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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Grande Comore'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 May 2024

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1

Guébourg, Jean-Louis. "Territoires, milieux et pouvoirs à Ngazidja (Grande Comore)." Paris 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA010665.

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Située à l'entrée septentrionale du canal de Mozambique (11 degrés 18 de latitude sud, 43 degrés 11 de longitude est) a égale distance, soit 300 km des côtes malgaches et africaines, se dresse Ngazidja ile volcanique oblongue de 1025 km2, la plus importante en superficie de l'archipel des Comores, compose de quatre iles depuis 1912 mais dont une, Mayotte s'est séparée de la jeune république islamique en 1975 pour se maintenir dans le cadre français en qualité de collectivité territoriale. Dominée par un puissant volcan strombolien, le Kartala, au cratère impressionnant dont les planèzes sont jalonnées le long des rifts, de multiples cônes stromboliens, réguliers, égueules, voire explosifs, elle a toujours suscite des craintes collectives aussi bien de la part des visiteurs que de la population autochtone. Fondée sur une double civilisation, d'abord bantoue (6ele - 13eme siècle) s'appuyant sur élevage et système matrilinéaire arabo-shirazienne (après) le 13eme siècle) plus échangisme, l'ile a su synthétiser les deux courants civilisateurs par le biais du "Ndola kuru", le grand mariage, coutume initiatique permettant une hiérarchie de la société. A la fin du 19eme siècle, la colonisation apporta de nouvelles valeurs notamment un système administratif bien mal adapte au monde musulman et un système de cultures spéculatives qui perdurent aujourd'hui et se traduit par la présence de vanille dans les "djiva" arbores de l'ile l'indépendance a généré un épisode révolutionnaire certes novateur, mais qui a échoué et qui a gelé pour de longues années les reformes possibles, facilitant le retour au pouvoir des "hommes politiques exportateurs" dépourvus de projets sociaux mais dont l'incessante rivalité souligne depuis quinze ans la viabilité de ce petit état à la merci d'un coup de main ou d'une faction déterminée
Ngazidja is located in the northern entrance of the mozambic channel (eleven degrees latitude south and forty five degrees longitude east). It's equidistant from madagascar and african coasts 300 kilometers. It's a valcanic island. It's one thousand and twenty-give km2 long. This island is the widest of the comoro archipelago that has included four islands since nineteen twelve. One of them, mayotte, has been separating from the young islamic republic since nineteen seventy-five, to stay french as a territorial organization. Ngazidja is a volcanis island, overlooked by a strong strombolian valcano with an impressive crater that still nowodays causes a collective fear both from visitors and from the autochthonal population. Founded on a double bantoue civilization (6-13 cen tury) at first with breeding and a matriarcal system, the with trade, the island found how to synthesize the two civilizing movements owing to the "ndola kuu", the great marriage, a custom that allows a hierarchy in the society. At the end of the nineteen century the colonization brought an administrative system badly adapted for musulman people and a system of speculative cultivation that still exists nowodays, we can find vanilla in the "djiva". The independance generated a revolutionary movement, an innovative one but that failed. This gaiture will keep off for a long time the possible reforms, making the comingback into power of political and exportatormen
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2

Walker, Iain Bruce. "An historical anthropology of Ngazidja." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2002. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27845.

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This thesis is an attempt to situate current development theory and prac­tice in a historical context. The basic premise is that formal development projects on Ngazidja since independence have, generally, been unsuc­cessful. This lack of success can only be understood in a wider historical context that recognises contemporary social structures in Ngazidja as being the product of processes that draw deeply on external contacts and influences in constituting viable and strongly incorporative social systems. These processes are not susceptible to controlled intervention, external or internal, but are rather self-driven. This statement may seem self-evident to anthropologists, but is far from being so in the develop­ment industry.
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3

Cassam, Sulliman Shânaz. "La Grande Comore, ethnographie d'une société traditionnelle en crise : pour une anthropologie des mutations culturelles." La Réunion, 2004. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/04_04_Cassam_Sulliman.pdf.

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Ce travail vise à appréhender le devenir social et politique de la société comorienne en montrant que cette société ne se contente pas de résister passivement au changement en se maintenant dans son être mais qu'elle affronte la modernisation et la mondialisation en s'affirmant et en produisant de nouvelles différences. Les trois parties de ce travail traitent respectivement des structures traditionnelles de cette société, du pouvoir pré-moderne et de ses mutations, des changements induits par la colonisation et de la politique de l'après indépendance. Cette étude constate la difficulté qu'il y a à établir un État moderne stable, difficulté qui n'est pas sans rapport avec les résistances créatives de la société traditionnelle
The objective of the present study is to apprehend the social and political transformation of Ngazidja, showing that this society does not content itself in a passive resistance to change by sticking to a status quo, but faces the challenges of modernisation and globalisation by asserting itself and by inventing different patterns of living. The three major parts of this research deal respectively with the traditional structure of the society, pre-modern power and its mutations and finally changes induced by colonisation and post-independence politics. The study shows the difficulty to establish a modern stable State, difficulty which is closely linked to creative resistance from traditional society which displays a remarkable plasticity to survive while making allowances for change
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4

Barwane, Ibrahim. "Les rapports entre politiques, notables et religieux en Grande Comore." Paris 8, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA084076.

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L’objet principal de cette thèse est axée sur une société à tradition orale appelée la Grande Comore, sur l’Afrique de l’est. L’étude porte sur les rapports entre les politiques, les notables et le religieux. Cette étude consiste à montrer la nature de leurs rapports, le mode d’organisation et de fonctionnement de chaque catégorie sociale. Pour mieux connaître cette problématique, cette étude illustre les moments où les hommes politiques, les notables et les religieux sont en bonne entente, en confusion et en conflit. Ces trois moments caractérisent aussi leur conception sur le pouvoir politique traditionnel et religieux. Chaque catégorie est très hiérarchisée et mène une guerre d’influence pour s’imposer sur la population. Cette conception fait que l’esprit conflictuel est permanent Ces trois catégories sociales structurent la société grande comorienne autour de leurs ambitions, de leurs désires et de leurs tempéraments. Par conséquent, les politiques, les notables et les religieux constituent en Grande Comore l’autorité politique, coutumière et religieuse
The aim of this thesis is to analyse a traditionally oral society called Grande Comore, in Eastern Africa. This study entails the relationships between politicians, notables and the religious. This main objective of this study is to show the nature of their relationships, the way each social category works and its functioning. To understand better this issue, this work illustrates the moments when politicians, notables and the religious get along well, misunderstand each other and conflict. These three moments, also characterize their traditional political and religious view of power. Each category has a very hierarchal structure and fights for a strong influence in order to gain control over its population. Because of this philosophy, these categories are consistently in conflict. Therefore, they structure Grande Comore’s society around their ambitions, desires and tempers. Consequently, politicians, notables and the religious, represent in Grande Comore the political, customary and religious authority. As a result, any and all kinds of rule are determined by their increasing on the population
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5

Guébourg, Jean-Louis. "Espace et pouvoirs en grande Comore /." Paris : Ed. L'Harmattan, 1995. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb406233474.

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6

Mohamed, Ibrahim. "L’eau en Grande Comore : étude de cas d’un petit espace insulaire abondamment arrosé mais en situation de pénurie d’eau." Thesis, La Réunion, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LARE0019.

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La question de l'accès à l'eau potable reste une préoccupation majeure de tous les habitants de la Grande Comore. Dans cette île volcanique de 1025 km2, les ressources en eau proviennent d'une part des eaux météorites liées aux pluies, qui sont recueillies dans des citernes par les toits des maisons, et d'autre part des eaux souterraines résultant de l'infiltration des précipitations facilitées par la porosité des roches. Il n'existe aucun cours d'eau permanent, mais une nappe d'eau évaluée annuellement à 1 milliard de m3 entoure toute la zone côtière. Jusqu'en 1975, ces énormes réserves d'eau souterraines n'étaient pas du tout exploitées. Actuellement, la nappe alimente quelques 20 localités représentant environ 30 % de la population. Ainsi 70 % des habitants ne bénéficient pas, à l'heure actuelle, d'un accès continu à la ressource souterraine. Ils utilisent l'eau des pluies recueillie dans des citernes. Cette source d'approvisionnement n'est suffisante que pendant la saison des pluies. Au cœur de la saison sèche, qui se situe généralement de juin à novembre, l'eau doit être rationnée au sein des familles des villages du nord-est et du sud-est, régions situées sous le vent, où la saison sèche est particulièrement longue. Notre recherche de thèse se propose d'abord d'évaluer l'état de la ressource et identifier ensuite les problèmes d'accès à l'eau. Cette thèse propose des solutions pour résoudre dans une logique de développement durable le problème de l'eau en Grande Comore
The question of access to safe drinking water has remained a big concern for the people who live in Grande Comoro and even nowadays they still cope with the problem of safe drinking water. Yet Grande Comoro presents the originality of plentiful water resources; howeever, that is not enough to avoid the water shortage that harms the population. In this volcanic island of 1025 km2, the water resources come largely from the meteorite water related to the raining, which is collected in water tanks through the roof of houses. In addition to that, the water resources also come from underground water resulting from the seepage of rainfall facilitated by the porosity of the rocks. There is no permanent stream but a sheet that surrounds the costal area. The raining water which goes underground joins a basic sheet forming a big reservoir estimated at one billion square meters. until 1975, those huge underground water reservoirs were not exploited at all. For the time being, the sheet is suppling (apart from Moroni and its suburbs) some 20 localities in the island. Overall the island, only 30 % of the population is more or less correctly supplied. Our thesis research is firstly proposing to evaluate the state of the resource, and put it in perspective with the demographic growth. Then, identifying the problems relating to the access of water in order to study the part of responsability, shared between technical, financial and political issues. This thesis is proposing solutions to resolve in a logic of sustainable development the paradox of an island "plentifully watered but in a constant situation of water shortage."
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7

Boulianne, Nicole. "Étude de la mortalité infantile en Grande Comore." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33499.

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8

Abdoussalami, Issa. "Carrières des leaders associatifs comoriens : Paris, Grande-Comore." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/191213_ABDOUSSALAMI_44gphc994sbhjen499fb616pryva_TH.pdf.

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Les Comoriens en France constituent une des plus importantes diasporas malgré leur faible implication sur la scène sociale et politique. Bien que l’immigration comorienne soit un phénomène ancien, la population issue de cette migration reste encore peu étudiée. A l’instar de plusieurs communautés africaines et en dépit de leur insularité, les Comoriens font preuve d’un dynamisme associatif qu’il conviendra d’analyser. Si les nombreuses initiatives engagées par les associations impliquent des moyens et des compétences diverses, ces structures sont aussi un lieu de (re)distribution de pouvoirs, un lieu de production d’une mobilité sociale et aussi de conflits. Comment se construisent des carrières de dirigeants associatifs comoriens en France ? Dans quelle mesure le dispositif associatif peut devenir un tremplin permettant d’accéder à des fonctions sociales, politiques, religieuses ou culturelles ? De telles interrogations constituent l’objet de ce travail. La recherche s’inscrit dans une démarche méthodologique basée sur les observations directes, des entretiens pour la reconstitution de récits de vie, menés auprès de soixante-dix (70) leaders associatifs, d’acteurs politiques et de regroupements associatifs en région parisienne
The Comorians in France constitute one of the most important diasporas despite their weak involvement on the social and political scene. Although Comorian immigration is an old phenomenon, the population resulting from this migration remains little studied. Like many African communities and despite their insularity, the Comorians show an associative dynamism that should be analyzed. While the many initiatives undertaken by the associations involve various means and skills, these structures are also a place of (re) distribution of powers, a place of production of social mobility and also of conflicts. How are Careers of Comorian Community Leaders Developed in France? To what extent can the associative device become a stepping stone to access social, political, religious or cultural functions? Such questions are the object of this work. The research is part of a methodological approach based on direct observations, interviews for the reconstruction of life stories, conducted with seventy (70) associative leaders, political actors and associations in the Paris region
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9

Said, Ahmed Moussa. "Contribution à l'étude de la littérature orale des Comores (Ngazidja)." Paris, INALCO, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INAL0016.

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10

Desgrolard, Franck. "Pétrologie des laves d'un volcan intraplaque océanique : le Karthala, île de la Grande-Comore (R.F.I. des Comores)." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00756691.

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La Grande-Comore est la plus grande île d'un archipel localisé dans le canal de Mozambique sur une croûte dont la littérature permet de suggérer une nature océanique. Le Karthala est le principal volcan bouclier de l'île, il est le seul dont on connaisse l'activité historique, qui se localise essentiellement le long de deux rifts zones et à leur intersection dans la caldeira sommitale. Un volcanisme ancien forme le massif du Badjini situé à son extrémité sud. Le faible degré de sous-saturation en silice et les compositions de ses laves nous indiquent qu'elles sont essentiellement le produit d'un degré de fusion partielle identique affectant une source unique où le phlogopite et le grenat sont plus ou moins résiduels. Un modèle géophysique basé sur les taux de production magmatique des panaches mantelliques, ainsi que l'utilisation de résultats expérimentaux à hautes pressions, confirment une pression de fusion partielle élevée comprise entre 24 et 33 kbar. Les laves faiblement alcalines à transitionnelles des différents stades d'édification du Karthala ont des paragenèses variées : basaltes à olivine, océanites, ankaramites et basaltes à phénocristaux de plagioclase, qui témoignent de la diversité des processus de différenciation en jeu. L'évolution des compositions de ces laves nous a permis de mettre en évidence l'existence de deux chambres magmatiques distinctes. L'une profonde localisée à une profondeur d'environ 30 km (10 kbar), où les liquides basaltiques subissent un fractionnement wehrlitique plus ou moins important à l'origine d'un enrichissement précoce en incompatibles. L'autre plus superficielle, localisée à la base de l'édifice volcanique, où des fractionnements principalement océanitique et clinopyroxénitique, ainsi que gabbroïque à moindre échelle, ne leur font atteindre qu'un faible stade de différenciation (hawaiites et trachy-basaltes).
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11

Desgrolard, Franck. "Pétrologie des laves d'un volcan intraplaque océanique : le Karthala, île de la Grande-Comore (R.F.I. des Comores)." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10109.

