Relevant bibliographies by topics / Granite Geology, Stratigraphic Geochemistry

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'Granite Geology, Stratigraphic Geochemistry'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Granite Geology, Stratigraphic Geochemistry"

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Chandler, Val W., and Kelley Carlson Malek. "Moving‐window Poisson analysis of gravity and magnetic data from the Penokean orogen, east‐central Minnesota." GEOPHYSICS 56, no. 1 (1991): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442948.

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Analytical correlation of gravity and magnetic data through moving‐window application of Poisson's theorem is useful in studying the complex Precambrian geology of central Minnesota. Linear regression between the two data sets at each window position yields correlation, intercept, and slope parameters that quantitatively describe the relationship between the gravity and magnetic data and, in the case of the slope parameter, are often accurate estimates of magnetizatons‐to‐density ratios (MDR) of anomalous sources. In this study, gridded gravity and magnetic data from a 217.6 × 217.6 km area in
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Dörr, W., P. A. Floyd, and B. E. Leveridge. "U–Pb ages and geochemistry of granite pebbles from the Devonian Menaver Conglomerate, Lizard peninsula: provenance of Rhenohercynian flysch of SW England." Sedimentary Geology 124, no. 1-4 (1999): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0037-0738(98)00124-9.

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Gardiner, N. J., J. A. Mulder, C. L. Kirkland, T. E. Johnson, and O. Nebel. "Palaeoarchaean TTGs of the Pilbara and Kaapvaal cratons compared; an early Vaalbara supercraton evaluated." South African Journal of Geology 124, no. 1 (2021): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.124.0010.

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Abstract The continental crust that dominates Earth’s oldest cratons comprises Eoarchaean to Palaeoarchaean (4.0 to 3.2 Ga) felsic intrusive rocks of the tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) series. These are found either within high-grade gneiss terranes, which represent Archaean mid-continental crust, or low-grade granite-greenstone belts, which represent relic Archaean upper continental crust. The Palaeoarchaean East Pilbara Terrane (EPT), Pilbara Craton, Western Australia, and the Barberton Granite-Greenstone Belt (BGGB), Kaapvaal Craton, southern Africa, are two of the best exposed gr
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Vovna, G. M., M. A. Mishkin, A. M. Lennikov, et al. "Geochemistry, origin, and nature of metamorphic rocks of the Batomga granite-greenstone terrane (Aldan Shield)." Russian Journal of Pacific Geology 8, no. 1 (2014): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1819714014010059.

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Martinez-Landa, Lurdes, Jesús Carrera, Andrés Pérez-Estaún, Paloma Gómez, and Carmen Bajos. "Structural geology and geophysics as a support to build a hydrogeologic model of granite rock." Solid Earth 7, no. 3 (2016): 881–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-7-881-2016.

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Abstract. A method developed for low-permeability fractured media was applied to understand the hydrogeology of a mine excavated in a granitic pluton. This method includes (1) identifying the main groundwater-conducting features of the medium, such as the mine, dykes, and large fractures, (2) implementing this factors as discrete elements into a three-dimensional numerical model, and (3) calibrating these factors against hydraulic data . A key question is how to identify preferential flow paths in the first step. Here, we propose a combination of several techniques. Structural geology, togethe
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Staněk, Martin, and Yves Géraud. "Granite microporosity changes due to fracturing and alteration: secondary mineral phases as proxies for porosity and permeability estimation." Solid Earth 10, no. 1 (2019): 251–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-10-251-2019.

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Abstract. Several alteration facies of fractured Lipnice granite are studied in detail on borehole samples by means of mercury intrusion porosimetry, polarized and fluorescent light microscopy, and microprobe chemical analyses. The goal is to describe the granite void space geometry in the vicinity of fractures with alteration halos and to link specific geometries with simply detectable parameters to facilitate quick estimation of porosity and permeability based on, for example, drill cuttings. The core of the study is the results of porosity and throat size distribution analyses on 21 specime
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Janots, Emilie, Alexis Grand'Homme, Matthias Bernet, et al. "Geochronological and thermometric evidence of unusually hot fluids in an Alpine fissure of Lauzière granite (Belledonne, Western Alps)." Solid Earth 10, no. 1 (2019): 211–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-10-211-2019.

