus et de nos expériences montrent l’inadéquation du critère MDO pour expliquer l’ordre relatif entre le COD et le COI. Cette conclusion nous conduit à réfuter également l’hypothèse de la position syntaxique double de l’objet au profit d’une structure plate pour le SV. De plus, nos données révèlent une préférence « long-avant-court » subordonnée aux facteurs contribuant à la saillance, tels que la définitude, l'animéité et le rôle grammatical. Nous arguons que cette préférence échappe, en partie ou totalement, aux modèles du traitement se fondant sur la distance entre la tête et ses dépendants, alors qu’elle est compatible avec l'hypothèse selon laquelle dans les langues SOV l'accessibilité conceptuelle des constituants longs favorise leur production plus en amont dans la phraseThis thesis proposes a quantitative study of word order variations in Persian, focusing on the relative order between the direct object (DO) and the indirect object (IO). The latter plays a crucial role in the theoretical analyses of the VP, which in the absence of quantitative studies lack solid empirical underpinning. My first goal is to contribute to the study of Persian syntax by providing reliable data in order to evaluate the prevailing hypothesis according to which there exists a dual canonical relative order between the two objects triggered by the Differential Object marking (DOM). My second goal is to contribute to the ongoing debates on word order preferences in general linguistics and typology by bringing in data on an SOV language with mixed head-direction. To this end, I study the effect of factors such as grammatical weight (or relative length), which are claimed to influence the linear order across languages. First, the results of our corpus and experimental studies show that the DOM account of the relative order between the DO and the IO is flawed. Based on this conclusion, I also reject the two object positions hypothesis and plead for a flat structure view of the VP. Second, our data reveal a “long-before-short” preference, which is shown to depend on the effect of salience-enhancing factors such as definiteness, animacy and the grammatical role. I argue that while this preference is, either totally or partially, incompatible with the predictions of processing-oriented dependency-based models, it can be accounted for by production models assuming that the greater conceptual accessibility of longer constituents favors their early position in SOV languages
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Yang, Gyusuk. "Grammatical Features of Structural Elaboration and Compression Common in Advanced ESL Academic Writing." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5286.
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The present study replicated the research framework of a previous study (Biber, Gray, & Poonpon, 2011) that identifies the grammatical complexity of L1 professional academic prose as strongly favoring a dense use of phrasal nominal modifiers such as prepositional phrases as postmodifiers, attributive adjectives, and nouns as premodifiers which characterize its unique structurally compressed discourse style. The main purpose of the present study was to explore syntactic similarities and differences between L1 professional and L2 student academic writing in terms of their reliance on phrasal/nominal compression features to determine characteristics of the grammatical complexity of advanced ESL academic writing. To this end, the distributional patterns of use for 25 specific grammatical complexity features of structural elaboration and compression were investigated in a corpus of 128 short academic essays collected from 16 advanced ESL learners and 16 L1 university students (as comparison data).The results showed a heavier reliance of both the advanced ESL and L1 student academic writing on phrasal nominal modifiers (attributive adjectives and prepositional phrases as postmodifiers) of structural compression than on clausal elaboration features, which lent empirical support to Biber, Gray, and Poonpon’s (2011) findings. In addition to the phrasal compression features, both the advanced ESL and L1 student academic writing were also characterized by a prominent use of specific colloquial grammatical devices such as adverbs as adverbials. Compared to the advanced ESL writing, the L1 student academic writing showed a significantly more preference for one particular colloquial feature: ZERO relative clauses where relative pronouns replacing relativized objects are omitted. This combined reliance on both phrasal compression devices and colloquial features in both the advanced ESL and L1 student academic writing distinguished their grammatical complexities from that of L1 professional academic prose and signaled a possibility for recognizing them as a transitional developmental stage from more casual to more academic writing.
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Thompson, Hanne-Ruth. "Towards a definitive grammar of Bengali : a study and critique of research on selected grammatical structures." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2004. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28771/.
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This thesis is a contribution to a deeper understanding of selected Bengali grammatical structures as far as their syntactic and semantic properties are concerned. It questions traditional interpretations and takes a practical approach in the detailed investigation of actual language use. My methodology is based on the belief that clarity and inquisitiveness should take precedence over alliance to particular grammar theories and that there is still much to discover about the way the Bengali language works. Chapter 1 This chapter on non-finite verb forms discusses the occurrences and functions of Bengali non-finite verb forms and concentrates particularly on the overlap of infinitives and verbal nouns, the distinguishing features between infinitives and present participles, the semantic properties of verbal adjectives and the syntactic restrictions of perfective participles. Chapter 2 In the attempt to define Bengali compound verbs I question the appropriateness of purely semantic criteria, which have prevailed in previous analyses. If syntactic criteria are taken into account we arrive at a more diverse and more accurate picture of the relationship between the two combined verb forms. Chapter 3 The majority of Bengali so-called postpositions are locative noun forms (spatial postpositions) or non-finite verb forms, which can function as postpositions. I have tried to develop some syntactic and semantic criteria in order to define the 'wordclass' of postpositions. Chapter 4 Bengali tenses are remarkably flexible in their uses. In order to gain a clearer picture of their parameters I have examined the co-occurrence of tenses and of tense restrictions in sentences with particular time adverbials. Chapter 5 Verbs of being and having are analysed according to their syntactic uses, restrictions, semantic features and overlap with one another, taking into account negative and non-present tense sentences. The chapter also establishes the importance of the zero verb as the main copula in Bengali. Chapter 6 This chapter looks at word order and selected sentence structures. The discussion focusses on the features and parameters of Bengali passive and impersonal structures. Findings from previous chapters have been taken into account. All chapters suggest areas of further research.
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Cheung, Mee-ping Penita. "Comprehension of grammatical structures in Cantonese-speaking preschoolers a Cantonese adaptation of the test for reception of grammar /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36208747.
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Thesis (B.Sc)--University of Hong Kong, 1993."A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, April 30, 1993." Also available in print.
