Books on the topic 'Granite - China'

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This chapter focuses on China’s systematic government access to private-sector data. In accordance with facilitating Chinese e-government construction, many laws made for the purpose of state security, public security, censorship, and taxation have granted the Chinese government extensive power of access to private-sector data generated in such businesses as information, finance, trade, travel, entertainment, and so on, operated in China. There are no laws or practices related to governmental systematic access currently found in China. However, this kind of systematic data access will certainly find itself anytime in the future enforcement and ensuing legislation once the Chinese government realizes it is necessary with the evolution of e-government strategy.

The Monopolies Commission's Biennial Report XXIII, titled “Competition 2020”, analyses how distortions of competition in the internal market, which are caused by subsidies granted by third countries such as China, can be reduced. It proposes the introduction of an instrument that aims to control such third country subsidies. In the Corona crisis, competition law should continue to be applied with no compromises as to substantive law, and rescue packages granted by the State should be accompanied by measures to promote competition. With regard to the digital platform economy, the Commission endorses the introduction of ex ante regulation of dominant companies at EU level. The sector exemption for hospital mergers, as proposed in the context of the 10th amendment to the German Competition Act (GWB), is rejected. Further, the Report includes an analysis of the economic concentration in Germany and of the decision-making practice in competition law in the past two years.

In the late 1980s, after more than ten years of hostility, Vietnam and China resumed normal relations and reopened their border for trade. New livelihood opportunities opened up, drawing many lowland settlers to the region. This chapter details the illegal, semi-legal, and informal flow of goods across the Vietnam–China border and how Kinh small-scale traders and market vendors in Lào Cai City perceive and legitimize their smuggling and selling of contraband. It argues that the “illegal” economic pursuits of Lào Cai small traders must be seen as deeply entrenched in the imperatives of systemic corruption through which local state officials feel invested with the discretionary power to grant exceptions to the law in exchange for bribes. These arrangements ultimately trap traders within a “grey space” of uncertainty between the “light” of free trade, economic opportunity, and self-advancement, and the “darkness” of illegality, corruption, and arbitrary exercise of power.

This is a story of the decade-long collision of cultures as the American author teaches group therapy in China. The basic assumptions of the two cultures become visible when clashes in understanding human experience and human relationships become the focus of attention. The author learned about the need for cultural humility in trying to narrate both her own experience and the experiences of her students. The author examines deep psychological encounters between people with radically different worldviews. In China, many people thought of her as “a Good Witch” and a magical being because her approach to therapy was profoundly healing for many. Her efforts to teach her theories and techniques, not at all magical to her, revealed cultural differences both subtle and pervasive. The author discusses what it means to deeply encounter people of a different culture, what it taught her about herself and her Western mind—and also what is universally human. In closely observed, sometimes momentary, interpersonal exchanges, culture emerges from the shadows. Because psychotherapy is such an intricately relational process, it reveals taken-for-granted ways of being in the world. Only in narrative can these processes be illuminated, and this book details the micro-level of encounters with the “Other.” The author invites readers to learn from the challenges she experienced as people from different cultures try to make sense of one another. The author compares her experience with existing scholarship on East/West differences in cognition and social organization and argues that the hegemonic individualistic/collectivistic distinction is not useful.

When and why does international order change? Easy to take for granted, international governing arrangements shape our world. They allow us to eat food imported from other countries, live safely from nuclear war, travel to foreign cities, profit from our savings, and much else. New threats, including climate change and simmering US-China hostility, lead many to worry that the “liberal order,” or the US position within it, is at risk. Theorists often try to understand that situation by looking at other cases of great power decline, like the British Empire or even ancient Athens. Yet so much is different about those cases that we can draw only imperfect lessons from them. A better approach is to look at how the United States itself already lost much of its international dominance, in the 1970s, in the realm of oil. Only now, with several decades of hindsight, can we fully appreciate it. The experiences of that partial decline in American hegemony, and the associated shifts in oil politics, can teach us a lot about general patterns of international order. Leaders and analysts can apply those lessons when seeking to understand or design new international governing arrangements on topics ranging from climate change to peacekeeping, and nuclear proliferation to the global energy transition.

Nuclear proliferation became an increasingly major concern after France and then China joined the nuclear “club” in the 1960s. However, it was not until India’s “peaceful nuclear explosive” test of 1974 that a real sense of potential worldwide crisis emerged, which also spawned a substantial amount of serious writing on the issue. The basic puzzle facing the study of nuclear proliferation is why there is a considerable and persistent disparity between the number of nuclear weapons-capable states and the number of actual nuclear weapons states. Three early works that represented crucial conceptual breakthroughs in the struggle toward a proper descriptive inference of the dynamics of proliferation are William Epstein’s The Last Chance (1976), Stephen M. Meyer’s The Dynamics of Nuclear Proliferation (1984), and Opaque Nuclear Proliferation (1991), edited by Benjamin Frankel. More contemporary political science work features attempts by each of the major international relations paradigms to tackle the proliferation puzzle: realism, psychological constructivism, neoliberal institutionalism, liberalism, and sociological constructivism. While scholars disagree over a host of issues, a consensus on the dynamics of nuclear proliferation may be discerned. In particular, there are five points on which most recent works converge: that proliferation has been historically rare; that we cannot take the demand for nuclear weapons for granted; that domestic politics and identity considerations play a crucial role in shaping proliferation choices; and that theory-guided, in-depth comparative case studies are the most appropriate means of advancing the state of our knowledge at this point in time.