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La Grande-Comore est la plus grande île d'un archipel localisé dans le canal de Mozambique sur une croûte dont la littérature permet de suggérer une nature océanique. Le Karthala est le principal volcan bouclier de l'île, il est le seul dont on connaisse l'activité historique, qui se localise essentiellement le long de deux rifts zones et à leur intersection dans la caldeira sommitale. Un volcanisme ancien forme le massif du Badiner situé à son extrémité sud. Le faible degré de sous-saturation en silice et les compositions de ses laves nous indiquent qu'elles sont essentiellement le produit d'un degré de fusion partielle identique affectant une source unique ou le phlogopite et le grenat sont plus ou moins résiduels. Un modèle géophysique basé sur les taux de production magmatique des panaches mantelliques, ainsi que l'utilisation de résultats expérimentaux à hautes pressions, confirment une pression de fusion partielle élevée comprise entre 24 et 33 kbar. Les laves faiblement alcalines à transitionnelles des différents stades d'édification du Karthala ont des paragenèses variées : basaltes à olivine, océanites, ankaramites et basaltes à phénocristaux de plagioclase, qui témoignent de la diversité des processus de différenciation en jeu. L'évolution des compositions de ces laves nous a permis de mettre en évidence l'existence de deux chambres magmatiques distinctes. L'une profonde localisée à une profondeur d'environ 30 km (10 kbar), ou les liquides basaltiques subissent un fractionnement wehrlitique plus ou moins important à l'origine d'un enrichissement précoce en incompatibles. L'autre plus superficielle, localisée à la base de l'édifice volcanique, ou des fractionnements principalement océanitique et clinopyroxénitique, ainsi que gabbroïque à moindre échelle, ne leur font atteindre qu'un faible stade de différenciation (hawaiites et trachy-basaltes). (Doc Thèses)
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12

Abdillahi, Youssouf. "La diaspora de la Grande Comore à Marseille et son apport sur le développement de l'île." Thesis, La Réunion, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LARE0021/document.

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La question de la migration des Grands Comoriens trouve sa justification dans la quête d'amasser de l'argent pour réaliser le grand mariage, étape nécessaire à la reconnaissance de l'individu dans la hiérarchie sociale. L'étude se propose de suivre l'itinéraire des premiers migrants Comoriens , les fameux navigateurs de la compagnie des Messageries Maritimes, depuis l'île de Madagascar dans les années quarante jusqu'en France, ensuite de voir leurs conditions d'installation dans la ville de Marseille avant de se pencher sur la contribution de la diaspora au développement économique et social de la Grande Comore. La présence des Grands Comoriens à Marseille depuis les années quarante s'est accrue au fil du temps. Ils sont devenus au bout de trois décennies la plus importante communauté noire africaine dans la cité phocéenne et marquent discrètement leur territoire de leur identité et particularismes. Très fortement liés à son île, la diaspora de la Grande Comore est devenue, grâce à l’apport matériel et financier qu’elle transfère, un acteur incontournable pour le développement de celle ci (25% du PIB, apport plus important que l’aide extérieur au développement). Mais le spectre d’une grave crise rode, car rien ne garantit que les nouvelles générations vont maintenir les transferts parce qu’elles sont préoccupées davantage par leur intégration dans la société française que par des considérations villageoises
The issue of Grande Comore diaspora is closely linked to the need to raise money for the big wedding, necessary step for the recognition of the individual in his society. The research proposes to approach the topic by following the itinerary of the first comorian migrants, the famous navigators in the Messageries Maritimes company, from Madagascar to France in the forties, then show the conditions of installation in the city of Marseille, and then analyze their contribution to the economic and social development of their country of origin. The presence of Grand Comorians in Marseille which began in the late forties, has intensified over the years. They became, over three decades, the largest black african community in Marseille and are emerging slowly with their identity and particularisms. Strongly attached to their island , Grande Comore diaspora has become an indispensable actor thanks to the financial and material contribution it brings today for the development of the island(25% GDP, more important than foreign aid to development). But the specter of a deep crisis threatens the Comoros: nothing garantees the continuity of transfers by new generations more concerned with their integration in France and less affected by village solidarity
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13

Patin, Cédric. "La tonologie du shingazidja, langue bantu (G44a) de la Grande Comore : nature, formalisation, interfaces." Paris 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA030086.

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Cette thèse porte sur différents aspects du système tonal du shingazidja, une langue bantu parlée sur l'île de la Grande Comore. L'objectif principal de ce travail est de permettre une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes d'interaction opérant entre la tonologie et les structures syntaxique et informationnelle. Le traitement proposé s'inscrit dans le cadre de la Théorie de l'Optimalité. Les chapitres 2 et 3 sont consacrés à la tonologie de la langue telle qu'elle se manifeste dans les syntagmes nominal et verbal. Entre autres points sont abordés le nombre de catégories tonales auxquelles les noms sont susceptibles d'appartenir, l'abaissement final de la fréquence fondamentale, la variabilité des réalisations tonales, le déplacement tonal et les phénomènes liés au principe du contour obligatoire. La plupart de ces processus sont analysés dans le chapitre 4 à partir du modèle Optimal Domains Theory (Cassimjee & Kisseberth 1998). Le chapitre 5 présente un large inventaire descriptif, s'appuyant sur un grand nombre de nouvelles données, des facteurs syntaxiques et pragmatiques qui conditionnent les groupements prosodiques de la langue. Le chapitre 6 traite de la formalisation des phénomènes d'interaction phonologie-syntaxe et phonologie-structure informationnelle. L'analyse optimaliste qui est proposée s'appuie sur des contraintes d'alignement et sur la contrainte Wrap XP, qui demande à ce qu'un XP soit inscrit à l'intérieur d'un syntagme phonologique. Il est notamment dit que le groupement prosodique tient compte en shingazidja des catégories fonctionnelles, ce qui va contre le `principe de catégorisation lexicale' communément admis dans la littérature
This dissertation explores various issues of the tonal system of Shingazidja, a Bantu language spoken on the island of Grande Comore. The main aim is to provide a better understanding of the interaction of tone with both syntactic and information structure. The account presented in this thesis will be proposed within the Optimality Theory framework. Chapters 2 and 3 are devoted to the tonology of the language as it occurs in the noun and the verb phrases. Aspects covered include the number of tonal categories into which the noun falls, final pitch lowering, variability ot tonal realisations, tone shift and OCP phenomena. Most of these processes are analysed in chapter 4 using Optimal Domains Theory (Cassimjee & Kisseberth 1998). Chapter 5 presents substential new data and gives an extensive descriptive inventory of the syntactic and pragmatic factors that influence the phrasing of the language. Chapter 6 discusses from a formal point of view the interaction of phonology with syntax and information structure. The optimal analysis is conducted using constraints on edge-alignment and Wrap XP, a constraint that requires every XP to be contained in a phonological phrase. In particular, it is argued that phrasing in shingazidja is sensitive to functional categories, which is against the Lexical Category Principle commonly assumed in the litterature
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14

Bourhane, Anli. "Méthodes d'investigation de l'intrusion marine dans les aquifères volcaniques (La Réunion et La Grande Comore)." Thesis, La Réunion, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LARE0028/document.

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En contexte insulaire volcanique, les aquifères du domaine côtier présentent de très fortes hétérogénéités liées à leur structure, à la disparité de leurs recharges et à l'influence des conditions en aval. Les travaux envisagés ici consistent à élaborer une méthodologie adaptée à différentes configurations hydrogéologiques dans l'optique de mieux imager et comprendre l'évolution du biseau salé. L'acquisition des données est effectuée sur différents sites présentant des configurations hydrogéologiques variées sur le plan de la recharge, de la structure de l'aquifère et de la géomorphologie de la limite en aval. Un réseau d'observation est mis en place sur la côte ouest de l'île de La Réunion, dans la zone littorale allant de L'Ermitage à Saint-Leu. Cette zone est particulièrement intéressante dans le sens où elle présente les types de limites en aval les plus communes aux îles volcaniques à savoir, des côtes rocheuses, des plaines d'arrière-récif et des plaines d'accumulation fluviomarine. Sur La Réunion et la Grande Comore, le milieu volcanique est investigué au moyen de méthodes géophysiques et par une analyse de séries temporelles hydrogéologiques. Les outils géophysiques employés confirment la présence d’un milieu souterrain hétérogène, avec la présence sporadique de chenaux d'écoulement souterrain préférentiel susceptibles de contrôler la dynamique des intrusions marines. Les simulations numériques effectuées par la suite corroborent ces observations. L'analyse des signaux enregistrés indique une forte influence des forçages hydro-climatiques externes sur les nappes côtières. Elle permet aussi de distinguer deux familles de comportement selon le contexte géologique des ouvrages instrumentés. Les résultats de ces travaux mettent en avant une méthodologie de gestion des nappes côtières adaptée au milieu volcanique. Ils contribuent également à l'orientation des programmes de prospection de la ressource en eau souterraine dans ces contextes très complexes
In volcanic islands context, the aquifers of coastal areas have very strong heterogeneities related to their structure, the disparity of their recharge and the influence of the downstream boundaries (rocky coasts, detritic cones...). The works considered here consist to develop a methodology adapted to different hydrogeological configurations in the aim to better understanding the development of saltwater intrusions. Time series recording and geophysical investigations are carried out on various sites, with different hydrogeological conditions, on the west coast of Reunion Island and throughout Grande Comore Island. The groundwater observatory tested in the pilot study area of Reunion was exported to three others experimental sites situated in Grande Comore Island (Indian Ocean). The geophysical investigations reveal a very important lateral heterogeneity along the shoreline due to the existence of 3D volcanic structures such as palaeovalleys filled by recent lava flows. In coastal areas, these structures exert an important role towards the marine intrusion dynamics, like it was confirmed by numerical simulations. Time series recording has allowed the hydrodynamic characterisation of the coastal groundwater and has enhanced the understanding of low and high frequency variations of the groundwater resources quality
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15

Morin, Julie. "Gestion institutionnelle et réponses des populations face aux crises volcaniques : études de cas à La Réunion et en Grande Comore." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00863366.

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La gestion des crises volcaniques constitue un sujet d'étude marginal, tous domaines de recherche confondus. La complexité des phénomènes volcaniques (aléas multiples, incertitude des prévisions), l'absence de cadre conceptuel et méthodologique établi pour l'étude des crises, les opportunités réduites de vivre des crises volcaniques, et la focalisation des chercheurs en sciences de la Terre sur l'aléa sont autant de raisons qui expliquent ce manque d'engagement. Cette thèse a pour objectif de combler partiellement ces lacunes en capitalisant des analyses sur les modes de gestion des crises. Elle propose ainsi des RETours d'EXpérience sur la gestion de crises éruptives survenues en mai 2006 au Karthala (Grande Comore), et en avril 2007 au Piton de la Fournaise (La Réunion). S'y ajoute un RETEX sur la gestion des lahars consécutifs aux éruptions explosives de 2005 en Grande Comore. Ces cas d'étude reposent sur le vécu direct des crises analysées, puis sur un travail d'enquête auprès des autorités, scientifiques, médias et populations. Ils mettent entre autres en évidence un manque caractérisé de moyens, d'information et de formation de l'ensemble des acteurs sur les deux îles. Les causes profondes des facteurs de dysfonctionnement sont ensuite recherchées. L'analyse révèle le poids des composantes humaines, culturelles, politiques, socioéconomiques et territoriales dans les réponses apportées face aux crises. Enfin, cette thèse propose des outils et des approches pour améliorer la gestion des crises sur les deux îles.
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Rey, Véronique. "Approche phonologique et expérimentale des faits d'accent d'une langue africaine : le Shingazidja (parler de la Grande Comore)." Aix-Marseille 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1989AIX10067.

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Cette recherche a pour but d'effectuer une interpretation des phenomenes d'accent, en shingazidja, un des parlers de l'archipel des comores, saisis par une description des donnees, puis par deux analyses phonologiques (structuraliste et metrique) et enfin, par l'analyse des variations de duree, de frequence fondamentale et d'intensite, dans le cadre particulier de la phase declarative. Dans les limites de ce travail, il apparait que la place de l'accent est predictible selon des regles phonologiques. L'analyse structuraliste genere la place de l'accent dans le mot, l'analyse metrique propose une hierarchie des accents dans la phrase. L'approche experimentale (en production et en perception) montre que l'accent n'est pas une propriete d'une syllabe, mais une relation entre syllabes: la relation tonique post-tonique semble privilegiee. Cette relation est fonction principalement de deux variables (toutes choses etant egales par ailleurs): la structure syntaxique de l'enonce (phenomene de joncture),la place de l'accent dans le mot (mot oxyton ou paroxyton). Enfin, ces resultats experimentaux tendent a confirmer les hypotheses au sujet de l'evolution de cette langue, anciennement tonale, devenue a accent.
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17

Savin, Cécile. "Circulation hydrothermale au sein du volcan Karthala, île de la Grande Comore, océan Indien : apports de la géophysique." La Réunion, 2001. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/01_20_Savin.pdf.