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Yu, Je-Myoung. "A comparison of grammatical structures in utterances of native speakers of American English and those in EFL textbook dialogues." The Ohio State University, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1250017779.
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Tchoupé, Tchendji Maurice. "Une approche grammaticale pour la fusion des réplicats partiels d'un document structuré : application à l'édition coopérative asynchrone." Rennes 1, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01086564.
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Un document structuré complexe est représenté intentionnellement sous la forme d'une structure arborescente décorée par des attributs. Si on ne s'intéresse qu'aux aspects purement structurels, les documents licites peuvent être caractérisés par une grammaire algébrique abstraite. Dans cette thèse, après avoir montré comment l'édition collaborative de tels documents peut être étudiée au moyen d'un modèle inspiré des modèles workflow, nous posons et donnons une solution au problème de la fusion en un document global (cohérent) de diverses vues partielles d'un document éditées de façon asynchrone. A cette fin, nous représentons l'ensemble (potentiellement infini) de documents compatibles avec une vue partielle donnée par une structure de données co-inductive appelée arène. Cette structure encapsule un ensemble régulier d'arbres et peut être considérée comme l'image d'une vue partielle du document par le morphisme canonique (anamorphisme) associé à une co-algèbre (un automate d'arbres). Ainsi présenté, fusionner les diverses vues partielles revient à construire l'intersection des ensembles réguliers d'arbres correspondants à chacune des vues; cette intersection peut être obtenue en utilisant une opération de synchronisation définie sur les automates d'arbres. Nous présentons un outil sommaire permettant de faire la démonstration de l'algorithmique issue de ce travailA complex structured document is intentionnally represented as a tree decorated with attributes. If we focus our attention to purely structural aspects, the set of legal documents can be fully caracterized by an abstract context-free grammar. In this thesis we address the problem of the collaborative edition of structured documents in a distributed workflow system. We present and give a solution to the problem of how to merge a set of partial views of a document (edited asynchronously) into one global coherent document. For that purpose, we represent the potentially-infinite set of documents compatible with a given partial view as a coinductive data structure. This set is a regular set of trees that can be obtained as the image of the partial view of the document by the canonical morphism (anamorphism) associated with a coalgebra (some kind of tree automaton). Merging partial views then amounts to computing the intersection of the corresponding regular sets of trees which can be obtained using a synchronization operation on tree automata. We present a tool for demonstrating the various algorithms resulting from our study
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Royer-Artuso, Nicolas. "Le morphologicocentrisme et ses conséquences : Supplétisme Radical; Lexicalisme ++; Structure (dés)Informationnelle; Portemantalisme; Paradigmatisme." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68346.
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Le présent travail est fondationnel, c'est-à-dire qu'il consiste en une recherche de fondements sur lesquels bâtir de façon nécessaire nos analyses. Cette thèse explore les conséquences de ce que j'appelle le lexico-morphologicocentrisme. Ce terme désigne une position où la morphologie (et donc le lexique) est le centre de l'entreprise linguistique. Par contre, pour être en mesure d'arriver à une telle position, il faut renoncer à certaines idées que l'on a sur les unités de base de l'analyse. La première partie, sur l'interface phonologie-morphologie, montre la nécessité de prendre le mot complet, qu'il soit morphologiquement simple ou complexe, comme unité de base de l'analyse. Ceci a des conséquences sur nos théories phonologiques. La conclusion est que l'on peut adopter un modèle phonologique qu'on pourrait appeler 'Supplétisme Radical'. La deuxième partie, sur l'interface morphologie-syntaxe, montre que, parce que les constructions sont de toute manière présentes comme unités de base des analyses soi-disant transformationnelles-dérivationnelles, on peut adopter des modèles constructionnistes qui ont certaines implications différentes sur l'architecture du langage. Le morphologisme peut dans ce sens devenir le centre du débat syntactique. Pour ce faire, la structure informationnelle est appelée pour rendre compte des 'résidus'.La troisième partie, sur l'interface 'sémantique', montre qu'à partir des conclusions des deux premières parties, une autre perspective peut apparaitre, que j'appelle le 'Portemantalisme'. Cette perspective est ce qui me mène à développer les prolégomènes à un modèle polyphonique-harmonique du sémantique-pragmatique-discursif.The present work is foundational, that is to say it consists of a search for foundations on which to build our analyses in a necessary way. This thesis explores the consequences of what I call lexico-morphologicocentrism. This term designates a position where morphology (and therefore the lexicon) is the center of the linguistic enterprise. On the other hand, to be able to arrive at such a position, it is necessary to give up certain ideas we hold on the basic units of analysis. The first part, on the phonology-morphology interface, shows the need to take the complete word, whether morphologically simple or complex, as the basic unit of analysis. This has consequences for our phonological theories. The conclusion is that we can adopt a phonological model that we could call 'Radical Suppletionism'. The second part, on the morphology-syntax interface, shows that, because the constructions are anyway present as the basic units of the so-called transformational-derivational analyses, one can therefore adopt constructionist models, which have certain different implications for what we propose for the architecture of language. In this sense, morphologism can become the center of the syntactic debate. To do this, the information structure is called to account for the 'residues'. The third part, on the 'semantic' interface, shows that from the conclusions of the first two parts, another perspective can appear, which I call 'Portemantalism'. This perspective is what leads me to develop the prolegomena to a polyphonic-harmonic model of semantics-pragmatics-discursive.
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Parent, François. "La définition du terme «mot» en grammaire française contemporaine : une approche par la sémantique lexico-grammaticale." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26373.