Proyecto FONDEF "Desarrollo integral de la utilización industrial de bambusáceas autóctonas e introducidas". Instituciones ejecutoras: INTEC, Universidad Austral de Chile, Instituto Forestal El potencial de utilización de los bambúes en Chile es muy grande, tanto por las existencias en pie actual, como la posibilidad de domesticar las especies autóctonas más promisorias y obtener producciones mejoradas de alta productividad o mediante la incorporación de especies exóticas aptas y seleccionadas para las diferentes condiciones de sitio nacional. Se han realizado en instituciones públicas y privadas investigaciones y propuestas de desarrollo sobre el bambú autóctono de forma sistemática, gracias al apoyo financiero dado por organizaciones chinas y el estado chileno. El presente libro recoge parte de los resultados del conocimiento adquirido en el transcurso del proyecto, tanto localmente como recogido fuera de nuestras fronteras. Este conocimiento se traduce en la entrega de antecedentes valiosos al público, que les permitirá considerar la utilización de bambúes como especies potenciales y complementarias a desarrollar que valoricen el bosque nativo y que pueden generar riqueza, trabajo y bienestar. La presente publicación viene a conformar una visión más completa de lo que puede significar el cultivo, manejo y utilización industrial de un grupo de especies de nuestra flora nacional como de algunos bambúes introducidos.

<i>Europe’s Lost Frontiers</i> was the largest directed archaeological research project undertaken in Europe to investigate the inundated landscapes of the Early Holocene North Sea – the area frequently referred to as ‘Doggerland’. Funded through a European Research Council Advanced Grant (project number 670518), the project ran from 2015 to 2021, and involved more than 30 academics, representing institutions spread geographically from Ireland to China. A vast area of the seabed was mapped, and multiple ship expeditions were launched to retrieve sediment cores from the valleys of the lost prehistoric landscapes of the North Sea. This data has now been analysed to provide evidence of how the land was transformed in the face of climate change and rising sea levels. <br><br> This volume is the first in a series of monographs dedicated to the analysis and interpretation of data generated by the project. As a precursor to the publication of the detailed results, it provides the context of the study and method statements. Later volumes will present the mapping, palaeoenvironment, geomorphology and modelling programmes of <i>Europe’s Lost Frontiers</i>. The results of the project confirm that these landscapes, long held to be inaccessible to archaeology, can be studied directly and provide an archaeological narrative. This data will become increasingly important at a time when contemporary climate change and geo-political crises are pushing development within the North Sea at an unprecedented rate, and when the opportunities to explore this unique, heritage landscape may be significantly limited in the future.

Esta obra tem por objetivo apresentar produções acadêmicas que possuem em comum a grande área Ciências Agrárias. Permeando por este vasto tema, nas próximas páginas serão apresentados trabalhos que abordam sobre Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Engenharia Agrícola, bem como na Ciência Animal. Desta forma, para melhor direcionar o fluxo da leitura, o livro está dividido em capítulos, nos quais os primeiros apresentados abordam o tema “Ciência e Tecnologia em Alimentos” e apresenta trabalhos desenvolvidos com ênfase em controle de qualidade, aproveitamento de subprodutos e planejamento experimental. Acredito que o controle de qualidade de alimentos e o aproveitamento de subprodutos são temas de grande relevância para nosso país e desta forma, nós como professores e pesquisadores, devemos, por meio da ciência sempre trazer novas pesquisas a fim de preencher lacunas no conhecimento e apresentar novas possibilidades e soluções para o melhor aproveitamento e utilização dos alimentos. Na sequência, são apresentados trabalhos desenvolvidos na temática de produção e caracterização de forrageiras de cereais de inverno, predição da produtividade da cultura da soja por meio da aplicação de modelos de regressão linear, bem como relatar um estudo casos de onfalite em bezerros. Neste sentido, os trabalhos aqui apresentados, alinham-se a estas demandas e trazem novas analises que condizem com as necessidades emergentes da nossa sociedade. Profª. Drª. Heloisa Gabriel Falcão. Instituto Federal de Educação (IFG) – Campus Inhumas O crescimento da economia e da taxa de urbanização de alguns países, especialmente da Ásia, resultou em significativas mudanças no estilo de vida das populações neles residentes, com incrementos no consumo de bens duráveis, energia e alimentos. Além disso, estima-se que a população mundial ultrapassará 8,5 bilhões de pessoas até 2030 e que a maior porção desse crescimento demográfico ocorrerá na China, Índia e Indonésia. Esse contexto representa um desafio para a segurança alimentar e energética mundial, uma vez que, se as tendências atuais forem mantidas, a área agrícola deverá aumentar em cerca de 42 milhões hectares até 2027. Contudo, a limitação de terras agricultáveis permitirá um crescimento de apenas 10% em escala mundial, sendo que, quase metade disso se dará no Brasil e na Argentina. Assim, a América do Sul