Journal articles: 'Grammatical structure'

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Contini-Morava, Ellen. "Duelling Languages: Grammatical Structure in Codeswitching.:Duelling Languages: Grammatical Structure in Codeswitching." Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 5, no. 2 (December 1995): 246–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jlin.1995.5.2.246.

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Rofik, Abdur. "Grammatical accuracy of Indonesian-English translation." Journal of Applied Studies in Language 4, no. 2 (December 6, 2020): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31940/jasl.v4i2.2173.

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This study aimed at investigating the accuracy of grammatical structures made by EFL students and their perception of factors affecting them to translate Indonesian texts into English grammatically. The subjects of the study were 21 students in an Indonesian-English Translation class at Language and Literature Faculty, Universitas Sains Alqur’an Wonosobo, Indonesia. The data were collected through students’ translation result texts, questionnaires, and interviews. Since the data involve social phenomena the qualitative approach is used to interpret the data. The findings indicate that the major inaccurate grammatical structures made by students are noun phrase structure, passive voice, and usage of tenses. EFL students consider that factors that contribute to helping them translate texts grammatically are lecturers’ grammar class, watching English movies, and frequent translating exercises. With regard to Indonesian-English translation, this study is believed to ensure the teachers to design an appropriate course to serve the students to develop their grammatical performance in translation.

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Hudson, Richard. "Coordination and grammatical relations." Journal of Linguistics 24, no. 2 (September 1988): 303–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700011816.

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The most serious recent work on the theory of coordination has probably been done in terms of three theories of grammatical structure: Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar (GPSG–see especially Gazdar, 1981; Gazdaret al., 1982; 1985; Saget al., 1985; Schachter & Mordechay, 1983), Categorial Grammar (CG–see especially Steedman, 1985; Dowty, 1985) and Transformational Grammar (TG–notably Williams, 1978, 1981; Neijt, 1979; van Oirsouw, 1985, 1987). Each of these approaches is different in important respects: for instance, according to whether or not they allow deletion rules, and according to the kinds of information which they allow to be encoded in syntactic features. However, behind these differences lies an important similarity: in each case the theory concerned makes two assumptions about grammatical structure in general (i.e. about all structures, including coordinate ones):I The basic syntagmatic relations in sentence-structure are part-whole relations (consituent structure) and temporal order; note that this is true whether or not syntactic structure is seen as a ‘projection’ of lexical properties, since these lexical properies are themselves defined in terms of constituent structure and temporal order.

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NICHOLS, EMILY S., and MARC F. JOANISSE. "Individual differences predict ERP signatures of second language learning of novel grammatical rules." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 22, no. 1 (October 27, 2017): 78–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728917000566.

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We investigated the extent to which second-language (L2) learning is influenced by the similarity of grammatical features in one's first language (L1). We used event-related potentials to identify neural signatures of a novel grammatical rule – grammatical gender – in L1 English speakers. Of interest was whether individual differences in L2 proficiency and age of acquisition (AoA) influenced these effects. L2 and native speakers of French read French sentences that were grammatically correct, or contained either a grammatical gender or word order violation. Proficiency and AoA predicted Left Anterior Negativity amplitude, with structure violations driving the proficiency effect and gender violations driving the AoA effect. Proficiency, group, and AoA predicted P600 amplitude for gender violations but not structure violations. Different effects of grammatical gender and structure violations indicate that L2 speakers engage novel grammatical processes differently from L1 speakers and that this varies appreciably based on both AoA and proficiency.

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Myers-Scotton, Carol. "Implications of abstract grammatical structure." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 16, no. 2 (December 31, 2001): 217–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.16.2.02mye.

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Chiang, David, Aravind K. Joshi, and David B. Searls. "Grammatical Representations of Macromolecular Structure." Journal of Computational Biology 13, no. 5 (June 2006): 1077–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cmb.2006.13.1077.

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Surridge, Marie E. "Genre grammatical et dérivation lexicale en français." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 31, no. 3 (1986): 267–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100011749.

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Dans un article précédant (Surridge, 1985) nous avons examiné la relation entre le genre grammatical des composés en français et leur terminaison phonétique. Nous avons démontré que le genre grammatical des composés est attribué selon certaines règles relativement simples. Ces règles dépendent soit directement soit indirectement de la structure morpho-syntaxique du composé en conjonction, pour certains types de composés, avec des critères sémantiques étroitement liés à la structure du nom. La “micro-syntaxe” de la composition (nous empruntons le terme employé par Benveniste 1967:15) inclut une formule pour déterminer le genre grammatical des noms produits par ce mécanisme, formule qui est en large mesure indépendante de la terminaison phonétique du composé. Nous nous proposons maintenant d’examiner le rôle dans l’attribution du genre grammatical d’une autre “micro-syntaxe”, celle de la nominalisation suffixale, et d’un phénomène associé: la nominalisation par conversion grammaticale.