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Cette thèse approfondit la notion de mot qui a cours en grammaire française contemporaine. Plus précisément, elle fait ressortir les problèmes qui découlent du fait d’employer un concept relevant de la pensée commune (le mot) pour élaborer une explication scientifique du langage. Elle examine la manière dont les linguistes exploitent cette notion dans la tradition grammaticale et dans trois courants théoriques marquant la linguistique moderne (structuralisme, fonctionnalisme, générativisme); elle évalue également les stratégies employées par ces approches pour régler les problèmes posés par la définition et l’emploi du concept de mot dans la description linguistique. Comme voie de résolution de ces problèmes, elle propose la notion de morpholexème, qui correspond à l’unité significative associant en permanence un signifié lexical à un signifié grammatical, de manière à former une unité qui se ramènent dans l’ensemble aux unités considérées comme faisant partie des classes de mots variables, qui correspondent à environ 97 % du lexique du français.This thesis examines the concept of word used in contemporary French grammar. Specifically, it highlights issues which stem from using a concept belonging to ordinary language (the word) to develop a scientific explanation of human language. It investigates how linguists exploit this notion in the grammatical tradition and in three theoretical currents which have made their mark in modern linguistics (structuralism, functionalism, generativism). It also assesses the strategies used by these approaches to solve the problems related to the definition and usage of the concept of word in the linguistic description. To address these issues, it proposes the concept of morpholexeme, which corresponds to a linguistic unit permanently combining a lexical meaning and a grammatical meaning, as a basis for identifying a homogenous category corresponding to morphologically variable words, a category covering close approximately 97 % of the French lexicon.
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Clauzard, Philippe. "LA MEDIATION GRAMMATICALE EN ECOLE ELEMENTAIRE, Eléments de compréhension de l'activité enseignante." Phd thesis, Conservatoire national des arts et metiers - CNAM, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00389999.
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Cette recherche a pour objectif de comprendre la situation d'apprentissage grammatical en école élémentaire, en l'étudiant sous l'angle de l'activité des enseignants, au travers, tout particulièrement des épisodes repérés comme significatifs d'un glissement vers le conceptuel. Elle cherche à identifier les caractéristiques spécifiques de ces situations de mutation, les types de schèmes de glissements conceptuels comme les modèles opératifs et les stratégies singulières développés par les acteurs en fonction de la structure conceptuelle de la situation d'enseignement/apprentissage de la grammaire en école élémentaire. Nous avons repéré deux concepts organisateurs de cette structure conceptuelle : les glissements conceptuels (instanciation d'une secondarisation dans l'apprentissage grammatical) et l'ajustement d'un type de grammaire à un niveau de classe.
La recherche a été conduite en collaboration avec dix-huit professeurs des écoles. Les données ont été recueillies à partir d'enregistrements vidéo des séances de classe et d'autoconfrontations des enseignants.
Les résultats mettent en évidence le rôle central que jouent les épisodes de glissement conceptuel, dans une conceptualisation progressive au sein d'un cadre notionnel très abstrait et complexe pour les écoliers. Ils montrent que l'activité des enseignants en classe de grammaire se caractérise de la manière suivante :
(a) l'apprentissage de la grammaire forme un champ conceptuel cohérent et hiérarchisé avec des continuités et ruptures au regard des différents concepts connectés les uns aux autres formant in fine le concept de phrase grammaticale (très complexe et abstrait pour les écoliers), avec des types de grammaire intuitive, implicite ou explicite qui convoquent un ajustement de la part des maîtres de grammaire,
(b) cet apprentissage exige un temps de conceptualisation long qui va de 7 ans à 10 ans en école élémentaire et se poursuit pendant les années de collège, ce temps se subdivise en « paliers » de conceptualisation qui vont du « concept provisoire » au « concept institué » en liaison avec des types de glissement conceptuel correspondants,
(c) les épisodes de glissement conceptuel sont les indicateurs dans les interactions de classe d'une secondarisation, d'un changement de registre de conceptualisation marquant le passage de l'épi - langage au méta – langage ; ils soulignent un moment d'apprentissage, un possible de conceptualisation,
(d) le modèle opératif de l'enseignant (avec l'ensemble de ses conceptions et expériences personnelles) influe sa didactique grammaticale dans le choix d'un support phrastique (phrase problème évoluant vers une phrase modèle d'objet linguistique), d'un procédé didactique, des tâches scolaires ; il est à l'origine de stratégies individuelles caractérisables.
(e) Par delà les différences, il apparaît un genre commun d'apprentissage grammatical et trois dimensions essentielles : la norme, le jeu et l'analyse. Sans les deux premières, il n'existe pas de formation à l'analyse. L'accès à l'analyse est probablement, plus facile sur la langue, parce que, la langue est ce qui se prête le plus facilement au jeu : on joue avec les mots. Et la dimension « jeu » permet l'accès à la dimension « analyse ». La grammaire, un jeu dans les petites classes, avant de devenir dans les grandes classes un enjeu épistémique...
Une traduction en démarche de formation professionnelle des résultats de la recherche conduirait à former des enseignants qui apprennent à contrôler les épisodes de glissement, à la fois chez eux et dans l'effet produit sur les élèves. Grâce à des debriefing, il conviendrait de permettre aux jeunes enseignants d'analyser la manière dont ils ont procédé à des glissements (comme le soulignent Goigoux et Bautier, les enseignants sont très peu conscients de leurs pratiques de secondarisation). On pourrait leur permettre notamment d'identifier les épisodes de glissement qu'ils ont produits, de les caractériser, d'évaluer leur pertinence dans les effets produits chez les apprenants. Il serait aussi souhaitable de leur faire travailler les trois dimensions de l'objet « grammaire », que nous avons précédemment décrites : norme, jeu, analyse et peut-être leur faire prendre conscience de leurs convictions et motivations, leurs conceptions sur la grammaire à interroger. Ce serait conduire les enseignants à reconnaître le geste professionnel d'étayage qu'est le glissement conceptuel, qui prend en compte les objets d'enseignement dans toute leur épaisseur.
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Samain, Didier. "Critiques de la raison grammaticale : essai sur le postulat de la systématicité dans les linguistiques européennes de la première moitié du XXème siècle." Paris 7, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA070122.
