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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Grammatiche'
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Tassinari, Maria Giovanna. "Aspetti della norme linguistica nelle 'nuove grammatiche' dell'italiano." Universität Leipzig, 2000. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A33386.
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Passudetti, Veronica <1989>. "Lingue e grammatiche fantastiche nella letteratura italiana del Novecento." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/7788.
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Questa tesi ha lo scopo di individuare e analizzare, all'interno del panorama letterario italiano del Novecento, lingue e grammatiche fantastiche, in particolare lo pseudo persiano e l'L.I di Tommaso Landolfi, la "lingua universale" de "L'interprete" di Diego Marani, il Granfugnese di Lia Wainstein e altre (da completare). Dopo una prima parte introduttiva e generale sulle lingue immaginarie, nel capitolo centrale si passeranno in rassegna le singole lingue in esame, andando alla ricerca di quelli che possono essere stati i possibili modelli, le influenze o le teorie linguistiche che hanno concorso alla loro creazione, tenendo presente che gli autori in questione, per un motivo o l’altro, hanno tutti una loro sensibilità e un loro pensiero a riguardo della lingua. Nella parte conclusiva, infine, dopo aver individuato eventuali tratti comuni nel processo creativo dei glottoteti trattati, si cercherà di effettuare un veloce confronto con altre lingue immaginarie del panorama mondiale.
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RUBAGOTTI, CHIARA. "LATE(R) MODERN ENGLISH E PRESCRITTIVISMO LINGUISTICO: IL CASO DELLE GRAMMATICHE." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/18478.
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Nell’ambito della linguistica storica inglese si è assistito solo negli ultimi anni all’emergere di un nuovo interesse accademico e al conseguente sviluppo di un nuovo campo di ricerca: il Late(r) Modern English (LModE). Lo studio diacronico della lingua inglese, tradizionalmente spintosi fino a includere il periodo dell’Early Modern English, ha infatti solo recentemente accolto nel suo raggio d’indagine lo studio dei secoli a noi più vicini, il XVIII e il XIX, precedentemente soprannominati “the Cinderellas of English historical linguistic study” (Jones 1989). Il presente lavoro propone un’analisi storica e sociolinguistica del periodo che considera l’evoluzione linguistica del British English, l’importante fenomeno del prescrittivismo linguistico e lo sviluppo della grammatografia inglese nel XVIII secolo. Il primo capitolo propone una collocazione temporale del LModE tra il 1660 e il 1945, ne traccia i principali sviluppi storici e sociali, e presenta lo stato dell’arte sulla variazione linguistica del periodo. Il secondo capitolo presenta un’analisi approfondita delle diverse ideologie che hanno contribuito allo sviluppo del prescrittivismo quale fenomeno linguisticamente e culturalmente pervasivo. Il terzo capitolo, infine, traccia lo sviluppo settecentesco della grammatica come genere normativo e presenta l’analisi dettagliata di un'opera finora poco osservata: “Grammatical Observations on the English Language” (1766) del reverendo Caleb Fleming (1698-1779).A growing amount of scholarly attention has been paid to Late(r) Modern English since Jones (1989) famously dubbed the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries “the Cinderellas of English historical linguistic study”. The present work aims to contribute to such process of “De-Cinderellisation” (Rodriguez-Alvarez & Rodriguez-Gil 2011) through a historical and sociolinguistic account that links the evolution of British English in modern times to the rise of linguistic normativism and the development of grammars. The first chapter frames the period between 1660 and 1945, reports on the major socio-historical developments of the time, and tracks the linguistic variation through a state-of-the-art survey. The second chapter offers a lengthy and thorough examination of the different ideologies which brought about the all-pervasive linguistic and cultural phenomenon of prescriptivism. Finally the third chapter details the eighteenth-century development of English grammars as a normative genre and focuses on the micro-level analysis of the under-researched work by Rev. Caleb Fleming (1698-1779): “Grammatical Observations on the English Language” (1766).
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RUBAGOTTI, CHIARA. "LATE(R) MODERN ENGLISH E PRESCRITTIVISMO LINGUISTICO: IL CASO DELLE GRAMMATICHE." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/18478.
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Nell’ambito della linguistica storica inglese si è assistito solo negli ultimi anni all’emergere di un nuovo interesse accademico e al conseguente sviluppo di un nuovo campo di ricerca: il Late(r) Modern English (LModE). Lo studio diacronico della lingua inglese, tradizionalmente spintosi fino a includere il periodo dell’Early Modern English, ha infatti solo recentemente accolto nel suo raggio d’indagine lo studio dei secoli a noi più vicini, il XVIII e il XIX, precedentemente soprannominati “the Cinderellas of English historical linguistic study” (Jones 1989). Il presente lavoro propone un’analisi storica e sociolinguistica del periodo che considera l’evoluzione linguistica del British English, l’importante fenomeno del prescrittivismo linguistico e lo sviluppo della grammatografia inglese nel XVIII secolo. Il primo capitolo propone una collocazione temporale del LModE tra il 1660 e il 1945, ne traccia i principali sviluppi storici e sociali, e presenta lo stato dell’arte sulla variazione linguistica del periodo. Il secondo capitolo presenta un’analisi approfondita delle diverse ideologie che hanno contribuito allo sviluppo del prescrittivismo quale fenomeno linguisticamente e culturalmente pervasivo. Il terzo capitolo, infine, traccia lo sviluppo settecentesco della grammatica come genere normativo e presenta l’analisi dettagliata di un'opera finora poco osservata: “Grammatical Observations on the English Language” (1766) del reverendo Caleb Fleming (1698-1779).A growing amount of scholarly attention has been paid to Late(r) Modern English since Jones (1989) famously dubbed the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries “the Cinderellas of English historical linguistic study”. The present work aims to contribute to such process of “De-Cinderellisation” (Rodriguez-Alvarez & Rodriguez-Gil 2011) through a historical and sociolinguistic account that links the evolution of British English in modern times to the rise of linguistic normativism and the development of grammars. The first chapter frames the period between 1660 and 1945, reports on the major socio-historical developments of the time, and tracks the linguistic variation through a state-of-the-art survey. The second chapter offers a lengthy and thorough examination of the different ideologies which brought about the all-pervasive linguistic and cultural phenomenon of prescriptivism. Finally the third chapter details the eighteenth-century development of English grammars as a normative genre and focuses on the micro-level analysis of the under-researched work by Rev. Caleb Fleming (1698-1779): “Grammatical Observations on the English Language” (1766).
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Paparelli, Rubina <1989>. "Insegnamento e apprendimento della lingua araba. Analisi di alcune grammatiche moderne alla luce delle tendenze glottodidattiche del XX secolo." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/4555.