será a mais importante fonte de expansão agrícola do mundo. Com abundantes recursos naturais e grande potencial de desenvolvimento agropecuário, a América do Sul configura importante elemento estratégico para melhorar a segurança alimentar global. Em particular, o setor agropecuário brasileiro é reconhecido internacionalmente pela elevada inserção no mercado globalizado, com destaque para produção de carne de frango, açúcar, suco de laranja, fumo, café e soja... produtos do agronegócio brasileiro que são campeões no ranking de exportações do mercado global. Outros produtos agropecuários brasileiros que merecem grande destaque por configurarem entre as primeiras posições no ranking mundial de produção e exportação são: carne bovina, óleo de soja, farelo de soja, milho e leite bovino. A pandemia de Covid-19 impactou negativamente a economia mundial em razão das necessidades sanitárias e de distanciamento social. Ainda assim, mesmo em momentos de maiores restrições de circulação e transportes, vários segmentos agropecuários do Brasil experimentaram expressiva elevação na produção e vendas nacionais e internacionais. Isso ocorreu em razão das políticas preventivas de vários países no sentido de garantir a segurança alimentar de suas populações, restringindo as exportações e aumentando as importações de alimentos para ampliar suas reservas estratégicas. Essas políticas preventivas não foram adotadas pelo Brasil e, devido ao desmonte dos estoques reguladores e da redução substancial dos recursos destinados a agricultura familiar desde 2017, o mercado interno foi drasticamente afetado pelas exportações record de 2020 e 2021. A redução da quantidade de milho, soja e carnes, principalmente bovina, no mercado interno promoveu expressivo aumento dos preços num momento onde houve aumento de desemprego e queda de renda das classes menos abastadas da população brasileira. O Brasil, que já tinha voltado ao mapa da fome em 2018, sofreu um aumento de 14% no número de domicílios com algum tipo de insegurança alimentar entre 2018 e 2020. Estima-se que mais de 55% da população brasileira sofreu de insegurança alimentar entre 2020 e 2021, conforme dados da rede Penssan e da Organização das Nações Unidas. Nesse contexto, apesar das reduções dramáticas no volume de recursos públicos destinados a produção cientifica no Brasil, tornou-se ainda mais imprescindível a produção de pesquisas e a disseminação do conhecimento resultante delas. Composto por sete capítulos que apresentam pesquisas relevantes, esse livro pretende contribuir com subsídios significativos para o enfrentamento desse imenso desafio que se apresenta, ainda mais intenso nesses tempos de pós-Covid-19, que é elevar a eficiência da produção agropecuária a fim de garantir melhores condições de segurança alimentar para a população brasileira. O primeiro capítulo apresenta uma proposta de utilização da farinha de okara para o enriquecimento do hamburguer de carne bovina. Um dos produtos mais conhecidos do processamento da soja é o leite de soja ou extrato aquoso de soja. Ele é obtido a partir da lavagem, maceração, aquecimento e filtração dos grãos de soja. O okara é o subproduto solido do processo de filtração que separa o leite de soja. Aproximadamente, 250 g de farinha de okara são obtidos a partir do processamento de cada quilo de soja. Trata-se de um alimento altamente nutritivo, fonte de isoflavonas, antioxidantes, fibras solúveis e insolúveis que, além de auxiliar na redução de colesterol e triglicerídeos, previne a ação carcinogênica do bolo fecal. Os capítulos 2 e 3 apresentam um estudo que desenvolveu e avaliou as características químicas, físicas e funcionais de biscoitos, tipo cookie, com substituição parcial de farinha de trigo por farinha de gérmen de milho. Essa proposta se mostra extremamente relevante do ponto de vista econômico e nutricional. Uma vez que o advento do conflito bélico entre Rússia e Ucrânia tende a reduzir a oferta de trigo no mercado global e elevar seus preços. O Brasil é o segundo maior produtor de milho do planeta e apenas o 21º produtor de trigo. O resultado disso é que o Brasil importa cerca de 50% do trigo consumido no mercado interno. Além disso, o aumento da prevalência de pessoas com sensibilidade ao glúten, apontado pela pesquisa nacional de saúde do IBGE em 2017, torna esse tipo de experimento, muito relevante para o aumento de alternativas alimentares para esse público. O capítulo 4 compreende um estudo que identificou os agentes causadores de mastite em vacas leiteiras. Além disso, avaliou a relação entre a sua ocorrência de mastite e a qualidade do leite. A mastite é uma reação inflamatória da glândula mamária, geralmente associada à presença de microrganismos, que reduz a qualidade do leite e seus derivados, bem como a segurança do consumidor em razão de alterações na composição físico-química e sensorial dos produtos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de grande relevância, uma vez que a retomada das exportações de leite para a China em 2021 tende a reduzir a oferta no mercado interno. Ainda sem as exportações para a China, o Brasil vendeu cerca de 29 milhões de toneladas de leite para Argélia, Venezuela, Estados Unidos, Argentina e Uruguai em 2021. Isso explica parte da pressão inflacionaria sobre o produto desde o início das medidas de contenção da Covid-19. Nesse contexto, contribuições que auxiliem na melhoria da qualidade e aumento da produtividade