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Abstract. A multi-method investigation into Lauzière granite, located in the external Belledonne massif of the French Alps, reveals unusually hot hydrothermal conditions in vertical open fractures (Alpine-type clefts). The host-rock granite shows sub-vertical mylonitic microstructures and partial retrogression at temperatures of < 400 ∘C during Alpine tectonometamorphism. Novel zircon fission-track (ZFT) data in the granite give ages at 16.3 ± 1.9 and 14.3 ± 1.6 Ma, confirming that Alpine metamorphism was high enough to reset the pre-Alpine cooling ages and that the Lauzière granite had alr
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Nyaban, Christian Emile, Théophile Ndougsa-Mbarga, Marcelin Bikoro-Bi-Alou, Stella Amina Manekeng Tadjouteu, and Stephane Patrick Assembe. "Multi-scale analysis and modelling of aeromagnetic data over the Bétaré-Oya area in eastern Cameroon, for structural evidence investigations." Solid Earth 12, no. 4 (2021): 785–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-12-785-2021.

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Abstract. This study was carried out in the Lom series in Cameroon, at the border with Central African Republic, located between the latitudes 5∘30′–6∘ N and the longitudes 13∘30′–14∘45′ E. A multi-scale analysis of aeromagnetic data combining tilt derivative, Euler deconvolution, upward continuation, and 2.75D modelling was used. The following conclusions were drawn. (1) Several major families of faults were mapped. Their orientations are ENE–WSW, E–W, NW–SE, and N–S with a NE–SW prevalence. The latter are predominantly sub-vertical with NW and SW dips and appear to be prospective for future
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Nevolin, P. L., V. P. Utkin, and A. N. Mitrokhin. "The Tafuinsky granite massif, southern Primorye region: The structures and geodynamics of longitudinal compression." Russian Journal of Pacific Geology 4, no. 4 (2010): 331–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1819714010040056.

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Vladimirov, A. G., P. A. Balykin, Phan Luu Anh, et al. "The Khao Que-Tam Tao gabbro-granite massif, Northern Vietnam: A petrological indicator of the Emeishan plume." Russian Journal of Pacific Geology 6, no. 5 (2012): 395–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1819714012050065.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Granite Geology, Stratigraphic Geochemistry"

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Wong, Ping-mei Jean. "Geochemistry, U-Pb and Sr-Nd-Hf isotopes of the Baijuhuajian A-type granites in Zhejiang Province evidence for a continuous extensional regime in the mid and late mesozoic /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/HKUTO/record/B39557297.

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王冰媚 and Ping-mei Jean Wong. "Geochemistry, U-Pb and Sr-Nd-Hf isotopes of the Baijuhuajian A-type granites in Zhejiang Province: evidence for acontinuous extensional regime in the mid and late mesozoic." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39557297.

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Ghosh, Amiya Kumar. "Reconnaissance U-Pb geochronology of Precambrian crystalline rocks from the northern Black Hills, South Dakota: Implications for regional thermotectonic history." [Kent, Ohio] : Kent State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=kent1240007954.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Kent State University, 2009.<br>Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Feb. 12, 2010). Advisor: Peter Dahl. Keywords: Black Hills; Crook Mountain granite; Homestake gold mine; gold mineralization; magmatism; metamorphism; metapelite; g monazite; zircon; titanite; geochronology; thermotectonism Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-106).
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Liu, Mian. "Migmatization and volcanic petrogenesis in the La Grande greenstone belt, Quebec." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63353.

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Oak, Keith Alan. "The geology and geochemistry of Closepet granite, Karnataka, South India." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278897.

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The Archaean craton of southern India has four main components. The multi-phase Peninsular gneiss, with ages from 3360-2900 Ma, is spatially dominant and grades from granulite facies in the south to greenschist facies in the north. Ages for the Peninsular gneiss range from 3360-2900 Ma. Within the craton are two suites of Greenstone Belts and supracrustal rocks. The older, high-grade Sargur type occur as enclaves in the Peninsular gneiss and are in places older than 3360 Ma. The younger, lower-grade type occur occasionally have unconformable bases with the Peninsular gneiss and have been dated
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Wong, Lai-man Kennis. "Geochemistry of mafic dykes from the Discovery Bay granitic pluton, Hong Kong." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2004. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42577688.

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Curtis, David. "Variations in nappe related fabric orientations during Paleopropterozoic ductile reworking of Archean basement, central Laramie Mountains, southeastern Wyoming /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1421128.

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Fedo, Christopher M. "Geologic evolution of the Archean Buhwa Greenstone Belt and surrounding granite-gneiss terrane, southcentral Zimbabwe." Diss., This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-164845/.

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Hildebrand, Alan Russell. "Geochemistry and stratigraphy of the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary impact ejecta." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186109.

