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Journal articles on the topic 'Granite – Namibia'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Wang, Shengyun, Honghai Fan, Jinyong Chen, and Donghuan Chen. "Zircon U–Pb Geochronology, Whole-Rock Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Biotite Granites in the Gaudeanmus Area, Namibia." Minerals 10, no. 1 (January 17, 2020): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10010076.

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The Gaudeanmus area is located at the southern Central Zone of the Damara orogenic belt in south-western Africa. In this paper, we investigate the whole rock major and trace element compositions and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositions of the biotite granite, and determine the age of the samples utilising U–Pb zircon dating methods. Our results provide an LA–collector inductively plasma mass spectrometer (ICP–MS) zircon U–Pb age for the biotite granite of 540 ± 4 Ma (i.e., earliest Cambrian). The biotite granites show the characteristics of metaluminous compositions belonging to high-K calc–alkaline to shoshonite series. The granites contain high alkali and rare earth elements (REE), are enriched in large-ion lithophile elements (Rb, K, Pb), and depleted in high field-strength elements (Nb, Ta, Ti). The REE patterns are characterised by enrichment of LREEs relative to HREEs and medium negative Eu anomalies in the chondrite-normalised REE diagram. These rocks have high initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.71400–0.71768); low εNd(t) value (−12.0 to −7.1); Sm–Nd isotope crust model ages ranging from 1711 to 2235 Ma; and large variations in 206Pb/204Pb (18.0851–19.2757), 207Pb/204Pb (15.6258–15.7269), and 208Pb/204Pb ratios (38.7437–40.5607). Such geochemical signatures indicate that the biotite granite rocks derive mainly from partial melting of ancient crustal rocks resembling the local basement meta-sedimentary rocks. However, minor mantle-derived materials may have also been involved in the formation of these rocks. Combining with regional tectonic evolution, we consider that the biotite granite intrusions in the Gaudeanmus area formed in a transitional tectonic regime that went from compressional to extensional tectonics.

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2

Macey, P. H., R. J. Thomas, H. P. Smith, D. Frei, and P. J. le Roux. "Lithostratigraphy of the Naros Granite (Komsberg Suite), South Africa and Namibia." South African Journal of Geology 124, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 795–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.124.0040.

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Abstract The Naros Granite occurs as a large, northwest-trending ovoid batholith roughly 30 km long and 15 km wide straddling the Orange River border between South Africa and Namibia, 25 km northeast of Onseepkans. It consists mainly of a leucocratic to mesocratic grey, coarse-grained equigranular hornblende-biotite granite-granodiorite that is locally mildly feldspar porphyritic. Small, ovoid mafic autoliths are common and characteristic of the Naros Granite. The composition of the unit varies from granite to granodiorite with a minor leucogranitic phase observed along the southern margin of the batholith. Hornblende and biotite are ubiquitous mafic minerals but small amounts of orthopyroxene occur locally. The Naros Granite has yielded tightly-constrained U-Pb zircon ages between 1 114 Ma and 1 101 Ma. The Naros Granite is generally unfoliated to weakly deformed with only localised shearing along contacts with the surrounding country rocks giving rise to orthogneissic fabrics. It has an intermediate to felsic composition (mean SiO2: 63.9 ± 2.2 wt.%) and is strongly metaluminous. This, together with its biotite-hornblende ± orthopyroxene mineral assemblage and the abundance of mafic autoliths, suggests it is an I-type granitoid, with the source magma produced by partial melting of older igneous rocks that had not undergone any significant chemical weathering. The Naros Granite is the youngest and most evolved member of the ~1.11 Ga Komsberg Suite, a collection of late- to post-tectonic I-type metaluminous, intermediate to felsic, biotite ± hornblende granitoids and their charnockitic equivalents that have intruded the older pre-tectonic gneisses of the Kakamas Domain of the Namaqua Metamorphic Sector.

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3

Bowden, Peter, Judith A. Kinnaird, Michael Diehl, and Franco Pirajno. "Anorogenic granite evolution in Namibia—a fluid contribution." Geological Journal 25, no. 3-4 (July 1990): 381–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gj.3350250320.

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4

Aspiotis, S., S. Jung, F. Hauff, and R. L. Romer. "Petrogenesis of a late-stage calc-alkaline granite in a giant S-type batholith: geochronology and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopes from the Nomatsaus granite (Donkerhoek batholith), Namibia." International Journal of Earth Sciences 110, no. 4 (April 7, 2021): 1453–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00531-021-02024-w.