são salutares. O capitulo 5 nos relata um experimento que analisou as características químicas e bromatológicas de forragens de cereais de inverno em duas alturas de corte do solo e os benefícios da manutenção da cobertura vegetal na forma de matéria seca. Cereais de inverno, como centeio, trigo, triticale, cevada e aveia, além de produzirem grãos utilizados na alimentação humana, podem servir de alimento para aves, suínos, bovinos de corte, ovinos e, principalmente, vacas leiteiras. Na região Sul do Brasil, durante o inverno, não é incomum que grande parte de áreas agrícolas e máquinas fiquem ociosas. Dessa forma, a produção de cereais de inverno para forragear os rebanhos e para formar reservas para épocas de escassez parece ser uma estratégia viável para melhorar a constância da produtividade animal, gerando renda e diluindo os custos fixos da propriedade rural. Ademais, a manutenção de matéria seca no solo contribui para a redução de custos por meio da conservação da fertilidade do solo e redução da perda de carbono e necessidade de insumos. O sexto capítulo trata da utilização de técnicas de sensoriamento remoto para estimar a produtividade da cultura da soja, com a utilização de imagens de satélite. São apresentados modelos de regressão múltipla para prever a produtividade a partir de índices de vegetação (NDVI, SAVI, NDWI e EVI2). Ainda que pesquisas oficiais com as do IBGE e CONAB estimem a produtividade da soja com relativa precisão em escala estadual, elas são baseadas em abordagens qualitativas com grupos focais. Assim, o desenvolvimento de novas técnicas para o acompanhamento das culturas em escala microrregional pode contribuir para a redução de custos e maior precisão nas pesquisas oficiais. Além disso, os produtores e operadores do agronegócio podem fazer uso de insumos específicos para o planejamento da cultura e tomada de decisões. O capitulo 7, último desse livro, relata um estudo de 30 casos de onfalite em bezerros, dos quais 15 animais foram tratados conservadoramente e 15 submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico. A onfalite constitui uma infecção dos remanescentes umbilicais cuja evolução pode resultar em óbito do animal ou comprometer o crescimento e rentabilidade do sistema produtivo desse. Os escassos estudos epidemiológicos brasileiros, a respeito dessa afecção umbilical, relatam que entre 21% e 45% dos bezerros neonatos desenvolverão algum nível dessa infecção e desses, entre 5,5% e 10% irão a óbito. Os resultados do estudo descrito nesse capítulo são extremamente relevantes para que criadores, zootecnistas e médicos veterinários tenham maios evidencias na tomada de decisão a respeito dos procedimentos a serem adotadas diante de tal situação. João Francisco Severo Santos. Doutor em Ciências do Ambiente – UFT. Analista de Pesquisas Agropecuárias - IBGE

Heidi Kumao: Real and Imagined documents and contextualizes narrative fabric works and animations from Kumao’s 2020 solo exhibition at the University of Michigan’s Stamps Gallery. Using fabric cutouts and stitching of everyday objects, Kumao invents a tactile visual vocabulary that distills unspoken aspects of ordinary exchanges into accessible narrative images. Weaving in her experiences as an Asian American woman, artist, and educator, Kumao creates poetic and playful open-ended visual haikus, generating a range of associations to current events, gender roles, and institutional power structures. Captured midstream, interactions from intimate relationships, medical procedures, the workplace, and the political sphere are suspended in time within felt film stills. Real and Imagined presents the reader with an opportunity to experience this remarkable oeuvre of over thirty fabric works and video animations. For over thirty years, Kumao has developed an expanded art practice that includes animations, video installations, photographs, machine art, and fabric works that give physical form to the intangible parts of our lives: our emotions, psychological states, memories, thinking patterns. Her hybrid artworks have included electromechanical girl’s legs that “misbehave,” video installations about surviving confinement, surreal, experimental stop motion puppet animations, performative staged photographs, and hand crafted cinema machines. She has exhibited her award-winning artwork in solo and group exhibitions nationally and internationally including the Art Science Museum Singapore, Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona, the Museum of Image and Sound (São Paulo) and the Museum of Modern Art in Buenos Aires. Her work is in permanent and private collections including the Houston Museum of Fine Arts, Arizona State University Art Museum, the Philadelphia Museum of Art and the Exploratorium in San Francisco. She has received fellowships and grants from the Guggenheim Foundation, the Creative Capital Foundation, and the National Endowment for the Arts. She is a professor at the Stamps School of Art & Design at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. This exhibition catalogue marks the first significant publication on Kumao’s work and includes a selection of works from across her career. It includes written contributions by: Srimoyee Mitra, curator and Director of the Stamps Gallery and NYC-based art critic; Wendy Vogel; an interview between the artist and writer Lynn Love; and poems by the Ruth Lilly Poetry Prize Award winner Marilyn Chin.