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An array of stratigraphic, chemical, isotopic, and mineralogical evidence indicates that an impact terminated the Cretaceous Period. The 180-km-diameter Chicxulub crater, which now lies buried on the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico, was probably formed by the impact. The impactor was probably a long-period comet. Shock devolatization of the thick carbonate/evaporite sequence impacted at Chicxulub probably led to a severe and long-lasting greenhouse warming and a prompt pulse of sulfuric acid rain. The fallout of crater ejecta formed two layers: a lower layer which varies in thickness following a p
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Lazar, Ovidiu Remus. "Redefinition of the New Albany Shale of the Illinois basin an integrated, stratigraphic, sedimentologic, and geochemical study /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3252777.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Geological Studies, 2007.<br>Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Nov. 19, 2008). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-02, Section: B, page: 0846. Adviser: Juergen Schieber.
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Books on the topic "Granite Geology, Stratigraphic Geochemistry"

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Whalen, Joseph Bruce. Geology, petrography, and geochemistry of Appalachian granites in New Brunswick and Gaspésie, Quebec. Geological Survey of Canada, 1993.

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Witt, W. K. Geology and geochemistry of granitoid rocks in the southwest Eastern Goldfields Province. Geological Survey of Western Australia, 1997.

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Symposium, Precambrian Granitoids (1989 Helsinki Finland). Symposium precambrian granitoids: Petrogenesis, geochemistry and metallo : abstracts, August 14-17, 1989, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. Geologian tutkimuskeskus, 1989.

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Guerrot, C. Archéen et protérozoïque dans la chaîne hercynienne ouest-européenne: Géochimie isotopique (Sr-Nd-Pb) et géochronologie U-Pb sur zircons. Editions du C.A.E.S.S., Université de Rennes I, 1989.

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Fiorentini, Erna. Fluid/Gestein-Wechselwirkungen und die Mechanismen des O-Isotopenaustausches in langsam abkühlenden Gesteinskomplexen: Geochemie stabiler Isotope in silikatischen Granuliten Sri Lankas. Holos, 1991.

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Rajpoot, G. S. Granites in tin fields of Europe and in the Himalayas: A comparative study. Czech Geological Survey, 1993.

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Matveevich, Shmakin Boris, та Institut geokhimii im. akademika A.P. Vinogradova., ред. Dokembriĭskie granitoidy Severo-Zapadnogo Prisai͡anʹi͡a. VO "Nauka", 1994.

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Querré, G. Palingenèse de la croûte continentale à l'Archéen: Les granitoïdes tardifs (2,5-2,4 GA) de Finlande orientale, pétrologie et géochimie. Centre armoricain d'étude structurale des socles, 1985.

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Shandong Yishui za yan de zu cheng yu di zhi yan hua. Di zhi chu ban she, 2000.

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Ruitenberg, A. A. Characteristics and tectonic setting of granitoid-related mineral deposits in New Brunswick. New Brunswick, Mineral Resources, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Granite Geology, Stratigraphic Geochemistry"

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Varsányi, Irén, and Lajos Ó. Kovács. "The Stratigraphic Significance of Water Geochemistry." In Springer Geology. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04364-7_166.

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Young, Grant M. "Earth's Earliest Extensive Glaciations: Tectonic Setting and Stratigraphic Context of Paleoproterozoic Glaciogenic Deposits." In The Extreme Proterozoic: Geology, Geochemistry, and Climate. American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/146gm13.

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Cahyaningsih, Catur, Arrachim Maulana Putera, Gayuh Pramukti, and Mohammad Murtaza Sherzoy. "Geology and Geochemistry Analysis for Ki Index Calculation of Dompak Island Granite Bauxites to Determine the Economical Mineral." In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Future of ASEAN (ICoFA) 2017 – Volume 2. Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8471-3_94.

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Migon, Piotr. "Geology of Granite." In Granite Landscapes of the World. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199273683.003.0009.

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The unifying theme for granite landscapes of the world is the granite itself, hence it is logical to start with a brief account of granite geology. For obvious reasons of space and relevance, this chapter cannot provide a comprehensive and extensive treatment of granite as a rock. Rather, its aim is to provide background information on those aspects of granite geology which are relevant to geomorphology and may help to explain the variety of landforms and landscapes supported by granite. The survey of literature about the geomorphology of granite areas reveals that in too many studies the lithology of granite and the structure of their intrusive bodies have not received adequate attention, especially if a ruling paradigm was one of climatic, or climato-genetic geomorphology. Granites were usually described in terms of their average grain size, but much less often of their geochemistry, fabric, or physical properties. Even the usage of the very term ‘granite’ may have lacked accuracy, and many landforms described as supported by granite may in fact have developed in granodiorite. On the other hand, it is true that granite may give way to granodiorites without an accompanying change in scenery. In the Yosemite National Park, Sierra Nevada, California, these two variants occur side by side and both support deeply incised valleys, precipitous slopes and the famous Sierran domes. Likewise, wider structural relationships within plutons and batholiths, and with respect to the country rock, have been considered in detail rather seldom. In analyses of discontinuities, long demonstrated to be highly significant for geomorphology, terms such as ‘joints’, ‘faults’, and ‘fractures’ have not been used with sufficient rigour. But it has to be noted in defence of many such geologically poorly based studies that adequate geological data were either hardly available or restricted to a few specific localities within extensive areas, therefore of limited use for any spatial analysis of granite landforms. Notwithstanding the above, there exist a number of studies in which landforms have been carefully analysed in their relationships to various aspects of the lithology, structure, and tectonics of granite intrusions.
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Amgaa, Tsolmon, Dieter Mader, Wolf Uwe Reimold, and Christian Koeberl. "Tabun Khara Obo impact crater, Mongolia: Geophysics, geology, petrography, and geochemistry." In Large Meteorite Impacts and Planetary Evolution VI. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2021.2550(04).