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Le travail analyse les caractéristiques épistémologiques de l'époque qui va des néo-grammairiens au structuralisme, et les similitudes entre la réflexion grammaticale et d'autres domaines (philosophie, psychologie gestaltiste,. . . ). Il souligne le caractère en partie sociologique de certaines oppositions (grammaire comparée/structuralisme, phonétique allemande/sémantique française, etc. ) Il montre enfin que plusieurs modèles descriptifs peuvent en revanche coexister chez le même auteur, et que ces modèles manifestent une stabilité par-delà la succession chronologique. Les premiers chapitres exposent les conséquences de la dichotomie néo-grammairienne (lautgesetz/analogiebildung), qui a permis d'articuler l'observation empirique sur une postulation déterministe, et a influencé de manière durable la réflexion linguistique, y compris en France. Une conséquence importante a été le dégagement d'un plan systématique autonome (cf. Le concept de langue) indépendant de l'engendrement causal objectif. Les chapitres 4 et 5 sont consacrés aux difficultés empiriques liées à la délimitation des idiomes et à l'irrégularité morphosyntaxique (au point qu'on recourt à la notion de servitude grammaticale), tandis que la dimension dialogique introduite par de nombreux auteurs aboutit à briser le principe structuraliste d'immanence. Le caractère non dénombrable de la syntaxe (ch 6 et 7) a toutefois constitué l'obstacle technique majeur. On peut dégager trois grands modèles syntaxiques: dépendanciel, prédicatif, à quoi s'ajoutent quelques tentatives de faire de la phrase une structure globale. La plupart des auteurs construisent cependant des types mixtes en juxtaposant des méthodologies hétérogènes. Le dernier chapitre dégage les particularités logiques des métalangages utilisés et s'efforce d'en faire apparaître les limites, qui apparaissent largement liées aux postulats théoriques initiauxThe work analyses the epistemological characteristics of a period from junggrammatiker to structuralism, showing similarities between grammatical thought and other fields such as philosophy and gestaltpsychology. It emphazises the fact that some oppositions (eg. Comparative grammar vs. Structuralism, german phonetics vs. French semantics) have in part a mere sociological character, that different models may coexist by the same author, and that theses models show permanence through historic change. The first chapters expound some consequences of lautgesetz/analogiebildung neogrammarian dichotomy, which provided a theoretical link between empirical observation and a determinist postulation, and had a lasting influence on linguistic reflexion, including in france. It especially promoted the idea of an autonom systematic level (such as saussure's langue) 4. And 5. Chapters cope with the empirical difficulties resulting from tongues delimitation and morpho-syntactic irregularity (the servitude grammaticale was then sometimes used as an expedient. ) During the same period, some authors introduced a dialogical dimension in linguistic description, breaking so the structuralist princip of immanence. The biggest technical problems came however from syntax, for its lack of enumerative character (ch. 6 & 7). Three major syntactic models can be brought out: dependancial, predicative, and some attempts to conceive sentence as a global structure. Most authors however make use of mixt models, with heterogene methodologies. The last chapter try to shows the epistomological properties of metalanguages which are made used of, the practical limits of which appear to be consequences of the initial theoretical postulates
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Leire, Heim Maria. "Die bauphysikalisch bessere Lösung : Zur Übersetzung von Nominalphrasen mit erweiterten Attributen ins Schwedische in einem Fachtext über Strohballenbau." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-68466.
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One of the main characteristics of German technical language is the nominal style, which includes complex pre-nominal and post-nominal extended modifiers. A commonly held view is that these are less common in Swedish due to language-specific restrictions and preferences. As such, they may pose a challenge to Swedish translators. This essay examines this particular problem and focuses on the translation of four different complex extended modifiers: adjectival, participial, genitival and prepositional.The aim of this study was to determine which syntactic structures are used when these modifiers are translated into Swedish and to identify shifts using the concept “grammatical metaphor”, thereby focusing on the degree of grammatical metaphoricity. For the purposes of this study, a chapter of the technical book Neues Bauen mit Stroh in Europa by Gruber, Gruber and Sentler was translated into Swedish and then analysed with the above-mentioned aims in mind.The study showed that out of the 117 noun phrases with extended complex modifiers in the source text 21 were transposed into a less explicit, direct structure and more metaphorical language. The metaphorization was in some cases a result of simplification/omission of less dense semantic material and/or the translation into compounds. In 46 cases, the extended modifiers showed the same degree of grammatical metaphoricity as the source language expression and thus were re-metaphorized. In the remaining cases, a verbal or more explicit structure was chosen in the translation. This especially proved to be the case with pre-nominal extended adjectival and participial modifiers.
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François, Alexandre. "Contraintes de structures et liberté dans l'organisation du discours : une description du mwotlap, langue océanienne du Vanuatu." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Sorbonne - Paris IV, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00136463.
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Langue de tradition orale parlée par 1800 personnes au nord du Vanuatu (Mélanésie, Pacifique), le mwotlap [motlav] appartient à la branche océanienne de la famille austronésienne. Au fil d'une description grammaticale aussi complète que possible, le mwotlap nous permet d'aborder diverses problématiques dans l'esprit de la linguistique générale et typologique : phonologie, morphologie ; catégories syntaxiques, opposition verbo-nominale ; construction de la référence, déixis, possession et quantification ; valence, diathèse et séries verbales ; opérations aspecto-modales ; pragmatique du discours et argumentation. Chaque fait de langue est à la fois décrit en synchronie, et replacé dans son contexte historique. Se dessinent ainsi de multiples parcours de grammaticalisation, des processus de réanalyses formelles ou sémantiques ; et parfois, sous la pression des diverses contraintes cognitives ou structurelles, la puissance de l'innovation conduit à de spectaculaires bouleversements.
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Chan, Yuet Ying Elaine. "The effects of deductive and inductive approaches on the acquisition of grammatical structures in second language : the case of the passive voice among secondary two students in Hong Kong." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2004. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/560.