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AbstractThe late-tectonic 511.4 ± 0.6 Ma-old Nomatsaus intrusion (Donkerhoek batholith, Damara orogen, Namibia) consists of moderately peraluminous, magnesian, calc-alkalic to calcic granites similar to I-type granites worldwide. Major and trace-element variations and LREE and HREE concentrations in evolved rocks imply that the fractionated mineral assemblage includes biotite, Fe–Ti oxides, zircon, plagioclase and monazite. Increasing K2O abundance with increasing SiO2 suggests accumulation of K-feldspar; compatible with a small positive Eu anomaly in the most evolved rocks. In comparison with experimental data, the Nomatsaus granite was likely generated from meta-igneous sources of possibly dacitic composition that melted under water-undersaturated conditions (X H2O: 0.25–0.50) and at temperatures between 800 and 850 °C, compatible with the zircon and monazite saturation temperatures of 812 and 852 °C, respectively. The Nomatsaus granite has moderately radiogenic initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7067–0.7082), relatively radiogenic initial εNd values (− 2.9 to − 4.8) and moderately evolved Pb isotope ratios. Although initial Sr and Nd isotopic compositions of the granite do not vary with SiO2 or MgO contents, fSm/Nd and initial εNd values are negatively correlated indicating limited assimilation of crustal components during monazite-dominated fractional crystallization. The preferred petrogenetic model for the generation of the Nomatsaus granite involves a continent–continent collisional setting with stacking of crustal slices that in combination with high radioactive heat production rates heated the thickened crust, leading to the medium-P/high-T environment characteristic of the southern Central Zone of the Damara orogen. Such a setting promoted partial melting of metasedimentary sources during the initial stages of crustal heating, followed by the partial melting of meta-igneous rocks at mid-crustal levels at higher P–T conditions and relatively late in the orogenic evolution.

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5

Frindt, S., and M. Poutiainen. "P-T path fluid evolution in the Gross Spitzkoppe granite stock, Namibia." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 74, no. 1-2 (December 2002): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17741/bgsf/74.1-2.004.

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6

Groenewald, C. A., and P. H. Macey. "Lithostratigraphy of the Mesoproterozoic Yas-Schuitdrift Batholith, South Africa and Namibia." South African Journal of Geology 123, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 431–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.123.0029.

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Abstract The granitic and leucogranitic Yas and Schuitdrift Gneisses occur together as a large ovoid pre-tectonic batholith that crosses the Orange River border between South Africa and Namibia. They occur in the central parts of the Kakamas Domain in the Namaqua Sector of the Namaqua-Natal Metamorphic Province where they intrude, and are deformed together with, slightly older (~1.21 Ga) orthogneisses and granulite-facies metapelitic gneisses. The Yas Gneiss occurs mainly on the outer perimeter and northern parts of the batholith and comprises equigranular leucogranite gneiss and biotite granite augen orthogneiss, whereas the Schuitdrift biotite-hornblende augen gneiss is located at the centre and southern parts of the batholith. The batholith is strongly deformed with penetrative Namaqua-aged gneissic fabrics defined by grain-flattening of quartz and feldspar in the equigranular leucogneisses and aligned K-feldspar megacrysts in the augen gneisses. The gneissic fabric is refolded during a large-scale folding event that results in the dome-shape of the batholith and controls the present outcrop pattern of its various components. Flexure along the margins of the batholith refoliated the gneisses into a zone of mylonitic rocks. The Yas and Schuitdrift Gneisses have similar geochemistry and classify as alkali granites and alkali leucogranites. They are felsic (mean SiO2: 74.5 wt%) and potassic (mean K2O: 5.8 wt%) but have low MgO, CaO and Na2O, reflecting their low mafic mineral and plagioclase contents. The Schuitdrift Gneiss yielded U-Pb zircon ages of 1 191 ± 7 and 1 187 ± 6 Ma.

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7

YU, Xiang, Ruliang ZHANG, Dan KE, and Cong CHEN. "Interpretation of Magnetic Data and Locate Granite Hosted Uranium Deposit Targets in Namibia." Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 88, s2 (December 2014): 1424–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.12381_41.

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8

Doggart, S., P. H. Macey, and D. Frei. "Lithostratigraphy of the Mesoproterozoic Twakputs Gneiss." South African Journal of Geology 124, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 783–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.124.0041.