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Rispoli, Matthew. "The mosaic acquisition of grammatical relations." Journal of Child Language 18, no. 3 (October 1991): 517–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900011235.

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ABSTRACTThe view that grammatical relations have substantial essence, designated as ‘subject’ or ‘object’ has difficulty in accounting for the variety of naturally acquirable grammatical relations. The acquisition of grammatical relations is examined from a theoretical framework, ROLE AND REFERENCE GRAMMAR, in which grammatical relations are decomposed into two separate types of structure: logical (semantic) structure and information (pragmatic) structure. The acquisition of grammatical relations from four languages is compared: (1) the definite accusative suffix and pragmatically motivated word order of Turkish; (2) Kaluli verb agreement, case and focus marking postpositions, and pragmatically motivated word order; (3) Hungarian definite and indefinite verb conjunction; and (4) Italian participial agreement and anaphoric, accusative case pronouns. Two conditions on structures are found to cause difficulty: the neutralization of a semantic or pragmatic distinction by interfering structures (e.g. Kaluli and Italian), and global case marking which forces the child to discover relevant semantic characteristics of both the actor and the undergoer (e.g. Hungarian and Kaluli). Structures that encode semantic or pragmatic distinctions independently are more easily acquired (e.g. Turkish). Piecing together discrete structures in a mosaic fashion, the child can acquire the great variety of grammatical relations that exist in human languages.

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Bentahila, Abdelali, and Carol Myers-Scotton. "Duelling Languages: Grammatical Structure in Codeswitching." Language 71, no. 1 (March 1995): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/415966.

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Poulisse, Nanda. "Duelling Languages: Grammatical Structure in Codeswitching." International Journal of Bilingualism 2, no. 3 (November 1998): 377–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/136700699800200308.

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Gunnink, Hilde. "The grammatical structure of Sowetan tsotsitaal." Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 32, no. 2 (April 3, 2014): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16073614.2014.992648.

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Yalçın, Şebnem, and Nina Spada. "LANGUAGE APTITUDE AND GRAMMATICAL DIFFICULTY." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 38, no. 2 (January 7, 2016): 239–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263115000509.

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This study investigates the relationship between foreign language aptitude and the learning of two English structures defined as easy or difficult to learn. Using a quasiexperimental design, 66 secondary-level learners of English as a foreign language from three intact classes were provided with four hours of instruction on thepassive(a difficult structure) and thepast progressive(an easy structure). Language aptitude was measured using the LLAMA Aptitude Test (Meara, 2005). Language outcomes were measured with a written grammaticality judgment and an oral production task. The results revealed that one of the aptitude components, grammatical inferencing, contributed to learners’ gains on thepassivebut not thepast progressiveon the written measure. Another component of aptitude, associative memory, contributed to learners’ gains on thepast progressiveon the oral measure. The results provide support for the claim that different components of aptitude contribute to the learning of difficult and easy L2 structures in different ways. There is also support for the proposal that different components of aptitude may be involved at different stages of language acquisition (Skehan, 2002).

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Good, Jeff. "Typologizing grammatical complexities." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 27, no. 1 (February 28, 2012): 1–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.27.1.01goo.

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An important theme in work attempting to situate creoles with respect to non-creoles typologically is the extent to which it can be said that creole grammars are relatively simple from a cross-linguistic perspective. Work arguing for and against this position has generally focused on an examination of the synchronic grammars of creoles in order to show that they are either simple or complex in one way or another. By contrast, there has not been a detailed examination of two important related questions: How can we typologize grammatical complexities themselves? And, once we have typologized them, will we find that different types of complexities are affected differently during creolization? This paper examines these questions and proposes that distinguishing between complexities derived from paradigmatic structure as opposed to syntagmatic structure may yield important insights into apparent patterns of simplicity within creoles, in particular with respect to which complexities we might expect to be readily transferred from source languages into an emerging creole.

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Topolińska, Zuzanna. "‘Transforma zdaniowa’ – próba interpretacji." LingVaria 13, no. 26 (November 16, 2018): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/lv.13.2018.26.03.

