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Cook, Weston F., William H. Prescott, and Albert D. McJoynt. "The Art of War in Spain: The Conquest of Granada, 1481-1492." Journal of Military History 60, no. 1 (1996): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2944453.
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Gonzalez-Gomez, Cecilio, and Purificacion Sanchez-Sanchez. "University of Granada Radiocarbon Dates V." Radiocarbon 33, no. 3 (1991): 367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200040388.
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This paper includes some determinations of archaeological, art and palaeobotanical samples from Spain and Portugal, obtained at the University of Granada Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory, mostly from 1986 to 1988. Pretreatment of charcoal and wood samples is a standard acid-basic procedure using 8% HC1 and 2% NaOH at boiling temperature. The collagen of bone samples is obtained by the Longin (1971) method.The method of dating is benzene synthesis and liquid scintillation counting as previously reported (González-Gómez, López-González & Domingo-García 1982; González-Gómez, Sánchez-Sánchez and Domingo-García 1985; González-Gómez, Sánchez-Sánchez and Villafranca-Sánchez 1986, 1987).14C activity was measured in a Packard Tri-Carb Mod 4640 liquid scintillation spectrometer, using 20 ml low 40K counting vials with 5 ml benzene and 10 ml PPO-toluene as scintillator with a background of ca. 9 cpm. Efficiency was approximately 70% using the part of spectrum above the end point of tritium.
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Antón, M., J. E. Gil, A. Cazorla, et al. "Influence of the calibration on experimental UV index at a midlatitude site, Granada (Spain)." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4, no. 3 (2011): 499–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-499-2011.
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Abstract. The ultraviolet index (UVI) is the most commonly used variable to inform about the level and potential harmful effect of ultraviolet (UV) radiation reaching the Earth's surface. This variable is derived from the output signal of UV radiometers applying conversion factors from calibration methods. This paper focused on the influence of the use of two of these methods (called one-step and two-steps methods) on the experimental UVI measured by a YES UVB-1 radiometer located in a midlatitude station, Granada (Spain) for the period 2006–2009. In addition, it also analyzes the deviation from the UVI values obtained when the manufacturer's calibration factors are applied. For this goal, a detailed characterization of the UVB-1 radiometer from the first Spanish calibration campaign of broadband UV radiometers at the "El Arenosillo" INTA station in 2007 was used. In addition, modeled UVI data derived from the LibRadtran/UVSPEC radiative transfer code are compared with the experimental values recorded at Granada for cloud-free conditions. Absolute mean differences between measured and modeled UVI data at Granada were around 5% using the one-step and two-steps calibration methods, indicating an excellent performance of these two techniques for obtaining UVI data from the UVB-1 radiometer. Conversely, the application of the manufacture's calibration factor produced a large overestimation (~14%) of the UVI values, generating unreliable alarming high UVI data in summer. Thus, the number of days with an extreme erythemal risk (UVI higher than 10) increased up to 46% between May and September at Granada. This percentage reduced to a more reliable value of 3% when the conversion factors obtained with the two-steps calibration method are used. These results evidence the need for a sound calibration of the broadband UV instruments in order to obtain reliable measurements.
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Onita, Adriana. "Graffiti Silence." TranscUlturAl: A Journal of Translation and Cultural Studies 6, no. 1 (2014): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21992/t91k9v.
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These tricontinental ekphrastic poems feature graffiti art(ists) that have caught my heart off guard. The first poem titled “Graffiti of Silence” is a response to the anonymous “listen bird”, ubiquitous in Edmonton's urban geography from 2003 to about 2008. Stenciled, spray painted or stickered, it always featured a speech bubble with one word: listen. It quickly became part of Edmonton’s local iconography, but the city’s Graffiti Management Program managed to eliminate the bird from its streets, but not from public memory. The second ekphrasis titled “The Fisherman” features the work of El niño de las pinturas (Raúl Ruiz), an internationally-renowned graffiti artist based in Granada, Spain. Known for his large-scale wall murals which are almost always accompanied by his own poetic text, he dresses the skin of this city in sienna strokes, covers its bruises with layers of light, becoming a source of symbolic pride for Granada. The third poem, “Monsters in Montevideo,” is inspired by Alfalfa (Nicolás Sánchez), an iconic street artist based in Montevideo, Uruguay. His unique style uses organic lines and bright colours to create fantastical creatures that add a sense of play and surprise to many of the city’s streets. These three ekphrastic poems are an attempt to translate the poetic experience of viewing street art. Through poetry, the impermanent art of graffiti is rendered immortal as a self-portrait of each city and each spectator.
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Ahsani, S. A. H. "The State of Research on Islamic Spain." American Journal of Islam and Society 9, no. 4 (1992): 556–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v9i4.2541.
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The era of Muslim rule in Spain (711-1491 CE) witnessed great contributionsin many areas of knowledge and learning. Rapid strides weremade in such diverse fields as art and architecture, agriculture and handicrafts,linguistics and literature, humanities and Social studies, music andpoetry, and the physical and mechanical sciences. In fact, Islamic Spain,known to the Muslim world as al Andalus, served as a bridge for thetransfer of the knowledge and wisdom of Classical Greece to Europe, aprocess that eventually led to the European Renaissance.The achievements of al Andalus will not be discussed in this paper.Rather, a survey of current research activities focusing on al Andaluswill be presented. The areas covered are Europe, North America, NorthAfrica, and parts of Asia. Latin American activities have not been surveyeddue to the nonavailability of sources.EuropeEurope has been the center of research on al Andalus. Various periodicalshave served as major sources of information: Al-Andalus (Madrid1933), Hesperis (Paris 1921-59), Hesperis-Tamuda (Rabat 1960), Miscellanceade Estudios Arabes y Hebraicos (Granda 1952), Revista de InstitutoEgypcio de Studios Islamicos (Madrid 1953), Revue de la OccidentMusulman et la Mediterranee (Aix-en-Provence 1966), Boletin de laAssociation Espaniola de Orientalistas (Madrid 1965), and Cuadernos dela Alhambra (Granada 1965).Certain important books have also appeared, such as Peres: la PoisieAndalousie, which includes a history of that period. Introductions to editionsof texts and translations relate important infonnation about al Andalusunder the al Murabitun and the al Mu’ahhidun dynasties. Hourani(1961) has written an excellent book: Averroes: On the Harmony of Religionand Philosophy. Memorial volumes in honor of E. Levi-Provencal,G. and W. Marcais, Menendes Pidal, Millas Vallicrosa y Parya, A. H. andR. Basset, H. A. R. Gibb and H. Wehr also contain much valuable data.Mention must be made of translations by institutes devoted to thestudy of al Andalus: Dar al Thaqafah (Beirut) has published valuablebooks, as have several Spanish and North African organizations (i.e.,Conjeyo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas Madrid], Instituto deStudios Islambs [Madrid], Institute des Haut-Etudes Marocaines Paris ...