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Le volcan Karthala est un volcan bouclier basaltique intra-océanique actif constituant les deux-tiers méridionaux de l'île de la Grande Comore. De nombreux indices de surface témoignent de l'activité du système hydrothermal de ce volcan. En outre, une large anomalie positive de Polarisation Spontanée (PS) a été mise en évidence dans les secteurs Nord et Ouest de la caldeira. Grâce à une campagne de mesures électromagnétiques (CSAMT), nous avons pu obtenir une image de la structure géoélectrique du volcan. A l'échelle du massif, trois milieux sont distingués en accord avec un modèle hydrogéologique de réduction de la perméabilité avec la profondeur. Le terrain intermédiaire est interprété comme un niveau de saturation régional à l'échelle du massif et sa base est caractérisée par l'apparition de minéralisations secondaires par simple processus d'enfouissement. Concernant la partie sommitale, la méthode CSAMT nous a permis de caractériser la géométrie du système hydrothermal du Karthala. Il apparaît confiné au sein de la caldeira sommitale à partir de 700 m de profondeur, présente une élongation Nord-Sud et s'approfondit rapidement sur les bords Ouest et Est. La partie Nord, qui présente les plus faibles résistivités et profondeurs du toit de ce système est la plus active, comme le suggérait déjà les mesures PS. Depuis l'éruption phréatique de juillet 1991, des séismes volcano-tectoniques (VT) sommitaux sont localisés selon un alignement Nord-Sud limité au sein de la caldeira, entre 2 et 4km de profondeur, nous permettant d'obtenir la signature sismique d'une éruption phréatique. En corrélant les différentes données géophysiques, nous proposons que la fracturation hydrolique est à l'origine de ces VT et qu'ils témoignent donc de l'activité des circulations hydrothermales au sein du Karthala, celles-ci diminuant progressivement depuis 1991 et en particulier depuis 1998.
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18

Ali, Ibrahim. "Esclaves, engagés et travailleurs libres à la Grande Comore et au Mozambique pendant le sultanat de Saïd Ali ben Saïd Omar (1883-1910)." Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040028.

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Cette thèse étudie du trafic des esclaves au départ de l’Afrique orientale (Mozambique) vers les Comores où des planteurs étrangers venaient les acheter comme engagés libres. Le sultanat de Saïd Ali né en 1883, a bénéficié de la protection de de la France en 1886. Malgré ce protectorat, l’esclavage n’est aboli qu’en 1904. Pour maintenir la main-d’œuvre coloniale, l’État protecteur a retardé cette abolition. Face aux hésitations, le sultanat est rattaché à Magascar en 1908, le sultan abdique en 1910, avant que la Grande Comore devienne colonie française en 1912
This Thesis studies the slaves trade starting from East Africa to Comoros where foreign growers came to buy them as free Endentured servant. The Sultanat of Saïd Ali born in 1883 benefited of French protection in 1886. Even thought this protectorate, the slavery is abolished in 1904. To maintain the colonialworkforce, The Protecting State has delayed this abolition. In front of theses hesitations, the Sultan is attached to Madagascar in 1908, the sultan abdicated in 1910, before that the Great Comoro become a French colony in 1912
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Ali, Ibrahim. "Esclaves, engagés et travailleurs libres à la Grande Comore et au Mozambique pendant le sultanat de Saïd Ali ben Saïd Omar (1883-1910)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040028.

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Cette thèse étudie du trafic des esclaves au départ de l’Afrique orientale (Mozambique) vers les Comores où des planteurs étrangers venaient les acheter comme engagés libres. Le sultanat de Saïd Ali né en 1883, a bénéficié de la protection de de la France en 1886. Malgré ce protectorat, l’esclavage n’est aboli qu’en 1904. Pour maintenir la main-d’œuvre coloniale, l’État protecteur a retardé cette abolition. Face aux hésitations, le sultanat est rattaché à Magascar en 1908, le sultan abdique en 1910, avant que la Grande Comore devienne colonie française en 1912
This Thesis studies the slaves trade starting from East Africa to Comoros where foreign growers came to buy them as free Endentured servant. The Sultanat of Saïd Ali born in 1883 benefited of French protection in 1886. Even thought this protectorate, the slavery is abolished in 1904. To maintain the colonialworkforce, The Protecting State has delayed this abolition. In front of theses hesitations, the Sultan is attached to Madagascar in 1908, the sultan abdicated in 1910, before that the Great Comoro become a French colony in 1912
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20

Berteaux, Patrick. "Influence de l'acculturation sur les processus de traitement catégoriel chez l'enfant : étude comparative en Grande Comore, à Mayotte et à La Réunion." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00472745.

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A La Réunion, les enfants migrants originaires de l'Archipel des Comores présentent fréquemment des difficultés scolaires. Peut-on imputer celles-ci à l'existence de styles cognitifs enculturés ? Quels seraient alors les variables culturelles liées à leur développement et les effets d'un changement de contexte environnemental ? Pour tenter de répondre à ces questions, la méthodologie se fonde sur la passation, par des enfants âgés de 10 à 12 ans, d'épreuves conçues pour la recherche. La comparaison des résultats obtenus auprès de quatre groupes, contrastés par leur contexte d'acculturation, révèle d'abord le style cognitif particulier de ces enfants dans l'organisation des données pour l'apprentissage, ensuite une flexibilité catégorielle ne leur permettant pas l'adaptation aux situations scolaires, et enfin un conflit cognitif expliqué par un défaut de stabilité des stratégies entre différents niveaux du traitement de l'information. Déterminés principalement par le mode d'enculturation scolaire et les séjours dans des contextes culturels différents, les styles cognitifs et la flexibilité sont soumis à l'influence discrète du contexte matériel et social. La stabilité cognitive paraît relative à la variable linguistique. Ces résultats permettent de poser les bases d'une médiation intercutturelle visant à faciliter l'intégration scolaire.
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21

Lauginie, Francis René. "Problemes lies a la conservation de la grande faune en afrique : l'exemple des grands mammiferes du parc national de la comoe (cote d'ivoire). approche populationnelle et genetique." Orléans, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ORLE2071.

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La premiere partie du travail est consacree a la problematique de la conservation des ressources naturelles en cote d'ivoire. L'acceleration du phenomene de degradation et de regression des milieux naturels aggrave les effets d'une gestion irrationnelle de la faune, trop souvent consideree comme un bien inepuisable. La diminution apparente des effectifs des populations d'animaux sauvages et la presence d'isolats de plus en plus marques ont conduit a retenir les deux themes de recherche suivants: 1. Analyser l'evolution des effectifs de grands mammiferes du parc national de la comoe en comparant les resultats d'inventaires standardises, aeriens et terrestres, menes entre 1977 et 1981, aux donnees quantitatives obtenues, selon les memes methodes, en 1988 et 1989. Six denombrements aeriens (6558 animaux observes) et 8730 observations terrestres (portant sur 13884 animaux), ont permis d'obtenir des resultats statistiquement exploitables pour douze especes. Plusieurs tests non-parametriques demontrent l'importante diminution generale des effectifs au cours de la periode etudiee. Pour le buffle, le bubale, le cobe de buffon, l'elephant et l'hippotrague, la perte globale de biomasse est estimee a 60%. Ce declin des populations de grands mammiferes du parc national de la comoe est discute et impute a la recrudescence d'un braconnage totalement impuni. Face a ce fleau, le comportement des animaux varie selon les especes, les modifications observees concernant l'aire de repartition ou la structure des populations. 2. Verifier, en prenant l'exemple du cobe de buffon, si la fragmentation de l'aire de repartition d'une espece peut se traduire genetiquement au terme d'une periode, relativement limitee, de quelques decennies. A cette fin, l'analyse comprative du polymorphisme des proteines et des variants enzymatiques est effectuee sur un echantillon d'une centaine de cobes de buffon du parc de la comoe et sur quelques individus du parc de la marahoue et de la station d'ecologie de lamto. Neuf systemes enzymatiques et trois familles de proteines seriques sont analyses. Un polymorphisme etendu au niveau de l'alpha 1 - antitrypsine est decrit pour la premiere fois chez les artiodactyles, cet enzyme pouvant constituer, sur le plan taxinomique, un systeme informatif et discriminant. Aucun effet fondateur, pour les systemes etudies, n'est mis en evidence. La mise en application des mesures elementaires de protection de la nature, prevues par la legislation ivoirienne, suffirait a retablir les densites animales observees dans le passe. Dans cette optique, diverses propositions concretes sont faites pour mieux conserver la faune de cote d'ivoire et poursuivre les travaux entrepris
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22

Lafon, Michel. "Le Shingazidja (grand comorien) : une langue bantu sous influence arabe." Paris, INALCO, 1987. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00131147.

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23

VENTURA, BORDENCA Claudio. "Noble gas geochemistry in seismic (Umbria, Italy) and volcanic (Grand Comore Island, Indian Ocean) regions: New methodologies and implications." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10447/399971.

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The noble gases are among the most powerful geochemical tools in different geological settings. For this reason, they represent one of the most valuable tracers of geochemical processes whose variations can be straightforwardly ascribed to magmatic/crustal dynamics. In this dissertation, noble gas (He, Ne, Ar) geochemistry applied in both seismic and volcanic regions are presented. The PhD research has firstly been devoted to the test on the field of an auto-sampler for high-frequency collection of the water samples in order to be analysed for their dissolved noble gases. Then, I developed a lab-based methodology for the in-vacuum extraction of noble gases from waters collected in the copper tubes. The auto-sampler, named S.P.A.R.T.A.H. (Syringe Pump Apparatus for the Retrieval and Temporal Analysis of Helium), has been installed for a period of 2 months in a seismically active sector in the Umbria region (central Apennines, Italy), and collected fluids from a natural spring for the entire duration of the deployment with the aim of obtaining short-term noble gas data. The proper functioning and successful operation of the extraction system has been tested and verified in the Noble Gas Laboratory at the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) of Palermo. In second part of the PhD research, I focused my attention on the high-flux CO2–rich gas emissions localized in the central sector of the Apennines. The sampled gases have been analyzed for their chemical and isotopic composition (e.g., noble gases). Then, I developed a background geochemical model of fluid circulation and secondary chemical processes that occur during the transfer of fluid in the shallow crustal layers. Moreover I recognize a progressive northward decrease of the mantle-derived He degassing at regional scale along the Apennines. Furthermore, this study highlighted that the variable compositions of the gas manifestations discharged across the Umbria region can be best interpreted as a result of the combination of two different chemical processes which are not mutually exclusive: 1) a mixing between a magmatic end-member (VCVD) and a shallow-sedimentary sources, and 2) solubility-controlled fractionation mechanisms taking place upon interaction with shallow subsurface waters. Finally, the project has been also addressed to the investigation of noble gases in fluids of an active volcanic system, Grande Comore Island (Indian Ocean). The noble gases (He, Ne, Ar) from fluid inclusions in peridotite mantle xenoliths coupled to radiogenic components (Sr, Nd, Pb) have been analysed to resolve the mantle source feeding the volcanism. Here I recognized a MORB-type mantle reservoir. In particular, the 3He/4He isotope compositions (up to 7.3Ra) fall in a range that overlaps the MORB mantle signature and the SCLM. The 20Ne/22Ne, 21Ne/22Ne and 40Ar/36Ar isotope ratios plot along a mixing between air and a typical MORB-type reservoir. The Sr-Nd-Pb isotope systematics shows a mixing line between Depleted MORB and Enriched Mantle reservoirs, but for two samples whose higher Sr isotope signatures point towards an EM2 source, showing isotopic similarities with carbonatite rocks from the East African Rift System and central-northern Madagascar alkaline rocks.
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Espartel, Lélis Balestrin. "Atributos de produto e motivações de compra no mercado jornalistico do Rio Grande do Sul." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/29923.

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O mercado jornalístico no Rio Grande do Sul é bastante atraente em termos de vendas, número de empresas atuantes e quantidade de consumidores fmais (leitores) envolvidos. Entretanto, existe uma carência de informações sobre quais variáveis afetam o comportamento de compra destes consumidores. Este trabalho atinge algumas destas variáveis, buscando determinar quais são os atributos de produto e as motivações de compra considerados mais importantes pelo público leitor de jornais no Rio Grande do Sul.
Newspaper market in Rio Grande do Sul is quite attractive considering sales, number of firms and amount of fmal consumers (readers) involved in. However, there is a lack of information about which variables affect buying behavior of these consumers. This study focuses on some of these variables and tries to determine which product atributes and buying motivations are considered the most important by newspaper readers in Rio Grande do Sul.
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25

Eckert, Cornelia. "Une ville autrefois minière : La Grand-Combe : étude d'anthropologie sociale." Paris 5, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA05H060.