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ABSTRACT Tabun Khara Obo is the only currently known impact crater in Mongolia. The crater is centered at 44°07′50″N and 109°39′20″E in southeastern Mongolia. Tabun Khara Obo is a 1.3-km-diameter, simple bowl-shaped structure that is well visible in topography and clearly visible on remote-sensing images. The crater is located on a flat, elevated plateau composed of Carboniferous arc-related volcanic and volcanosedimentary rocks metamorphosed to upper amphibolite to greenschist facies (volcaniclastic sandstones, metagraywacke, quartz-feldspar–mica schist, and other schistose sedimentary rocks). Some geophysical data exist for the Tabun Khara Obo structure. The gravity data correlate well with topography. The −2.5–3 mGal anomaly is similar to that of other, similarly sized impact craters. A weak magnetic low over the crater area may be attributed to impact disruption of the regional trend. The Tabun Khara Obo crater is slightly oval in shape and is elongated perpendicular to the regional lithological and foliation trend in a northeasterly direction. This may be a result of crater modification, when rocks of the crater rim preferentially slumped along fracture planes parallel to the regional structural trend. Radial and tangential faults and fractures occur abundantly along the periphery of the crater. Breccias occur along the crater periphery as well, mostly in the E-NE parts of the structure. Monomict breccias form narrow (&amp;lt;1 m) lenses, and polymict breccias cover the outer flank of the eastern crater rim. While geophysical and morphological data are consistent with expectations for an impact crater, no diagnostic evidence for shock metamorphism, such as planar deformation features or shatter cones, was demonstrated by earlier authors. As it is commonly difficult to find convincing impact evidence at small craters, we carried out further geological and geophysical work in 2005–2007 and drilling in 2007–2008. Surface mapping and sampling did not reveal structural, mineralogical, or geochemical evidence for an impact origin. In 2008, we drilled into the center of the crater to a maximum depth of 206 m, with 135 m of core recovery. From the top, the core consists of 3 m of eolian sand, 137 m of lake deposits (mud, evaporites), 34 m of lake deposits (gypsum with carbonate and mud), 11 m of polymict breccia (with greenschist and gneiss clasts), and 19 m of monomict breccia (brecciated quartz-feldspar–mica schist). The breccias start at 174 m depth as polymict breccias with angular clasts of different lithologies and gradually change downward to breccias constituting the dominant lithology, until finally grading into monomict breccia. At the bottom of the borehole, we noted strongly brecciated quartz-feldspar schist. The breccia cement also changes over this interval from gypsum and carbonate cement to fine-grained clastic matrix. Some quartz grains from breccia samples from 192, 194.2, 196.4, 199.3, 201.6, and 204 m depth showed planar deformation features with impact-characteristic orientations. This discovery of unambiguous shock features in drill core samples confirms the impact origin of the Tabun Khara Obo crater. The age of the structure is not yet known. Currently, it is only poorly constrained to post-Cretaceous on stratigraphic grounds.
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Moores, Eldridge M., Nathan Simmons, Asish R. Basu, and Robert T. Gregory. "The Indian Ocean, its supra-subduction history, and implications for ophiolites." In Plate Tectonics, Ophiolites, and Societal Significance of Geology: A Celebration of the Career of Eldridge Moores. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2021.2552(01).