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Eisler, William. "Charles V and the Cathedral of Granada." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 51, no. 2 (1992): 174–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/990713.
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For thirty years historians of architecture have believed that the form of the domed rotunda designed by Diego Siloe for the cathedral of Granada was determined by its function as an imperial mausoleum for Charles V. This architectural innovation was purportedly stimulated by a decision made by the emperor in 1526 to be interred in the cathedral rather than in the Royal Chapel of Granada, burial site of his grandparents, Ferdinand and Isabella. The author demonstrates that, on the contrary, the emperor remained faithful to the traditions of his ancestors in this respect. His wishes concerning his burial in the Royal Chapel were respected by his son, Philip II, at least until Philip's return from Flanders to Spain in 1559. Accordingly, another explanation for the striking form of the cathedral must be sought, and the generally held view that the Escorial was founded as a mausoleum for Charles V as early as 1558-1559 must be questioned.
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Benavent-Oltra, Jose A., Roberto Román, María J. Granados-Muñoz, et al. "Comparative assessment of GRASP algorithm for a dust event over Granada (Spain) during ChArMEx-ADRIMED 2013 campaign." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 10, no. 11 (2017): 4439–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-4439-2017.
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Abstract. In this study, vertical profiles and column-integrated aerosol properties retrieved by the GRASP (Generalized Retrieval of Atmosphere and Surface Properties) algorithm are evaluated with in situ airborne measurements made during the ChArMEx-ADRIMED field campaign in summer 2013. In the framework of this campaign, two different flights took place over Granada (Spain) during a desert dust episode on 16 and 17 June. The GRASP algorithm, which combines lidar and sun–sky photometer data measured at Granada, was used to retrieve aerosol properties. Two sun-photometer datasets are used: one co-located with the lidar system and the other in the Cerro Poyos station, approximately 1200 m higher than the lidar system but at a short horizontal distance. Column-integrated aerosol microphysical properties retrieved by GRASP are compared with AERONET products showing a good agreement. Differences between GRASP retrievals and airborne extinction profiles are in the range of 15 to 30 %, depending on the instrument on board the aircraft used as reference. On 16 June, a case where the dust layer was coupled to the aerosol layer close to surface, the total volume concentration differences between in situ data and GRASP retrieval are 15 and 36 % for Granada and Cerro Poyos retrievals, respectively. In contrast, on 17 June the dust layer was decoupled from the aerosol layer close to the surface, and the differences are around 17 % for both retrievals. In general, all the discrepancies found are within the uncertainly limits, showing the robustness and reliability of the GRASP algorithm. However, the better agreement found for the Cerro Poyos retrieval with the aircraft data and the vertical homogeneity of certain properties retrieved with GRASP, such as the scattering Ångström exponent, for cases with aerosol layers characterized by different aerosol types, shows that uncertainties in the vertical distribution of the aerosol properties have to be considered. The comparison presented here between GRASP and other algorithms (i.e. AERONET and LIRIC) and with airborne in situ measurements shows the potential to retrieve the optical and microphysical profiles of the atmospheric aerosol properties. Also, the advantage of GRASP versus LIRIC is that GRASP does not assume the results of the AERONET inversion as a starting point.
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García-Alix, Antonio, Raef Minwer-Barakat, Elvira Martín Suárez, and Matthijs Freudenthal. "Small mammals from the early Pleistocene of the Granada Basin, southern Spain." Quaternary Research 72, no. 2 (2009): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2009.06.004.
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AbstractThe Pliocene and Pleistocene continental sedimentary records of the western sector of the Granada Basin, southern Spain, consist of alternating fluvial and lacustrine/palustrine sediments. Two Quaternary sections from this sector have been sampled: Huétor Tájar and Tojaire. They have yielded remains of rodents, insectivores and lagomorphs. The presence in the Huétor Tájar and Tojaire sections of Mimomys, Apodemus atavus, Castillomys rivas and two different species of Allophaiomys, indicates an Early Pleistocene age. These deposits, which are related to a fluvio-lacustrine system, can be differentiated from an older (Pliocene) braided fluvial system. Their dating has important repercussions on the paleogeographic reconstruction of the basin. The conditions inferred from the ecological preferences of the small mammal associations are wet and cold. These associations suggest a predominance of open herbaceous habitats, followed by forested habitats; semiaquatic habitats are the least represented.
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Weber, Alison. "Golden Age or Early Modern: What's in a Name?" PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 126, no. 1 (2011): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2011.126.1.225.
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As few hispanists have failed to notice, early modern Spain is more often appearing as an alternative term for what we used to call the Spanish Golden Age. University catalogs still advertise courses on Golden Age poetry, but lectures are more apt to bear titles such as “The Crisis of the Gift in Early Modern Spain.” Although some recent books—Inventing the Sacred: Imposture, Inquisition, and the Boundaries of the Supernatural in Golden Age Spain (Keitt), Honor and Violence in Golden Age Spain (Taylor), and An Erotic Philology of Golden Age Spain (Martín)—display Golden Age in their titles, they share shelf space with offerings such as The Drama of the Portrait: Theater and Visual Culture in Early Modern Spain (Bass), Imperial Lyric: New Poetry and New Subjects in Early Modern Spain (Middlebrook), and Family and Community in Early Modern Spain: The Citizens of Granada (Casey). The preference for early modern is showing up even in genres in which traditional usage might be expected. An anthology by Barbara Mujica, published in 1991, is subtitled Renacimiento y Siglo de Oro, but the cover of an anthology edited by her and published thirteen years later reads Sophia's Daughters: Women Writers of Early Modern Spain.
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Vallejo Peña, Francisco Alberto, and Juan Herrera Ballesteros. "University internships in Spain: what is missing for its stakeholders?" OBETS. Revista de Ciencias Sociales 11, no. 2 (2016): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/obets2016.11.2.07.
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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the performance of the current university internship programs, with a particular focus on the present needs of the main stakeholders: the students and businesses. The study draws on the interpretive perspective of organizational culture (Berger and Luckmann), which stresses the difficulty of integrating subworlds with different codes, practices and habits. The results of a case study on the program run by University of Cadiz are then presented through a qualitative analysis. Otherwise, the conclusions have been compared with those obtained in recent research conducted by Spanish universities (Granada, UNED, Politécnica de Valencia, Politécnica de Madrid, Carlos III and Lleida).
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Genet-Verney, Rafaèle, Ricardo Marín-Viadel, and Antonio Fernández-Morillas. "The unknown city: Visual arts-based educational research on the living city experiences of university students." International Journal of Education Through Art 16, no. 2 (2020): 245–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/eta_00029_1.