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Il presente studio si propone di analizzare da un punto di vista glottodidattico alcune grammatiche di lingua araba letteraria, sia essa classica (Classical Arabic) o moderna (Modern Standard Arabic), scritte in italiano. Una prima parte sarà dedicata all'illustrazione del campo d'indagine della glottodidattica e delle tendenze che hanno contrassegnato il processo di insegnamento/apprendimento delle lingue nel XX secolo. Si procederà quindi a delineare le metodologie che sono alla base dell'impostazione di un manuale rivolto ai discenti di lingua araba e di madrelingua italiana, al fine di illustrare come diversi modi di concepire l'insegnamento e l'apprendimento della lingua diano origine ad impostazioni didattiche e attitudini all'apprendimento differenti.
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Mariotti, Marcella Maria <1969>. "Il piacere della grammatica: dizionario grammaticale di base della lingua giapponese per madrelingua italiani." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/182.
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Pellin, Tommaso <1977>. "Le parole per la grammatica: formazione, sviluppo e stabilizzazione del vocabolario grammaticale della lingua cinese (1859-1924)." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/669.
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Salazar, Perafan Luis. "Évaluation de la compétence grammaticale chez des adultes francophones apprenant l'espagnol langue étrangère." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU20011/document.
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Notre étude porte sur l’observation de connaissances linguistiques et métalinguistiques chez les adultes francophones apprenant l’Espagnol Langue Étrangère (ELE). Ces connaissances constituent la compétence grammaticale que les apprenants construisent au fur et à mesure qu’ils s’approprient la L2.Dans le but d’observer ces connaissances au stade intermédiaire d’apprentissage — c’est-à-dire au niveau seuil (B1) établi par le Cadre Commun de Référence pour les Langues (Conseil de l’Europe, 2001) —, nous avons procédé à une étude expérimentale auprès de 30 adultes francophones. Notre démarche comporte 2 tâches d’expérimentation : une tâche de décision et une tâche de production orale. La tâche de décision repose sur un test de jugement de grammaticalité : on demande aux participants d’évaluer, dans un temps limité, un corpus des phrases (exposées les unes après les autres, à la fois à l’écrit et à l’oral) dont certaines contenaient une erreur. Le corpus de phrases présenté à nouveau sur papier, on demande ensuite aux participants de donner un jugement définitif (sans mesure de temps de réponse), à partir duquel, s’ils jugent une phrase incorrecte, ils doivent indiquer où se situe l’erreur et l’expliquer. Quant à la tâche de production orale, il a été demandé aux participants de produire un discours descriptif et narratif en L2 espagnol à l’aide d’un stimulus visuel (bande dessinée). Les résultats de nos tâches expérimentales nous ont permis de recueillir des données sur le temps de réponse, sur la capacité de jugement de phrases, sur le type de discours employé pour expliquer l’erreur et sur les structures syntaxiques utilisées spontanément en production orale.Ces données sont analysées et discutées en vue de fournir des pistes sur la capacité des adultes francophones apprenant l’ELE à détecter des erreurs en langue cible et à en expliciter les règles transgressées ; sur les problèmes qu’ils retrouvent dans leur appropriation du système grammatical de l’espagnol ; et sur les connaissances dont ils se servent pour analyser et produire les structures de la langue objet. En outre, les résultats obtenus nous permettent à notre tour d’envisager autrement l’apprentissage de la grammaire de l’espagnol et d’avancer la perspective d’un modèle d’enseignement adapté aux capacités métacognitives et métalinguistiques de l’apprenant francophoneThe framework of our study is focused on the assessment of linguistic and metalinguistic knowledge of francophone adults learning Spanish as a foreign language. This knowledge constitutes the basis of grammatical competence built by learners as they develop skills in the target language.Our aim is the observation of linguistic and metalinguistic knowledge used by francophone adult learners of Spanish as a second language (L2). Thus, we designed and directed an experimental study to 30 French-speakers with a threshold-level in Spanish, based on the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (Council of Europe, 2001). Our approach consisted of two experimental tasks: A decision making task and a task of oral production. The first task was conducted with a grammaticality judgement test in which participants had to evaluate, in a limited response time, a corpus of 36 sentences (presented one after the other, at both written and oral). The second task was conducted with the definitive confirmation of judgments about the corpus. Participants were thus asked to give a final judgement about the correctness of sentences (without measuring response time). If they judged a sentence as incorrect, they have to specify the error and explain it. As for the oral production task, the participants were asked to produce a descriptive and narrative speech in Spanish by using visual stimuli (a comic strip). The results achieved allowed us to collect data on the response time, on the sentences judgment ability, on the type of speech used to explain the error and on syntactical structures used spontaneously in oral speech. Those data were analyzed and discussed with the aim of providing insights on the capacity of francophone adults learning Spanish as a foreign language for detecting and explaining errors in the target language; on their difficulties in acquiring the Spanish grammatical system; and on their knowledge to analyze and produce structures in target language.The results enabled us to reconsider the learning of Spanish grammar otherwise with a view to teaching models adapted to the metacognitive and metalinguistic skills of francophone learners
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Schöntag, Roger. "Sprachkontakt: grammatische Interferenz im Französischen? : der Einfluß des Englischen auf das Stellungsverhalten des attributiven Adjektivs = Contact de langues: interférence grammaticale en français? /." München : Utz, 2009. http://d-nb.info/990864278/04.
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Bailly, Raphael. "Méthodes spectrales pour l'inférence grammaticale probabiliste de langages stochastiques rationnels." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10125/document.
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Nous nous plaçons dans le cadre de l’inférence grammaticale probabiliste. Il s’agit, étant donnée une distribution p sur un ensemble de chaînes S∗ inconnue, d’inférer un modèle probabiliste pour p à partir d’un échantillon fini S d’observations supposé i.i.d. selon p. L’inférence gram- maticale se concentre avant tout sur la structure du modèle, et la convergence de l’estimation des paramètres. Les modèles probabilistes dont il sera question ici sont les automates pondérés, ou WA. Les fonctions qu’ils modélisent sont appelées séries rationnelles. Dans un premier temps, nous étudierons la possibilité de trouver un critère de convergence absolue pour de telles séries. Par la suite, nous introduirons un type d’algorithme pour l’inférence de distributions rationnelles (i.e. distributions modélisées par un WA), basé sur des méthodes spectrales. Nous montrerons comment adapter cet algorithme pour l’appliquer au domaine, assez proche, des distributions sur les arbres. Enfin, nous tenterons d’utiliser cet algorithme d’inférence dans un contexte plus statistique d’estimation de densitéOur framework is the probabilistic grammatical inference. That is, given an unknown distribution p on a set of string S∗ , to infer a probabilistic model for p from a sample S of observations assumed to be i.i.d. according to p. Grammatical inference focuses primarily on the structure of the probabilistic model, and the convergence of parameter estimate. Probabilistic models which will be considered here are weighted automata, or WA. The series they model are called rational series. Initially, we study the possibility of finding an absolute convergence criterion for such series. Subsequently, we introduce a algorithm for the inference of rational distrbutions (i.e. distributions modeled by WA), based on spectral methods. We will show how to fit this algorithm to the domain, fairly close, of rational distributions on trees. Finally, we will try to see how to use the spectral algorithm in a more statistical way, in a density estimation task
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Adli, Aria. "Grammatische Variation und Sozialstruktur /." Berlin : Akademie Verl, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb392904091.