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Nous partons d'une étude ethnographique d'un groupe ouvrier habitant la grand-combe (Gard) pour comprendre un processus de construction d'identité sociale face à son expérience de travail comprise comme singulière. Le "monde de la mine" est perçu comme une référence à la fois différentielle et structurelle de l'identité dans la construction de projets de vie des familles de mineurs. Un repère "positif", une "valeur-travail" sur laquelle les frontières symboliques du groupe d'appartenance sont cartographiées. A partir de leurs représentations, de leur manière singulière d'attribuer des significations aux pratiques et interactions sociales et de leur manière de penser l'ordonnance sérielle du temps du vécu et du temps de la vie, notre but et de dimensionner une communauté de travail et cerner leur mode de vie familial et les relations sociales autrefois et aujourd'hui. La Grand-Combe, après avoir vécu une longue période régie par un système de mono-industrialisation et d'urbanisation du type ville minière, subit actuellement, après la fermeture des mines, l'impact de la récession industrielle. Ce processus est vécu par la communauté de travail comme la discontinuité d'un quotidien rythme par le travail à la mine. Nous élucidons comment sont réactualisées les références identitaires du groupe dans ce processus et comment est réélaborée l'interaction quotidienne après la disparition de ce point de repère traditionnel
Ont he basis of an ethnographic study of la Grand-Combe (Gard-France) we consider the singularity of a mining populations work experience and the influence of this experience on group identity. The "mining world" is perceived in the elaboration of family projets. It is perceived as both differentiating and a structuring part of identity as evidenced in the elaboration of facily projects. It is perceivedm further, as a "work-value", a positive reference for the mapping out of the groups symbolic frontiers. By looking at the group representations the manner in which these people assign meanings to their practices and social interactions, as well as the way in which they arrange the serial order of their everyday profile of a "work community", its pattern of family and social interaction both today and in the past. The Grand-Combe, after having gone through a long period of mono-industrialization we describe the lifestyle of the families who have stayed on in the face of the dramatic social change brought on by de-industrialization. We detail the way in which elecents of group identity have been resseman tisized in the process of building a meaningful symbolic universe, the way social interactions have been rethroughtout in the absence of traditional reference points
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Benko, Sabina. "Altérations génomiques à grande distance d'éléments non-codants conservés et dérégulation d'expression tissu-spécifique au locus SOX9." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05T039.

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SOX9, gène majeur du développement, est localisé au sein d'un désert génique représentant son domaine de régulation. Les mutations du gène SOX9 résultent en un syndrome polymalformatif la dysplasie campomelique (PC). Les endophénotypes de la PC dans leurs formes isolés - séquence de Pierre Robin (SPRi) et anomalies de différentiation sexuelle (DSDi) — peuvent survenir suite à des altérations (translocations, délétions, mutations ponctuelles) des régions non-codantes au locus SOX9. Des études in vitro et in vivo indiquent que ces altérations, localisées a grande distance par rapport à SOX9 (>l,2Mb/SPR; >500kb/DSD), concernent les éléments conservés au cours de l'évolution ayant une fonction régulatrice d'expression tissu et stade spécifique. Les altérations identifiées chez les patients SPRi ou ADSi affecteraient l'expression tissu spécifique respectivement dans le mésenchyme mandibulaire ou les gonades pendant que les autres domaines d'expression de SOX9 resteraient intacts
SQX9 is a major developmental gene mapping to a vast gene desert that encompasses its regulatory domain. The SOX9 gene coding equence mutations result in campomelic dysplaisa (CD), a complex polymalformative syndrome. We showed that alterations of non-coding sequences (translocations, deletions or point mutations) at the SOX9 locus result in isolated CD endophenotypes namely Pierre Robin sequence (iPRS) and disorders of sex developpement (iDSD). Both in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that those alterations, located at great distance with respect to SOX9 coding sequences (>1,2Mb/iPRS; >500kb/iDSD), comprise regions conserved throughout the evolution that function as regulatory elements driving tissue specific gene expression of SOX9. We suggest that alterations identified in iPRS and iDSD patients represent a tissue specific loss of SOX9 expression in the mandibular mesenchyme or the developing gonad respectively, while other territories of normal SOX9 expression remain intact
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Falzon, Frédéric. "Le passage de la Grande-Bretagne à la "société post-industrielle" : débats théoriques et réalités sociales." Bordeaux 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR30062.

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Cette thèse tente de mettre à profit les théories post-industrielles afin d’analyser dans quelle mesure l’avènement de la Grande Bretagne moderne, dite de la «troisième voie», résulte d’une série de mutations structurelles initiées dans les années 1970. Selon le sociologue Daniel Bell, la transition vers un mode de production post-industriel est provoquée par la révolution technologique de l’information et de la communication, entraînant le déclin de la classe ouvrière et l’érosion des clivages idéologiques et des affiliations de classe. En Grande-Bretagne, les trente dernières années ont été marquées par des transformations structurelles, telles que la désindustrialisation, qui correspondent au schéma d’une transition post-industrielle. C’est par la gauche que la théorie post-industrielle a pénétré les milieux intellectuels britanniques au début des années 1980. Les cercles communistes dissidents de tendance post-fordiste ont contribué à sa propagation parmi les modernisateurs travaillistes. Ces concepts ont ainsi été incorporés à l’entreprise néo-révisionniste qui a débouché sur la création du New Labour et l’élection de Tony Blair. Ce travail explore les éléments de la politique gouvernementale travailliste qui semblent inspirés par le post-industrialisme dans une volonté de rupture épocale avec le modèle industriel keynésien. La réorganisation de l’Etat-providence, la promotion de la connaissance et des services, la redéfinition des concepts de partenariat, de citoyenneté, des relations entre entreprenariat et travail social encouragent l’interprétation de la troisième voie britannique comme une stratégie nationalement inclusive et post-industrielle
This thesis seeks to use post-industrial theories to understand 21st century “Third Way” Britain as the result of a series of structural mutations initiated in the 1970s. According to the sociologist Daniel Bell, the transition to a post-industrial mode of production is provoked by the revolution of the new technologies of information and communication. It leads to the replacement of the industrial working class by the new knowledge and service groups which results in the erosion of ideological divides and class affiliations. In Britain, the last thirty-years have been marked by structural transformations, such as deindustrialisation, whose pattern seems to fit this post-industrial transitional model. As a theory, post-industrialism entered the British intellectual scene from the left in the early 1980s. The dissident circles of British communism in particular integrated it under its post-Fordist variant and contributed to their propagation among the group of modernizers inside the Labour Party. Post-industrial concepts were thus incorporated to Labour’s neo-revisionist project which was central to the creation of New Labour and the election of Tony Blair. This research explores which sections of New Labour government’s policy were inspired by a post-industrial approach and confirmed an epochal break from the Keynesian industrial model. The reorganisation of the Welfare State, the promotion of the knowledge and service society, and the redefinition of the concepts of partnership and citizenship, entrepreneurship and voluntary social work, thus encourage the interpretation of the British Third Way as a one-nation post-industrial strategy
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28

Berteaux, Patrick. "Influence de l'acculturation sur les processus de traitement catégoriel chez l'enfant : étude comparative en Grande Comores, à Mayotte et à La Réunion." La Réunion, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00472745/fr/.

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À La Réunion, les enfants migrants originaires de l'Archipel des Comores présentent fréquemment des difficultés scolaires. Peut-on imputer celles-ci à l'existence de styles cognitifs enculturés ? Quels seraient alors les variables culturelles liées à leur développement et les effets d'un changement de contexte environnemental ? Pour tenter de répondre à ces questions, la méthodologie se fonde sur la passation, par des enfants âgés de 10 à 12 ans, d'épreuves conçues pour la recherche. La comparaison des résultats obtenus auprès de quatre groupes, contrastés par leur contexte d'acculturation, révèle d'abord le style cognitif particulier de ces enfants dans l'organisation des données pour l'apprentissage, ensuite une flexibilité catégorielle ne leur permettant pas l'adaptation aux situations scolaires, et enfin un conflit cognitif expliqué par un défaut de stabilité des stratégies entre différents niveaux du traitement de l'information. Déterminés principalement par le mode d'enculturation scolaire et les séjours dans des contextes culturels différents, les styles cognitifs et la flexibilité sont soumis à l'influence discrète du contexte matériel et social. La stabilité cognitive paraît relative à la variable linguistique. Ces résultats permettent de poser les bases d'une médiation intercutturelle visant à faciliter l'intégration scolaire
At Reunion Island, migrant children originating from the Comoros archipelago frequently present difficulties in the school environment. Can these difficulties be imputed to the existence of enculturated cognitive styles? Which cultural variables would be implicated in their development and what would be the effects of a subsequent change of environment? In order to answer these questions, the methodology is based upon the administration of tests, created for the purposes of this research, to children aged between 10 and 12 years. The comparison of resuits obtained from four contrasting groups, constituted on the basis of their context of acculturation, reveals firstly the particular cognitive style used by the children in organizing information for learning, secondly a flexibility between different categorization processes which does not allow adaptation to Iearning contexts, and finally a cognitive conflict explained by a default of strategy stability between different levels of information processing. Whilst being principally determined by educational enculturation in the school environment and exposure to other cultural contexts, cognitive styles and flexibility are subjected to discreet influences in the material and social environment. Cognitive stability appears to be relative to the linguistic variable. These findings allow to identify the bases of an intercultural mediation aiming to facilitate school integration
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ROCHA, Lívia de Almeida. "Indicador de salubridade ambiental para Campina Grande (ISA/CG): adaptações e aplicações." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2016. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/1297.

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A salubridade ambiental está relacionada com a qualidade dos serviços de saneamento básico, que, por sua vez, abrange diversas ações que compreendem um sistema de abastecimento de água, um sistema de esgotamento sanitário, um sistema de limpeza urbana, um sistema de drenagem, controle de vetores, variáveis socioeconômicas e demais serviços e obras especializadas, cuja finalidade é proteger e promover melhorias na qualidade de vida das pessoas e do meio ambiente. Para a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), saneamento básico é definido como sendo “o controle de todos os fatores do meio físico do homem, que exercem ou podem exercer efeito deletério sobre o bem-estar físico, mental ou social”. Dessa forma, os sistemas de saneamento necessitam articular, de forma integrada. Os planos urbanísticos e ambientais são um importante instrumento para articular de forma sistêmica todos os componentes do saneamento básico e para alcançar o desenvolvimento sustentável das cidades. Nesse contexto, os indicadores ambientais atuam como ferramenta de planejamento, ao orientar as ações dos gestores públicos e à sociedade civil na tomada de decisão, para alcançar melhor qualidade ambiental e de vida. Dessa forma, com o objetivo de avaliar as condições da salubridade do município de Campina Grande-PB, esse trabalho buscou desenvolver o Indicador de Salubridade Ambiental (ISA/CG), a partir de uma adaptação do Indicador de Salubridade Ambiental, criado para a cidade de São Paulo (ISA/SP). O Indicador de Salubridade Ambiental constitui-se em um instrumento de planejamento e gestão ambiental pública, possibilitando identificar as ações prioritárias em relação aos serviços de saneamento, orientando as ações dos gestores públicos e à sociedade civil na tomada de decisão para alcançar melhor qualidade de vida e ambiental. Os valores do ISA/CG foram associados aos setores censitários do distrito-sede do município, para permitir, inicialmente, uma análise da distribuição espacial de seus valores na cidade. Posteriormente, para aprimorar o ISA/CG e validar os seus resultados, dois novos sub-indicadores (conforto ambiental e capacidade de armazenamento de água) foram incorporados a partir da análise de quatro áreas piloto, identificadas com mais alta e mais baixa salubridades. Os resultados do ISA/CG mostraram que esta é uma ferramenta útil para comparar as condições de salubridade na área intra-urbana e, permitindo diagnosticar as áreas deficientes e listar as melhores infra-estruturas da cidade. O estudo apontou como principais deficiências no município o esgotamento sanitário e o fator socioeconômico.
The environmental health is strongly related to the quality of the basic sanitation services which include a water supply system, a sewage system, an urban cleaning system, a drainage system, vector control, socioeconomic variables and other specialized services and works. Those services must provide a better life quality for people and environment. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), basic sanitation is defined as "the control of all drivers of environment, which can or could cause some kind of negative effects in physical, mental or social humanity well-being. Urban Master Plans are an important tool to arrange in a systematic way all those components and for a sustainable development of cities with preservation of environmental quality in cities. Environmental indicators act as a planning helping policy makers and managers in this matter. So, this research presents an indicator (EHI – Environmental Health Indicator) for evaluating basic health conditions in Campina Grande, PB (Brazil). The start point is an adaptation of a known EHI developed by CONESAN (São Paulo, Brazil) in 1999. EHI can be a planning tool and a public environmental management tool for priority decision making related to basic health services. It should guide governmental policies and civil society in several decision making processes for a better life quality in cities. First, EHI/CG values were developed and spatialized by census track for the whole city. Second, in a validation method, two additional indicators (environmental comfort and reservoir capacity) were developed in a different scale (urban fraction). Four pilot areas were chosen based on the highest and lowest EHI/CG values for the whole city. The ISA / CG results showed a useful tool for comparing health conditions in the intra-urban area and for allowing the diagnosis of deficient areas and for identify the best infrastructures in the city. The study also have pointed out the main drivers of municipality sanitation problems: the sanitary sewage and the socioeconomic one.
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30

Nassor, Hamidou. "Contribution à l'étude du risque volcanique sur les grands volcans boucliers basaltiques : le Karthala et le Piton de la Fournaise." La Réunion, 2001. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/01_19_Nassor.pdf.