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Through an Arts-Based Educational Research (ABER) methodology, we explore the urban perceptions of fourth-year university students from the School of Education at the University of Granada (Spain). ABER methodologies provide a subtle, representative and sensitive approach to the urban experience. In this study, we surveyed 130 students, asking them to draw and cut out a city map of Granada. This was done in order to reveal the known boundaries of the city and to identify the parts yet to be discovered by the students. With these answers as collected data, an ABER analysis was carried out through the production of visual media. Assessing findings quantitatively and visually allowed for the further investigation of students’ knowledge of the city. This inquiry questions the role of the graphic map in research and the boundaries between its technical and artistic values. These findings validate the use of ABER instruments to investigate the city and enhance understanding of the way students live the urban life.
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Martínez-Domingo, Miguel Ángel, Manuel Melgosa, Katsunori Okajima, Víctor Jesús Medina, and Francisco José Collado-Montero. "Spectral Image Processing for Museum Lighting Using CIE LED Illuminants." Sensors 19, no. 24 (2019): 5400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19245400.
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This work presents a spectral color-imaging procedure for the detailed colorimetric study of real artworks under arbitrary illuminants. The results demonstrate this approach to be a powerful tool for art and heritage professionals when deciding which illumination to use in museums, or which conservation or restoration techniques best maintain the color appearance of the original piece under any illuminant. Spectral imaging technology overcomes the limitations of common area-based point-measurement devices such as spectrophotometers, allowing a local study either pixelwise or by selected areas. To our knowledge, this is the first study available that uses the proposed CIE (Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage) light-emitting diode (LED) illuminants in the context of art and heritage science, comparing them with the three main CIE illuminants A, D50, and D65. For this, the corresponding colors under D65 have been calculated using a chromatic adaptation transform analogous to the one in CIECAM02. For the sample studied, the CIE LED illuminants with the lowest average CIEDE2000 color differences from the standard CIE illuminants are LED-V1 for A and LED-V2 for D50 and D65, with 1.23, 1.07, and 1.57 units, respectively. The work studied is a Moorish epigraphic frieze of plasterwork with a tiled skirting from the Nasrid period (12th–15th centuries) exhibited in the Museum of the Alhambra (Granada, Spain).
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Guardiola, Jorge, and Monica Guillen-Royo. "Income, Unemployment, Higher Education and Wellbeing in Times of Economic Crisis: Evidence from Granada (Spain)." Social Indicators Research 120, no. 2 (2014): 395–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-014-0598-6.
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Cardona Zuluaga, Patricia. "“Un mismo cuerpo y una misma nación”: lealtad y fidelidad a España. Nueva Granada, 1813-1816." Araucaria, no. 47 (2021): 163–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/araucaria.2021.i47.08.
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Este artículo explora la situación que enfrentaron los llamados realistas durante la Independencia en la Nueva Granada y su lenguaje de amor y subordinación al rey, a través del cual ratificaban su pertenencia a la comunidad política española, aun habiendo nacido en América. El rey no era un símbolo lejano, sino una presencia sentida y vivida por sus vasallos americanos. Las guerras de Independencia no enfrentaron, como lo adujo la historiografía tradicional, a criollos y peninsulares, sino a miembros de un mismo cuerpo político, quienes por mantenerse leales a la corona o haber nacido en la península, fueron convertidos en enemigos a exterminar, tal como se dispuso en el Decreto de guerra a muerte de 1813, expedido por Simón Bolívar.
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Mulvin, Lynda S. "An Unknown Collection of Preliminary Drawings and Extra Illustrations Prepared for The Arabian Antiquities of Spain by James Cavanah Murphy in the Gennadius Library, Athens." Muqarnas Online 35, no. 1 (2018): 301–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22118993_03501p014.
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Abstract In the Gennadius Library of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Greece, is a heretofore unknown large-format volume that contains many extra illustrations, original drawings, and proofs of plates for The Arabian Antiquities of Spain by James Cavanah Murphy (1760–1814). Based on research conducted between 1802 and 1809, The Arabian Antiquities of Spain features engravings of major monuments of Hispano-Islamic architecture, including the Alhambra, the Great Mosque at Cordoba, and the Generalife at Granada; the work was published posthumously in 1816. Since the Gennadius volume also includes sketches of Islamic monuments from Malaga, Seville, and Xeres, it appears that Murphy originally intended to publish a complete survey of Hispano-Islamic monuments in southern Spain. In the Gennadius volume, grangerized drawings are placed opposite published engravings for comparative purposes; the drawings include notes written by Murphy to the engravers, and several are hand-tinted, which reveal Murphy’s interest in polychromy. This article presents the newly discovered drawings in the Gennadius volume, which adds to our understanding of the monuments depicted in the published plates of Arabian Antiquities, and serves to position Murphy’s pioneering efforts in the context of architectural scholarship, chromolithography, and the book trade in the early nineteenth century.
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Marin, Ricardo, Rocío Lara, and Javier Valseca. "Vídeo espontáneo infantil en contextos familiares y cine de animación en contextos escolares. Dos investigaciones preliminares en Granada y Tegucigalpa." eari. educación artística. revista de investigación, no. 10 (December 19, 2019): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/eari.10.14513.
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Resumen: Presentamos dos indagaciones preliminares sobre cine y Educación Artística. Primera, un estudio de caso de un niño sobre video espontáneo infantil (VEI) en un contexto familiar en Granada (España), que responde a la pregunta ¿qué vídeos produce la infancia de forma espontánea? Como conclusión inicial a partir de esta observación longitudinal no-participante sugerimos cinco fases: (a) exploración autónoma del aparato de grabación; (b) se actúa delante de la cámara fija; (c) la cámara sigue a la acción, se graba al mismo tiempo que se hace cualquier cosa; (d) imitación directa de sus ‘youtuberos’ preferidos; y (e) adopción de los usos videográficos adultos predominantes. La segunda es una ‘Investigación-Acción Participativa’ sobre la enseñanza del cine, que responde a la pregunta ¿cómo enseñar a ver y a hacer cine en la escuela? El contexto es un proyecto de cooperación educativa en Educación Artística que desarrollamos en tres escuelas de la ONG ‘Asociación Colaboración y Esfuerzo (ACOES) en Tegucigalpa. Las cuatro acciones son: ver películas completas, formación de técnicos proyeccionistas entre el propio alumnado de secundaria, creación de cine de animación a partir de N. MacLaren, en pequeños grupos, y formación del profesorado a partir de obras clásicas del cine español y hondureño. La principal conclusión es que ver y hacer vídeos forma parte del proceso de aculturación en las sociedades contemporáneas por lo que es necesario conocer mejor cuáles son los tipos y modos espontáneos de percepción y creación videográfica en edades escolares para poder mejorar los objetivos de aprendizaje del cine en la escuela.
 Palabras Clave: vídeo espontáneo infantil, cine de animación escolar, educación artística, cine hondureño y español.