Começo este prefácio praticamente com um desabafo: como docente de um curso médico, jamais imaginei que poderia ministrar aulas sobre uma pandemia “em tempo real”, presenciando seus acontecimentos e vivenciando as experiências de quem se encontra em um momento histórico da humanidade. Os vírus são os responsáveis pelo maior número de doenças infecciosas em todo o mundo, podendo ser transmitidos através de diversas formas. No final do ano de 2019, a China se deparou com uma nova infecção viral que não tardou em se espalhar pelo mundo, assumindo caráter pandêmico, oficialmente decretado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde em 11 de março de 2020. O novo vírus, hoje denominado de SARS-CoV-2, é causador de uma infecção que pode ser fatal – a COVID-19. A pandemia de COVID-19 impôs ao mundo novos hábitos, na tentativa de controlar da transmissão viral e diminuir o número de casos da doença. Uma dessas grandes mudanças ocorreu na educação, quando escolas e universidades precisaram se adequar ao sistema de ensino remoto. No contexto pandêmico, foi ofertada a disciplina de Virologia Médica aos alunos do terceiro semestre do curso de Medicina da Universidade Estadual do Ceará (UECE). Dentre os inúmeros vírus previstos no programa da disciplina, estava a família Coronaviridae, contemplando o vírus recém descoberto. Diferente dos demais vírus a serem estudados, não havia livro suficientemente atualizado para falar sobre o SARS-CoV-2. É... Estávamos de fato dentro da história, uma história que somente aparecerá em livros daqui a algum tempo. A aula sobre a família Coronaviridae1 transformou-se, então, em um grande diálogo e discussão sobre a atual situação sanitária mundial. E, neste contexto, surgiu também outra dúvida: como eu iria avaliar os alunos sobre o referido assunto se a própria ciência ainda está em busca de muitas respostas? Foi então que surgiu a ideia de “avaliar” os alunos através de suas percepções e vivências sobre a pandemia construindo relatos pessoais. À princípio, a atividade seria avaliativa; mas após nova solução a respeito de como realizar a avaliação dos alunos, a participação tornou-se voluntária, com adesão de 29 dos 41 alunos matriculados. Assim, esta antologia apresenta 30 1 Agradeço a colaboração da Professora Doutora Caroline Mary Gurgel Dias Florêncio, da Universidade Federal do Ceará na referida aula. textos2 escritos voluntariamente pelos alunos que cursaram o terceiro semestre do curso médico na UECE no período letivo de 2020.1. Agradeço a cada aluno que compreendeu a importância de registrar sua percepção como futuro médico e dedicar-se a refletir sobre este momento sanitário histórico para o mundo. A docência pode ultrapassar o limite da sala de aula, quer física ou virtual, e proporcionar experiências que contribuam para a formação pessoal, além da profissional, dos acadêmicos. Assim, este não se trata de um livro técnico. Trata-se de um documento que contém vivências reais e pessoais de acadêmicos que foram pacientes, parentes de pacientes ou observadores e que um dia estarão integrando a chamada “linha de frente” de combate a doenças como a COVID-19. Aproveitem a leitura!

Neste Volume 2 da obra “Antologia da pandemia: vivências e percepções de acadêmicos de medicina sobre a COVID-19”, começo este prefácio, novamente, com um desabafo: como docente de um curso médico, jamais imaginei que poderia ministrar aulas sobre uma pandemia “em tempo real”, presenciando seus acontecimentos e vivenciando as experiências de quem se encontra em um momento histórico da humanidade. Os vírus são os responsáveis pelo maior número de doenças infecciosas mundialmente, podendo ser transmitidos através de diversas formas. No final do ano de 2019, a China se deparou com uma nova infecção viral que não tardou em se espalhar pelo mundo, assumindo caráter pandêmico, oficialmente decretado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) em 11 de março de 2020. O novo vírus, hoje denominado de SARS-CoV-2, é causador de uma infecção que pode ser fatal – a COVID-19. A pandemia de COVID-19 impôs ao mundo novos hábitos, na tentativa de controlar da transmissão viral e diminuir o número de casos da doença. Uma dessas grandes mudanças ocorreu na educação, quando escolas e universidades precisaram se adequar ao sistema de ensino remoto. No contexto pandêmico, foi ofertada a disciplina de Virologia Médica aos alunos do terceiro semestre do curso de Medicina da Universidade Estadual do Ceará. Dentre os inúmeros vírus previstos no programa da disciplina, estava a família Coronaviridae, contemplando o vírus recém-descoberto. Diferente dos demais patógenos a serem estudados, não havia livro suficientemente atualizado para falar sobre o SARS-CoV-2. É... Estávamos de fato dentro da história, uma história que somente aparecerá em livros daqui a algum tempo. A aula sobre a família Coronaviridae transformou-se, então, em um grande diálogo e discussão sobre a atual situação sanitária mundial. Na ocasião, surgiu a ideia de oportunizar aos alunos documentarem suas percepções e vivências sobre a pandemia construindo relatos pessoais. A partir do projeto realizado na disciplina, surgiu o primeiro “Antologia da pandemia: vivências e percepções de acadêmicos de medicina sobre a COVID-19”, lançado, de modo on line, no dia 11 de março de 2021, em alusão a 01 ano da declaração da pandemia pela OMS. A obra encontra-se disponível no site desta editora e conta com 30 textos escritos voluntariamente pelos alunos que cursaram o terceiro semestre do curso médico na UECE no período letivo de 2020.1. Após esta experiência, vários alunos de distintos semestres do curso demonstraram interesse em também relatar suas experiências no contexto pandêmico. Então, com a ajuda da aluna Sandriele Santos Barbosa, mobilizamos os interessados e obtivemos a participação de mais 26 alunos, os quais são autores das produções apresentadas neste Volume 2. Mais uma vez, agradeço a cada aluno que compreendeu a importância de registrar sua percepção como futuro médico e dedicar-se a refletir sobre este momento sanitário histórico para o mundo. A docência pode ultrapassar o limite da sala de aula, quer física ou virtual, e proporcionar experiências que contribuam para a formação pessoal, além da profissional, dos acadêmicos. Assim, este não se trata de um livro técnico. Trata-se de um documento que contém vivências reais e pessoais de pacientes, parentes de pacientes ou observadores que um dia estarão integrando a chamada “linha de frente” de combate a doenças como a COVID-19. Aproveitem a leitura para boas reflexões!