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‘Sentential Transform’ / ‘Transformed (Reduced) Sentence’ – an Attempt at InterpretationThe author analyses a series of Polish sentences, including those utterances which grammatically do not belong to the basic structures of their respective sentences. Her goal is to prove that so-called sentential transform is not a separate type of grammatical structure, but any sentence and/or noun phrase structure that has been transformed in order to be incorporated into another sentence structure The transformation is usually morphological in character, and applied to constitutive members of the respective sentence and/or noun phrase.

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Kim, Nayoun, Katy Carlson, Mike Dickey, and Masaya Yoshida. "Processing gapping: Parallelism and grammatical constraints." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 5 (February 24, 2020): 781–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820903461.

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This study aims to test two hypotheses about the online processing of Gapping: whether the parser inserts an ellipsis site in an incremental fashion in certain coordinated structures (the Incremental Ellipsis Hypothesis), or whether ellipsis is a late and dispreferred option (the Ellipsis as a Last Resort Hypothesis). We employ two offline acceptability rating experiments and a sentence fragment completion experiment to investigate to what extent the distribution of Gapping is controlled by grammatical and extra-grammatical constraints. Furthermore, an eye-tracking while reading experiment demonstrated that the parser inserts an ellipsis site incrementally but only when grammatical and extra-grammatical constraints allow for the insertion of the ellipsis site. This study shows that incremental building of the Gapping structure follows from the parser’s general preference to keep the structure of the two conjuncts maximally parallel in a coordination structure as well as from grammatical restrictions on the distribution of Gapping such as the Coordination Constraint.

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Kim, John J., Gary F. Marcus, Steven Pinker, Michelle Hollander, and Marie Coppola. "Sensitivity of children's inflection to grammatical structure." Journal of Child Language 21, no. 1 (February 1994): 173–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900008710.

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ABSTRACTWhat is the input to the mental System that computes inflected forms likewalked, came, dogs, andmen? Recent connectionist models feed a word's phonological features into a single network, allowing it to generalize both regular and irregular phonological patterns, likestop-stopped, step-steppedandfling-flung, cling-clung. But for adults, phonological input is insufficient: verbs derived from nouns likering the cityalways have regular past tense forms (ringed), even if they are phonologically identical to irregular verbs (ring the bell). Similarly, nouns based on names, liketwo Mickey Mouses, and compounds based on possessing rather than being their root morpheme, such astwo sabertooths, take regular plurals, even when they are homophonous with irregular nouns likemiceandteeth. In four experiments, testing 70 three- to ten-year-old children, we found that children are sensitive to such nonphonological information: they were more likely to produce regular inflected forms for forms liketo ring(‘to put a ring on’) andsnaggletooth(a kind of animal doll with big teeth) than for their homophonous irregular counterparts, even when these counterparts were also extended in meaning. Children's inflectional Systems thus seem to be like adults': irregular forms are tied to the lexicon but regular forms are computed by a default rule, and words are represented as morphological tree structures reflecting their derivation from basic word roots. Such structures, which determine how novel complex words are derived and interpreted, also govern whether words with irregular sound patterns will be regularized: a word can be irregular only if its structure contains an irregular root in ‘head’ position, allowing the lexically stored irregular information to percolate up to apply to the word as a whole. In all other cases, the inflected form is computed by a default regular rule. This proposal fits the facts better than alternatives appealing to ambiguity reduction or semantic similarity to a word's central sense. The results, together with an analysis of adult speech to children, suggest that morphological structure and a distinction between mechanisms for regular and irregular inflection may be inherent to the design of children's language Systems.

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Yang, Yanning. "Grammatical metaphor in Chinese." Functions of Language 18, no. 1 (June 20, 2011): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.18.1.01yan.

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This article investigates Grammatical Metaphor (GM) in Chinese by analyzing the use of GM instances in a data set formed by 37 extracts from scientific textbooks. The article first develops a framework for the identification and categorization of GM in Chinese. It then explores the distribution of GM categories and GM syndromes. For this aim, the instances in data are identified and quantified in terms of thirteen basic categories and seven types of syndromes. The article also investigates the impacts of generic structure and language development on the deployment of GM. The relationship between GM deployment and generic structure is explored by comparing the degree of GM in extracts drawn from different genres. The effect of language development on GM deployment is explored by comparing the extent of metaphor in extracts representing different levels of writing. It is found that GM distribution in Chinese is not random but determined jointly by the general tendency of GM construction and the typological properties of Chinese. Moreover, this study shows that the deployment of GM is affected by generic structure and language development.

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Hendrick, Randall, Mícheál Ó. Siadhail, and Micheal O. Siadhail. "Modern Irish: Grammatical Structure and Dialectal Variation." Language 67, no. 4 (December 1991): 820. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/415081.