 Abstract: We present two preliminary inquiries on cinema and Art Education. First, a case study of a child on ‘children's spontaneous video’ (VEI) in a family context in Granada (Spain), which answers the question: What videos does childhood produce spontaneously? As an initial conclusion from this non-participating longitudinal observation five phases can be indicated: (a) autonomous exploration of the recording apparatus; (b) acting in front of the fixed camera; (c) the camera follows the action, recording at the same time as doing anything; (d) direct imitation of its preferred 'youtubers'; and (e) imitation of predominant adult video narratives. The second is a 'Participatory Action Research' on the teaching of cinema, in school. The context is a project of educational cooperation in Art Education that we have been developing in three schools of the NGO ‘Association Collaboration and Effort’ (ACOES) in Tegucigalpa. The four actions are: watching complete films, training of projection technicians among the secondary school students, making animated films in small groups inspired in N. MacLaren, and teacher training on classic works of Spanish and Honduran cinema. The main conclusion is that watching and making videos is part of the process of acculturation in contemporary societies, so it is necessary to know the spontaneous modes of perception and video creation at school ages in order to improve the learning objectives of screen education.
 Keywords: spontaneous children's video, making animated video in school, art education, Spanish and Honduran cinema.
 
 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/eari.10.14513
 
 
 
 
 
 http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/eari.10.14513
 
 
 
 
 
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Padilla, José-Luis, Isabel Benítez, Stephen G. Sireci, and Mirta Flores-Galaz. "Evaluating Structural Equivalence in Psychological Questionnaires Using Weighted Multidimensional Scaling." Cross-Cultural Research 46, no. 4 (2012): 348–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069397112446787.
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Cross-cultural scientists evaluate constructs across different cultural and linguistic groups. However, to make valid comparisons it is necessary to assure the equivalence of measurement instruments across populations. In this paper we use multidimensional scaling (MDS) to evaluate the structural equivalence of a measure of assertiveness developed originally for Mexican culture across Mexican and Spanish samples. 316 students from the Autonomous University of Yucatan (Mexico) and 316 students from the University of Granada (Spain) responded to the questionnaire. Separate dimensions were needed to account for the structure of the assertiveness questionnaire across the Mexican and Spanish samples. However, the distinction between dimensions was different in both samples. The results suggest that culture determines which assertive behaviors are considered appropriate. The usefulness of MDS for evaluating the equivalence of psychological questionnaires is discussed.
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Almansa Rodriguez, Emiliano, and Angel Manuel Hernández Sobrino. "La escuela de hijos de obreros de minas de Almadén. Un ejemplo de enseñanza manjoniana." Historia y Memoria de la Educación, no. 13 (December 14, 2020): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/hme.13.2021.24373.
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Ave Maria Schools were founded in Granada in 1889 by the priest and educator Andrés Manjón. Unlike the traditional method of infant education in those years, Father Manjón centered pedagogy in the Catholic religion, considering nature as God’s work. In his concept, play, manual labor andoutdoor teaching were good Christians in a happy environment so that they would later join the working world. They quickly spread throughout Spain and other countries, Ave Maria Schools are considered a pioneering experience of teaching in their time and enjoyed great social prestige.In the subsoil of Almadén, the largest mercury deposit in the world was exploited from the Arab domination, with 2,500 workers working in the first half of the 20th century. The School of Children of Workers had been founded in 1908, but in 1926, coinciding with the proclamation of the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, it was transformed into a Manjonian school. Become a secular school during the Second Republic and the subsequent civil war, he returned to act as a school of Ave Maria from 1939 until the 1960s. Minas de Almadén, like other large mining and industrial companies in northern Spain, exercised a paternalistic strategy with its operators and chose religious education as the most appropriate for the formation of their children.
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Castro-Sánchez, Manuel, Amador Jesús Lara-Sánchez, Eduardo García-Mármol, and Ramón Chacón-Cuberos. "Motivational Climate Is Associated with Use of Video Games and Violence in Schoolchildren: A Structural Equation Model According to Healthy Behaviors." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4 (2020): 1272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041272.
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The aim of this cross-sectional study was to develop an explanatory model of motivational climate, problematic use of videogames, violent behaviour and victimisation in schoolchildren. The sample included 734 children aged between 10 and 12 years of age from the province of Granada (Spain). A multi-group structural equation model was used, with an excellent fit (CFI = 0.964; NFI = 0.954; IFI = 0.964; RMSEA = 0.048). The results showed a positive relationship between the problematic use of video games, victimisation and violent behaviors, associating negatively with the task climate. Likewise, the task-oriented motivational climate was indirectly related to victimisation situations and violent behavior, while the ego climate did so positively with special emphasis on children who did not perform physical activity. As a main conclusion it is shown that adherence to the practice of physical activity, and particularly within a task-oriented motivational climate, can act as a protective factor against the problematic use of video games.
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Pérez-Ramírez, D., H. Lyamani, F. J. Olmo, D. N. Whiteman, F. Navas-Guzmán, and L. Alados-Arboledas. "Cloud screening and quality control algorithm for star photometer data: assessment with lidar measurements and with all-sky images." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 5, no. 7 (2012): 1585–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-1585-2012.
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Abstract. This paper presents the development and set up of a cloud screening and data quality control algorithm for a star photometer based on CCD camera as detector. These algorithms are necessary for passive remote sensing techniques to retrieve the columnar aerosol optical depth, δAe(λ), and precipitable water vapor content, W, at nighttime. This cloud screening procedure consists of calculating moving averages of δAe(λ) and W under different time-windows combined with a procedure for detecting outliers. Additionally, to avoid undesirable δAe(λ) and W fluctuations caused by the atmospheric turbulence, the data are averaged on 30 min. The algorithm is applied to the star photometer deployed in the city of Granada (37.16° N, 3.60° W, 680 m a.s.l.; South-East of Spain) for the measurements acquired between March 2007 and September 2009. The algorithm is evaluated with correlative measurements registered by a lidar system and also with all-sky images obtained at the sunset and sunrise of the previous and following days. Promising results are obtained detecting cloud-affected data. Additionally, the cloud screening algorithm has been evaluated under different aerosol conditions including Saharan dust intrusion, biomass burning and pollution events.
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Segura, S., V. Estellés, G. Titos, et al. "Determination and analysis of in situ spectral aerosol optical properties by a multi-instrumental approach." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 7, no. 8 (2014): 2373–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-2373-2014.