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Le Karthala et le Piton de la Fournaise sont deux volcans boucliers basaltiques situés dans l'Océan Indien occidental et recevant plus de 5 m d'eau par an. Ils connurent des éruptions explosives pendant leur histoire, la plus récente est l'éruption phréatique de 1991, au Karthala. Les produits pyroclastiques issus des éruptions phréatiques et phréatomagmatiques ou paroxysmales phréatomagmatiques, ont été observés et étudiés à la loupe binoculaire, au microscope, à la microsonde, au microscope électronique à balayage et par les analyses géochimiques. Les observations des affleurements et la collecte de bois carbonisés, indiquent la présence de plusieurs éruptions explosives et leur chronologie relative. Celles-ci résultent d'interactions eau/magma. Ils développent des panaches de cendres associés avec des projections de gros blocs et un dégagement de soufre. Ils déposent des bombes en choufleur, des lapilli, des lapilli accrétionnés, des cendres par retombées aériennes. Des dépôts de déferlantes et d'écoulements cendreux, dominants dans les éruptions paroxysmiques, sont aussi observés. L'étude de ces produits et les observations des éruptions récentes, montrent clairement que les éruptions purement phréatiques, au Karthala et au Piton de la Fournaise, résultent soit d'une éruption latérale qui vidange la zone de stockage magmatique, ou bien, lorsque une nappe phréatique est réchauffée par un corps magmatique ou une circulation de fluides chauds. Les éruptions phréatomagmatiques de faible ampleur résultent de l'interaction entre l'eau de surface et le magma. Les éruptions paroxysmales phréatomagmatiques se produisent lorsque des paquets de magma ascendants rencontrent l'eau souterraine, ou bien, à la suite d'une éruption magmatique, favorisant, par effondrement d'unité caldeirique ou infiltration d'eau souterraine dans le conduit, des phases phréatiques. La composition chimique des particules montre que le magma provient directement de niveaux profonds. Ces événements sont souvent, précédés et accompagnés de forte sismicité ressentie par la population proche des évents. L'étude de l'impact de ces éruptions explosives et la cartographie des coulées de lave ont permis la réalisation de cartes de risques et d'aléas volcaniques en Grande Comore. Plusieurs aspects sur l'évaluation du risque ont été discutés et des mesures d'atténuation du risque sont proposées.
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Souza, Aderson Rodrigues de. "Análise do conforto térmico de uma edificação de ensino superior em Campina Grande – PB." Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 2017. http://tede.bc.uepb.edu.br/jspui/handle/tede/2879.

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The importance of thermal comfort studies in educational buildings is associated with the relationship that this condition has with the performance of human activities, providing a thermally comfortable environment better levels of concentration and attention. Thus, the objective of this research is to evaluate the thermal comfort conditions of classrooms and administrative rooms, naturally ventilated, in a building of higher education, in the city of Campina Grande, Northeast Region of Brazil, where the weather is predominantly hot and humid. In order to obtain the results, two methods traditionally used in this type of research were applied. The analytical method, included in International Standards ISO 7730 (2005) and ASHRAE 55 (2010), provides results on 4 environmental and 2 personal variables, collected from the studied environments. The second method consists in the application of questionnaires to the ordinary users of the environments aiming to obtain personal answers about the real thermal sensations. The analysis of the results showed that the comfort zones, verified in the building, were distinct for each season of the year in which the research was developed. By personal votes, the comfort temperature ranges in the fall were broader than those provided by the technical standards. However, in the winter, the normalized method overestimated the ranges of comfort temperatures obtained by direct votes. The results of the thermal comfort zones were compared with those of other studies done in regions with climatological features similar to those of this work, as well as with those obtained in regions of colder climates, verifying the coherence between the data. This research concluded that, in the autumn season, the environments of the building provided its occupants with thermal discomfort for the heat most of the time, however, in the winter season, thermal comfort situations were predominant.
A importância do estudo do conforto térmico em edificações de ensino está associada ao vínculo que essa condição tem com o desempenho de atividades humanas, para as quais um ambiente termicamente confortável proporciona melhores níveis de concentração e atenção. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa é avaliar as condições de conforto térmico de salas de aula e salas administrativas, naturalmente ventiladas, de uma edificação de ensino superior, na cidade de Campina Grande, na Região Nordeste do Brasil, onde o clima é predominantemente quente e úmido. Para obtenção dos resultados, foram seguidos dois métodos tradicionalmente utilizados nesse tipo de pesquisa. O método analítico, constante nas Normas Internacionais ISO 7730 (2005) e ASHRAE 55 (2010), fornece resultados a partir de 4 variáveis ambientais e 2 pessoais, coletadas no interior dos ambientes estudados. O segundo método consiste na aplicação de questionários aos usuários dos ambientes, para a obtenção de respostas pessoais sobre as sensações térmicas reais. A análise dos resultados mostrou que as zonas de conforto, verificadas na edificação, foram distintas para cada estação do ano em que a pesquisa foi desenvolvida. Pelos votos pessoais, os intervalos de temperaturas de conforto, no outono, foram mais amplos do que os previstos pelas Normas. Entretanto, no inverno, o método normatizado superestimou as faixas de temperaturas de conforto obtidas pelos votos diretos. Os resultados das zonas de conforto térmico foram confrontados com os de outras pesquisas feitas tanto em regiões de clima semelhante ao deste trabalho, quanto em locais de clima mais frio, verificando-se coerência entre os dados. A pesquisa concluiu que, na estação do outono, os ambientes da edificação proporcionaram a seus ocupantes situações de desconforto térmico para o calor na maior parte do tempo, todavia, na estação do inverno, as situações de conforto térmico foram predominantes.
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Santana, Paulo. "Comportamento de compra dos consumidores num ambiente multicanal: o caso de um grande varejista brasileiro." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/15850.

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In recent decades, retail has undergone several transformations. In particular, after the popularization of the internet, the role of physical and virtual channels have changed. These changes had a direct affect on the customer purchase behavior, in that the customer has several points of contact with the retailer. The present study aims at refining, in the Brazilian context, the article by Schröder and Zaharia (2008) which analyses the guidelines of consumer purchases (Convenience, Independence, Recreation and Risk aversion) and how these guidelines influence the choice by consumers, research channels and purchase from a retailer. Through the case study, with a major multichannel Brazilian retailer, a survey was made with its consumers to assess how the guidelines for purchase influence behavior and the choice of the channel to be used. It is believed that with the obtained findings will contribute with the academy to understand the effect of guidelines for purchase in the consumer purchase behavior in this environment of transformation; and for the management, to collaborate with the retail sector demonstrating that the use of purchase guidelines in process improvements and development of contact channels consumers can positively affect the relationship, fulfilling consumers’ needs and increasing loyalty.
Nas últimas décadas, o varejo passou por várias transformações. Depois da popularização da internet, muitas mudanças ocorreram, como o crescimento dos canais virtuais e a mudança de papel das lojas físicas. Essas mudanças impactaram diretamente no comportamento de compra do consumidor, que passou a ter vários pontos de contato com o varejista. O presente trabalho visa refinar, no cenário brasileiro, o artigo de Schröder e Zaharia (2008), que analisa as Orientações para Compras dos consumidores (Conveniência, Independência, Recreação e Aversão ao Risco) e como essas Orientações para Compra influenciam na escolha, por parte dos consumidores, dos canais de pesquisa e compra de um varejista. Por meio do estudo de caso, com um grande varejista multicanal brasileiro, foi feita pesquisa junto aos seus consumidores para avaliar como as Orientações para Compra influenciam o comportamento de compra e a escolha pelos canais a serem utilizados. Acredita-se que com os achados obtidos, poderão contribuir, no cenário acâdemico, para o melhor entendimento do impacto das Orientações para Compra no comportamento de compra do consumidor, nesse ambiente em transformação; e, com relação ao cenário gerencial, colaborar com o varejo, demonstrando que o uso das Orientações para Compras, na melhoria dos processos e desenvolvimento dos canais de contato com os consumidores, pode impactar de forma positiva o relacionamento com o cliente, possibilitando atender as suas necessidades e aumentar sua fidelidade.
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Gobo, João Paulo de Assis. "Regionalização climática do Rio Grande do Sul com base no zoneamento do conforto térmico humano." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8135/tde-12092013-115803/.

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A sensação de conforto térmico está associada com o ritmo de troca de calor e umidade entre o corpo humano e o ambiente. O corpo humano reage diferentemente às variações de temperatura e procura se autorregular com finalidade de manter em equilíbrio a sua temperatura interna, buscando adequar-se ao meio em que está inserido. A razão de se criarem condições de conforto térmico, reside, portanto, no desejo do homem de sentir-se termicamente confortável, além disso, o conforto térmico pode ser justificado do ponto de vista do desempenho humano, bem como a resistência a determinadas enfermidades e a produtividade dos indivíduos. Assim, o conforto térmico pode ser visto e analisado, sob dois aspectos: do ponto de vista pessoal e do ponto de vista ambiental. A partir disto, o objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi avaliar as condições de conforto térmico nas escalas regional e sub-regional no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, segundo as médias mensais e sazonais de temperatura do ar, da umidade relativa do ar e velocidade do vento com a finalidade de se estabelecer uma regionalização climática para o estado com base no zoneamento do conforto térmico humano. Estabeleceram-se, também, as condições de conforto térmico para os anos-padrões mais chuvoso, menos chuvoso e habitual. Os sistemas atmosféricos predominantes nestes anos também foram avaliados. Fezse a fundamentação teórica relativa ao tema, bem como se utilizou da base de dados climáticos do Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET). Tal base foi digitalizada com auxilio de SIG (Sistema de Informação Geográfica), bem como procedeu-se a construção do banco de dados, no qual foram atribuídos os índices de Temperatura Efetiva com Vento (TEv), para as estações de outono e inverno, e o índice de Temperatura Resultante (TR) para as estações de primavera e verão. As faixas de sensação térmica foram definidas a partir das classes elaboradas por Fanger (1972) e adaptadas para São Paulo, SP por Maia e Gonçalves (2002). Ao todo foram utilizadas 23 estações meteorológicas distribuídas pelos distintos compartimentos geomorfológicos da área de estudo em uma série de 30 anos com dados diários. As estações do outono, verão e primavera mostraram-se como sendo as estações em que a determinação das faixas de sensação térmica na área de estudo apresentaram-se mais influenciadas pelos controles geográficos, tais como altitude, continentalidade, maritimidade e latitude, enquanto a estação de inverno apresentou forte influência da dinâmica atmosférica regional. Dentre os sistemas atmosféricos definidores da zonação climática, pode-se destacar a Massa Polar Atlântica (MPA) e Frente Polar Atlântica (FPA) na primavera, Massa Polar Velha (MPV), Massa Tropical Atlântica (MTA) e Massa Tropical Continental (MTC) no verão, MPA e Frente Estacionária (FE) no outono, e MPA no inverno.
The thermal comfort is associated with the rhythm of exchange of the heat and humidity between the human body and the environment. The human body reacts differently to temperature variations and demands regulate themselves in order to maintain balance in your internal temperature, trying to adapt to the environment in which it is inserted. The reason for creating the conditions for thermal comfort resides therefore in the man\'s desire to feel thermally comfortable, furthermore, the thermal comfort can be justified from the point of view of human performance as well as resistance to certain diseases and productivity of individuals. So, thermal comfort can be viewed and analyzed in two ways: from a personal standpoint and an environmental standpoint. From this, the objective of this research was to evaluate the thermal comfort conditions in the regional and sub-regional scales in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, according to the mean monthly and seasonal air temperature, relative humidity and air velocity wind in order to establish a climatic regionalization conditions for zoning based on human thermal comfort. Also were established the conditions for thermal comfort standards, years rainier, less rainy and habitual. Weather systems prevalent in these years were also evaluated. The theoretical foundation on the topic as well as the climatic data base of the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) was used for research. This data base was scanned with the help of GIS (Geographic Information System), and the organization proceeded to build the database, which was assigned indices Effective Temperature with Wind (ETW), for fall and winter, and Resulting Temperature index (RT) for the spring and summer seasons. The tracks of thermal sensation were defined from the classes developed by Fanger (1972) and adapted to São Paulo, SP and by Maia and Gonçalves (2002). As a whole we used 23 weather stations distributed across different geomorphological compartments of the study area into a series of 30 years with daily data. The seasons of fall, summer and spring showed up as the seasons in which the determination of thermal sensation tracks in the study area present themselves as being influenced by geographic controls, such as altitude, continentality, proximity and distance from the ocean and latitude, while the winter station showed strong influence of regional atmospheric dynamics. Among the atmospheric systems defining the climatic zonation, we can highlight the Mass Polar Atlantic (MPA) and Atlantic Polar Front (APF) in the spring, Polar Old Mass (POM), Mass Tropical Atlantic (MTA) and Mass Tropical Continental (MTC) in the summer, MPA and Stationary Front (SF) in the fall and MPA in the winter.
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34

Fabbri, Luca, and Tommaso Larosa. "EFFETTO STAZIONE. Rigenerazione di un frammento di tessuto urbano del quartiere Bolognina a Bologna." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/13781/.