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Gallé, Matthias. "Searching for Compact Hierarchical Structures in DNA by means of the Smallest Grammar Problem." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00595494.
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Motivé par la découverte automatique de la structure hiérarchique de séquences d'ADN, nous nous intéressons au probléme classique de la recherche de la plus petite grammaire algébrique générant exactement une séquence donnée. Ce probléme NP-dur a été largement étudié pour des applications comme la compression de données, la découverte de structure et la théorie algorithmique de l'information. Nous proposons de décomposer ce probléme en deux problémes d'optimisation complémentaires. Le premier consiste á choisir les chaînes de la séquence qui seront les constituants de la grammaire finale alors que le second, que nous appelons ''analyse grammaticale minimale'', consiste á trouver une grammaire de taille minimale permettant l'analyse syntaxique de ces constituants. Nous donnons une solution polynomiale au probléme d' ''analyse grammaticale minimale'' et montrons que cette décomposition permet de définir un espace de recherche complet pour le probléme de la plus petite grammaire algébrique. Nous nous intéressons aux algorithmes praticables permettant de retourner une approximation du probléme en un temps suffisamment raisonnable pour être appliqués á de grandes séquences telles que les séquences génomiques. Nous analysons l'impact de l'utilisation de classes différentes de maximalité de répétitions pour le choix des constituants et le compromis entre l'efficacité et la taille de la grammaire finale. Nous présentons des avancées algorithmiques pour une meilleure efficacité des algorithmes hors-ligne existants, dont notamment la mise á jour incrémentale de tableaux de suffixes en cours de recodage. Enfin, la nouvelle décomposition du probléme nous permet de proposer de nouveaux algorithmes génériques permettant de trouver des grammaires 10\% plus petites que l'état de l'art. Enfin, nous nous intéressons á l'impact de ces idées sur les applications. En ce qui concerne la découverte de structures, nous étudions le nombre de grammaires minimales et montrons que ce nombre peut être exponentiel dans le pire cas. Nos expérimentations sur des jeux de séquences permettent cependant de montrer une certaine stabilité de structure au sein des grammaires minimales obtenues á partir d'un ensemble de constituants. En ce qui concerne la compression des données, nous contribuons dans chacune des trois étapes de la compression á base de grammaires. Nous définissons alors un nouvel algorithme qui optimise la taille de la chaine de bits finale au lieu de la taille de la grammaire. En l'appliquant sur les séquences d'ADN, nos expérimentations montrent que cet algorithme surpasse tout autre compresseur spécifique d'ADN á base de grammaire. Nous améliorons ce résultat en utilisant des répétitions inexactes et arrivons á améliorer les taux de compression de 25\% par rapport aux meilleurs compresseurs d'ADN á base de grammaire. Outre l'obtention de taux de compression plus performants, cette approche permet également envisager des généralisations intéressantes de ces grammaires.
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Abdullah, Mohd Nor Azan Bin. "Étude comparative des structures et des systèmes verbaux du français et du malais." Thesis, Besançon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BESA1018/document.
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En parcourant l’histoire des deux langues malaise et sanscrite, nous avons non seulement mis encore plusen lumière que le malais puise dans la langue sanscrite mais également remarqué que les mots sanscritsempruntés ont subi des modifications au niveau phonologique. Par ailleurs, le préfixe sanscrit est toujoursutilisé pour créer de nouveaux mots. Nous avons proposé que le malais soit alors rattaché à la branche« Indo-malaisienne ». Nous mettons en évidence dans ce travail des structures phrastiques canoniquesd’une part du malais et d’autre part nous comparons les systèmes verbaux du français et du malais. Le malais présente un degré d’agglutination élevé alors que pour le français le phénomène est très rare. Nous voyons par exemple aussi qu’en français le complément indirect est introduit par une préposition alors que le malais omet la préposition, que le verbe « ada » en malais exprime certains sens des verbes « être et avoir », que les structures de transitivité du verbe et les structures aspectuelles ne sont pas identiques dans les deux langues, etc. Nous avons mis en place un formalisme qui permet de comparer les deux systèmes en nous inspirant des microsystèmes établis par S. Cardey et pour créer d’autres microsystèmes verbaux. Nous voyons ainsi mieux les convergences et divergences au niveau des structures et des systèmes verbaux du français et du malaisHaving closely examined the history of Malay and Sanskrit, we have not only shed new light on Malay’sdrawing on Sanskrit but we have also observed that words borrowed from Sanskrit have beenphonologically modified. Furthermore Malay still uses Sanskrit prefixes to generate new words. Wepropose that Malay be attached to the ‘Indo-Malaysian’ language branch. We have analyzed canonicalsentence structures and have also compared the verbal system of French and Malay. Malay is a highlyagglutinative language whilst for French verbs this phenomenon is very rare. We have observed forexample that the indirect object is introduced by a preposition in French whilst prepositions are absent inMalay; that the Malay verb “ada” can represent certain meanings of ‘be and have’ in French (être andavoir); that transitive and aspectual structures are not the same in the two languages, etc. We havedeveloped a formal representation which enables comparing the French and Malay languages systems, thisbeing inspired by S. Cardey’s micro-systemic approach which has also enabled creating other verbal microsystems.In doing so, we have clarified the similarities and differences concerning French and Malaystructures and verbal systems
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Boiret, Adrien. "Normalization and learning of transducers on trees and words." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10089/document.