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Abstract. Continuous in situ measurements of aerosol optical properties were conducted from 29 June to 29 July 2012 in Granada (Spain) with a seven-wavelength Aethalometer, a Multi-Angle Absorption Photometer, and a three-wavelength integrating nephelometer. The aim of this work is to describe a methodology to obtain the absorption coefficients (babs) for the different Aethalometer wavelengths. In this way, data have been compensated using algorithms which best estimate the compensation factors needed. Two empirical factors are used to infer the absorption coefficients from the Aethalometer measurements: C – the parameter describing the enhancement of absorption by particles in the filter matrix due to multiple scattering of light in the filter matrix – and f, the parameter compensating for non-linear loading effects in the filter matrix. Spectral dependence of f found in this study is not very strong. Values for the campaign lie in the range from 1.15 at 370 nm to 1.11 at 950 nm. Wavelength dependence in C proves to be more important, and also more difficult to calculate. The values obtained span from 3.42 at 370 nm to 4.59 at 950 nm. Furthermore, the temporal evolution of the Ångström exponent of absorption (αabs) and the single-scattering albedo (ω0) is presented. On average αabs is around 1.1 ± 0.3, and ω0 is 0.78 ± 0.08 and 0.74 ± 0.09 at 370 and 950 nm, respectively. These are typical values for sites with a predominance of absorbing particles, and the urban measurement site in this study is such. The babs average values are of 16 ± 10 Mm−1 (at 370 nm) and 5 ± 3 Mm−1 (at 950 nm), respectively. Finally, differences between workdays and Sundays have been further analysed, obtaining higher babs and lower ω0 during the workdays than on Sundays as a consequence of the diesel traffic influence.
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Cook, Karoline P. "Claiming Nobility in the Monarquía Hispánica: The Search for Status by Inca, Aztec, and Nasrid Descendants at the Habsburg Court." Renaissance and Reformation 43, no. 4 (2021): 171–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v43i4.36387.
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By the early seventeenth century, petitioners at the royal court in Madrid who claimed descent from the Inca rulers of Peru, the Aztec rulers of Mexico, and the Nasrid emirs of Granada found ways to acquire noble status and secure rights to their ancestral lands in the form of entailed estates. Their success in securing noble status and title to their mayorazgos (entailed estates) rested on strategies, used over the course of several generations, that included marriages with the peninsular nobility, ties of godparentage and patronage, and military service to the crown. This article will examine the networks formed in Madrid between roughly 1600 and 1630 when the descendants of the Inca and Aztec rulers interacted with peninsular noble families at court, obtaining noble status and entry into the military orders and establishing their mayorazgos. Their strategies for claiming nobility show striking parallels to those adopted by the Morisco nobility, and one aim of this article is to suggest how knowledge of such strategies circulated among families both at the royal court in Madrid and in the viceroyalties of New Spain and Peru.
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Manan, Nuraini A. "Kemajuan dan Kemunduran Peradaban Islam di Eropa (711M-1492M)." Jurnal Adabiya 21, no. 1 (2020): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/adabiya.v21i1.6454.
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Spain is more commonly known as Andalusia, the Andalusia comes from the word Vandalusia, which means the country of the Vandals, because the southern part of the Peninsula was once ruled by the Vandals before they were defeated by Western Gothia in the fifth century. This area was ruled by Islam after the rulers of The Umayyah seized the peninsula's land from the West Gothies during the time of the Caliph Al-Walid ibn Abdul Malik. Islam entered Spain (Cordoba) in 93 AH (711 AD) through the North African route under the leadership of Tariq bin Ziyad who led the Islamic army to conquer Andalusia. Before the conquest of Spain, Muslims had taken control of North Africa and made it one of the provinces from the Umayyad Dynasty. Full control of North Africa took place in the days of Caliph Abdul Malik (685-705 AD). Conquest of the North African region first defeated until becoming one of the provinces of the Umayyad Caliph spent 53 years, starting from 30 H (Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan's reign) to 83 H (al-Walid's period). Before being defeated and then ruled by Islam, in this region there were sacs which became the basis of the power of the Roman Empire, namely the Gothic Kingdom. In the process of conquering Spain there were three Islamic heroes who could be said to be the most effective in leading units of troops there. They are Tharif ibn Malik, Tariq ibn Ziyad, and Musa ibn Nushair. Subsequent territorial expansion emerged during the reign of Caliph Umar ibn Abdil Aziz in the year 99 AH/717 AD, with the aim of controlling the area around the Pyrenian mountains and South France. The second largest invasion of the Muslims, whose movement began at the beginning of the 8th century AD, has reached all of Spain and reached far to Central France and important parts of Italy. The victories achieved by Muslims appear so easy. It cannot be separated from the existence of external and internal factors. During the conquest of Spain by Muslims, the social, political and economic conditions of this country were in a sad state. Politically, the Spanish region was torn apart and divided into several small countries. At the same time, the Gothic rulers were intolerant of the religious beliefs adopted by the rulers, namely the Monophysites, especially those who adhered to other religions, Jews. Adherents of Judaism, the largest part of the Spanish population, were forced to be baptized to Christianity. Those who are unwilling brutally tortured and killed. The people are divided into the class system, so that the situation is filled with poverty, oppression, and the absence of equality. In such situations, the oppressed await the arrival of the liberator and the liberator was from Muslims. Warrior figures and Islamic soldiers who were involved in the conquest of Spain are strong figures, their soldiers are compact, united, and full of confidence. They are also capable, courageous, and resilient in facing every problem. Equally important are the teachings of Islam shown by the Islamic soldiers, like tolerance, brotherhood, and help each other. The attitude of tolerance of religion and brotherhood contained in the personalities of the Muslims caused the Spanish population to welcome the presence of Islam there. Since the first time Islam entered in the land of Spain until the collapse of the last Islamic empire was about seven and half centuries, Islam played a big role, both in fields of intellectual progress (philosophy, science, fiqh, music and art, language and literature) and the splendor of physical buildings (Cordova and Granada). The long history passed by Muslims in Spain can be divided into six periods. Spanish Muslims reached the peak of progress and glory rivaled the glory of the Abbasid sovereignty in Baghdad. Abdurrahman Al-Nasir founded the Cordova University. He preceded Al-Azhar Cairo and Baghdad Nizhamiyah.
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Granados-Muñoz, M. J., F. Navas-Guzmán, J. A. Bravo-Aranda, et al. "Hygroscopic growth of atmospheric aerosol particles based on active remote sensing and radiosounding measurements: selected cases in southeastern Spain." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8, no. 2 (2015): 705–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-705-2015.
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Abstract. A new methodology based on combining active and passive remote sensing and simultaneous and collocated radiosounding data to study the aerosol hygroscopic growth effects on the particle optical and microphysical properties is presented. The identification of hygroscopic growth situations combines the analysis of multispectral aerosol particle backscatter coefficient and particle linear depolarization ratio with thermodynamic profiling of the atmospheric column. We analyzed the hygroscopic growth effects on aerosol properties, namely the aerosol particle backscatter coefficient and the volume concentration profiles, using data gathered at Granada EARLINET station. Two study cases, corresponding to different aerosol loads and different aerosol types, are used for illustrating the potential of this methodology. Values of the aerosol particle backscatter coefficient enhancement factors range from 2.1 ± 0.8 to 3.9 ± 1.5, in the ranges of relative humidity 60–90 and 40–83%, being similar to those previously reported in the literature. Differences in the enhancement factor are directly linked to the composition of the atmospheric aerosol. The largest value of the aerosol particle backscatter coefficient enhancement factor corresponds to the presence of sulphate and marine particles that are more affected by hygroscopic growth. On the contrary, the lowest value of the enhancement factor corresponds to an aerosol mixture containing sulphates and slight traces of mineral dust. The Hänel parameterization is applied to these case studies, obtaining results within the range of values reported in previous studies, with values of the γ exponent of 0.56 ± 0.01 (for anthropogenic particles slightly influenced by mineral dust) and 1.07 ± 0.01 (for the situation dominated by anthropogenic particles), showing the convenience of this remote sensing approach for the study of hygroscopic effects of the atmospheric aerosol under ambient unperturbed conditions. For the first time, the retrieval of the volume concentration profiles for these cases using the Lidar Radiometer Inversion Code (LIRIC) allows us to analyze the aerosol hygroscopic growth effects on aerosol volume concentration, observing a stronger increase of the fine mode volume concentration with increasing relative humidity.