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Connolly, John H. "Exploiting functional structure at the grammatical level." Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 4, no. 1 (January 1990): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02699209008985465.

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Tong, Matthew H., Adam D. Bickett, Eric M. Christiansen, and Garrison W. Cottrell. "Learning grammatical structure with Echo State Networks." Neural Networks 20, no. 3 (April 2007): 424–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2007.04.013.

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Snuviškienė, Genovaitė. "Reinforcing Grammatical Structure in Authentic Reading Texts." Santalka 14, no. 4 (December 11, 2006): 87–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/coactivity.2006.49.

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Nikolaeva, Irina. "Object Agreement, Grammatical Relations, and Information Structure." Studies in Language 23, no. 2 (November 12, 1999): 331–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.23.2.05nik.

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Northern Ostyak (Uralic) has optional object agreement. This paper analyzes the grammatical behavior of objects that trigger agreement and objects that do not, and demonstrates that while the former participate in certain syntactic processes, the latter are syntactically inert. The asymmetry cannot be explained with reference to semantics or argument status, as both objects bear an identical argument relationship to the predicate. Following the functional approach to language, under which the clause has three independent representational levels (syntax, semantics, and information structure), I suggest that the two objects differ in their information structure status. The object that does not trigger agreement bears the focus function, and systematically corresponds to the focus position. It is further argued that virtually all grammatical relations in Ostyak demonstrate reduced syntactic activity when they are in focus. This leads to a search for an information structure-driven motivation for certain behavioral properties.

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Çelebi, Arda, and Arzucan Özgür. "Segmenting hashtags and analyzing their grammatical structure." Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology 69, no. 5 (December 8, 2017): 675–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asi.23989.

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Sutton, Ann. "Evidence of Sensitivity to Structural Contrasts in the Literature on Children's Language Comprehension." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 39, no. 6 (December 1996): 1304–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3906.1304.

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This paper reviews the developmental literature on grammatical knowledge in language comprehension in the preschool years from the perspective of sensitivity to structural contrasts. This concept differs from mastery of individual grammatical structures. Structural sensitivity focuses on increments of partial grammatical knowledge that can be observed in distinctive response patterns to contrasting grammatical structures. Direct evidence of sensitivity to structural contrasts is found in comprehension studies that measured differential responding. Indirect evidence of sensitivity can also be discovered by detailed examination of the data presented in several additional studies. The evidence suggests that there may be a developmental sequence of increasing sensitivity with age to finer distinctions and to more detailed aspects of grammatical structure. The notion of sensitivity to structural contrasts has implications for future research.

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Aini, Nurul. "The Grammatical Errors in the Translational Text: Indonesian-English Structure." Tell : Teaching of English Language and Literature Journal 6, no. 2 (November 2, 2018): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30651/tell.v6i2.2109.

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This paper discussed the study of English and Indonesian word construction based on grammatical errors. Grammatical errors were analyzed by error analysis. The purpose of this paper wanted to know the kinds of grammatical errors and the factors caused it. The qualitative approach was used in this research as the methodology because this study described the data without analysis statistic. The qualitative descriptive revealed the phenomena of linguistic which found in the translation text. In data collection, the researcher used text translation, Indonesian-English that had translated by the fourth semester of student’s English Department. Moreover, the researcher read deeply and grouped and noted the data to find the valid data. The result of this paper were 11 kinds of grammatical errors, they are: misuse of determiner, omission of determiner, misuse of verb, misuse of auxiliary verb, omission of verb, misuse of preposition, misuse of conjunction, misuse of pronoun, omission of pronoun, misuse of singular noun, and misuse of Noun Phrase (NP). In addition to, this study found the factors of the grammatical errors, they are; first, interference of the first language, namely Indonesian. Second, the difference between Indonesian and English structure was also the factor of the grammatical errors.

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Laleko, Oksana, and Maria Polinsky. "Marking Topic or Marking Case: A Comparative Investigation of Heritage Japanese and Heritage Korean." Heritage Language Journal 10, no. 2 (September 30, 2013): 178–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.46538/hlj.10.2.3.

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In this paper, we examine the relationship between grammatical and discourse-related domains of linguistic organization in heritage speakers by comparing their knowledge of categories mediated at different structural levels: grammatical case marking, which is mediated within the structure of the clause, and the marking of information structure, grammatically mediated at the syntax-discourse interface. To this end, we examine the knowledge of case and topic particles in heritage speakers and L2 learners of Japanese and Korean as assessed through a series of rating tasks. We find that heritage speakers in both languages experience different degrees of difficulty with elements that belong to different linguistic modules: phenomena which involve semantic and discourse computation are found to be more difficult than phenomena governed primarily by structural syntactic constraints.