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ABSTRACT Ophiolite complexes represent fragments of ocean crust and mantle formed at spreading centers and emplaced on land. The setting of their origin, whether at midocean ridges, back-arc basins, or forearc basins has been debated. Geochemical classification of many ophiolite extrusive rocks reflect an approach interpreting their tectonic environment as the same as rocks with similar compositions formed in various modern oceanic settings. This approach has pointed to the formation of many ophiolitic extrusive rocks in a supra-subduction zone (SSZ) environment. Paradoxically, structural and stratigraphic evidence suggests that many apparent SSZ-produced ophiolite complexes are more consistent with mid-ocean ridge settings. Compositions of lavas in the southeastern Indian Ocean resemble those of modern SSZ environments and SSZ ophiolites, although Indian Ocean lavas clearly formed in a mid-ocean ridge setting. These facts suggest that an interpretation of the tectonic environment of ophiolite formation based solely on their geochemistry may be unwarranted. New seismic images revealing extensive Mesozoic subduction zones beneath the southern Indian Ocean provide one mechanism to explain this apparent paradox. Cenozoic mid-ocean-ridge–derived ocean floor throughout the southern Indian Ocean apparently formed above former sites of subduction. Compositional remnants of previously subducted mantle in the upper mantle were involved in generation of mid-ocean ridge lavas. The concept of historical contingency may help resolve the ambiguity on understanding the environment of origin of ophiolites. Many ophiolites with “SSZ” compositions may have formed in a mid-ocean ridge setting such as the southeastern Indian Ocean.
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Smith, Alan L., M. John Roobol, Glen S. Mattioli, George E. Daly, and Joan E. Fryxell. "Providencia Island: A Miocene Stratovolcano on the Lower Nicaraguan Rise, Western Caribbean—A Geological Enigma Resolved." In Providencia Island: A Miocene Stratovolcano on the Lower Nicaraguan Rise, Western Caribbean—A Geological Enigma Resolved. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2021.1219(01).

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ABSTRACT The Providencia island group comprises an extinct Miocene stratovolcano located on a shallow submarine bank astride the Lower Nicaraguan Rise in the western Caribbean. We report here on the geology, geochemistry, petrology, and isotopic ages of the rocks within the Providencia island group, using newly collected as well as previously published results to unravel the complex history of Providencia. The volcano is made up of eight stratigraphic units, including three major units: (1) the Mafic unit, (2) the Breccia unit, (3) the Felsic unit, and five minor units: (4) the Trachyandesite unit, (5) the Conglomerate unit, (6) the Pumice unit, (7) the Intrusive unit, and (8) the Limestone unit. The Mafic unit is the oldest and forms the foundation of the island, consisting of both subaerial and subaqueous lava flows and pyroclastic deposits of alkali basalt and trachybasalt. Overlying the Mafic unit, there is a thin, minor unit of trachyandesite lava flows (Trachyandesite unit). The Breccia unit unconformably overlies the older rocks and consists of crudely stratified breccias (block flows/block-and-ash flows) of vitrophyric dacite, which represent subaerial near-vent facies formed by gravitational and/or explosive dome collapse. The breccias commonly contain clasts of alkali basalt, indicating the nature of the underlying substrate. The Felsic unit comprises the central part of the island, composed of rhyolite lava flows and domes, separated from the rocks of the Breccia unit by a flat-lying unconformity. Following a quiescent period, limited felsic pyroclastic activity produced minor valley-fill ignimbrites (Pumice unit). The rocks of Providencia can be geochemically and stratigraphically subdivided into an older alkaline suite of alkali basalts, trachybasalts, and trachyandesites, and a younger subalkaline suite composed dominantly of dacites and rhyolites. Isotopically, the alkali basalts together with the proposed tholeiitic parent magmas for the dacites and rhyolites indicate an origin by varying degrees of partial melting of a metasomatized ocean-island basalt–type mantle that had been modified by interaction with the Galapagos plume. The dacites are the only phenocryst-rich rocks on the island and have a very small compositional range. We infer that they formed by the mixing of basalt and rhyolite magmas in a lower oceanic crustal “hot zone.” The rhyolites of the Felsic unit, as well as the rhyolitic magmas contributing to dacite formation, are interpreted as being the products of partial melting of the thickened lower oceanic crust beneath Providencia. U-Pb dating of zircons in the Providencia volcanic rocks has yielded Oligocene and Miocene ages, corresponding to the ages of the volcanism. In addition, some zircon crystals in the same rocks have yielded both Proterozoic and Paleozoic ages ranging between 1661 and 454 Ma. The lack of any evidence of continental crust beneath Providencia suggests that these old zircons are xenocrysts from the upper mantle beneath the Lower Nicaraguan Rise. A comparison of the volcanic rocks from Providencia with similar rocks that comprise the Western Caribbean alkaline province indicates that while the Providencia alkaline suite is similar to other alkaline suites previously defined within this province, the Providencia subalkaline suite is unique, having no equivalent rocks within the Western Caribbean alkaline province.
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