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Arthur Dixon. "Granada, Spain." World Literature Today 89, no. 1 (2015): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.7588/worllitetoda.89.1.0005.
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Gussak, Lisa S. "Granada Spain." Streams of Consciousness 2, no. 2 (2019): e1039. http://dx.doi.org/10.7191/soc.2019.1039.
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Granados-Muñoz, María José, Juan Antonio Bravo-Aranda, Darrel Baumgardner, et al. "A comparative study of aerosol microphysical properties retrieved from ground-based remote sensing and aircraft in situ measurements during a Saharan dust event." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 9, no. 3 (2016): 1113–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-1113-2016.
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Abstract. In this work we present an analysis of aerosol microphysical properties during a mineral dust event taking advantage of the combination of different state-of-the-art retrieval techniques applied to active and passive remote sensing measurements and the evaluation of some of those techniques using independent data acquired from in situ aircraft measurements. Data were collected in a field campaign performed during a mineral dust outbreak at the Granada, Spain, experimental site (37.16° N, 3.61° W, 680 m a.s.l.) on 27 June 2011. Column-integrated properties are provided by sun- and star-photometry, which allows for a continuous evaluation of the mineral dust optical properties during both day and nighttime. Both the linear estimation and AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) inversion algorithms are applied for the retrieval of the column-integrated microphysical particle properties. In addition, vertically resolved microphysical properties are obtained from a multi-wavelength Raman lidar system included in EARLINET (European Aerosol Research Lidar Network), by using both LIRIC (Lidar Radiometer Inversion Code) algorithm during daytime and an algorithm applied to the Raman measurements based on the regularization technique during nighttime. LIRIC retrievals reveal the presence of dust layers between 3 and 5 km a.s.l. with volume concentrations of the coarse spheroid mode up to 60 µm3 cm−3. The combined use of the regularization and LIRIC methods reveals the night-to-day evolution of the vertical structure of the mineral dust microphysical properties and offers complementary information to that from column-integrated variables retrieved from passive remote sensing. Additionally, lidar depolarization profiles and LIRIC retrieved volume concentration are compared with aircraft in situ measurements. This study presents for the first time a comparison of the total volume concentration retrieved with LIRIC with independent in situ measurements, obtaining agreement within the estimated uncertainties for both methods and quite good agreement for the vertical distribution of the aerosol layers. Regarding the depolarization, the first published data set of the CAS-POL for polarization ratios is presented here and qualitatively compared with the lidar technique.
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Antón, M., R. Román, A. Valenzuela, F. J. Olmo, and L. Alados-Arboledas. "Direct-sun total ozone data from a spectroradiometer: methodology and comparison with satellite observations." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 6, no. 3 (2013): 637–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-637-2013.
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Abstract. A methodology to obtain the total ozone column (TOC) from the direct-sun spectral measurements of a Bentham spectroradiometer located at Granada (Spain) is presented in this paper. The method relies on the differential absorption technique using two pairs of direct irradiance at adjacent wavelengths between 305 and 340 nm. The extraterrestrial constant was determined from the extrapolation to zero air mass of each wavelength pair (Langley plot method). We checked the strong influence of the cloud cover on the Bentham TOC measurements using simultaneous sky images taken with an all-sky camera. Thus, reliable TOC data are exclusively obtained during cloud-free conditions or partly cloudy conditions without the solar disk obstructed. In this work, the hourly TOC averages retrieved by the Bentham instrument with a standard deviation smaller than 3% (~ 10 Dobson Unit) are selected as high-quality TOC data. The analysis of the diurnal TOC variations during cloud-free days in late spring and summer showed different TOC values between the morning and afternoon periods. Thus, while the mornings exhibit an almost stable pattern, the afternoons display a monotonic TOC increase which could be partially related to photochemical processes in the lower troposphere associated with the formation of surface ozone. Finally, the Bentham TOC measurements were compared against the satellite data derived from three satellite instruments: OMI, GOME and SCIAMACHY. The mean absolute values of the relative differences between satellite and ground-based data were smaller than 3%, highlighting the high reliability of the retrieval method proposed in this paper to derive TOC data.
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Román, R., M. Antón, A. Cazorla, et al. "Calibration of an all-sky camera for obtaining sky radiance at three wavelengths." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 5, no. 8 (2012): 2013–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-2013-2012.
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Abstract. This paper proposes a method to obtain spectral sky radiances, at three wavelengths (464, 534 and 626 nm), from hemispherical sky images. Images are registered with the All-Sky Imager installed at the Andalusian Center for Environmental Research (CEAMA) in Granada (Spain). The methodology followed in this work for the absolute calibration in radiance of this instrument is based on the comparison of its output measurements with modelled sky radiances derived from the LibRadtran/UVSPEC radiative transfer code under cloud-free conditions. Previously, in order to check the goodness of the simulated radiances, these are compared with experimental values recorded by a CIMEL sunphotometer. In general, modelled radiances are in agreement with experimental data, showing mean differences lower than 20% except for the pixels located next to the Sun position that show larger errors. The relationship between the output signal of the All-Sky Imager and the modelled sky radiances provides a calibration matrix for each image. The variability of the matrix coefficients is analyzed, showing no significant changes along a period of 5 months. Therefore, a unique calibration matrix per channel is obtained for all selected images (a total of 705 images per channel). Camera radiances are compared with CIMEL radiances, finding mean absolute differences between 2% and 15% except for pixels near to the Sun and high scattering angles. We apply these calibration matrices to three images in order to study the sky radiance distributions for three different sky conditions: cloudless, overcast and partially cloudy. Horizon brightening under cloudless conditions has been observed together with the enhancement effect of individual clouds on sky radiance.
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Pérez-Ramírez, D., I. Veselovskii, D. N. Whiteman, et al. "High temporal resolution estimates of columnar aerosol microphysical parameters from spectrum of aerosol optical depth by linear estimation: application to long-term AERONET and star-photometry measurements." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8, no. 8 (2015): 3117–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-3117-2015.