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Barchuk, V. M. "UKRAINIAN TIME: GRAMMATICAL INTERPRETATION." PRECARPATHIAN BULLETIN OF THE SHEVCHENKO SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY Word, no. 2(54) (January 22, 2019): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/2304-7402-2019-2(54)-34-43.

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In the article the system and hierarchy structure of temporal meaning in Ukrainian language is established. It is suggested that interval, tense and taxis represent the ontological time. The category of interval is the main and the most branched out in Ukrainian grammar system of verb. Tense are dominant as bases temporal component of the human consciousness. Ukrainian language has thirty variants of grammatical time meaning.

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MAGOMEDOV, Daniyal Magomedovich. "SEMANTIC STRUCTURE AND GRAMMATIC DESIGN OF A SIMPLE SENTENCE IN THE AVAR LANGUAGE." Herald of Daghestan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Science, no. 72 (March 30, 2019): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31029/vestdnc72/9.

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The article is devoted to the study of the semantic structure and the grammatical design of a simple sentence in the Avar language. Semantic and grammatical organizations of the sentence are inextricably linked. The semantic structure of a sentence is primarily based on a set of grammatical meanings expressed by it.

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Kalibekuly, T., and B. Rayikhan. "FEATURES OF SIMPLE SENTENCES IN CHINESE LANGUAGE." BULLETIN Series of Philological Sciences 72, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2020-2.1728-7804.35.

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The article discusses the basic grammatical features of simple sentences, which are the main object of syntax. In particular, the article reveals the difficulties in recognizing the syntactic structures in Chinese as sentences and the reasons, the language data. The conclusions concerning the sentence theory in Kazakh linguistics are analyzed in order to demonstrate the features of the Chinese language when it is needed. The views of scientists regarding the predicativity, modality, and intonation of the main grammatical features of sentences in general linguistics, as well as the problems, syntactic structures in Chinese with respect to these features are specified in the given research article. In order to demonstrate the features of the syntactic structure in Chinese language, linguistic data were compared with the Kazakh language, it was substantiated that the main grammatical feature for determining the predicative structure in Chinese as a sentence is intonation, which is explained by the lack of a grammatical form of the Chinese language.

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Foley, William A. "Grammatical Relations, Information Structure, and Constituency in Watam." Oceanic Linguistics 38, no. 1 (June 1999): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3623395.

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Vasuk, Katherina. "PSYCHOLINGUISTIC ANALISIS OF GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE OF LIE MASSEGE." Psychological journal 23, no. 3 (May 14, 2019): 222–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31108/1.2019.3.23.15.

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Morrow, Daniel G. "Grammatical Morphemes and Conceptual Structure in Discourse Processing." Cognitive Science 10, no. 4 (October 1986): 423–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1004_2.

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Elman, Jeffrey L. "Distributed representations, simple recurrent networks, and grammatical structure." Machine Learning 7, no. 2-3 (September 1991): 195–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00114844.

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Dahl, Alva. "The Graphic and Grammatical Structure of Written Texts." Studia Neophilologica 90, sup1 (December 14, 2018): 24–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00393274.2018.1531248.

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Tien, Nguyen Minh, and Cyril Labbé. "Detecting automatically generated sentences with grammatical structure similarity." Scientometrics 116, no. 2 (June 8, 2018): 1247–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-018-2789-4.

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Isyam, Amri, and Yetty Zainil. "MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN ‘GRAMMAR’ MAHASISWA JURUSAN BAHASA INGGRIS FBS UNP SECARA LISAN DAN TULISAN." Lingua Didaktika: Jurnal Bahasa dan Pembelajaran Bahasa 4, no. 1 (December 9, 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/ld.v4i1.7389.

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English Department Students as EFL learners must be able to use correct grammar of English well either in oral or written form; nevertheless, based on a prelimenary observation many of the English Department Students of Faculty of Languages, Letters and Arts of State University of Padang committed grammatical deviations when they communicated in English. This article aims at describing the action research about using OHP/LCDP, Role Plays/Language Games, and written exercises as the efforts to improve Grammatical Ability of the English Department Students. The research was carried out in two cycles, and the subjects were a class of education program consisting of thirty students, who were taking Structure 2 at that time. The findings of the research showed that using OHP/LCDP as media of teaching, Role Play/Language Games as oral exercises, and asking the subjects to do two kinds of written exercises (homework from their handbook as usual and their own sentences/paragraphs as assignments) in teaching Structure 2 communicatively improved the students’ grammatical ability either in oral or written forms much more significantly. Their grammatically-oral ability increased by 14.5 points/73.5% (from 21.8 to 36.3) whereas their grammatically-written ability increased by 13.1 points/82.3% (from 19.1 to 32.2) on the average. Thus, the research questions were answered positively, and the hyphotheses were proven.