Nationalism: Past as Prologue began as a single volume being compiled by Ad Akande, a scholar from South Africa, who proposed it to me as co-author about two years ago. The original idea was to examine how the damaging roots of nationalism have been corroding political systems around the world, and creating dangerous obstacles for necessary international cooperation. Since I (Bruce E. Johansen) has written profusely about climate change (global warming, a.k.a. infrared forcing), I suggested a concerted effort in that direction. This is a worldwide existential threat that affects every living thing on Earth. It often compounds upon itself, so delays in reducing emissions of fossil fuels are shortening the amount of time remaining to eliminate the use of fossil fuels to preserve a livable planet. Nationalism often impedes solutions to this problem (among many others), as nations place their singular needs above the common good. Our initial proposal got around, and abstracts on many subjects arrived. Within a few weeks, we had enough good material for a 100,000-word book. The book then fattened to two moderate volumes and then to four two very hefty tomes. We tried several different titles as good submissions swelled. We also discovered that our best contributors were experts in their fields, which ranged the world. We settled on three stand-alone books:” 1/ nationalism and racial justice. Our first volume grew as the growth of Black Lives Matter following the brutal killing of George Floyd ignited protests over police brutality and other issues during 2020, following the police assassination of Floyd in Minneapolis. It is estimated that more people took part in protests of police brutality during the summer of 2020 than any other series of marches in United States history. This includes upheavals during the 1960s over racial issues and against the war in Southeast Asia (notably Vietnam). We choose a volume on racism because it is one of nationalism’s main motive forces. This volume provides a worldwide array of work on nationalism’s growth in various countries, usually by authors residing in them, or in the United States with ethnic ties to the nation being examined, often recent immigrants to the United States from them. Our roster of contributors comprises a small United Nations of insightful, well-written research and commentary from Indonesia, New Zealand, Australia, China, India, South Africa, France, Portugal, Estonia, Hungary, Russia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and the United States. Volume 2 (this one) describes and analyzes nationalism, by country, around the world, except for the United States; and 3/material directly related to President Donald Trump, and the United States. The first volume is under consideration at the Texas A & M University Press. The other two are under contract to Nova Science Publishers (which includes social sciences). These three volumes may be used individually or as a set. Environmental material is taken up in appropriate places in each of the three books. * * * * * What became the United States of America has been strongly nationalist since the English of present-day Massachusetts and Jamestown first hit North America’s eastern shores. The country propelled itself across North America with the self-serving ideology of “manifest destiny” for four centuries before Donald Trump came along. Anyone who believes that a Trumpian affection for deportation of “illegals” is a new thing ought to take a look at immigration and deportation statistics in Adam Goodman’s The Deportation Machine: America’s Long History of Deporting Immigrants (Princeton University Press, 2020). Between 1920 and 2018, the United States deported 56.3 million people, compared with 51.7 million who were granted legal immigration status during the same dates. Nearly nine of ten deportees were Mexican (Nolan, 2020, 83). This kind of nationalism, has become an assassin of democracy as well as an impediment to solving global problems. Paul Krugman wrote in the New York Times (2019:A-25): that “In their 2018 book, How Democracies Die, the political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt documented how this process has played out in many countries, from Vladimir Putin’s Russia, to Recep Erdogan’s Turkey, to Viktor Orban’s Hungary. Add to these India’s Narendra Modi, China’s Xi Jinping, and the United States’ Donald Trump, among others. Bit by bit, the guardrails of democracy have been torn down, as institutions meant to serve the public became tools of ruling parties and self-serving ideologies, weaponized to punish and intimidate opposition parties’ opponents. On paper, these countries are still democracies; in practice, they have become one-party regimes….And it’s happening here [the United States] as we speak. If you are not worried about the future of American democracy, you aren’t paying attention” (Krugmam, 2019, A-25). We are reminded continuously that the late Carl Sagan, one of our most insightful scientific public intellectuals, had an interesting theory about highly developed civilizations. Given the number of stars and planets that must exist in the vast reaches of the universe, he said, there must be other highly developed and organized forms of life. Distance may keep us from making physical contact, but Sagan said that another reason we may never be on speaking terms with another intelligent race is (judging from our own example) could be their penchant for destroying themselves in relatively short order after reaching technological complexity. This book’s chapters, introduction, and conclusion examine the worldwide rise of partisan nationalism and the damage it has wrought on the worldwide pursuit of solutions for issues requiring worldwide scope, such scientific co-operation public health and others, mixing analysis of both. We use both historical description and analysis. This analysis concludes with a description of why we must avoid the isolating nature of nationalism that isolates people and encourages separation if we are to deal with issues of world-wide concern, and to maintain a sustainable, survivable Earth, placing the dominant political movement of our time against the Earth’s existential crises. Our contributors, all experts in their fields, each have assumed responsibility for a country, or two if they are related. This work entwines themes of worldwide concern with the political growth of nationalism because leaders with such a worldview are disinclined to co-operate internationally at a time when nations must find ways to solve common problems, such as the climate crisis. Inability to cooperate at this stage may doom everyone, eventually, to an overheated, stormy future plagued by droughts and deluges portending shortages of food and other essential commodities, meanwhile destroying large coastal urban areas because of rising sea levels. Future historians may look back at our time and wonder why as well as how our world succumbed to isolating nationalism at a time when time was so short for cooperative intervention which is crucial for survival of a sustainable earth. Pride in language and culture is salubrious to