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Contou, Mathieu. "Wittgenstein et Freud : un autre aspect." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01H218.
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À la différence de "Philosophie, mythologie et pseudo-science. Wittgenstein lecteur de Freud", l'influent essai de Jacques Bouveresse (1991), cette étude vise à établir qu'aussi critique qu'il se soit effectivement montré à l'égard de la psychanalyse, Wittgenstein n'en a pas moins beaucoup appris et retenu de Freud. Au plan de sa conception de l'élucidation philosophique, principalement. Composée de trois parties, ladite étude consiste d'abord à mettre en évidence les fragilités de l'argumentation présentée au premier chapitre de J'ouvrage classique de Jacques Bouveresse ; puis à rendre compte de la place centrale du motif psychologico-clinique dans la définition et la mise en œuvre de la méthode grammaticale de Wittgenstein ; pour mieux isoler ensuite les six aspects plus proprement freudiens de la clinique philosophique wittgensteinienne. La conclusion de ce travail étant finalement réservée à l'interprétation des résultats acquis au cours de cet itinéraireUnlike « Philosophie, mythologie et pseudo-science. Wittgenstein lecteur de Freud”, the influential essay of Jacques Bouveresse (1991), this study aims to establish that even though he was critical towards psychoanalysis, Wittgenstein also leamed a lot from Freud. Mainly on the plan of his conception of philosophical elucidation. This study is divided in three parts : the first highlights the weaknesses of the argumentation introduced in the first chapter of the classical work of Jacques Bouveresse; then the second one reflects the core of the psychologic-clinical pattern in the definition and the implementation of the grammatical method of Wittgenstein; finally, to better isolate the six aspects of the wittgensteinian philosophicaI clinic that are the most strictly freudian. The conclusion of this work is, in the end, dedicated to the interpretation of the results acquired in the course of this path
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Harper, Robin Thomas Ross Computer Science & Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Enhancing grammatical evolution." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Computer Science & Engineering, 2010. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44843.
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Grammatical Evolution (GE) is a method of utilising a general purpose evolutionary algorithm to ???evolve??? programs written in an arbitrary BNF grammar. This thesis extends GE as follows: GE as an extension of Genetic Programming (GP) A novel method of automatically extracting information from the grammar is introduced. This additional information allows the use of GP style crossover which in turn allows GE to perform identically to a strongly typed GP system as well as a non-typed (or canonical) GP system. Two test problems are presented one which is more easily solved by the GP style crossover and one which favours the tradition GE ???Ripple Crossover???. With this new crossover operator GE can now emulate GP (as well as retaining its own unique features) and can therefore now be seen as an extension of GP. Dynamically Defined Functions An extension to the BNF grammar is presented which allows the use of dynamically defined functions (DDFs). DDFs provide an alternative to the traditional approach of Automatically Defined Functions (ADFs) but have the advantage that the number of functions and their parameters do not need to be specified by the user in advance. In addition DDFs allow the architecture of individuals to change dynamically throughout the course of the run without requiring the introduction of any new form of operator. Experimental results are presented confirming the effectiveness of DDFs. Self-Selecting (or variable) crossover. A self-selecting operator is introduced which allows the system to determine, during the course of the run, which crossover operator to apply; this is tested over several problem domains and (especially where small populations are used) is shown to be effective in aiding the system to overcome local optima. Spatial Co-Evolution in Age Layered Planes (SCALP) A method of combining Hornby???s ALPS metaheuristic and a spatial co-evolution system used by Mitchell is presented; the new SCALP system is tested over three problem domains of increasing difficulty and performs extremely well in each of them.
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Anderson, O. E. "Grammatical error prediction." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.595506.
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In this thesis, we investigate methods for automatic detection, and to some extent correction, of grammatical errors. The evaluation is based on manual error annotation in the Cambridge Learner Corpus (CLC), and automatic or semi-automatic annotation of error corpora is one possible application, but the methods are also applicable in other settings, for instance to give learners feedback on their writing or in a proofreading tool used to prepare texts for publication. Apart from the CLC, we use the British National Corpus (BNC) to get a better model of correct usage, WordNet for semantic relations, other machine-readable dictionaries for orthography/morphology, and the Robust Accurate Statistical Parsing (RASP) system to parse both the CLC and the BNC and thereby identify syntactic relations within the sentence. Different techniques are investigated, including: sentence-level binary classification based on machine-learning over n-grams of words, n-grams of part-of-speech tags and grammatical relations; automatic identification of features which are highly indicative of individual errors; and development of classifiers aimed more specifically at given error types, for instance concord errors based on syntactic structure and collocation errors based on co-occurrence statistics from BNC, using clustering to deal with data sparseness. We show that such techniques, when applied, can detect, and sometimes even correct, at least certain error types as well as or better than human annotators. We finally present an annotation experiment in which a human annotator corrects and supplements the automatic annotation, which confirms the high detection/correction accuracy of our system and furthermore shows that such a hybrid set-up gives higher-quality annotation with considerably less time and effort expended compared to fully manual annotation.
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Georgiou, Loukas. "Constituent grammatical evolution." Thesis, Bangor University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.569460.
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Evolutionary algorithms are a competent nature-inspired approach for complex computational problem solving. One recent development is Grammatical Evolution, a grammar-based evolutionary algorithm which uses genotypes of variable length binary strings and a unique genotype-to-phenotype mapping process based on a BNF grammar definition describing the output language that is able to create valid individuals of an arbitrary structure or programming language. This study surveys Grammatical Evolution, identifies its most important issues, investigates the competence of the algorithm in a series of agent-oriented benchmark problems, provides experimental results which cast doubt about its effectiveness and efficiency on problems involving the evolution of the behaviour of an agent, and presents Constituent Grammatical Evolution (CGE), a new innovative evolutionary automatic programming algorithm. CGE extends Grammatical Evolution by incorporating the concepts of constituent genes and conditional behaviour-switching. It builds from elementary and more complex building blocks a control program which dictates the behaviour of an agent and it is applicable to the class of problems where the subject of search is the behaviour of an agent in a given environment. Experimental results show that the new algorithm significantly improves Grammatical Evolution in all problems it has been benchmarked. Additionally, the investigation undertaken in this work required the development of a series of tools which are presented and described in detail. These tools provide an extendable open source and publicly available framework for experimentation in the area of evolutionary algorithms and their application in agent-oriented environments and complex systems.
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Friis-Jensen, Karsten. "Saxo Grammaticus as Latin poet. studies in the verse passages of the Gesta Danorum /." Roma : "L'erma" di Bretschneider, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb366607728.
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Miljan, Merilin. "Grammatical case in Estonian." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4035.