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Borisova, Tatiana I. "On the Forms of Actualizing Grammatical Categories in the Structure of a German Phraseological Unit." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Philology. Journalism 20, no. 4 (November 25, 2020): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1817-7115-2020-20-4-387-392.

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The article considers the grammatical characteristics of German phraseological units, highlights the dominant categorical grammatical features of nominal, verbal and verb-propositional phraseological units, and analyzes some possibilities for actualizing grammatical categories within a phraseological unit. -

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Fried, Mirjam. "Constructing grammatical meaning." Studies in Language 31, no. 4 (August 14, 2007): 721–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.31.4.02fri.

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In a usage-based analysis of four syntactic reflexives in Czech, this paper examines the question of representing speakers’ knowledge of polyfunctional grammatical categories. I argue that the reflexives form a prototype-based network of partially overlapping grammatical patterns, organized by the pragmatic concept of unexpected referential status in agent–patient relations. This concept is manifested in four distinct communicative functions: marking referential identity between agent and patient roles; distancing discourse participants from their involvement in the reported event; recasting a transitive event as a spontaneous change of state; expressing an attitude toward the reported event. Each function is shown to conventionally co-occur with a set of properties involving various combinations of the following: preferences in aspect and transitivity; semantic and/or pragmatic constraints on agents and patients; verb semantics; shifts in modality and pragmatic force; morphosyntactic constraints. Overall, the analysis supports the view that grammatical categories cannot be properly defined outside of broader grammatical context, thus arguing for a constructional approach to linguistic structure and for re-interpreting the principle of isomorphism in terms of ‘constructions’ in the sense of Construction Grammar.

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Szagun, Gisela, and Satyam A. Schramm. "Lexically driven or early structure building? Constructing an early grammar in German child language." First Language 39, no. 1 (March 22, 2018): 61–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142723718761414.

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This study examines the role of the lexicon and grammatical structure building in early grammar. Parent-report data in CDI format from a sample of 1151 German-speaking children between 1;6 and 2;6 and longitudinal spontaneous speech data from 22 children between 1;8 and 2;5 were used. Regression analysis of the parent-report data indicates that grammatical words have a stronger influence on concurrent syntactic complexity than lexical words. Time-lagged correlations using the spontaneous speech data showed that lexical words at 1;8 predict subsequent MLU at 2;1 significantly; grammatical words do not. MLU at 2;5 is significantly predicted by grammatical words and no longer by lexical words. The influence of different grammatical subcategories on subsequent MLU varies. Use of articles and the copula at 2;1 most strongly predicts MLU at 2;5. Children use both types of articles and multiple determiners before a noun to the same extent as adults. The present results are suggestive of early grammatical structure building.

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Aribzhanova, Iryna. "The semantic-syntactical structure of the apposition phrase." Ukrainian Linguistics, no. 47 (2017): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/um/47(2017).52-62.

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The article is devoted to the semantic-syntactical structure of the appositive phrase in the Ukrainian language. The term “double name”is used for the demonstration of semantical parameteres of the apposition phrase. Two levels of syntactic analysis are considered: abstract-grammatical level (internal structure of the appositive word-combinations) and concrete-grammatical level (the function in sentence structure). The concrete-grammatical analysis indicates that appositional phrases in the sentence are: syntactically indivisible components that serve as a simple part of the sentence (subject, object). The conflict arises between formal analyticity and functional syntheticity. This conflict is caused by nominative features of double name (compound nouns indicates the same subject of objective reality). Therefore they can be referred to as the type of lexical (stable) word-combinations. Abstract-grammatical analysis leads to the conclusion that internal structure of the appositional phrase can express different semantic-syntactical relations between nouns: appositional relations or mutual appositional relations. The mutual appositional relations are peculiar to the majority of stylistically neutral double names. O. Peshkovskiy wrote about mutual relations between nouns. The differentiation of two relation types was done with the help of the semantic principle and predicate transformation method.

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Polanyi, Livia. "Discourse Structure and Discourse Interpretation." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 23, no. 1 (September 17, 1997): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v23i1.1263.

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Si, Xianzhu, and Jing Wang. "Grammatical Metaphor in English-Chinese Translation." International Journal of Translation, Interpretation, and Applied Linguistics 3, no. 1 (January 2021): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijtial.20210101.oa2.