individuals’ sense of history and identity. Excess nationalism that prevents international co-operation on harmful worldwide maladies is quite another. As Pope Francis has pointed out: For all of our connectivity due to expansion of social media, ability to communicate can breed contempt as well as mutual trust. “For all our hyper-connectivity,” said Francis, “We witnessed a fragmentation that made it more difficult to resolve problems that affect us all” (Horowitz, 2020, A-12). The pope’s encyclical, titled “Brothers All,” also said: “The forces of myopic, extremist, resentful, and aggressive nationalism are on the rise.” The pope’s document also advocates support for migrants, as well as resistance to nationalist and tribal populism. Francis broadened his critique to the role of market capitalism, as well as nationalism has failed the peoples of the world when they need co-operation and solidarity in the face of the world-wide corona virus pandemic. Humankind needs to unite into “a new sense of the human family [Fratelli Tutti, “Brothers All”], that rejects war at all costs” (Pope, 2020, 6-A). Our journey takes us first to Russia, with the able eye and honed expertise of Richard D. Anderson, Jr. who teaches as UCLA and publishes on the subject of his chapter: “Putin, Russian identity, and Russia’s conduct at home and abroad.” Readers should find Dr. Anderson’s analysis fascinating because Vladimir Putin, the singular leader of Russian foreign and domestic policy these days (and perhaps for the rest of his life, given how malleable Russia’s Constitution has become) may be a short man physically, but has high ambitions. One of these involves restoring the old Russian (and Soviet) empire, which would involve re-subjugating a number of nations that broke off as the old order dissolved about 30 years ago. President (shall we say czar?) Putin also has international ambitions, notably by destabilizing the United States, where election meddling has become a specialty. The sight of Putin and U.S. president Donald Trump, two very rich men (Putin $70-$200 billion; Trump $2.5 billion), nuzzling in friendship would probably set Thomas Jefferson and Vladimir Lenin spinning in their graves. The road of history can take some unanticipated twists and turns. Consider Poland, from which we have an expert native analysis in chapter 2, Bartosz Hlebowicz, who is a Polish anthropologist and journalist. His piece is titled “Lawless and Unjust: How to Quickly Make Your Own Country a Puppet State Run by a Group of Hoodlums – the Hopeless Case of Poland (2015–2020).” When I visited Poland to teach and lecture twice between 2006 and 2008, most people seemed to be walking on air induced by freedom to conduct their own affairs to an unusual degree for a state usually squeezed between nationalists in Germany and Russia. What did the Poles then do in a couple of decades? Read Hlebowicz’ chapter and decide. It certainly isn’t soft-bellied liberalism. In Chapter 3, with Bruce E. Johansen, we visit China’s western provinces, the lands of Tibet as well as the Uighurs and other Muslims in the Xinjiang region, who would most assuredly resent being characterized as being possessed by the Chinese of the Han to the east. As a student of Native American history, I had never before thought of the Tibetans and Uighurs as Native peoples struggling against the Independence-minded peoples of a land that is called an adjunct of China on most of our maps. The random act of sitting next to a young woman on an Air India flight out of Hyderabad, bound for New Delhi taught me that the Tibetans had something to share with the Lakota, the Iroquois, and hundreds of other Native American states and nations in North America. Active resistance to Chinese rule lasted into the mid-nineteenth century, and continues today in a subversive manner, even in song, as I learned in 2018 when I acted as a foreign adjudicator on a Ph.D. dissertation by a Tibetan student at the University of Madras (in what is now in a city called Chennai), in southwestern India on resistance in song during Tibet’s recent history. Tibet is one of very few places on Earth where a young dissident can get shot to death for singing a song that troubles China’s Quest for Lebensraum. The situation in Xinjiang region, where close to a million Muslims have been interned in “reeducation” camps surrounded with brick walls and barbed wire. They sing, too. Come with us and hear the music. Back to Europe now, in Chapter 4, to Portugal and Spain, we find a break in the general pattern of nationalism. Portugal has been more progressive governmentally than most. Spain varies from a liberal majority to military coups, a pattern which has been exported to Latin America. A situation such as this can make use of the term “populism” problematic, because general usage in our time usually ties the word into a right-wing connotative straightjacket. “Populism” can be used to describe progressive (left-wing) insurgencies as well. José Pinto, who is native to Portugal and also researches and writes in Spanish as well as English, in “Populism in Portugal and Spain: a Real Neighbourhood?” provides insight into these historical paradoxes. Hungary shares some historical inclinations with Poland (above). Both emerged from Soviet dominance in an air of developing freedom and multicultural diversity after the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union collapsed. Then, gradually at first, right wing-forces began to tighten up, stripping structures supporting popular freedom, from the courts, mass media, and other institutions. In Chapter 5, Bernard Tamas, in “From Youth Movement to Right-Liberal Wing Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fidesz and the Decline of Hungarian Democracy” puts the renewed growth of political and social repression into a context of worldwide nationalism. Tamas, an associate professor of political science at Valdosta State University, has been a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University and a Fulbright scholar at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. His books include From Dissident to Party Politics: The Struggle for Democracy in Post-Communist Hungary (2007). Bear in mind that not everyone shares Orbán’s vision of what will make this nation great, again. On graffiti-covered walls in Budapest, Runes (traditional Hungarian script) has been found that read “Orbán is a motherfucker” (Mikanowski, 2019, 58). Also in Europe, in Chapter 6, Professor Ronan Le Coadic, of the University of Rennes, Rennes, France, in “Is There a Revival of French Nationalism?” Stating this title in the form of a question is quite appropriate because France’s nationalistic shift has built and ebbed several times during the last few decades. For a time after 2000, it came close to assuming the role of a substantial minority, only to ebb after that. In 2017, the candidate of the National Front reached the second round of the French presidential election. This was the second time this nationalist party reached the second round of the presidential election in the history of the Fifth Republic. In 2002, however, Jean-Marie Le Pen had only obtained 