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Abstract. This work deals with the applicability of the linear estimation technique (LE) to invert spectral measurements of aerosol optical depth (AOD) provided by AERONET CIMEL sun photometers. The inversion of particle properties using only direct-sun AODs allows the evaluation of parameters such as effective radius (reff) and columnar volume aerosol content (V) with significantly better temporal resolution than the operational AERONET algorithm which requires both direct sun and sky radiance measurements. Sensitivity studies performed demonstrate that the constraints on the range of the inversion are very important to minimize the uncertainties, and therefore estimates of reff can be obtained with uncertainties less than 30 % and of V with uncertainties below 40 %. The LE technique is applied to data acquired at five AERONET sites influenced by different aerosol types and the retrievals are compared with the results of the operational AERONET code. Good agreement between the two techniques is obtained when the fine mode predominates, while for coarse mode cases the LE results systematically underestimate both reff and V. The highest differences are found for cases where no mode predominates. To minimize these biases, correction functions are developed using the multi-year database of observations at selected sites, where the AERONET retrieval is used as the reference. The derived corrections are tested using data from 18 other AERONET stations offering a range of aerosol types. After correction, the LE retrievals provide better agreement with AERONET for all the sites considered. Finally, the LE approach developed here is applied to AERONET and star-photometry measurements in the city of Granada (Spain) to obtain day-to-night time evolution of columnar aerosol microphysical properties.
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Román, Roberto, Ramiro González, Carlos Toledano, et al. "Correction of a lunar-irradiance model for aerosol optical depth retrieval and comparison with a star photometer." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, no. 11 (2020): 6293–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6293-2020.
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Abstract. The emergence of Moon photometers is allowing measurements of lunar irradiance over the world and increasing the potential to derive aerosol optical depth (AOD) at night-time, which is very important in polar areas. Actually, new photometers implement the latest technological advances that permit lunar-irradiance measurements together with classical Sun photometry measurements. However, a proper use of these instruments for AOD retrieval requires accurate time-dependent knowledge of the extraterrestrial lunar irradiance over time due to its fast change throughout the Moon's cycle. This paper uses the RIMO (ROLO Implementation for Moon's Observation) model (an implementation of the ROLO – RObotic Lunar Observatory – model) to estimate the AOD at night-time assuming that the calibration of the solar channels can be transferred to the Moon by a vicarious method. However, the obtained AOD values using a Cimel CE318-T Sun–sky–Moon photometer for 98 pristine nights with low and stable AOD at the Izaña Observatory (Tenerife, Spain) are not in agreement with the expected (low and stable) AOD values estimated by linear interpolations from daytime values obtained during the previous evening and the following morning. Actually, AOD calculated using RIMO shows negative values and with a marked cycle dependent on the optical air mass. The differences between the AOD obtained using RIMO and the expected values are assumed to be associated with inaccuracies in the RIMO model, and these differences are used to calculate the RIMO correction factor (RCF). The RCF is a proposed correction factor that, multiplied by the RIMO value, gives an effective extraterrestrial lunar irradiance that provides AOD closer to the expected values. The RCF varies with the Moon phase angle (MPA) and with wavelength, ranging from 1.01 to 1.14, which reveals an overall underestimation of RIMO compared to the lunar irradiance. These obtained RCF values are modelled for each photometer wavelength to a second-order polynomial as a function of MPA. The AOD derived by this proposed method is compared with the independent AOD measurements obtained by a star photometer at Granada (Spain) for 2 years. The mean of the Moon–star AOD differences is between −0.015 and −0.005, and the standard deviation (SD) is between 0.03 and 0.04 (which is reduced to about 0.01 if 1 month of data affected by instrumental issues is not included in the analysis) for 440, 500, 675, and 870 nm; however, for 380 nm, the mean and standard deviation of these differences are higher. The Moon–star AOD differences are also analysed as a function of MPA, showing no significant dependence.
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Rodriguez-Cuartero, A., and J. L. Gastón-Morata. "Transferrin variants in Granada (Spain)." Journal of Internal Medicine 241, no. 2 (1997): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2796.1997.121117000.x.
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Vizoso, María Teresa, Laura Baena, and Francisco Bruno Navarro. "Nuevas citas de Monocotiledóneas para la provincia de Granada (Sur de España)." Acta Botanica Malacitana 27 (December 1, 2002): 326–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/abm.v27i0.7366.
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Cirillo, Michelle, and Heather Thompson. "Mathematical Lens: The Alhambra, Granada, Spain." Mathematics Teacher 100, no. 6 (2007): 413–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.100.6.0413.
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Buforn, E., C. Pro, S. Cesca, A. Udias, and C. del Fresno. "The 2010 Granada, Spain, Deep Earthquake." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 101, no. 5 (2011): 2418–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120110022.
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Fernandez-Adarve, G., F. J. Lafuente-Bolivar, and J. M. Santiago-Zaragoza. "Alcazaba of Baza (Granada) Spain, Rediscovered." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 471 (February 24, 2019): 082030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/471/8/082030.
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Díaz de la Guardia, Consuelo, Roberto Alonso, Francisca Alba, and Francisco Valle. "Airborne grass pollen in Granada (Spain)." Aerobiologia 11, no. 1 (1995): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02136144.
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Cirillo, Michelle, and Heather Thompson. "Mathematical Lens: The Alhambra, Granada, Spain." Mathematics Teacher 100, no. 6 (2007): 413–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.100.6.0413.
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García, Javier Álvarez, Pilar Tassara, and Cristóbal Pasadas. "Brief Report of the Granada, Spain Workshop, Biblioteca de Andalucia, Granada." International Information & Library Review 41, no. 4 (2009): 286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10572317.2009.10762828.
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Lossow, Stefan, Charlotta Högberg, Farahnaz Khosrawi та ін. "A reassessment of the discrepancies in the annual variation of <i>δ</i>D-H<sub>2</sub>O in the tropical lower stratosphere between the MIPAS and ACE-FTS satellite data sets". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, № 1 (2020): 287–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-287-2020.
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Abstract. The annual variation of δD in the tropical lower stratosphere is a critical indicator for the relative importance of different processes contributing to the transport of water vapour through the cold tropical tropopause region into the stratosphere. Distinct observational discrepancies of the δD annual variation were visible in the works of Steinwagner et al. (2010) and Randel et al. (2012). Steinwagner et al. (2010) analysed MIPAS (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding) observations retrieved with the IMK/IAA (Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung in Karlsruhe, Germany, in collaboration with the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía in Granada, Spain) processor, while Randel et al. (2012) focused on ACE-FTS (Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer) observations. Here we reassess the discrepancies based on newer MIPAS (IMK/IAA) and ACE-FTS data sets, also showing for completeness results from SMR (Sub-Millimetre Radiometer) observations and a ECHAM/MESSy (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Hamburg and Modular Earth Submodel System) Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) simulation (Eichinger et al., 2015b). Similar to the old analyses, the MIPAS data set yields a pronounced annual variation (maximum about 75 ‰), while that derived from the ACE-FTS data set is rather weak (maximum about 25 ‰). While all data sets exhibit the phase progression typical for the tape recorder, the annual maximum in the ACE-FTS data set precedes that in the MIPAS data set by 2 to 3 months. We critically consider several possible reasons for the observed discrepancies, focusing primarily on the MIPAS data set. We show that the δD annual variation in the MIPAS data up to an altitude of 40 hPa is substantially impacted by a “start altitude effect”, i.e. dependency between the lowermost altitude where MIPAS retrievals are possible and retrieved data at higher altitudes. In itself this effect does not explain the differences with the ACE-FTS data. In addition, there is a mismatch in the vertical resolution of the MIPAS HDO and H2O data (being consistently better for HDO), which actually results in an artificial tape-recorder-like signal in δD. Considering these MIPAS characteristics largely removes any discrepancies between the MIPAS and ACE-FTS data sets and shows that the MIPAS data are consistent with a δD tape recorder signal with an amplitude of about 25 ‰ in the lowermost stratosphere.