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This paper aims to apply grammatical metaphor (GM) in systemic functional linguistics (SFL) into translation studies. From the concept of functional equivalence in terms of ideational meaning, interpersonal meaning, and textual meaning required of target text (TT) relative to source text (ST) proposed by SFL, it is necessary for the translators to manipulate respectively on the transitivity system, mood system, modality system, and theme system that embody ideational meaning, interpersonal meaning, and textual meaning. Since the same meaning can be expressed in different grammatical structures, the translators, in this process, are faced with a variety of grammatical forms, among which congruent form and metaphorical form are included. To attain the goal of translation prescribed above, the translator has to choose an accurate and appropriate structure. The article then discusses the necessity and effects of GM's application into English to Chinese translation to ensure the quality of the works translated.

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LIU, PHIL D., and CATHERINE McBRIDE-CHANG. "Morphological processing of Chinese compounds from a grammatical view." Applied Psycholinguistics 31, no. 4 (August 27, 2010): 605–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716410000159.

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ABSTRACTIn the present study, morphological structure processing of Chinese compounds was explored using a visual priming lexical decision task among 21 Hong Kong college students. Two compounding structures were compared. The first type was the subordinate, in which one morpheme modifies the other (e.g., 籃球 [laam4 kau4, basket-ball, basketball]), similar to most English compounds (e.g., a snowman is a man made of snow and toothpaste is a paste for teeth; the second morpheme is the “head,” modified morpheme). The second type was the coordinative, in which both morphemes contribute equally to the meaning of the word. An example in Chinese is 花草 (faa1 cou2, flower grass, i.e., plant). There are virtually no examples of this type in English, but an approximate equivalent phrase might be in and out, in which neither in nor out is more important than the other in comprising the expression. For the subordinate Chinese compound words, the same structure in prime and target facilitated the semantic priming effect, whereas for coordinative Chinese compound words, the same structure across prime and target inhibited the semantic priming effect. Results suggest that lexical processing of Chinese compounds is influenced by compounding structure processing.

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Galafa, Beaton. "A Grammatical Sketch of Chitumbuka." International Journal of Linguistics 10, no. 4 (August 23, 2018): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v10i4.13385.

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The paper provides a grammatical sketch of Chitumbuka, a language widely spoken in the northern region of Malawi, and therefore used as a lingua franca in the region. The paper focuses on four key linguistic aspects of the language in its analysis. These include phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. Data analysis followed interviews with native speakers of the language drawn from four districts of Mzimba, Rumphi, Nkhata Bay and Kasungu. There was also a significant reliance on data from published materials exploring the language. The paper agrees with available literature ascertaining the existence of 5 vowels and 27 consonant phonemes, a CV syllable structure, assimilation and strengthening processes in the language. It also shows that Chitumbuka is not a tonal language. The paper further ascertains the existence of 18 noun classes in the language and a complex verbal morphology with different types of markers for subject, object and tense. It also shows that the general sentence structure of Chitumbuka is Subject-Verb-Object with several other possible alterations. The paper ends with an exploration of loan words in the language and the realization of the notions of borrow and lend through a single lexical item.

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Wasow, Thomas. "Remarks on grammatical weight." Language Variation and Change 9, no. 1 (March 1997): 81–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500001800.

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ABSTRACTLong, complex phrases tend to come at the ends of clauses; this is called “endweight.” A variety of characterizations of weight have been proposed in the literature, but none has been sufficient to cover the full range of attested cases of end-weight. Corpus data on heavy NP shift, the dative alternation, and particle movement indicate that there are several structural measures of weight that are highly correlated with constituent ordering. Proposed explanations for endweight have been based on parsing considerations, largely ignoring the speaker; but what facilitates parsing does not always help in production. Examination of phenomena where these interests do not coincide indicates that the demands of sentence planning provide a better explanation for end-weight than parsing. Finally, accounts of end-weight cannot be purely structure-based, but must take lexical factors into consideration.

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Ruskan, Anna. "Expressing evidentiality in Lithuanian." Lietuvių kalba, no. 4 (October 25, 2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2010.22857.