17.79% of the votes, while fifteen years later his daughter, Marine Le Pen, almost doubled her father's record, reaching 33.90% of the votes cast. Moreover, in the 2019 European elections, re-named Rassemblement National obtained the largest number of votes of all French political formations and can therefore boast of being "the leading party in France.” The brutality of oppressive nationalism may be expressed in personal relationships, such as child abuse. While Indonesia and Aotearoa [the Maoris’ name for New Zealand] hold very different ranks in the United Nations Human Development Programme assessments, where Indonesia is classified as a medium development country and Aotearoa New Zealand as a very high development country. In Chapter 7, “Domestic Violence Against Women in Indonesia and Aotearoa New Zealand: Making Sense of Differences and Similarities” co-authors, in Chapter 8, Mandy Morgan and Dr. Elli N. Hayati, from New Zealand and Indonesia respectively, found that despite their socio-economic differences, one in three women in each country experience physical or sexual intimate partner violence over their lifetime. In this chapter ther authors aim to deepen understandings of domestic violence through discussion of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of theit countries to address domestic violence alongside studies of women’s attitudes to gender norms and experiences of intimate partner violence. One of the most surprising and upsetting scholarly journeys that a North American student may take involves Adolf Hitler’s comments on oppression of American Indians and Blacks as he imagined the construction of the Nazi state, a genesis of nationalism that is all but unknown in the United States of America, traced in this volume (Chapter 8) by co-editor Johansen. Beginning in Mein Kampf, during the 1920s, Hitler explicitly used the westward expansion of the United States across North America as a model and justification for Nazi conquest and anticipated colonization by Germans of what the Nazis called the “wild East” – the Slavic nations of Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, and Russia, most of which were under control of the Soviet Union. The Volga River (in Russia) was styled by Hitler as the Germans’ Mississippi, and covered wagons were readied for the German “manifest destiny” of imprisoning, eradicating, and replacing peoples the Nazis deemed inferior, all with direct references to events in North America during the previous century. At the same time, with no sense of contradiction, the Nazis partook of a long-standing German romanticism of Native Americans. One of Goebbels’ less propitious schemes was to confer honorary Aryan status on Native American tribes, in the hope that they would rise up against their oppressors. U.S. racial attitudes were “evidence [to the Nazis] that America was evolving in the right direction, despite its specious rhetoric about equality.” Ming Xie, originally from Beijing, in the People’s Republic of China, in Chapter 9, “News Coverage and Public Perceptions of the Social Credit System in China,” writes that The State Council of China in 2014 announced “that a nationwide social credit system would be established” in China. “Under this system, individuals, private companies, social organizations, and governmental agencies are assigned a score which will be calculated based on their trustworthiness and daily actions such as transaction history, professional conduct, obedience to law, corruption, tax evasion, and academic plagiarism.” The “nationalism” in this case is that of the state over the individual. China has 1.4 billion people; this system takes their measure for the purpose of state control. Once fully operational, control will be more subtle. People who are subject to it, through modern technology (most often smart phones) will prompt many people to self-censor. Orwell, modernized, might write: “Your smart phone is watching you.” Ming Xie holds two Ph.Ds, one in Public Administration from University of Nebraska at Omaha and another in Cultural Anthropology from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, where she also worked for more than 10 years at a national think tank in the same institution. While there she summarized news from non-Chinese sources for senior members of the Chinese Communist Party. Ming is presently an assistant professor at the Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice, West Texas A&M University. In Chapter 10, analyzing native peoples and nationhood, Barbara Alice Mann, Professor of Honours at the University of Toledo, in “Divide, et Impera: The Self-Genocide Game” details ways in which European-American invaders deprive the conquered of their sense of nationhood as part of a subjugation system that amounts to genocide, rubbing out their languages and cultures -- and ultimately forcing the native peoples to assimilate on their own, for survival in a culture that is foreign to them. Mann is one of Native American Studies’ most acute critics of conquests’ contradictions, and an author who retrieves Native history with a powerful sense of voice and purpose, having authored roughly a dozen books and numerous book chapters, among many other works, who has traveled around the world lecturing and publishing on many subjects. Nalanda Roy and S. Mae Pedron in Chapter 11, “Understanding the Face of Humanity: The Rohingya Genocide.” describe one of the largest forced migrations in the history of the human race, the removal of 700,000 to 800,000 Muslims from Buddhist Myanmar to Bangladesh, which itself is already one of the most crowded and impoverished nations on Earth. With about 150 million people packed into an area the size of Nebraska and Iowa (population less than a tenth that of Bangladesh, a country that is losing land steadily to rising sea levels and erosion of the Ganges river delta. The Rohingyas’ refugee camp has been squeezed onto a gigantic, eroding, muddy slope that contains nearly no vegetation. However, Bangladesh is majority Muslim, so while the Rohingya may starve, they won’t be shot to death by marauding armies. Both authors of this exquisite (and excruciating) account teach at Georgia Southern University in Savannah, Georgia, Roy as an associate professor of International Studies and Asian politics, and Pedron as a graduate student; Roy originally hails from very eastern India, close to both Myanmar and Bangladesh, so he has special insight into the context of one of the most brutal genocides of our time, or any other. This is our case describing the problems that nationalism has and will pose for the sustainability of the Earth as our little blue-and-green orb becomes more crowded over time. The old ways, in which national arguments often end in devastating wars, are obsolete, given that the Earth and all the people, plants, and other animals that it sustains are faced with the existential threat of a climate crisis that within two centuries, more or less, will flood large parts of coastal cities, and endanger many species of plants and animals. To survive, we must listen to the Earth, and observe her travails, because they are increasingly our own.