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The aim of this thesis is to show that standard approaches to grammatical case fail to provide an explanatory account of such cases in Estonian. In Estonian, grammatical cases form a complex system of semantic contrasts, with the case-marking on nouns alternating with each other in certain constructions, even though the apparent grammatical functions of the noun phrases themselves are not changed. This thesis demonstrates that such alternations, and the differences in interpretation which they induce, are context dependent. This means that the semantic contrasts which the alternating grammatical cases express are available in some linguistic contexts and not in others, being dependent, among other factors, on the semantics of the casemarked noun and the semantics of the verb it occurs with. Hence, traditional approaches which treat grammatical case as markers of syntactic dependencies and account for associated semantic interpretations by matching cases directly to semantics not only fall short in predicting the distribution of cases in Estonian but also result in over-analysis due to the static nature of the theories which the standard approach to case marking comprises. On the basis of extensive data, it is argued that grammatical cases in Estonian have underspecified semantic content that is not truth-conditional, but inferential, i.e. it interacts with linguistic context and discourse. Inspired by the assumptions of Relevance Theory (Wilson & Sperber 1993, 2002, 2004) and Dynamic Syntax (Cann et al 2005), it is proposed that grammatical cases in Estonian provide procedural information: instead of taking cases to encode grammatical relations directly, and matching them to truth-conditional semantics, it is argued that it is more useful and explanatory to construe case marking in Estonian as providing information on how to process the case-marked expression and interpret it within an immediate discourse (or sentence). This means that grammatical cases in Estonian are seen to encode a heavily underspecified semantics which is enriched by pragmatic processes in context. In this way, certain problematic constructions in Estonian, such as transitive clauses in which the object is marked by either genitive or nominative, depending on number (often referred to as the accusative in the relevant literature, e.g. Ackerman & Moore 1999, 2001; Hiietam 2003, 2004) and constructions in which the nominative occurs on the object both with singular and plural nouns, are shown to have a unitary explanation.
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Simonenko, Alexandra. "Grammatical ingredients of definiteness." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=123133.
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This dissertation presents arguments in favour of an explicit Logical Form representation of components responsible for direct referentiality and domain restriction in definites, with a focus on Austro-Bavarian German, Standard Swedish, and Standard Canadian English.It provides a semantico-pragmatic analysis of the ban on wh-subextraction out of DPs with the "strong" articles in Austro-Bavarian and demonstratives in English which assumes their direct referentiality. The ungrammaticality of question formation is proposed to result from the pathological uninformativeness of its possible answers. The ban on wh-subextraction thus emerges as a new testing tool for direct referentiality.I further propose an analysis of the cases where strong articles and demonstratives do not behave directly referentially. Assuming structural decomposition of strong articles and demonstratives into a determiner head and a relational head, I propose that directly referential interpretation results from a silent individual pronoun occupying the specifier of the relational head, whereas covarying interpretations arise as a result of either a restrictive relative clause occupying this position, or else a relational noun functioning as the relational component itself. I proceed to extend this approach to account for the distribution of strong and weak definite articles in DPs with restrictive relative clauses. A strong-DP is predicted to be used in all contexts where it is taken for granted that there is more than one individual with the nominal property because of the pragmatic pressure to use an LF with a component which triggers an "anti-uniqueness" presupposition. I show the latter to be a required feature of the semantic model for strong articles and demonstratives on independent grounds.In the second part I analyze the pattern of the free-standing article omission in Swedish. I identify the omission with the use of a covert restrictor-less definite article, which accounts for why it is easily available with context-sensitive modifiers whose semantics has to make reference to a domain restrictor, but is limited to the cases of "global uniqueness" with context-insensitive ones. Thus Swedish, I propose, illustrates the case of a "rudimentary" article which, if the only one available, would make the problem of incomplete descriptions unsurmountable. This conclusion relies on, and thus provides evidence for, the unavailability of either domain restriction at the NP-level or implicit global restriction of the domain of individuals as a means of modelling the behaviour of Swedish definites.La thèse avance des arguments en support de la représentation explicite des éléments responsables pour la référence directe et pour les restrictions du domaine dans les expressions définies et se base sur les données de l'austro-bavarois, le suédois et l'anglais canadien.Je propose une analyse sémantique-pragmatique de l'agrammaticalité du mouvement wh des syntagmes nominales avec les articles "fortes" en austro-bavarois et avec les démonstratifs en anglais qui les traite comme directement référentiels. Il est proposé que les réponses possibles à telle question ne portent pas d'information nouvelle, ce qui donne comme le résultat l'agrammaticalité de la question. L'agrammaticalité du mouvement wh devient donc une diagnostique pour la référence directe.Je propose aussi une analyse des cas où les articles fortes et les démonstratifs ne sont pas directement référentiels. En assumant une décomposition structurelle des articles fortes et des démonstratifs en une tête déterminative et une tête relative, je propose que l'interprétation directement référentielle se produit au cas où un pronom personnel silencieux occupe le spécificateur de la tête relative, tandis que l'interprétation qui admets une covariation se produit au cas où soit une proposition relative occupe le spécificateur en question, soit un nom relatif fonctionne comme une tête relative. J'applique cette analyse à la distribution des articles fortes et faibles dans les syntagmes nominales avec des propositions relatives restrictives.La seconde partie développe une analyse de l'omission de l'article défini indépendant dans le suédois. Je traite l'omission comme l'usage d'un article défini silencieux qui ne peut pas restreindre le domaine de la quantification, ce qui explique pourquoi elle est possible avec les modificateurs qui fournissent leur propres restrictions contextuelles, tandis qu'elle est possible seulement dans les cas de l'unicité "globale" avec les modificateurs qui ne fournissent pas des restrictions contextuelles. L'analyse met en évidence l'indisponibilité soit de la restriction du domaine sur le niveau nominal, soit de la restriction implicite globale.
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Meijer, Sietske Johanna. "Lexical and grammatical prepositions." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302247.
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Saddy, James Douglas 1952. "Investigations into grammatical knowledge." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13731.
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Tabaczynski, Tracy. "Grammatical Aspect in Children." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1194026797.
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Gehling, Thomas. ""Ich", "du" und andere : eine sprachtypologische Studie zu den grammatischen Kategorien "Person" und "Numerus" /." Münster, Westf. : LIT, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/376548169.pdf.
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Vilčinskaitė, Alma. "Sprachspielerische Modifikationen der Phraseologismen." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080924_175147-87039.
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Die vorliegende Magisterarbeit setzt sich zum Ziel sprachspielerische Verwendung ( Modifikation) von Phraseologismen in der Pressesprache zu untersuchen. Die wichtigste Aufgabe besteht in der Analyse der wichtigsten Modifikationsarten und ihrer Gebrauchshäufigkeit in der Zeitschrift ,,Der Spiegel” (Jahrgang 2007) sowie in der Beschreibung der wichtigsten Funktionen der ermittelten okkasionellen modifizierten Phraseologismen in der journalistischen Sprache.Magistrinio darbo tikslas - okazinių frazeologizmų vartojimo būdų (modifikacijų) spaudos kalboje tyrimas. Svarbiausias darbo uždavinys – išanalizuoti pagrindines frazeologizmų modifikacijų rūšis ir jų vartojimo dažnumą žurnale „Der Spiegel“ (20007m.) ir aprašyti svarbiausias jų funkcijas žurnalistinėje kalboje.