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La tesi, che ha come oggetto la rigenerazione del quartiere Bolognina a Bologna, si sviluppa dal lavoro condotto durante il Laboratorio di Laurea in Architettura Sostenibile nell’anno accademico 2016-2017, nel corso del quale è stato analizzato l’intero quartiere a nord della stazione di Bologna e si sono individuate possibili strategie per migliorare la qualità urbana, in un contesto caratterizzato da una forte eterogeneità etnica e culturale. Il progetto su cui la Tesi si concentra investe uno dei lotti più a Sud del quartiere Bolognina, compreso tra Via de’ Carracci, Via Antonio di Vincenzo, Via Nicolò Dall’Arca e Via Alessandro Tiarini e posto in adiacenza alla stazione ferroviaria di Bologna, di cui è in corso l’espansione. Il lotto presenta situazioni critiche dal punto di vista sociale, edilizio ed energetico, che sono state esaminate nella fase inziale di analisi, tramite un metodo di valutazione multicriterio col quale i diversi edifici esistenti all’interno del lotto sono stati classificati in base al loro livello di trasformabilità. In seguito, il progetto ha delineato un programma funzionale in grado di valorizzare la collocazione e le caratteristiche del comparto ed ha sviluppato un’ipotesi di intervento, definendone gli aspetti volumetrici, strutturali, impiantistici.
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35

Tena, Monferrer Sandra. "Motivación de compra: un estudio comparativo entre el pequeño comercio y los grandes centros comerciales." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/396345.

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El objetivo general de esta investigación se centra en el análisis de la motivación de compra del consumidor a través de la utilización de la variable moderadora tipo de centro o establecimiento en el que se realizaron las compras, distinguiendo entre los compradores del pequeño comercio urbano y los compradores de los grandes centros comerciales. Esta clasificación se realiza con el objetivo de detectar diferencias y aspectos significativos o característicos que permitan el desarrollo de estrategias diferenciales para estos pequeños formatos minoristas tradicionales. Este último, un grupo que ha sido a menudo ignorado en contextos generales de la investigación del comercio minorista (Cadeaux y Dubelaar, 2012). Un hecho sorprendente cuando los pequeños comerciantes urbanos son considerados como contribuyentes clave para la economía y el empleo, y catalizadores para la ciudad y la regeneración de la misma (Dixon, 2005). Al mismo tiempo, también analizar los efectos que la motivación de compra puede generar sobre el valor percibido por el consumidor, la satisfacción o la lealtad. Con el fin último de realizar aportaciones significativas para los gerentes de los pequeños comercios no sólo desde una perspectiva más psicológica o abstracta, sino también con implicaciones en la gestión diaria. El estudio empírico realizado para confirmar el modelo teórico planteado, se ha realizado sobre una muestra de 516 compradores recientes de moda y complementos de la Comunidad Valenciana. Las principales conclusiones que hemos obtenido han sido la existencia de dos planos de trabajo diferenciados; por un lado la relación entre la motivación que desencadena o da inicio al proceso de compra y el valor percibido en la experiencia de compra propiamente dicha; y por otro lado, la influencia que ejerce cada una de las dimensiones afectivas y cognitivas del valor percibido sobre la satisfacción. Pues pese a que son los motivos éticos o morales que rodean la compra aquellos que desencadenan la selección del pequeño comercio urbano, es el valor hedónico/emocional aquel que mayor influencia tiene en la satisfacción del consumidor y por ende, en la obtención de resultados comerciales a través de la lealtad del consumidor. En este sentido, es esencial que la gerencia de estos pequeños formatos sea capaz de trabajar en ambos planos para así conseguir desarrollar su actividad en una industria altamente competitiva. Consideramos que, pese a las limitaciones, tanto el modelo teórico propuesto como los resultados obtenidos, estos suponen una contribución relevante a diversas líneas de investigación en el campo de la distribución comercial minorista. El presente trabajo contribuye a una mejor comprensión del comportamiento de compra del consumidor del pequeño comercio urbano tradicional, así como de las peculiaridades de la naturaleza de este formato comercial. En conclusión, consideramos pensamos que los resultados pueden tener implicaciones en la segmentación de los consumidores por parte de los gerentes, así como la definición de acciones de marketing encaminadas a fomentar dichos valores en el camino hacia la obtención de buenos resultados comerciales que aseguren la supervivencia en un entorno altamente competitivo.
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Gobo, João Paulo Assis. "Bioclimatologia subtropical e modelização do conforto humano: da escala local à regional." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8135/tde-23022018-094537/.

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O objeto desta pesquisa consiste em avaliar e propor índices de conforto térmico humano por meio de variáveis ambientais, subjetivas e individuais, em escala climática local e regional. Para tanto, parte-se da hipótese de que o estudo abrangente do conforto térmico humano em escala local, por meio de entrevistas e análise do tempo in-loco, forneceria subsídios para o desenvolvimento de um índice que transite até a escala regional do clima. Parte-se, então, de um método indutivo experimental (levantamento em campo de variáveis climáticas, individuais e subjetivas) onde foram feitas coletas em campo no período de agosto de 2015, janeiro e julho de 2016, com a aplicação de questionários à população simultâneos a coleta de dados meteorológicos. Os resultados do estudo apontaram para a determinação da influência das particularidades climáticas regionais no conforto e na sensação térmica das pessoas entrevistadas, por meio dos efeitos diretos do clima regional. Confirmou-se a existência da influência do sexo dos indivíduos em relação às suas respostas de sensação térmica, bem como a influência dos aspectos fisiológicos tais como o índice de massa corporal e a faixa etária, na preferência térmica dos destes entrevistados. O presente estudo também possibilitou a calibração das faixas interpretativas de conforto térmico de diferentes índices de conforto para a área de estudo. Foram propostos quatro índices de conforto humano com base nas variáveis ambientais, subjetivas e individuais locais, sendo um índice exclusivo para a situação de verão, outro calculado para o inverno, um terceiro índice desenvolvido para ambas as situações sazonais (verão e inverno) e um quarto índice, também para ambas as situações sazonais, porém, tendo como variáveis de partida apenas a temperatura do ar, da umidade relativa do ar e da velocidade do vento. Por fim, foram avaliadas estatisticamente a abrangência espacial e a extrapolação da escala de análise dos resultados para um dos índices desenvolvidos, propondo a validação deste para a escala climática regional. Os resultados apresentados possibilitaram a avaliação do conforto humano, das variáveis ambientais, subjetivas e individuais, bem como o desenvolvimento de um índice adequado tanto para escala local quanto para a escala regional do clima, o que conferiu uma resposta conclusiva à hipótese central apresentada.
This research aims to evaluate and propose human thermal comfort indexes using environmental, individual and subjective variables in the local and regional climatic scales. For that, the hypothesis tested is that the comprehensive study of human thermal comfort, by means of interviews and in-situ weather analysis, provides the basis for the development of an index suitable to be applied also in the regional climatic scale. The first step in the research consisted of an experimental inductive method of field data collection of climatic, individual and subjective variables. Data was collected in the periods of August 2015, January and July of 2016, with questionnaires being applied to the population simultaneously to the collection of meteorological data. Results point to the influence of regional climatic characteristics over the thermal comfort of interviewed individuals, through the direct effects of regional climatic conditions. The influence of gender in thermal comfort responses was confirmed, as well as physiological aspects such as Body Mass Index and age group, in the thermal preference of interviewed individuals. This study also made it possible to calibrate different human thermal comfort classes for the different comfort indexes used in the area of study. Four human thermal comfort indexes were proposed based on environmental, subjective and individual local variables. One index was calculated for Summer, another for Winter, and a third index was developed for both seasons. A fourth index was also calculated for both seasons but using only air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed as variables. Lastly, the spatial representativeness and scale extrapolation of the results for one of the developed models were evaluated statistically in order to propose its validation to the regional climatic scale. Results present the evaluation of human thermal comfort and environmental, subjective and individual variables, as well as the development of an index suitable for both local and regional climatic scales, which provided an appropriate answer to the central hypothesis presented.
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37

Santiago, Dimas de Barros. "Ilha de calor e a influência no conforto térmico da região integrada de desenvolvimento da grande Teresina (ride)." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2017. http://www.repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/1708.

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The urban heat islands are effects where the temperature of the urban areas is greater than the surrounding areas and rural areas, as a result of the modification and/or substitution of the vegetation by areas ithout vegetation or asphaltic areas, modifying the ambient climate and the local human thermal comfort , The aim of the study was to observe the phenomenon of the Islands of Urban Heat (ICU) in Teresina-PI and Timon-MA and the relation with thermal comfort of the study area, through thermal remote sensing and the human thermal comfort index , Effective Temperature. Six satellite images were used, four obtained by Landsat-5 TM satellite, acquired in the Catalog of Images - DGI - INPE and two obtained from Landsat-8 on the USGS website. The images correspond to the passage of the satellite at points 219, orbits 63 and point 219, orbit 64 dates, Landsat 5: 20 June 2004, 10 June 2006, 01 July 2008, 01 July 2008. Landsat 8: July 18, 2014 and July 23, 2016. Hourly, daily and monthly data of relative air humidity and average air temperature, for the years of study, provided by the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET), for the calculation of the Human Thermal Comfort Index. For the image processing, models were developed using the Model Maker tool of the ERDAS Imagine 9.2 program and Qgis 2.12.1, having images necessary to obtain the temperature on the terrestrial surface, which will serve as the basis for the identification of the heat islands and the Effective temperature index, to observe the comfort of the cities under study. In the study, we observed the temperature difference between the Teresina-PI and Timon-MA cities and areas without urbanization (more vegetated, without soil modification), where there was a variation between approximately 6 ° C and 9 ° C, When compared surrounding areas and the city. The relationship between heat islands and human thermal comfort was thus concluded, as cities develop and occur at surface modification, temperatures increase, consequently human discomfort increases, since the human being is influenced by the In which he lives.
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
As ilhas de calor urbanas são efeitos onde a temperatura das áreas urbanas são maiores que as áreas próximas e áreas rurais, consequência da modificação e/ou substituição da vegetação por áreas sem vegetação ou áreas asfálticas, modificando o clima ambiente e o conforto térmico humano local, assim o objetivo do trabalho visou observar o fenômeno Ilhas de Calor Urbanas (ICU), em Teresina-PI e Timon-MA e a relação com conforto térmico da área de estudo, por meio do sensoriamento remoto termal e do Índice de conforto térmico humano, Temperatura Efetiva. Foram utilizadas seis imagens de satélites, quatro obtidas pelo satélite Landsat-5 TM, adquiridas no Catálogo de Imagens - DGI - INPE e duas obtidas do Landsat-8 no site da USGS. As imagens correspondem à passagem do satélite nos pontos 219, órbitas 63 e ponto 219, órbita 64 datas, Landsat 5: 20 de Junho de 2004, 10 de Junho de 2006, 01 de Julho de 2008, 01 de Julho de 2008. Landsat 8: 18 de Julho de 2014 e 23 de Julho de 2016. Dados horários, diários e mensais de umidade relativa do ar e temperatura média do ar, para os anos de estudo, cedidos pelo Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET), para o cálculo do Índice de Conforto Térmico Humano. Para o processamento das imagens foram desenvolvidos modelos através da ferramenta Model Maker do programa ERDAS Imagine 9.2 e o Qgis 2.12.1, tendo imagens necessárias para a obtenção da temperatura na superfície terrestre, que servirá como base para a identificação das ilhas de calor e o índice de temperatura efetiva, para observar o conforto das cidades em estudo. No estudo observou-se a diferença de temperatura entre a área das cidades de Teresina-PI e Timon-MA e as áreas sem urbanização (mais vegetada, sem modificação do solo), onde houve uma variação entre aproximadamente 6°C a 9°C, quando comparado áreas circunvizinhas e a cidade. Concluiu-se assim a relação entre as ilhas de calor e o conforto térmico humano, assim à medida que as cidades se desenvolvem e ocorre à modificação da superfície, as temperaturas aumentam, consequentemente aumenta o desconforto humano, visto que o ser humano sofre influência do meio em que vive.
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38

José, Pereira Francis. "A influência das grandes redes varejistas no comércio e na cidade: um estudo de caso sobre Vitória da Conquista." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/125060.