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Evidentiality in Lithuanian, like in some other European languages, can be expressed both grammatically and lexically; a large inventory of grammatical and lexical means make up a continuum, which is introduced and defined by B. Wiemer (2008). Constructions based on active and passive participles that function in the main clause as predicates are regarded as grammatical markers of evidentiality while parentheticals (e. g. matyt, girdi), particles (e. g. esą, neva, tarsi) and adverbs (e. g. akivaizdžiai, aiškiai) can be qualified as lexical. There are also evidential markers that take an intermediate position in the continuum of lexical and grammatical means. While the evidential constructions based on participial morphology have been thoroughly researched in Lithuanian linguistics, the exploration of lexical markers of evidentiality is fairly new and its inventory has not been fully identified and described yet. The main sources of lexical evidential markers are verbs, neuter adjectives, nouns, adverbs related to perception, cognition or communication. The integration of lexical markers into the study of evidentiality helps to see the coding of the source of information in language more holistically as well as to more precisely describe the structure of lexical and grammatical markers, shades of meaning and their development.

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Lapteva, Mariya, and Natalya Lukina. "Combinatorial Set of Lexico-Grammatical Classes of Nouns in the Russian Language." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 3 (July 2020): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2020.3.3.

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The article focuses on the changes of nouns, the lexico-grammatical features of which make it impossible to refer them to a specific lexico-grammatical class. The article is based on the assumption, that traditional methodological foundations, generally accepted in native language studies – the grammatical classification, according to which nouns belong to one of the four classes: concrete, abstract, collective or material nouns, – is rather conventional and doesn't cover many transitional phenomena observed in substantive lexis. The expansion of nominal semantic structure is often accompanied by grammatical shifts. Semantic structures of Russian substantives are described as apt to undergo six types of changes, which reflect combinatorics of lexical and grammatical categories of polysemantic nouns: concreteness – abstractness, concreteness – collectiveness, abstractness – concreteness, abstractness – collectiveness, collectiveness – abstractness, collectiveness – concreteness. The considered polysemants demonstrate different lexico-grammatical features depending on the meaning in which they are used. The applied quantitative analysis has enabled the authors to conclude that the prevalent changes occur in nominal structures of abstraction – concreteness type, while the changes of collectivity – abstraction type are less prominent in the Russian language. The article justifies the use of the term "lexical-grammatical class" in relation to a lexical-semantic variant of the word, which refers to nouns by morphological characteristics.

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Teubert, Wolfgang. "Sinclair, pattern grammar and the question of hatred." Words, grammar, text: revisiting the work of John Sinclair 12, no. 2 (June 27, 2007): 223–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.12.2.08teu.

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The view of pattern grammar is that syntactic structures and lexical items are co-selected and that grammatical categories begin to align very closely with semantic distinctions. While this is certainly a valid position when analysing the phenomenon of collocation, it does not really solve the problem for open choice issues. Not all language use can be subsumed under the idiom principle. The noun hatred, for instance, can co-occur with any discourse object for which hatred can be expressed. It can also co-occur with other lexical items standing for various circumstantial aspects. The grammatical structure itself often does not tell us whether we find expressed the object of hatred or some circumstantial aspect, as these structures tend to have more than one reading. Lexicogrammar, or local grammar, is more than equating a syntactic structure with a semantic pattern. We have to be aware of the different functions or readings a given grammatical structure can have. The framework of valency/dependency grammar can help us to make the necessary distinctions.

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Koyama, Wataru. "Shifters, Grammatical Categories and Distinctive Features." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 23, no. 1 (September 17, 1997): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v23i1.1286.

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Aryani, Made Ratna Dian. "The ellipsis of grammatical functions in coordinative structure of Japanese language." International journal of linguistics, literature and culture 5, no. 6 (November 6, 2019): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/ijllc.v5n6.792.

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The discussion in this paper is focused on the ellipsis of grammatical functions in Japanese covering that of the function of grammatical of coordinative structure. The data analyzed in this paper were taken from Japanese corpus data. The concept of ellipsis was taken from Quirk et al., (1985), Makino & Tsutsui, (1994), and Verhaar (1981). The ellipsis from Quirk et al (1985) was applied the concept of recoverability from the grammatical point of view: (1) textual recoverability, (2) situational recoverability, and (3) structural recoverability. The qualitative and synchronic descriptive method was employed in this study. A qualitatively descriptive method was employed to explain and describe the coordinative sentence, whereas the synchronic approach was used to cover the current language phenomena. The findings show that in the coordinative structure, ellipsis of the function of grammatical subject, ellipsis the function of predicate and ellipsis of the function of object took place. Ellipsis of the function of grammatical in the coordinative structure can be anaphoric or cataphoric. It is called anaphoric because the ellipsis takes place rightward, the controlling constituents are located in the first clauses and the controlled constituents are located in the second clause. It is called cataphoric because the controlling constituents are located in the second clauses and the controlled constituents are located in the first clauses.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Grammatical structure'

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