The MA paper aims at the analysis of the use methods (modifications) of occasional phraseological units in the press language. The objectives of the study are: to explore the main types of modifications of phrasiological units; to examine their use frequency in the magazine Der Spiegel (2007); and to describe the prime function of phrasiological units in the language of journalism.
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Tantini, Frédéric. "Inférence grammaticale en situations bruitées." Phd thesis, Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00411616.
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L'inférence grammaticale s'intéresse à l'apprentissage automatique de langages formels. Ces derniers sont organisés en plusieurs classes formant la hiérarchie de Chomsky. Parmi elles, les langages réguliers, reconnus par des automates finis déterministes, forment la classe la plus « simple » à apprendre : l'apprentissage des automates a largement été étudié et a donné naissance à plusieurs algorithmes d'inférence grammaticale.Toutefois, un problème concernant les données est devenu crucial : celui du bruit. Des propositions d'algorithmes ont vu le jour pour essayer de résoudre ce problème, mais nous montrons que les résultats ne sont toujours pas satisfaisants, y compris pour les langages réguliers. Or, puisqu'ils forment la base de la hiérarchie de Chomsky, ce sont toutes les classes de la hiérarchie qui ne peuvent être apprises en situations bruitées.
Aussi, nous proposons une nouvelle classe de langages qui semble ne pas souffrir de ce handicap : celle des boules de mots. Nous démontrons que cette classe, de prime abord peu orthodoxe mais utilisée dans de nombreuses applications comme la correction orthographique ou la recherche de plus proches voisins, reste identifiable à la limite même lorsque les données d'apprentissage subissent l'influence d'un bruit non statistique.
De plus, nous introduisons les requêtes de correction basées sur la distance d'édition et nous présentons un algorithme d'apprentissage des boules de mots à partir de telles requêtes. Nous montrons expérimentalement que de simples heuristiques a posteriori suffisent à le rendre résistant lorsque l'oracle répond approximativement à de telles requêtes. Ceci justifie encore une
fois la robustesse des boules de mots au bruit.
Contrairement aux idées reçues, le bruit n'est donc pas une malédiction en inférence grammaticale : les langages à base de distance offrent de nouvelles perspectives.
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Svärd, Erik. "Grammatical gender in New Guinea." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Avdelningen för allmän språkvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-119839.
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The present study investigates the gender systems of 20 languages in the New Guinea region, an often overlooked area in typological research. The languages were classified with five criteria used by Di Garbo (2014) to classify gender systems of African languages. The results showed that the gender systems were diverse, although around half of the languages have two-gendered sex-based systems with semantic assignment, more than four gender-indexing targets, and no gender marking on nouns. The gender systems of New Guinea are remarkably representative of the world, although formal assignment is much less common. However, the gender systems of New Guinea and Africa are very different. The most significant difference isthe prevalence of non-sex-based gender systems and gender marking on nouns in Africa, whereas the opposite is true in New Guinea. However, gender in Africa is also less diverse largely due to the numerous Bantu languages. Finally, four typologically rare characteristics were found in the sample: (1) size and shape as important criteria of gender assignment, with large/long being masculine and small/short feminine, (2) the presence of two separate nominal classification systems, (3) no gender distinctions in pronouns, and (4) verbs as the most common indexing target.Denna studie undersöker genussystemen hos 20 språk i Nya Guinea-regionen, vilken ofta förbises i typologisk forskning. Språken klassificerades utifrån fem kriterier som användes av Di Garbo (2014) för att klassificera genussystem i Afrika. Resultaten visade att genussystemen var varierade, men ungefär hälften av språken har könsbaserade genussystem med tvaå genus, semantisk genustilldelning, fler än fyra genusindex och ingen genusmarkering på substantiv. Genussystemen är anmärkningsvärt representativa för världen, men formell genustilldelning är mycket mindre vanlig. Jämfört med genussystemen i Afrika är dock Nya Guinea väldigt annorlunda. Den viktigaste skillnaden är den större utbredningen av icke-könsbaserade genussystem och genusmarkering på substantiv i Afrika, medan motsatsen gäller i Nya Guinea. Genus i Afrika är dock till stor del mindre varierat på grund av de talrika bantuspråken. Slutligen hittades fyra typologiskt sällsynta karaktärsdrag i urvalet: (1) storlek och form som viktiga kriterier för genustilldelning, där stort/långt är maskulint och litet/kort feminint, (2) närvaron av två separata nominalklassificeringssystem, (3) inga genusdistinktioner i pronomen och (4) verb som det vanligaste genusindexet.
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Parent, François. "Sémantique grammaticale du mot tout." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ48948.pdf.
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Purdy, Eric. "Grammatical methods in computer vision." Thesis, The University of Chicago, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3557428.
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In computer vision, grammatical models are models that represent objects hierarchically as compositions of sub-objects. This allows us to specify rich object models in a standard Bayesian probabilistic framework. In this thesis, we formulate shape grammars, a probabilistic model of curve formation that allows for both continuous variation and structural variation. We derive an EM-based training algorithm for shape grammars. We demonstrate the effectiveness of shape grammars for modeling human silhouettes, and also demonstrate their effectiveness in classifying curves by shape. We also give a general method for heuristically speeding up a large class of dynamic programming algorithms. We provide a general framework for discussing coarse-to-fine search strategies, and provide proofs of correctness. Our method can also be used with inadmissible heuristics.
Finally, we give an algorithm for doing approximate context-free parsing of long strings in linear time. We define a notion of approximate parsing in terms of restricted families of decompositions, and construct small families which can approximate arbitrary parses.
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Januškytė, Sigita. "Subjectivized Grammatical Metaphor in Translation." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080926_182420-93785.
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This paper focuses on the concept of a subjectivized grammatical metaphor and its practical application in the translation of English fiction. At first, it explains the theoretical concept of a grammatical metaphor in general, following Halliday and other scholars. Later it gives the wide array of translation transformations of subjectivized grammatical metaphor to illustrate this theoretical overview with the examples of its practical application.Šis darbas pristato gramatinės metaforos savoką ir atvejus, kai ji eina sakinyje veiksniu, bei jų vertimą į lietuvių kalbą iš anglų grožinės literatūros kūrinių. Darbo pradžioje aptariama teorinė gramatinės metaforos sąvoka, remiantis Halliday ir kitais mokslininkais. Antroje darbo dalyje nagrinėjami konkretūs gramatinės metaforos vertimo pavyzdžiai, iliustruojantys šią teorinę apžvalgą.
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Perder, Emil. "A Grammatical Description of Dameli." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-93888.