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Le développement du Web a motivé l’apparition de nombreux types de formats de données semi-structurées pour les problèmes liés aux technologies du Web, comme le traitement des documents ou la gestion de base de données.Nous étudions ici la conversion des données semi-structurées d’un schéma à un autre. Pour le traitement de documents, c’est la technologie XML qui offre la solution la plus puissante à ce problème. En XML, les données semi-structurée sont des arbres de données dont les schémas peuvent être définis par des automates d’arbres avec contraintes sur les valeurs de données. Les transformations de documents sont spécifiées en XSLT, un langage fonctionnel muni de requêtes logiques XPath. Le cœur de XSLT correspond aux transducteurs d’arbres à macros avec navigation par requêtes XPath.Nous proposons de nouveaux algorithmes pour l’apprentissage des transducteurs d’arbres, basés sur des méthodes d’inférence grammaticale. Nous abordons la restriction de schéma, l’anticipation (lookahead), ou la concaténation dans la sortie.1. Nous donnons une forme normale et un algorithme d’apprentissage dans le modèle de Gold avec des ressources limitées pour les transducteurs d’arbres de haut en bas déterministes avec une inspection de domaine régulière.2. Nous montrons comment apprendre des fonctions rationnelles, décrites par les transducteurs de mots déterministes avec anticipation. Nous proposons une nouvelle forme normale qui permet un apprentissage avec des ressources polynomiales.3. Pour les transducteurs arbre-vers-mot linéaires, qui permet la concaténation dans sa sortie, nous présentons une forme normale, et montrons comment décider l’équivalence en temps polynomialSince the arrival of the Web, various kinds of semi-structured data formats were introduced in the areas of computer science and technology relevant for the Web, such as document processing, database management, knowledge representation, and information exchange. In this thesis, we study the conversion of semi-structured data from one schema to another.For document processing, the most powerful solutions to this problem were proposed by the XML technology. In the XML format, semi-structured data is restricted to data trees, so that schemas can be defined by tree automata, possibly enhanced by constraints on data values. Document transformations can be defined in XSLT, a purely functional programming language with logical XPath queries. The core of XSLT are macros tree transducers with navigation by XPath queries.We contribute new learning algorithms on tree transducers, that are based on methods from grammatical inference. We address three limitiations of previous approaches: schema restrictions, lookaheads, and concatenation in the output.1. For deterministic top-down tree transducers with regular domain inspection, we show a normal form and a Gold style learning algorithm in with limited resources.2. We show how to learn rational functions, described by deterministic transducers of words with lookahead. We propose a new normal form for such transducers which provides a compromise between lookahead and state minimization, that leads to a learning algorithm in Gold’s learning model with polynomial resources.3. For linear tree-to-word transducers with concatenation in the output, we present a normal form and show how to decide equivalence in polynomial time
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陳麗萍. "合成詞的內部構造和詞的語法屬性的相關性 = The correlation between the structures of compounds and the grammatical feature of the compounds in Chinese." Thesis, University of Macau, 2004. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1636611.
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Garnier, Marie. "Utilisation de méthodes linguistiques pour la détection et la correction automatisées d'erreurs produites par des francophones écrivant en anglais." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOU20040/document.
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Le point de départ de cette recherche est le constat des difficultés persistantes rencontrées par les francophones de niveau intermédiaire à avancé lors de la production de textes en anglais, dans des contextes personnels ou professionnels. Les premiers outils utilisés pour remédier à ces erreurs, les correcteurs grammaticaux automatiques, ne prennent pas en compte de nombreuses erreurs produites par les francophones utilisant l'anglais, notamment car ces correcteurs sont rarement adaptés à un public ayant l'anglais comme L2. Nous proposons d'identifier précisément les difficultés rencontrées par ce public cible à partir du relevé des erreurs dans un corpus adapté, et d'élaborer une modélisation linguistique des erreurs et des corrections à apporter. Cette modélisation est fondée sur une analyse linguistique approfondie des phénomènes concernés, à partir d'indications grammaticales, d'études de corpus, et de l'analyse des segments erronés. La validité de l'utilisation de méthodes linguistiques est établie par l'implémentation informatique des règles de détection et de correction, suivie de l'évaluation des résultats de l'application de ces règles sur des corpus d'anglais L1 et L2The starting point of this research is the observation that French speakers writing in English in personal or professional contexts still encounter grammatical difficulties, even at intermediate to advanced levels. The first tools they can reach for to correct those errors, automatic grammar checkers, do not offer corrections for a large number of the errors produced by French-speaking users of English, especially because those tools are rarely designed for L2 users. We propose to identify the difficulties encountered by these speakers through the detection of errors in a representative corpus, and to create a linguistic model of errors and corrections. The model is the result of the thorough linguistic analysis of the phenomena at stake, based on grammatical information available in reference grammars, corpus studies, and the analysis of erroneous segments. The validity of the use of linguistic methods is established through the implementation of detection and correction rules in a functional platform, followed by the evaluation of the results of the application of those rules on L1 and L2 English corpora
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Bonthoux-Philippe, Brigitte. "Is THAT all right ? : le rôle de la conjonction de subordination THAT dans les énoncés de structure de discours indirect classique en anglais américain contemporain." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0416.
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Cette thèse cherche à identifier le rôle de la conjonction de subordination THAT dans la structure dite de DIC. A l’aide du corpus électronique Corpus of Contemporary American English, cette investigation se propose de poursuivre les pistes d’analyses ouvertes par les travaux qui la précèdent montrant la manière dont certains énoncés requièrent THAT (premier chapitre). Elle s’organise ensuite autour de deux axes : les verbes non neutres et say. Nous verrons que si l’absence de THAT ne signifie pas forcément un franchissement des frontières, elle permet néanmoins de mettre au jour différentes intentions du rapporteur, telles que remettre en question, voire présupposer la non-véracité du contenu de la complétive. En revanche, sans THAT, il est aussi possible que la complétive ne renvoie pas à un acte d’énonciation spécifique, que l’accent soit mis sur l’apport informationnel, et/ou que le rapporteur ne s’intéresse pas au sujet grammatical de la proposition principale. Dans les cas des verbes non neutres, il est aussi possible que THAT décrive une action, éloignant encore l’énoncé du discours rapporté. Certains éléments peuvent expliquer ceci : le manque de référent du sujet, le temps du verbe de report, l’inexistence de décalage situationnel, le co-texte. Dans ce cas, plutôt que de pointer vers le locuteur-origine, la proposition chronologiquement première sert davantage à sur-asserter, à présenter les informations, ou fonctionne comme agent modalisateur de type épistémique ou contre-factif. Ceci remet en question les concepts d’enchâssement et de phrase complexe appliqués aux énoncés dont la forme relève du DICThis thesis tackles the question of the role played by THAT in the so-called Indirect Speech utterances. After exploring the information previously available in the first chapter, which shows that some contexts make the presence of the conjunction compulsory, the second and third chapters, organized around the non-neutral reporting verbs on one side and the commonest reporting verb say on the other, focus on its usage in American English through the use of the web-based Corpus of Contemporary American English. This leads to the exploration of the intentionality of the speaker using the pattern mentioned above. More specifically, this study tests the idea that the intentionality might impact the presence of THAT, and inversely, that its absence or presence can help recognize the intentionality of the speaker and thus can hint at differentiated occurrences having the same structure but not the same meaning. In turn, this implies that some items answer the definition of indirect speech when others fall outside its scope. In the former cases, its absence brings nuances (questioning the contents of the subordinate or showing it as false). In the latter cases, the substance of the seeming subordinate seems more important than the introducing clause which is therefore used to assert strongly, to introduce facts, or to present information without committing
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Laurence, Grégoire. "Normalisation et Apprentissage de Transductions d'Arbres en Mots." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01053084.