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Abstract The Twakputs Gneiss is a garnetiferous, K-feldspar megacrystic, biotite granite-granodiorite orthogneiss. It represents a major unit in the Kakamas Domain of the Mesoproterozoic Namaqua-Natal Metamorphic Province extending about 250 km between Riemvasmaak in South Africa and Grünau in southern Namibia. The Twakputs Gneiss occurs as foliation-parallel, sheet-like bodies tightly infolded together with granulite-facies paragneisses into which it intrudes along with a variety of other pre-tectonic granite and leucogranite orthogneisses. These rocks were subsequently intruded by late-tectonic garnet-leucogranites, granites and charnockites. The Twakputs Gneiss is a distinctive unit characterised by large ovoid to elongate megacrysts of twinned perthitic K-feldspar, set in a coarse-grained matrix of garnet, biotite, quartz and feldspar. It contains a penetrative foliation defined by the alignment of K-feldspars and streaks of biotite that developed during the main phase D2 of the Namaqua Orogeny (~1.2 to 1.1 Ga). The foliation and an accompanying elongation lineation are more intensely developed along lithological contacts, especially at the margins of the mega-scale F3 domes and basins that refold the regional fabrics. U-Pb zircon dating of the Twakputs Gneiss has yielded concordia ages of between ~1192 and 1208 Ma. Whole-rock geochemistry shows consistent major, trace and REE elemental trends, and thus reflect chemical variability from a single fractionating magma. The Twakputs Gneiss has a granitic to granodiorite composition and is strongly peraluminous. The geochemistry and the ubiquitous presence of garnet and pelitic xenoliths indicate an S-type granite protolith. The Twakputs Gneiss is the most voluminous and widespread member of the Eendoorn Suite which comprises seven textural variants of garnetiferous, K-feldspar-megacrystic granitoid orthogneiss of the same age.

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9

Falster, Alexander U., William B. Simmons, Karen L. Webber, and Andrew P. Boudreaux. "Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Erongo Sub-Volcanic Granite-Miarolitic-Pegmatite Complex, Erongo, Namibia." Canadian Mineralogist 56, no. 4 (October 23, 2018): 425–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3749/canmin.1700090.

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10

Tack, L., and P. Bowden. "Post-collisional granite magmatism in the central Damaran (Pan-African) Orogenic Belt, western Namibia." Journal of African Earth Sciences 28, no. 3 (April 1999): 653–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0899-5362(99)00037-8.

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11

Frindt, Stephen, Ilmari Haapala, and Lassi Pakkanen. "Anorogenic Gross Spitzkoppe granite stock in central western Namibia: Part I. Petrology and geochemistry." American Mineralogist 89, no. 5-6 (May 2004): 841–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2004-5-619.

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12

Cornell, D. H., M. Harris, B. S. Mapani, T. Malobela, D. Frei, M. Kristoffersen, K. Lehman Francko, and R. Hanson. "Dating of Guperas Formation rhyolites changes the stratigraphy of the Mesoproterozoic Sinclair Supergroup of Namibia." South African Journal of Geology 123, no. 4 (November 10, 2020): 633–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.123.0040.

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Abstract The volcanosedimentary Guperas Formation contains the youngest volcanic rocks of the Sinclair Supergroup in the Konkiep Terrane of southern Namibia. Precise U-Pb zircon microbeam dating shows that the Guperas Formation as mapped includes felsic volcanic rocks which belong to both the first (1.37 to 1.33 Ga) and the third (1.11 to 1.07 Ga) magmatic cycle of the Sinclair Supergroup. Volcanic rocks of the ‘true’ Guperas Formation are dated by three samples, with a combined age of 1108 ± 10 Ma. The sedimentary rocks mapped as Guperas Formation are also distinguished by two different detrital age spectra into the ~1 100 Ma true Guperas Formation and the Aruab Member of the ~1 217 Ma Barby Formation. Geochronology now resolves the previous stratigraphic separation of the very similar Nubib and Rooiberg (Sonntag) Granites. The two small outcrops of 1 334 ± 5 Ma Rooiberg Granite are now shown to be part of the regional 1 334 ± 8 Ma Nubib Granite batholith. The Konkiep Terrane was affected by faulting and shear zones, but was only gently folded and not involved in regional metamorphism, despite its proximity to the Namaqua-Natal Province to the southwest. This is due to the Konkiep Terrane having a thick and strong continental basement which may have formed as part of the mainly Palaeoproterozoic Rehoboth Province. However no Palaeoproterozoic rocks are exposed in the Konkiep Terrane, which is now interpreted as an unaffiliated terrane. The three cycles of extrusive and plutonic magmatism in the Sinclair Supergroup formed in chronologically distinct periods and different tectonic settings, which requires revision of the stratigraphic nomenclature. The Konkiep Group is replaced by three new groups which are separated by >100 million-year unconformities. The Betta Group, represented by the mainly volcanic Kumbis, Nagatis and Welverdiend formations in the first magmatic cycle, probably formed in a passive continental rift setting due to breakup of the Rehoboth Province between 1 374 and 1 334 Ma. The Vergenoeg Group, represented by the sedimentary Kunjas and volcanic Barby and Haiber Flats formations, formed in a subduction setting at the margin of the Konkiep Terrane. This ~1 217 to 1204 Ma magmatic cycle ended with the accretion of Namaqua-Natal terranes to the Kalahari Craton. The ~1 100 Ma Ganaams Group, represented by the volcanic Guperas Formation and sedimentary Aubures Formation, was the result of interplay between the continental-scale Umkondo mantle heating event and movements between crustal blocks following the Namaqua-Natal collisional orogeny.