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O comércio varejista em todo o mundo se solidifica como um setor de extrema importância para a economia mundial. No Brasil, com a estabilidade econômica e o aumento do poder de compra dos consumidores, cada vez mais empresas deste segmento passam a fazer parte da lista das maiores empresas brasileiras. Neste momento de crescimento e consolidação da atividade varejista, as grandes redes, nacionais ou internacionais, vêm investindo mais, a fim de identificar cidades com potencial de consumo para expandir suas atividades e ampliar a sua lucratividade. Para tanto, adotam estratégias de marketing e conhecimentos da área de geografia, como, por exemplo, o sistema de informação geográfica e geomarketing, para que possam mapear o mercado e ter melhor posicionamento e vantagem competitiva em relação aos seus concorrentes. A atuação em novos mercados acaba por influenciar na realização de mudanças no comércio local e nas cidades onde se instalam. Diante dessa realidade, este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo geral de evidenciar as principais influências da inserção no mercado de grandes redes varejistas no comércio e na cidade, a partir de estudo de caso da cidade de Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brasil. O procedimento metodológico foi dividido em duas etapas. Na primeira, foram feitos os levantamentos bibliográficos, para a construção da revisão de literatura sobre o objeto de análise, por meio de relatórios setoriais, teses, dissertações, revistas, sites e jornais especializados, artigos, livros e relatórios de pesquisas de mercado. A segunda etapa consistiu na pesquisa exploratória com abordagens qualitativa e quantitativa aplicadas aos gestores varejistas e consumidores locais. As metodologias utilizadas permitiram um melhor delineamento do estudo de caso, de forma a alcançar os objetivos propostos e confirmar a hipótese de que as grandes redes varejistas, ao identificarem cidades com potencial de consumo, que possam garantir o aumento da sua lucratividade, direcionam seus investimentos de forma a alcançar essas metas. Ao se instalarem nestas cidades, seu modelo de administração leva a mudanças na forma de gestão e de operação do comércio local, alterando a paisagem urbana. Além disso, o modelo de gestão das empresas desse setor potencializa e acelera o processo de descentralização varejista e o surgimento de novas áreas comerciais. A partir das análises feitas, que permitiram a aceitação desta hipótese, vislumbra-se, com este trabalho, uma contribuição para a elaboração de políticas públicas que possam melhor ordenar o desenvolvimento da cidade a partir da atividade comercial, uma vez que a potencialização do processo de descentralização da atividade varejista e o surgimento de novas áreas comerciais têm significativos impactos nas áreas sociais, econômicas, política e culturais. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Marketing. Varejo. Cidade. Comércio. Estratégia.
El comercio minorista en todo el mundo se consolida como un sector de gran importancia para la economía mundial. En Brasil, a causa de la estabilidad económica y el aumento del poder adquisitivo de los consumidores, cada vez más empresas de este segmento han pasado a formar parte de la lista de compañías brasileñas más grandes. En este momento de crecimiento y consolidación de la actividad de venta al por menor, las grandes redes, nacionales o internacionales, han estado invirtiendo más con el objetivo de identificar las ciudades con potencial de consumo para expandir sus actividades y aumentar su rentabilidad. Por lo tanto, han adoptado estrategias de marketing y el conocimiento de la geografía de la zona, por ejemplo, sistemas de información geográfica y de geomarketing para que puedan dibujar un mapa de zonificación del mercado y tener un mejor posicionamiento y una ventaja competitiva sobre sus competidores. El desempeño en los nuevos mercados tiene un impacto en la consecución de los cambios en el comercio local y en las ciudades donde se asientan. Enfrente a esa realidad, este estudio ha sido efectuado con el objetivo general de resaltar las principales influencias de la inclusión de las grandes cadenas minoristas en el comercio y en la ciudad, en el mercado, a partir de un estudio de caso en la ciudad de Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brasil. El procedimiento metodológico se dividió en dos etapas. En un primer momento, se hicieron las encuestas bibliográficas para la formación de una revisión de la literatura sobre el tema de análisis, por medio de informes sectoriales, tesis, disertaciones, revistas, sitios de la red, revistas especializadas, artículos, libros e informes de investigaciones acerca del Mercado. El segundo paso fue la exploración con enfoques cualitativos y cuantitativos aplicados a los gestores minoristas y a los consumidores locales. Los métodos utilizados han permitido un mejor planteamiento del estudio de caso, con el fin de alcanzarse a los objetivos propuestos y confirmarse la hipótesis que las principales cadenas minoristas, para identificar las ciudades con potencial de consumo, que puedan garantizar una mayor rentabilidad, dirigen sus inversiones con el fin de lograr esos objetivos. Cuando se establecen en estas ciudades, su modelo de gestión resulta cambios en la forma de gestión y en el funcionamiento del comercio local, modificando el paisaje urbano. Además, el modelo de gestión de las empresas de ese sector aumenta y acelera el proceso de descentralización minorista y la aparición de nuevas zonas comerciales. A partir de los análisis realizados, que permitieron la aceptación de esta hipótesis, se vislumbra con este trabajo, una contribución a la elaboración de políticas públicas para un mejor ordenamiento del desarrollo de la ciudad desde la actividad comercial, ya que la potenciación del proceso de descentralización de la actividad comercial minorista y el surgimiento de nuevas zonas comerciales resultan impactos significativos en los ámbitos sociales, económicos, políticos y culturales.
The retail commerce has consolidated as a sector of great importance to the world economy. In Brazil, due to the economic stability and the increasing purchasing power of consumers, more and more companies have become part of the list of largest companies in this sector. Therefore, they have adopted marketing strategies and knowledge in the geography of the area, such as, geographic information system and geo-marketing so they can map the market and have a better positioning and competitive advantage over their competitors. The performance in new markets ends up influencing on the achievement of changes in the local and in the cities where they settle. In the face of this reality, this study was carried out with the general objective to highlight the main influences in the market insertion of large retail networks in the commerce as a whole and in the city, from a case study of the city of Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil. The methodological procedure was divided into two stages: in the first one, bibliographical surveys were made for the construction of a literature review on the subject of analysis through sector reports, theses, dissertations, magazines, websites and specialized journals, articles, books and research market reports. The second stage consisted of the exploratory research whose qualitative and quantitative approaches were applied to retail managers and local consumers. The methods which were used allowed a better outlining of the case study, in order to achieve the proposed objectives and confirm the hypothesis that when the major retail networks identify cities with potential for consumption and are able to ensure an increase in their profitability, they direct their investments aiming to achieve these goals. By settling in these cities, their administration model leads to changes in the management and operation of the local commerce, modifying the urban landscape. Moreover, the management model of companies in this sector strengthens and accelerates the process of the retailing decentralization and the emergence of new trading areas. From the analyzes which were carried out and allowed the acceptance of this hypothesis, it is intended through this work to contribute to the elaboration of public policies to better plan for the city's development from the commerce activity, since the strengthening the decentralization process of the retail activity and the emergence of new shopping areas have had significant impacts on the social, economic, political and cultural fields.
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39

Maurt, Philippe. "Etude éthologique des grands cétacés de Méditerranée nord-occidentale : analyses comparées de trois modes d'enregistrement filmique (aérien, marin, sous-marin) avec le rorqual commun (Balaenoptera physalus), le cachalot (Physeter macrocephalus)." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05H108.

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L'étude des grands cétacés de Méditerranée vient se situer ici dans une démarche éthologique avec la méthodologie de l'enregistrement filmique comme mode opératoire de captation séquentielle en milieu naturel. Une recherche novatrice qui s'articule autour de la nage des cachalots et des rorquals du bassin Nord-Occidental. La singularité de la méthode étant de pouvoir sous trois angles filmiques distincts (aérien, marin,sous-marin) poser une comparaison d'analyses avec des séquences identiques des comportements locomoteurs de nage, cette expérimentation originale vient dégager les bases d'un répertoire comportemental et fournir une nouvelle lecture éthologique de ces mammifères marins
Research of great whales are here in a line of ethology. Scientific methodology with recording film to capture sequence in the wild. Work that was done on the swin sperm whale and fin whale in the North West Basin. Interest of the method is to film in three axes (underwater-marine-aerial)make a comparative analysis with identical swimming. A new approach to understand ethology the behavioral board of these two species of marine mammals
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40

Hollanda, Alexandre Pinho Pessoa de. "A influÃncia da internet no processo de decisÃo de compra de produtos eletrÃnicos do consumidor de baixa renda na grande Fortaleza." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=14454.

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nÃo hÃ
O estudo teve como objetivo geral analisar a influÃncia da Internet no processo de decisÃo de compra de produtos eletroeletrÃnicos do consumidor de baixa renda na Grande Fortaleza. Os objetivos especÃficos buscaram levantar o perfil do consumidor de baixa renda no processo de decisÃo de compra, investigar qual perfil seria mais influenciado pela Internet em cada fase e identificar em qual (is) fase(s) a Internet influenciava mais esse consumidor. A escolha do tema foi motivada pela importÃncia que o mercado de baixa renda tem tido nos Ãltimos anos na economia brasileira e a influÃncia cada vez maior que a Internet exerce no processo de decisÃo de compra desses consumidores, principalmente relacionada à compra de produtos eletroeletrÃnicos. O referencial teÃrico foi organizado com os principais conceitos sobre o comportamento do consumidor, os modelos de decisÃo de compra, com foco no modelo de Blackwell et al. (2011) que foi utilizado como base do estudo, sendo simplificado e adaptado a realidade da Internet, o mercado de baixa renda brasileiro e o seu relacionamento com a Internet e com as compras de produtos eletroeletrÃnicos. No que diz respeito à metodologia do estudo, pode ser classificada como de carÃter exploratÃrio e descritivo com natureza quantitativa atravÃs do mÃtodo survey com utilizaÃÃo de um questionÃrio aplicado a uma amostra nÃo probabilÃstica acidental constituÃda por 517 respondentes. O tratamento dos dados foi realizado por meio de tÃcnicas estatÃsticas de anÃlise multivariada como a anÃlise fatorial exploratÃria e confirmatÃria, testes de hipÃteses e modelagem de Ãrvores de regressÃo com o uso dos softwares estatÃsticos SPSS e Amos. Os resultados encontrados permitiram comprovar as hipÃteses de que os jovens de baixa renda sÃo mais influenciados pela Internet em seu processo de compra; de que quanto maior a frequÃncia de uso da Internet, maior a influÃncia que a mesma tem no processo de decisÃo de compra e de que a fase de busca de informaÃÃes aliada a fase de avaliaÃÃo de alternativas, sÃo as fases mais influenciadas pela Internet no processo de compra. As informaÃÃes obtidas com o estudo, podem ser Ãteis para organizaÃÃes, estudiosos da Ãrea e demais interessados no mercado de baixa renda. Por fim, o estudo tem suas limitaÃÃes, quanto ao tamanho e tipo de amostra adotado e quanto à regiÃo geogrÃfica trabalhada. O estudo pode ser ampliado, no intuito de compreender o comportamento do consumidor em outras capitais brasileiras ou a partir de outras variÃveis.
The study aimed to analyze the influence of the Internet in the purchasing decision process for electronic products the low-income consumers in the Greater Fortaleza. The specific objectives sought to raise the low-income consumer profile in the purchase decision process, investigate which profile would be influenced by the Internet in each phase and identify which one (s) phase (s) the Internet more influenced this consumer. The choice of subject was motivated by the importance of the low-income market has had in recent years in the Brazilian economy and the growing influence that the Internet plays in the purchase decision process for these consumers, mainly related to the purchase of electronic products. The theoretical framework was organized with the main concepts on consumer behavior, models of purchasing decisions, focusing on the model of Blackwell et al. (2011) that was used as the basis of the study being simplified and adapted to the reality of the Internet, the low-income Brazilian market and its relationship with the Internet and the electronic product purchases. With regard to the methodology of the study can be classified as exploratory and descriptive with quantitative through the survey method using a questionnaire applied to a non-probabilistic sample consisting of 517 respondents accidental. Data analysis was performed using statistical techniques of multivariate analysis as exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, hypothesis testing and regression tree modeling using statistical software SPSS and Amos. Findings allowed to prove the hypothesis that low-income young people are more influenced by the Internet in their purchase process; that the higher the frequency of Internet use, the more influence it has in the purchasing decision process and that the search phase information together with the evaluation phase of alternatives, are the most influenced by the Internet stages in the process purchase. Information obtained from the study can be useful for organizations, area scholars and others interested in the low-income market. Finally, the study has its limitations as to the size and type of sample adopted and on the geographic region worked. The study may be expanded in order to understand consumer behavior in other state capitals or from other variables
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41

Boselli, Luca. "Utilizzo della simulazione dinamica per l'ottimizzazione delle logiche di controllo degli impianti tecnici a servizio di un centro per grande distribuzione." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.

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L'obiettivo di questo progetto, svolto in collaborazione con lo studio tecnico Caster, è stato quello di modificare e tarare un modello energetico di un centro per la grande distribuzione non alimentare a seguito della realizzazione di alcuni interventi di riqualificazione energetica. Per la taratura del modello si sono utilizzate informazioni pervenute a seguito di sopralluoghi e interviste col personale oltre che derivanti da una campagna di monitoraggio dei consumi avvenuta dal 1 aprile al 31 agosto 2018. Per la valutazione del modello si sono utilizzati il NMBE e il CV(RMSE), con riferimento a quanto suggerito dall'Ashrae Guideline 14. Sul modello tarato si sono infine svolte delle analisi allo scopo di ottimizzare le logiche di funzionamento degli impianti tecnici. Il programma di ottimizzazione utilizzato è GenOpt. Si è ricercata la condizione operativa che ottimizzasse il comfort termico, valutato per mezzo dei due indici PMV e PPD. Questi vengono calcolati per mezzo di un type creato appositamente per questo progetto. Si è cercato poi di ottimizzare il funzionamento degli impianti allo scopo di ridurre i consumi energetici pur rimanendo all'interno degli intervalli delle tre classi di comfort termico. Dall'analisi dei risultati delle simulazioni di Trnsys si è infine ricercata una funzione correlatrice con la quale gestire in modo ottimale l'accensione degli impianti in funzione delle condizioni climatiche esterne ed interne all'edificio.
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42

Rodrigues, Jacinta Isabel Oliveira. "A responsabilidade social corporativa percebida da grande distribuição alimentar : a influência na imagem da empresa e o papel na decisão de compra do consumidor." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/10986.