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Le stockage et la gestion de données sont des questions centrales en infor- matique. La structuration sous forme d'arbres est devenue la norme (XML, JSON). Pour en assurer la pérennité et l'échange efficace des données, il est nécessaire d'identifier de nouveaux mécanismes de transformations automati- sables. Nous nous concentrons sur l'étude de transformations d'arbres en mots représentées par des machines à états finies. Nous définissons les transducteurs séquentiels d'arbres en mots ne pouvant utiliser qu'une et unique fois chaque nœud de l'arbre d'entrée pour décider de la production. En réduisant le problème d'équivalence des transducteurs séquentiels à celui des morphismes appliqués à des grammaires algébriques (Plandowski, 95), nous prouvons qu'il est décidable en temps polynomial. Cette thèse introduit la notion de transducteur travailleur, forme norma- lisée de transducteurs séquentiels, cherchant à produire la sortie le "plus tôt possible" dans la transduction. A l'aide d'un algorithme de normalisation et de minimisation, nous prouvons qu'il existe un représentant canonique, unique transducteur travailleur minimal, pour chaque transduction de notre classe. La décision de l'existence d'un transducteur séquentiel représentant un échantillon, i.e. paires d'entrées et sorties d'une transformation, est prouvée NP-difficile. Nous proposons un algorithme d'apprentissage produisant à par- tir d'un échantillon le transducteur canonique le représentant, ou échouant, le tout en restant polynomial. Cet algorithme se base sur des techniques d'infé- rence grammaticales et sur l'adaptation du théorème de Myhill-Nerode.
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Hristova, Daniela S. "Syntactic structure and grammatical function : the participles in the Kievan Chronicle /." 2002. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3070176.
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Le, Roux J. C. "A grammatical analysis of the Tswana adverbial." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1609.
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Adverbial constructions are a problematic subject in Tswana grammatical studies. Traditionally termed descriptives, it is not clear what the defining features of this category are. It is also a very vast category. There seems to be many different structures functioning as adverbials in Tswana, including particles, words, prepositional phrases and clauses. Tswana grammars in general often have little to say about the syntax of adverbials, in respect of, for instance, the propensity of Tswana adverbials for multiple occurrences in the same clause and the range of possible positions of Tswana adverbials in clause structure. Because of the vastness of the adverbial category we only deal with adverbials as elements of clause structure.
A typical feature of adverbials is the considerable mobility they enjoy in relation to other elements in clause structure which affects their grammatical and semantic status in relation to such elements. By distinguishing different categories of adverbials, in clause structure it becomes clear that the same structural element may function within different adverbial categories. This necessitates a definition of adverbials which is based on their specific semantic functions within clause structure.
The study is divided into five chapters. When dealing with the adverbial as a clause element in Tswana, we realise that it is not sufficiently described. The first two chapters therefore serve as an introduction to central theoretical issues where some relevant research is critically examined and related to the present study. In the next chapter, that is Chapter 3, we establish formal and semantic frameworks for the classification and descriptive treatment of adverbials in Tswana. In Chapter 4 we implement the structural, syntactic and semantic properties as well as the features adverbials have as modifiers to make a functional classification of adverbials in clause structure. The classification of adverbials as adjuncts, subjuncts, disjuncts and conjuncts from A Comprehensive grammar of the English language by Quirk, et al. (1985) (CGEL) is taken as the basis for this classification. Chapter 5 presents the overall conclusions and implications of the study.African Languages
D.litt. et Phil. (African Languages)
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Hung, Li-chien, and 洪儷倩. "Grammatical Structure Recycling in Junior High School English Textbooks for Nine-year Integrated Curriculum." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7732ee.