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13

DESCHODT, CHRISTIAN M., and CATHERINE L. SOLE. "A new species of Versicorpus Deschodt, Davis & Scholtz, 2011 (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Byrrhidiini) from the Brandberg Mountain, Namibia." Zootaxa 4671, no. 1 (September 16, 2019): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4671.1.11.

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The recently described dung beetle tribe Byrrhidiini currently comprises seven genera and nineteen species (Davis et al. 2019). During a recent collecting expedition to the Brandberg Mountain [S21.11° E14.69°] in Namibia, a single male specimen, together with various disarticulated body parts of a new species belonging to this tribe were collected. It was found amongst dried hyrax (Procavia capensis) dung pellets between large granite boulders. This new species clearly fits the current definition of the genus Versicorpus Deschodt, Davis & Scholtz, 2011. This raises the number of the constituent species of Versicorpus to three and that for Byrrhidiini to twenty.

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14

Trumbull, R. "Oxygen and neodymium isotope evidence for source diversity in Cretaceous anorogenic granites from Namibia and implications for A-type granite genesis." Lithos 73, no. 1-2 (March 2004): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2003.10.006.

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15

Schlag, C., and A. Willgallis. "Similarities in tin mineralization associated with the Brandberg granite of South West Africa/Namibia and granites in northern Nigeria, revealed by geochemical data." Journal of African Earth Sciences (and the Middle East) 7, no. 1 (January 1988): 307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(88)90075-9.

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16

Kruger, Tolene, and Alexander Kisters. "Magma accumulation and segregation during regional-scale folding: The Holland’s dome granite injection complex, Damara belt, Namibia." Journal of Structural Geology 89 (August 2016): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2016.05.002.

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17

Trumbull, R. B., M. S. Krienitz, B. Gottesmann, and M. Wiedenbeck. "Chemical and boron-isotope variations in tourmalines from an S-type granite and its source rocks: the Erongo granite and tourmalinites in the Damara Belt, Namibia." Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 155, no. 1 (July 5, 2007): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00410-007-0227-3.

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18

Frindt, Stephen, Robert B. Trumbull, and Rolf L. Romer. "Petrogenesis of the Gross Spitzkoppe topaz granite, central western Namibia: a geochemical and Nd–Sr–Pb isotope study." Chemical Geology 206, no. 1-2 (May 2004): 43–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.01.015.

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19

Frindt, Stephen, and Ilmari Haapala. "Anorogenic Gross Spitzkoppe granite stock in central western Namibia: Part II. Structures and textures indicating crystallization from undercooled melt." American Mineralogist 89, no. 5-6 (May 2004): 857–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2004-5-620.

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20

Clemens, J. D., I. S. Buick, and A. F. M. Kisters. "The Donkerhuk batholith, Namibia: A giant S-type granite emplaced in the mid crust, in a fore-arc setting." Journal of the Geological Society 174, no. 1 (October 7, 2016): 157–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jgs2016-028.

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21

Abrahams, Y., and P. H. Macey. "Lithostratigraphy of the Mesoproterozoic Donkieboud Granodiorite (Komsberg Suite), South Africa and Namibia." South African Journal of Geology 123, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 421–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.123.0028.