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This dissertation aims to provide a grammatical description of Dameli (ISO-639-3: dml), an Indo-Aryan language spoken by approximately 5 000 people in the Domel Valley in Chitral in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province in the North-West of Pakistan. Dameli is a left-branching SOV language with considerable morphological complexity, particularly in the verb, and a complicated system of argument marking. The phonology is relatively rich, with 31 consonant and 16 vowel phonemes. This is the first extensive study of this language. The analysis presented here is based on original data collected primarily between 2003-2008 in cooperation with speakers of the language in Peshawar and Chitral, including the Domel Valley. The core of the data consists of recorded texts and word lists, but questionnaires and paradigms of word forms have also been used. The main emphasis is on describing the features of the language as they appear in texts and other material, rather than on conforming them to any theory, but the analysis is informed by functional analysis and linguistic typology, hypotheses on diachronical developments and comparisons with neighbouring and related languages. The description is divided into sections describing phonology, morphology and syntax, with chapters on a range of individual subjects such as particular word classes and phrase types, phonological and syntactical phenomena. This is not intended to be an exhaustive reference grammar; some topics are only touched upon briefly while others are treated in more detail and suggestions for further research are given at various points throughout the work.
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Savickey, Beth Anne. "Wittgenstein's method of grammatical investigation." Thesis, University of York, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284126.
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Mingas, Amelia Arlete. "Étude grammaticale de l'iwoyo (Angola)." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05H016.
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Etude grammaticale de l'iwoyo, langue bantoue angolaise appartenant au sous goupe "kikongo", parlee au cabinda et classe par m. Guthrie dans la zone h16a. Ce travail, realise conformement au cadre theorique et methodologique utilisee par e. Bonvini pour lalangue kasim, est precede d'une introduction generale et articule en quatre chapitres. Le premier a ete consacre a la morphosyntaxe de la predication ou sont degages les schemas des enonces de l'assertion, de l'interrogation et de l'intimation. Il a ete par la suite possible d'identifier deux grandes categries de constituants syntaxiques : le nominal et le verbal. Le deuxieme chapitre traite du nominal. En utilisant d'une maniere conjointe les notions de "classe" et de "genre", nous avons pu ensuite analyser son comportement en tant que constituant syntaxique plurifonctionnel. 18 classes et 13 genres ont ete identifies. L'analyse s'est poursuivie avec l'etude du nom, du syntagme nominal, du pronom et du numeral. Le troisieme chapitre presente le systeme verbal sur la base de la distinction entre le constituant verbal lui meme et les specificatifs verbaux. Le quatrieme chapitre est consacre a l'etude de l'enonce et de ses variations internes et externes. Les premieres concernent la focalisation et la thematisation tandis que les secondes se referent a la coordination et a la thematisationThe goal of this work is to give a clear inderstanding of the grammacial structures of iwoyo, an angolan bantu language spoken in cabinda and classified by m. Guthrie under the h16a zone. After an introductory background concerning some basic geographical informations about the country, and a brief geographical and historical description of cabinda the first chapter present the structures of the major utterances attested by the language: assertive, interrogative and intimative sentences which provided the inventory of the nominal and verbal constituents. The second chapter deals with the nominal constituent analyzed through two methodological frameworks: bantu traditional one and e. Bonvini's. We first discussed class systeme and gender marlers; then we studied successively the noun, the noun phrase, the rponoun and the numeral. In the third chapter the verbal constituent is analyzed in detail. Through considering bantu traditional methode, we made a distinction between the verb and its specifiers, accordingly to e. Bonvini's suggestion. In the last chapter we studied the internal and external enunciative variations, specially topicalizationin one hand and corrdination and subordination on the other
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Pedro, José Domingos. "Étude grammaticale du kimbundu (Angola)." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05H059.
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L "étude grammaticale du kimbundu" comporte quatre chapitres : énonciation et prédication, le verbal, le nominal et l’énonce et ses variations. Dans le premier chapitre, "énonciation et prédication", l’organisation morphosyntaxique de la langue a dégagé tout particulièrement les schèmes prédicatifs propres à l’assertion, l’intimation et l’interrogation. Elle a également dégagé deux catégories formelles de la langue : le nominal et le verbal. Le deuxième chapitre, "le nominal », etudié sur quatre formes : le nom, le syntagme, le pronom et le numéral. Le nom se présente comme une séquence du type nominant + base. C’est le nominant qui confère a la base le statut de du sujet. La base est précédée par la marque de temps ou de mode (t m) et suivie par le verbant dont sa valeur sémantique est celle d’aspect. C’est le verbant qui confère à la base le statut de constituant verbal. Le quatrième chapitre, "l’énoncé et ses variations", ce n’est qu’une amorce d’une approche de ce domaine.
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Mfuwa, Ndonga. "Systématique grammaticale du kisikongo (Angola)." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05H012.
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Cette thèse porte sur l'étude du système grammatical du Kisikongo, dialecte du kikongo (langue bantoue, h10), parle au nord-ouest de l’Angola. S’inspirant de la méthode d'E. Bonvini, l'analyse porte principalement sur la morphosyntaxe de la prédication, le nominal, le verbal et l'énoncé et ses variations. Le premier chapitre présente l'inventaire des schèmes d'énoncés verbaux (assertifs, intimatifs et interrogatifs) et nominaux et identifie le schème prédicatif sous-jacent a tous les énonces de la langue, ainsi que les fonctions syntaxiques et les constituants qui les assument. Le deuxième chapitre étudie d'abord le nominant en tant que morphème majeur commun à tous les nominaux et organise en un système basé sur une double réalité : celle de "classe" et de "genre". Il se poursuit par l'analyse détaillée du nom (simple et compose), du pronom, du numéral et du syntagme nominal. Le troisième chapitre présente d'abord une systématique formelle des éléments de la forme verbale selon la méthode des bantouistes. Il étudie ensuite le verbal a deux niveaux : au niveau du constituant verbal, l'étude porte sur le dérivatif verbal en tant qu'élargissement formel et sémantique de la base verbale et support de la diathèse verbale, ainsi que le verbant, en tant que morphème aspecto-temporel. Au niveau de la spécification verbale sont analyses les actualisateurs, les indices de fonction ainsi que les spécificités verbaux. Enfin, le quatrième chapitre traite des variations énonciatives internes (focalisation et thématisassions) et des variations énonciatives externes liées à la séquence des propositions (coordination et subordination)This thesis presents a study of the grammatical system of Kisikongo, a Kikongo dialect (h10) spoken in north-western Angola. Based on the E. Bonvini's methodological framework, it is carried out into four chapters : the first one makes an inventory of the verbal (assertive, intimative and interrogative) and nominal schemes of utterances, establishes the underlying sentence structure common to all Kisikongo utterances and identifies the major syntactic functions and constituents. The second chapter is devoted to the nominal. It first discusses the system of class and gender markers and goes on studying the simple and compound noun, the pronoun, the numeral and the noun phrase. The third chapter provides a detailed analysis of the verbal. It first analyses the formal elements of the verb form following the bantuist methodological framework. It then considers the verb stem, the derivational process, including verbal diathesis and the aspecto-temporal morphemes. In the last section the verbal specifiers are analyzed : pronominal prefixes, negation operators, ad-verbs and auxiliaries. Finally, the fourth chapter treats of the internal variations (topicalization) and the external ones (complex sentence structure, including relatization)
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Nelson, Diane. "Grammatical case assignment in Finnish /." New York : Garland publishing, 1998. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38907977s.