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Mestrado em Marketing
A grande distribuição alimentar representa um dos setores que, em Portugal, mais aposta em atividades de responsabilidade social corporativa e é também aquele em que estas atividades têm uma maior presença mediática. Assume-se, por isso, importante estudar qual a perspetiva dos consumidores acerca da responsabilidade social corporativa levada a cabo por este setor, analisando o grau de conhecimento dos consumidores, quais as atividades que mais valorizam e qual a motivação que atribuem às empresas para o desenvolvimento destas atividades. Procura-se também compreender qual a influência da responsabilidade social corporativa na imagem das empresas e qual o papel que assume como critério de decisão de compra para os consumidores neste setor. A investigação assume uma abordagem quantitativa, cujos dados foram recolhidos através de um inquérito online, utilizando-se uma amostra não probabilística por conveniência de 388 inquiridos. Os resultados demonstram que os consumidores apresentam um baixo grau de conhecimento das atividades de responsabilidade social corporativa da grande distribuição alimentar e consideram que a principal motivação das empresas para estas atividades são os seus próprios interesses. Os resultados mostram também que, no geral, existe um efeito positivo da responsabilidade social corporativa na imagem das empresas da grande distribuição alimentar. Conclui-se ainda que a responsabilidade social corporativa assume pouca importância como critério de decisão de compra na grande distribuição alimentar para os consumidores, contrariamente aos critérios de decisão de compra tradicionais.
Major food distribution is one of the sectors that, in Portugal, most invests in corporate social responsibility activities and also the one in which this activities have more across media coverage. It is, therefore, important to study the perspective of consumers on the corporate social responsibility initiatives taken on by this sector, analysing the degree of knowledge consumers have, which are the activities they most value and what is the motivation they attribute to these companies to perform these initiatives. Understanding the influence of corporate social responsibility on the image of corporations and what is the role it takes on as a purchasing decision criterion for this sector's consumers are also objectives of this research. This investigation assumes a quantitative approach, for which data was gathered through an online inquiry, using a non-probabilistic sample by convenience of 388 respondents. Results show that consumers present a low degree of knowledge about corporate social responsibility activities of major food distribution agents and consider that the main corporate incentive for these activities are their own interests. Results show as well that, in general, there is a positive effect of corporate social responsibility on the image of major food distribution corporations. It is also a conclusion of this research that corporate social responsibility is of little importance as a purchasing decision criterion in major food distribution for consumers, as opposed to traditional purchasing decision criteria.
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43

Honorato, Elaine Fridman. "A utilização de instrumentos derivativos na gestão de riscos associada à contratação de energia elétrica por grandes consumidores." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/8156.

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No Brasil, os contratos firmados entre geradores e grandes consumidores são registrados na Câmara de Comercialização de Energia que é responsável por contabilizar as diferenças entre o consumo contratado e o consumo verificado. Essas diferenças são negociadas ao Preço de Liquidação das Diferenças, o PLD. Este preço apresenta, como uma de suas principais características, o fato de ser volátil, pois está relacionado ao volume de água disponível para a geração de energia elétrica, o que é algo dependente das condições meteorológicas (no Brasil aproximadamente 80% da geração é proveniente de fontes hidráulicas).
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44

Dasté, Philippe. "Etude de croissance en phase vapeur aux organometalliques a pression atmospherique d'heterostructures inp/ingaasp et inp/dielectrique a grande uniformite sur substrat de deux pouces." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066460.

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Presentation de la conception et de la realisation d'un nouveau type de reacteur pour l'epitaxie en phase vapeur a partir des organometalliques a pression atmospherique. Utilisation pour l'etude des heterointerfaces inp/ingaasp avec pour application les doubles heterostructures laser emettant a 1,3mu m, et pour l'etude de l'interface inp/dielectrique avec pour application les transistors m. I. S. Inp. Uniformite d'epaisseur et uniformite de composition pour le quaternaire
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45

Costa, Vanessa Aparecida Caieiro da. "Trocas de calor entre edificações térreas e o solo e sua modelagem no pré-processador Slab." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/102/102131/tde-04092017-150856/.

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As trocas de calor entre o piso e o solo de edificações térreas é um dos aspectos mais influentes em seu desempenho térmico e energético. No entanto, devido à complexidade dos métodos de cálculo e à escassez de estudos nessa área, há ainda um grande número de incertezas quanto à sua modelagem em programas de simulação computacional. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é identificar a forma mais correta para a modelagem das trocas de calor entre o piso e o solo de edificações térreas no programa de simulação de desempenho EnergyPlus, com o uso do pré-processador Slab. A metodologia consiste na verificação do impacto de distintas alternativas de modelagem e na comparação entre as temperaturas da interface piso e solo medidas em célula-teste e simuladas com o Slab. Com a verificação do impacto das alternativas de modelagem foi possível identificar a forma mais correta de modelagem do Slab e os parâmetros de entrada com maior impacto no desempenho térmico de uma habitação de interesse social. Já a medição em célula-teste permitiu analisar a relação entre a evolução das temperaturas da célula-teste e do solo. Verificou-se que a temperatura externa do ar (média mensal) apresenta valores bastante próximos à temperatura do solo, sugerindo que utilizar a temperatura externa pode ser uma alternativa quando não há dados do solo. Com esses dados, foi possível desenvolver simulações paramétricas com diferentes combinações de parâmetros de entrada e comparar a temperatura da interface piso e solo simulada pelo Slab com a medida. Os resultados indicaram que o Slab funciona corretamente e que gera valores de temperatura da interface piso e solo muito próximos da realidade quando este utiliza parâmetros de entrada adequados. Foi verificado também o alto potencial de impacto dos parâmetros de entrada: evapotranspiração, albedo e as propriedades do solo nos resultados do Slab. Além disso verificou-se que, o uso de outras alternativas de modelagem, no lugar do Slab, gera uma diferença muito significativa, com variação de -26,2 a -55,2% nos graus-hora de desconforto totais de uma edificação. Por fim, como síntese dessa pesquisa, foi elaborado um Manual do Slab com o objetivo de auxiliar e incentivar o uso do pré-processador
The heat exchanges between the floor and the ground of a single-story slab-on-grade building is one of the most influential aspects in its thermal and energy performance. However, due to the calculation methods complexity and the scarcity of studies in this area, there are still a great number of uncertainties regarding its modeling in computer simulation programs. The main objective of this research is to identify the most correct way to model heat exchanges between the floor and the ground of a single-story slab-on-grade building in the EnergyPlus performance simulation program using the Slab preprocessor. The methodology consists of verifying the impact of different modeling alternatives and comparing the temperature of the ground and floor interface measured in test cells and simulated with Slab. With the impact verification of the modeling alternatives, it was possible to identify the most correct way of Slab modeling and the input parameters with the greatest impact on the thermal performance of a social housing. The test-cell measurement has allowed analyzing the relationship between the evolution of test-cell and soil temperatures. It was verified that the external air temperature (monthly average) presents very close values to the soil temperature, suggesting that using the external temperature can be an alternative when there is no soil data. With these data, it was possible to develop parametric simulations with different input parameters combinations and to compare the temperature of the ground and floor interface simulated by Slab with the measurement. The results indicated that Slab works correctly and generates values of temperature of the ground and floor interface very close to reality when it uses appropriate input parameters. It was also verified the high impact potential of the input parameters: evapotranspiration, albedo and soil properties in the Slab results. In addition, it was verified that the use of other modeling alternatives, in place of Slab, generates a very significant difference, varying from -26.2 to -55.2% in the total discomfort degrees of a building. Finally, as a synthesis of this research, a Slab Manual was developed with the purpose to assist and encourage the preprocessor use
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46

Renault, Olivier. "Oxydes diélectriques en couches minces pour écrans de visualisation à plasma : synthèse sur de grandes surfaces par aérosol-CVD et étude des propriétés microstructurales et physiques." Grenoble INPG, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPG0149.

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Des couches minces dielectriques polycristallines d'oxyde de magnesium mgo, denses et transparentes, ont ete elaborees a 400 c pour des applications dans les ecrans plasma. Elles ont ete obtenues grace a la realisation et a l'optimisation d'un appareillage de depot utilisant la technique cvd assistee par aerosol et permettant le depot sur de grandes surfaces (400 cm#2) avec un taux d'uniformite en epaisseur d'environ 90%. Le controle de l'orientation preferentielle des couches de mgo a ete realise en utilisant differents systemes solvant-precurseur conduisant a des vitesses de croissance variant a 400 c dans une large gamme et induisant de tres fortes orientations suivant <200> ou <111>. Les caracterisations analytiques (xps, aes, rbs) revelent la presence de defauts electroniques de type o, l'incorporation de carbone dans les couches minces ainsi que leur stoechiometrie en volume. D'autres couches minces dielectriques ont ete elaborees par co-depot de mgo avec de l'aluminium, du calcium ou du cesium. Les proprietes electriques des couches minces de mgo ont ete etudiees par spectroscopie d'impedance complexe sur des heterostructures si/mgo/al en fonction de la temperature (t< 500k) et de recuits post-depot a 400 c sous o#2 et ar/h#2. L'influence de ces parametres sur la resistivite a 300 k (10#1#1. Cm) est coherente avec les mecanismes, observes sur les monocristaux, de conduction controlee par des porteurs o de type p formes par la mise en solution solide de traces d'eau et de carbone lors de l'elaboration. Les differentes couches minces synthetisees ont ete integrees dans des ecrans plasma monochromes et couleurs. Leurs caracteristiques de fonctionnement ont ete correlees avec les proprietes microstructurales et electriques etudiees.
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47

Tarbadar, Rima. "Étude expérimentale en vraie grandeur et modélisation des pressions induites par le vent dans les combles : application à l'étanchéité des toitures à l'eau." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ECAP0414.

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La pénétration d'eau de pluie à travers une toiture à pentes constituée de petits éléments est principalement liée à la différence de pression externe et interne, générée par le vent sur le toit. Le champ de pression externe est accessible aux mesures, sur maquette en soufflerie atmosphérique. En revanche, le champ de pression interne ne peut pas être obtenue qu'en vraie grandeur. Une modélisation numérique de ce dernier a donc fait l'objet de cette thèse. Il s'agit plus précisement de calculer la pression instantanée en sous-face de la couverture, dotée ou non d'un écran qu'il soit souple ou rigide. L'estimation de la pression interne est délicate faute d'une bonne connaissance des caractéristiques de l'écoulement à travers des parois perméables. Une campagne de mesures en vraie grandeur a donc été menée pour caractériser la perméabilité à l'air de la toiture pour un revêtement donné (banc de mesures), ensuite pour étudier les effects de la vitesse et de la turbulence du vent et de l'intensité de la pluie sur cette perméabilité (soufflerie climatique). La pression interne issue du modèle sans écran reproduit bien celle mesurée. L'étude paramétrique du cas avec écran à montré la possibilité de réduire considérablement la pression différentielle. Une bonne connaissance des paramètres qui influencent le différentiel de pression permet de concevoir des toits à pentes, pour lesquels les problèmes de pénétration d'eau de pluie sont considérablement réduits
Generally, the rain penetration through pitched lapped roofs is created by the difference of external and internal pressure, generated by the wind. In this thesis, a numerical model has been developped for prediction of internal pressure under the elements (the external pressure can be measured on a model in a boundary layer wind-tunnel). Two cases have been studied : roof without underlay, roof with flexible or stiff underlay. The dynamics of internal pressure is, in general, a complex problem. This is due to the poor knowledge on the leakage paths characteristics. Therefore, full-scale experimental studies have been carried out to characterize the roof wind permeability (test appartus) and to investigate the effects of windspeed, atmospheric turbulence and rain intensity on this permeability (climatic wind-tunnel). The analytical results were compared with full-scale results (roof without underlay case), and they matched closely. Parametric studies (underlay case) have shown that it is possible to reduce considerably the wind loads. Through a complete knowledge of the controlling parameters it will be possible to design and construct pitched lapped roofs, from which the problems of rain penetration is strongly reduced
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48

Morel-Desrosiers, Nicole. "Contribution a la thermodynamique des solutions de cryptates alcalins et alcalino-terreux dans l'eau et le methanol." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CLF2E374.

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Etude de la solvatation des especes resultant de l'inclusion d'un cation metallique dans la cavite d'un coordinat macrobicyclique, par la mesure des parametres thermodynamiques. Specificite des differents complexes du 222
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49

Zhang, Yuwen. "Excitation des ondes élastiques au sein d'un demi-espace anisotrope à l'aide des transducteurs interdigites : Application au quartz et au niobate de lithium." Besançon, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BESA2034.

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Par synthese de fourier, expression des ondes acoustiques sous forme d'integrale, evaluee dans le champ lointain par la methode de la plus grande pente dans le domaine complexe du nombre d'onde. Determination des ondes de surface et des ondes de volume rampantes d'apres les singularites de l'integrant et des ondes de volume rayonnees qui se propagent dans une direction commandable par la frequence d'excitation, a l'approximation geometrique du rayon. Calcul de leur diagramme de rayonnement pour un grand nombre de configurations du quartz et de linbo::(3). Proposition de nouveaux dispositifs electroacoustiques utilisant ces ondes de volume
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50

Pistikopoulos, Panayotis. "Comportement physiochimique des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques, particulaires et gazeux, dans l'atmosphere : mode de formation des aerosols, transport a meso-echelle, adaptation d'un modele-recepteur a des composes reactifs." Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA077140.

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