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碩士國立臺灣師範大學
英語學系
96
ABSTRACT This study aims to investigate the recycling of structures in the junior high school English textbooks and to provide pedagogical suggestions for textbook writers and language teachers. First, a questionnaire designed based on the “List of Suggested Grammar and Sentence Structures” appended to the Curriculum Guidelines was used as an instrument to investigate thirty English teachers’ perceptions regarding the troublesome structures for their students. Further, an in-depth content and quantitative analysis was conducted to investigate the recycling presentation of the five major troublesome structures for students in the textbooks, including (1) recycling distribution, (2) recycling frequency, (3) recycling rate, (4) spiral presentation, and (5) degree of contextualization for recycling. The textbooks being examined are from five publishers, including Longman, Joy, Kang-Hsuan, Nan-i, and Hess. The five troublesome structures for junior high school students included present perfect, relative clause, passive voice, past perfect, wh-clause, and present/past participle as adjective. As past perfect is not targeted in all textbooks, it was excluded in the study; the rest of the five structures were the target structures in this study. Owing to the difficulty of these structures, it was supposed that adequate recycling should be provided in the textbooks. The recycling of the five structures was then examined after they are first taught. The results of analysis can be summarized as follows. First, the distribution of recycled structures falls mostly in two kinds of lessons: lessons that provide spiral learning for the target structure, and review or recycle lessons that aim to review the structures. Second, the overall recycling frequencies of structures in textbooks from high to low are: Present perfect > Relative clause > Passive voice > Wh-clause > Present/Past participle as adjective. This order matches with teachers’ perceptions of the level of difficulty these structures are. This indicates that textbooks do emphasize more on the structures that are regarded by teachers to be troublesome. Third, the extent target structures are recycled in textbooks is as follows: Textbook K > Textbook N > Textbook L > Textbook J > Textbook H. Averagely, Textbook K, Textbook N, and Textbook L normally provide more recycling of target structures for learners compared to Textbook J and Textbook H. However, if considering the quality of recycling in the textbooks, Textbook N performs the best among all, for it provides at least a threshold of five exposures to a target structure in most lessons. Although Textbook K has the highest recycling rate, it does not show similar high quality of recycling. Fourth, Textbook L, Textbook K, and Textbook N tend to provide spiral learning for the structures, facilitating the recycling of the structures for students. With the spiral lesson, more recycling of the structures is provided. Fifth, the proportions for recycling structures in passages/dialogues in textbooks range between 30% and 55%. Although Textbook N and Textbook J tend to present the recycled structures in passages or dialogues, the percentages are only around 50%, showing the inadequacies of textbooks for presenting structures in large contexts, like passages and dialogues. Overall, based on the research findings, some pedagogical implications are provided in the study for textbook writers and language teachers.
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Wan-Yu, Lu, and 盧宛瑜. "The Study on the Suffix “Teki” in Japanese:Targeting on the Structure, Grammatical Function and Chinese Equivalents." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/30268400829476458469.
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碩士輔仁大學
日本語文學系
97
This thesis aims at the study of “Teki,” the Japanese suffix. The study approach includes three parts: the derivative from “Teki”, it’s structure, grammatical function and Chinese equivalents. The structure of the thesis consists of five chapters. A brief introduction of each chapter will be given in the following paragraphs. The first chapter is an introductory part, explaining the study motivation and purposes, literature review, research methods. Chapter two states the constituents of “Teki.” This chapter consists of two parts. The first part discusses the base of “Teki,” it’s lexical category, parts of speech and it’s semantic distribution. The second part discusses the constituents of “Teki.” Through the two parts, we can learn the transformation functions from the base to the derivative on the speech and the semantic distribution. The thrid chapter states the grammatical function of “Teki” (syntactically function of “Teki”). Through illustrations of editorials and fiction, this chapter discusses “Teki” in modern Japanese usage, and generalizes the grammatical function from the words coming after “Teki.” In this chapter, it proposes the characteristis of each usage in “Teki.” The fourth chapter relates the Chinese equivalents of “Teki.” This chapter discusses the Chinese trantlation usage pertaining to “Teki”. Through Japanese fiction and the Chinese translation, the Japanese suffix “Teki” and Chinese auxiliary word “de(的)” will be studied in comparsion and contrast. Also, the sematics of “Teki” will be further studied with it’s Chinese translation. The last chapter concludes what has been achieved in the study, including the specific induction of the features of “Teki”,the grammatical function and the Chinese equivalents. In this chapter, it indicates several directions for the future research.
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Chen, Shu-Ching, and 陳淑卿. "A Discourse Analysis of Relative Clauses in Spoken Chinese: A Study Based on Grammatical Reflexes and Information Structure." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22748074492107025803.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
語言學研究所
85
This study investigates the grammar of relative clauses in spoken Chinese in terms of several information flow factors. These factors include the information statusof NP, the grounding mechanisms and the direction of grounding, the humanness of NP, the definiteness of NP, and the function of the relative clause. For non-human Head NPs, two statistically significant patterns of relative clauses are found. The first pattern is that Subject Heads tend to occur with Object-relatives. Since the Head NPs are mostly given, relative clause under this condition will serve the grounding function which is aimed at making a referent relevant in the present discourse. The grounding is being done through relating the Head NPs to the given referents within the relative clauses, and this kind of grounding is called anchoring. In a word, relative clauses in this pattern are used to help the hearer to identify the given Head NPs. The second significant pattern for non-human Head NPs is that Object Head NPs tend to occur with Object-relatives. In this pattern, the Head NPs are mostly new. The grounding needed is usually being done through the main clause subjects, which is in turn identified as the main-clause linking. Therefore, relative clauses of this pattern are used to characterize the new Head NPs. That is, relative clauses of this pattern provide the speaker a way to characterize the new Head NPs. As for human Head NPs, there is a tendency for human Head NPs of all kinds of roles to occur with Subject-relatives. It is found that the property of being both human and indefinite, together with the grounding mechanism reflect a different interpretative outline for Subject-relatives with human Heads. First, human Head NPs tend to be indefinite. Second, the strategy used in grounding human referents is very different from that for non-human referents. To ground a non-human referent, one can just relate it to the humans who own them, use them, and manipulate them. However, to ground a human referent, one does not have to relate it to other humans. Instead, one can just relate it to its own activities, that is, to earlier predicates, most possibly through proposition linking. This study also contributes to a better understanding of the nature of information flow and information patterning in natural discourse. It is observed that in the S-O pattern for non-human Heads, the relative clause that serves the Subject role in the main clause is mostly given. In the O-O pattern, the relative clause that serves the Object role in the main clause tends to be new. As for the semantics of referents, it is found that human referents appear in A or S while non-human referents usually occur in O. In other words, this study supports an earlier finding by Huang and Chui (1994) that Chinese is a discourse accusative language.
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Bailey, Denise. "A grammar of Gawraǰū Gūrānī." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-002E-E4B3-F.
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