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Ezenwafor, Chikelu Ihunanya. "A Grammatical Sketch of Etulo." Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11384/86018.
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Scholze, Lenka. "Das grammatische System der obersorbischen Umgangssprache im Sprachkontakt /." Bautzen : Domowina-Verl, 2008. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=017091401&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Franceschina, Florencia. "The nature of grammatical representations in mature L2 grammars : the case of Spanish grammatical gender." Thesis, University of Essex, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250059.
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Rigobianco, Luca. "Per una grammatica dell'etrusco: exempla." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3422013.
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The aim of this work is to provide a sample of Etruscan grammar.
The work is divided into three chapters. The first chapter begins with a historiographic section, in which I will present an excursus of the grammatical researches on Etruscan language; specifically, I will assume and develop the hypothesis (put forward by PROSDOCIMI 1985), according to which the year 1984 represents the introduction of a new theoretical and methodological paradigm. I will review all the studies on Etruscan language appeared over the past 25 years, in order to probe the influence of the new paradigm. Moreover, in the second section I will try to outline some considerations regarding the grammar (grammatical description) of the Etruscan language, taking into account the nature of Etruscan as Restsprache, known from short and repetitive inscriptions and without evident linguistic affinities with other varieties (except for Rethic and Lemnian).
In the second chapter I will deal with the noun phrase in Etruscan, in particular with the number and gender morphology. With regards to the plural morphology, I will endeavour to account for the data which appear not to match the generalization, according to which the plural was formed by means of two morphemes (*-ra(-) and *-(K)wa(-)), the former for animate nouns and the latter for inanimate (AGOSTINIANI 1992, 1993). Then, I will examine the question of the indoeuropean etymology of the Etruscan feminine morphemes –i, -ia (< i.e. *-j(e/o)H2(-)), since I think it is an extremely important topic for both Etruscan and Italic languages.
Finally, the third chapter is dedicated to the vexata quaestio of the linguistic relationship between Etruscan and other varieties: because of the breadth and the depth of the problem, I will confine myself to offering a brief account based on what the second chapter has brought out.L’obiettivo di questo lavoro è offrire alcuni exempla per una grammatica dell’etrusco. La tesi è articolata in tre capitoli. Il primo capitolo inizia con una sezione di carattere storiografico, in cui ho presentato un excursus delle riflessioni grammaticali sulla lingua etrusca; nello specifico ho ripreso e sviluppato un’ipotesi già avanzata da Prosdocimi (1985), secondo la quale il 1984 può essere assunto –pur con tutti i caveat sottesi a ogni periodizzazione- come anno di irruzione di nuovo paradigma (della grammatica) nell’ambito degli studi etruscologici: sono stati passati in rassegna gli studi sulla lingua etrusca degli ultimi venticinque anni, così da sondare, per quanto possibile, se e quanta sia stata l’influenza del nuovo paradigma individuato. Nella seconda sezione ho tentato di delineare alcuni fondamenti per una grammatica (= descrizione grammaticale) della lingua etrusca, tarando il modo di operare questa descrizione (al di là di generalia comunque validi) sull’oggetto, in conformità alla sua natura di lingua storica giunta a noi come Restsprache, testimoniata perlopiù da iscrizioni brevi e ripetitive, e per cui non sono evidenti affinità linguistiche se non con le varietà retica e lemnia. Il secondo capitolo, strettamente linguistico, è dedicato al sintagma nominale in etrusco, in particolare alla morfologia di plurale e di femminile. Per quanto riguarda la morfologia di plurale ho tentato di rendere conto dei dati che paiono scostarsi dalla generalizzazione di Agostiniani (1992, 1993) secondo la quale il plurale sarebbe espresso da due morf(em)i, l’uno dedicato alla classe dei sostantivi animati, l’altro dedicato alla classe dei sostantivi inanimati. Nella seconda parte ho tentato invece di inquadrare l’ipotesi vulgata di una origine da (una varietà di) indoeuropeo dei morfemi di femminile –i, -ia (< i.e. *-j(e/o)H2(-)), sviluppando un tema che credo capitale per l’etrusco (e il suo ‘farsi’) e importante per il (pre)latino e il (pre)italico per la vastità delle sue implicazioni. Nell’ultima sezione sono state offerte alcune considerazioni di massima sulla vexata quaestio delle affinità linguistiche dell’etrusco, alla luce di quanto è emerso nelle sezioni dedicate alla morfologia di plurale e di femminile.
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Melanson, Michael. "PROMPTED Peer Response and Grammatical Errors : Prompted Peer Response vs Unprompted Peer Response inReducing Grammatical Errors." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för språkdidaktik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-166208.
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The current classroom environment is filled with expectations for both teacher and student but is often lacking in time. Skolverket (2011) outlines ambitious goals such as developing students’ critical thinking abilities, adapting teaching to each student’s individual needs, and encouraging students to actively take part in the development of their own educational process, to name just a few. It is crucial to develop and use techniques that aid in attaining these objectives. Peer response could be such a tool. There is an abundance of research which demonstrates how effective it is, but there is also a great reluctance on the part of teachers and students alike to employ it in the classroom. This could be due in part to the idea that learners lack the necessary knowledge to correct and give feedback. However, this and other criticisms directed against peer feedback could be alleviated through deliberate formal peerresponse training. Most of today’s research on this topic seems to focus on English as a Second or Foreign Language (ESL/EFL) classrooms in the U.S.A and Asia, with little work having been done in the Swedish context. Also lacking are investigations regarding peer response in grammar testing, since most of the research emphasizes essay writing. This paper aims to add to the body of existing research on prompted peer response by examining its application in English classrooms in Sweden. To do so, two secondary school English classes in Sweden are tested by means of an abbreviated version of Gan’s (2011) prompted peer response model. More specifically, this paper’s objective is to explore if prompted peer response leads to improvements in grammar (operationalized in this case as reducing grammatical errors in a grammar test) when compared to unprompted peer response. In addition, this paper intends to explore whether peer response can possibly produce any additional rewards and what those could be. The results for this study seem promising. The primary results of this paper support the existing research in this area that prompted peer response leads to a reduction in student’s grammatical errors. Perhaps more importantly, the results suggest that it also aids students in developing a progressive approach to peer response which ultimately can lead to students developing learning strategies and self-reflection over their own learning process.
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Sherman, Danny R. "A glossary of grammatical terminology for students of biblical Hebrew sorting out the grammatical terminological maze /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1992. http://www.tren.com.
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Johns, Alana. "Transitivity and grammatical relations in Inuktitut." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5334.
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Mažeikytė, Agnė. "Grammatical Cohesion in E. Hemingway's Works." Bachelor's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120831_102832-07788.