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Kagan, Richard L. "James Casey. Family and Community in Early Modern Spain: The Citizens of Granada, 1570–1739. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2007. xii + 314 pp. index. tbls. map. bibl. $90. ISBN: 978-0-521-85589-1." Renaissance Quarterly 60, no. 4 (2007): 1334–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ren.2007.0380.
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Benaboud, M'hammad. "Islamic Spain 1250-1500." American Journal of Islam and Society 9, no. 1 (1992): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v9i1.2596.
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This book presents a remarkable account of the political history of Andalusia(Muslim Spain) during the last phase of its existence. The author adoptsa cyclical approach in the sense that he traces the creation of the Banu Nasrkingdom in Granada, its development, and its decline and fall. He studies theperiod of each ruler in chronological order from the establishment of thekingdom of Granada to its collapse. Instead of limiting himself to descriptionor repetition, he chooses to adopt an analytical approach which permits himto deepen our insight regarding the period of each ruler. He reproduces a clearpicture which combines internal political developments and external relationswith the Christians.The author studies the history of the Muslims of Granada as well as thosein Christian Spain up to the Christian conquest of Granada. He is correct inincluding these two categories, for the religious, cultural, and linguistic criteriaunite these two groups, and also because their fates became similar after thefall of Granada in 1492. Thus both groups can be considered “Moriscos,” a topicwhich Harvey started working on over thirty years ago.The book is not easy to read, because it reflects many years of researchand has tremendous cultural weight. To the author’s obvious strenuous intellectualeffort, one may add his intellectual integrity as a distinguished scholarwho is credible in the West and in the East alike, somethmg which not all orientalistscan claim. He is critical of the history which he studies and its sourceswithout being offensive; the distorting influence of a personal dimension foundin other historians is here minimized. The author criticizes himself before beingcritical of others. His manner of presenting and interpreting history is convincing,as his intentions are exclusively scholarly. The author is a memberof a breed that is not very common in the politically oriented European andNorth American universities with regards to anything related to Islam andMuslims. This is not to say that he is beyond criticism, however, as the bookcould be faulted for not having relied directly on some of the fundamental andprimary Andalusian sources. We could disagree with his approach and suggestother approaches. Fortunately for his readers, the author is perhaps moreconscious of his limitations than anybody else, which is also why he did whathe proposed to do so admirably ...
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Navarro, Francisco Bruno, María Noelia Jiménez, Carlos Salazar, and Concepción Morales. "Nuevas citas paras las provincias de Granada y Jaén (Andalucía, España)." Acta Botanica Malacitana 30 (December 1, 2005): 220–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/abm.v30i0.7201.
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Pérez-Contreras, Juan, and Michael R. Lowe. "Contribución a la corología de la orquidoflora de la provincia de Granada." Acta Botanica Malacitana 36 (December 1, 2011): 223–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/abm.v36i1.2894.
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Contribution to the Chorology of the Granada province Orchids Palabras clave: Orchidaceae, Corología, Granada, Andalucía Oriental, España. Key words: Orchidaceae, Chorology, Granada, Eastern Andalusia, Spain.
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Azahra, M., J. J. López-Peñalver, M. A. Camacho-García, C. González-Gómez, T. El Bardouni, and H. Boukhal. "Atmospheric concentrations of7Be and210Pb in Granada, Spain." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 261, no. 2 (2004): 401–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:jrnc.0000034877.64807.28.
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Javier Lafuente-Bolívar, Francisco, Juan Manuel Santiago Zaragoza, Gabriel Fernández-Adarve, and Ana María Cruz-Valdivieso. "San Isidoro Schools in Padul, Granada, Spain." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 245 (October 2017): 042043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/245/4/042043.
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Alados-arboledas, L., H. Lyamani, and F. J. Olmo. "Aerosol size properties at Armilla, Granada (Spain)." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 129, no. 590 (2003): 1395–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1256/qj.01.207.
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Cabezudo, Baltasar, Andrés V. Pérez Latorre, David Navas, Gonzalo Caballero, and Óscar Gavira. "Aportaciones a la flora de Andalucía. III." Acta Botanica Malacitana 29 (December 1, 2004): 311–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/abm.v29i0.7253.
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New data on the Andalusian flora. III.Palabras clave. Flora, corología, Sierra Tejeda, Sierra Almijara, Málaga, Granada, Andalucía, España.Key words. flora, chorology, Tejeda, Almijara, Malaga, Granada, Andalusia, Spain.
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Abulafia, David. "Sugar in Spain." European Review 16, no. 2 (2008): 191–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798708000148.
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Sugar has attracted attention from economic historians, particularly because of its significance in the organisation of labour – notably the role of sugar in the development of slavery in the New World. In a Mediterranean setting, the links to slavery are less obvious, but the gradual westward transfer of sugar technology from the Levant to Sicily (under Muslim rule, and later under Aragonese rule) and to Spain reflects seismic changes in the Mediterranean economy. This was a luxury product and, as demand in western Europe grew, European merchants sought sources of supply closer to home than the eastern Mediterranean. Their reluctance to trade in the Levant reflected political uncertainties in the period when Turkish power was rising in the region. In southern Spain, Valencia (under Christian rule) and Granada (under Muslim rule) became major suppliers to northern Europe by the 15th century. Paradoxically, the survival of the last Muslim state in Spain, Granada, was made possible through the injection of capital by Italian and other merchants trading in sugar. However, the discovery of the Atlantic islands, especially Madeira, gave the Portuguese an opportunity to develop sugar production on a massive scale, again targeting Flanders and northern Europe. The article concludes with the arrival of sugar in the Caribbean, in the wake of Columbus.
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Afanasieva, N. "XIII CONGRESS MAPRYAL IN GRANADA." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 1 (March 28, 2016): 142–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2016-1-142-144.
Full textAbstract:
The author analyzes the XIII Congress MAPRYAL, which was held in Granada (Spain) in September, 2015. Special attention is paid to the review of the scientific activities of the Congress and the description of the cultural program.