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Main feature of the cohesion is connection between sentences in the text. It describes the ways in which components of sentences of a text are mutually connected (grammatically and lexically). Cohesion is non-structural text forming relations because cohesion depends not on structure but on semantic relations and it makes the text a semantic unit.Pagrindinis kohenzijos tikslas yra ryšys tarp sakinių tekste. Ji apibūdina abipusį ryšį kuris jungia sakinius(gramatinį ir leksinį). Kohenzija yra nestruktūrinis teksto formavimo ryšys, ji nepriklauso nuo struktūros, tai semantinis ryšys ir tuo pačiu jis nurodo, kad tekstas yra semantinė dalis.
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Mapleson, Daniel Lee. "Post-grammatical processing for discourse segmentation." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.426689.
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Dobler, T. "Wittgenstein on grammar and grammatical method." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2011. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/40467/.
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This thesis is an investigation of Ludwig Wittgenstein‘s later conception of grammar and philosophy as a grammatical investigation. I seek to clarify how one should understand the later Wittgenstein‘s statement that "grammar describes the use of words in the language" (PG 60), as well as what motivates Wittgenstein‘s philosophical interest in grammar. I explore and critically assess three different interpretative approaches to Wittgenstein‘s conception of grammar, each of which presents a different characterisation of his view that philosophy is a grammatical investigation. I argue that Wittgenstein‘s conception of grammar and philosophy should be understood against the background of his early views, and also in light of his later critique of those views in the Philosophical Investigations. I develop a sustained critique of the standard interpretation of grammar and grammatical investigation, which, I argue, tends to obliterate important contrasts between Wittgenstein‘s early and later views. I propose that in interpreting Wittgenstein‘s use of the term grammar, one should be sensitive to a distinction between two different notions of use, which in turn give rise to two different notions of grammar: namely, grammar as that which describes the use of words in sentential contexts, and grammar as that which describes the use of words in the context of particular activities on different occasions. I argue that, on the later Wittgenstein‘s view, neglecting the latter aspect of use is responsible for many philosophical confusions, and that Wittgenstein‘s grammatical methods aim to eliminate confusions by bringing this dimension of use and grammar back into focus.
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Juzek, Thomas Stephan. "Acceptability judgement tasks and grammatical theory." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b276ec98-5f65-468b-b481-f3d9356d86a2.
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This thesis considers various questions about acceptability judgement tasks (AJTs). In Chapter 1, we compare the prevalent informal method of syntactic enquiry, researcher introspection, to formal judgement tasks. We randomly sample 200 sentences from Linguistic Inquiry and then compare the original author judgements to online AJT ratings. Sprouse et al., 2013, provided a similar comparison, but they limited their analysis to the comparison of sentence pairs and to extreme cases. We think a comparison at large, i.e. involving all items, is more sensible. We find only a moderate match between informal author judgements and formal online ratings and argue that the formal judgements are more reliable than the informal judgements. Further, the fact that many syntactic theories rely on questionable informal data calls the adequacy of those theories into question. In Chapter 2, we test whether ratings for constructions from spoken language and constructions from written language differ if presented as speech vs as text and if presented informally vs formally. We analyse the results with an LME model and find that neither mode of presentation nor formality are significant factors. Our results suggest that a speaker's grammatical intuition is fairly robust. In Chapter 3, we quantitatively compare regular AJT data to their Z-scores and ranked data. For our analysis, we test resampled data for significant differences in statistical power. We find that Z-scores and ranked data are more powerful than raw data across most common measurement methods. Chapter 4 examines issues surrounding a common similarity test, the TOST. It has long been unclear how to set its controlling parameter d. Based on data simulations, we outline a way to objectively set d. Further results suggest that our guidelines hold for any kind of data. The thesis concludes with an appendix on non-cooperative participants in AJTs.
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Rapa, Sanda, and Renate Silina-Pinke. "Die verbreitetsten grammatischen Modelle lettischer Toponyme." Deutsche Gesellschaft für Namenforschung, 2019. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A71040.
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Eyraud, Rémi. "Inférence grammatical de langages hors-contextes." Saint-Etienne, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006STET4008.
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L’inférence grammaticale a pour but d’étudier l’apprentissage automatique des langages formels. Jusqu’à récemment, l’attention des chercheurs s’était focalisée sur les langages réguliers et ce avec succès. Mais il est plus difficile de s’attaquer à l’apprentissage des langages hors-contextes, la classe de complexité suivante. En effet, des barrières théoriques importantes existent : la plupart des résultats théoriques sont négatifs et montrent l’impossibilité d’apprendre l’intégralité de la classe. Dans cette thèse, après avoir analysé les difficultés inhérentes à cette inférence et étudié les solutions apportées par les travaux précédents, nous proposons trois approches. La première consiste à modifier un algorithme de compression afin de structurer les exemples d’apprentissage. Nous utilisons ensuite un algorithme d’apprentissage existant capable d’apprendre l’intégralité de la classe à partir d’exemples structurés. La seconde approche repose sur un changement de représentation : nous utilisons des systèmes de réécriture de mots pour représenter et manipuler des langages hors-contextes. Nous introduisons les systèmes délimités de réécriture de mots hybrides et presque non chevauchants pour lesquels nous démontrons un théorème d’identification à la limite en temps polynomial à partir d’exemples positifs et négatifs. Une étude de la classe de langages apprise ainsi que des expérimentations sont détaillées. Le troisième travail présenté ici consiste en une restriction à une sous-classe. Nous définissons la classe des langages substituables et proposons un algorithme capable de l’identifier à la limite en temps et en données polynomiaux, à partir d’exemples positifs seulementThe purpose of the grammatical inference is to study the learnability of the formal language classes. Until recently, the researches had been focused on the regular languages and this successfully. But things tend to be harder when the following class of complexity, namely context-free languages, is considered. Indeed, important theoretical barrier exist : the majority of the theoretical results are negative and show impossibility of learning the whole class. In this document, after having analyzed the inherent difficulties of this inference and having studied the solutions brought by previous works, we propose three approaches. The first one consists in modifying an algorithm of compression in order to structure the learning examples. We use then an existing algorithm able to learn the whole class from structured examples. The second approach relies on a change of representation : we use string rewriting systems to represent and handle context-free languages. We introduce hybrid and almost non-overlapping delimited string rewriting systems for which we show an identification in the limit theorem, in polynomial time, using positive and negative examples. A study of the learned class of languages and some experiments are also detailed. The third work presented here consists in a restriction to a subclass. We define the class of the substitutable languages and propose an algorithm able to identify it in the limit from positive examples only, with polynomial bounds on time and data
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Fedder, Joshua C. "Factors Motivating Use of Grammatical Aspect." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1343403334.
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Guillaume, Jean-Patrick. "Recherches sur la tradition grammaticale arabe." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37598158k.
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Thomte, Tristan Calhoun. "Grammatical person in text and narrative /." May be available electronically:, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
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