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Abstract The Donkieboud Granodiorite pluton forms an extensive intrusion across the border region between South Africa and southeast Namibia. The mesocratic grey, weakly to moderately K-feldspar porphyritic biotite ± hornblende ± orthopyroxene granodiorite represents the most extensive member of the late- to post-tectonic Komsberg Suite (~1 125 to 1 105 Ma) which intruded as sheet-like bodies into the older high grade paragneisses and orthogneisses (~1 230 to 1 140 Ma) of the Kakamas Domain of the Mesoproterozoic Namaqua-Natal Province. The Donkieboud Granodiorite comprises three main textural variations namely:a porphyritic to weakly porphyritic, relatively undeformed rock with randomly orientated ovoid and twinned feldspar phenocrysts;a weakly- to well-foliated gneiss with between 3 to 10% feldspar phenocrysts set in a medium-grained matrix anda patchy metamorphic charnockite variety. Large inclusions of the strongly foliated Twakputs (~1 210 Ma) and the Witwater (~1 140 Ma) garnetiferous granite gneisses occur within the Donkieboud Granodiorite and mafic xenoliths are common. The Donkieboud Granodiorite is variably deformed ranging from unfoliated to being gneissic. The foliation developed during its intrusion into an existing but waning regional stress field with the strain increasing towards the contacts with the surrounding country rocks. Subsequent km-scale open folding resulted in the reorientation of the gneissic foliation and locally, intense reworking of the fabrics along the margins of the folds. In places, the Donkieboud unit is crosscut by discrete mylonitic shears with a west to northwest trend. U-Pb zircon dating of the Donkieboud Granodiorite samples yielded concordia ages of between 1 118 and 1 107 Ma. Overall the Donkieboud Granodiorite has an intermediate to felsic composition (mean SiO2: 63.9 ± 2.2 wt.%) and is strongly metaluminous. This, together with its biotite-hornblende ± orthopyroxene mineral assemblage and the abundance of mafic xenoliths, suggests it is an I-type granitoid, with the source magma produced by partial melting of older igneous rocks that had not undergone any significant amount of chemical weathering. The εNd values of -1.15 and -0.11 and TDM values of 1 615 and 1 505 Ma are typical of the Komsberg Suite and indicate a significant contribution of older crustal material to the magma of the Donkieboud pluton.

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22

Malobela, T., B. Mapani, M. Harris, D. H. Cornell, A. Karlsson, A. K. Jonsson, C. Lundell, and M. Kristoffersen. "Age and geological context of the Barby Formation, a key volcanic unit in the Mesoproterozoic Sinclair Supergroup of southern Namibia." South African Journal of Geology 122, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 519–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.122.0038.

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Abstract Volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the Sinclair Supergroup occur in the Konkiep Terrane of Southern Namibia. Three volcanic and sedimentary cycles are recognised. In this work we describe and date volcanic rocks of the Barby Formation, a key unit in the Sinclair area. The coeval Spes Bona Syenite and the Tiras Granite Gneiss are also described and dated. The rock types in the Barby Formation are rhyolites, basaltic trachyandesites, trachybasalts and trachydacites as well as volcanoclastic rocks. The rocks are largely undeformed and partly altered by deuteric and contact metamorphic processes but not regionally metamorphosed. Our samples represent both the calc-alkaline and alkaline trends documented in previous work. U-Pb ion probe and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma (LA-ICP) multicollector mass spectrometer Lu-Hf microbeam analyses were made of zircon and baddeleyite grains from four samples. A felsic tuff sample from the base of the Barby Formation has a 207Pb/206Pb zircon age of 1214 ± 5 Ma (2σ). A rhomb porphyry sample from the top of an 8.5 km-thick stratigraphic section gives a 207Pb/206Pb baddeleyite age of 1217 ± 2 Ma. The Spes Bona Syenite which intrudes the top of the Barby Formation has a 207Pb/206Pb baddeleyite age of 1217 ± 3 Ma and an indistinguishable LA-ICP collision cell mass spectrometer Rb-Sr biotite isochron age of 1238 ± 20 Ma, showing that there was no >350°C regional metamorphic event. Multi-element diagrams for the calc-alkaline samples show a dominant signature of reworked crust which is superimposed on a possible subduction signature. However the alkaline samples contain clear subduction signatures which are not seen in the underlying 1.37 Ga Kumbis rhyolite. The Barby Formation samples and coeval Spes Bona Syenite have Lu-Hf crustal residence ages between 1682 and 1873 Ma, suggesting that both of these units formed from a mixture of juvenile mantle-derived and older crustal material. The Barby Formation is considered to have originated due to a subduction event which took place during the assembly of the Rodinia supercontinent. The duration of the Barby magmatic episode is constrained to a maximum 9 m.y. period between 1219 and 1210 Ma, and during this period the Konkiep Terrane was an active continental margin. The 1204 ± 9 Ma Tiras Granite Gneiss is slightly younger than the Barby Formation and intruded across the Lord Hills Shear Zone, which is the suture between the hardly metamorphosed Konkiep Terrane and the highly metamorphosed Grunau Terrane of the Namaqua-Natal Province. Its intrusion reflects the end of subduction-related volcanism, due to the collision of Namaqua terranes with the Konkiep Terrane.

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23

Jung, S., A. Kröner, F. Hauff, and P. Masberg. "Petrogenesis of synorogenic diorite–granodiorite–granite complexes in the Damara Belt, Namibia: Constraints from U–Pb zircon ages and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopes." Journal of African Earth Sciences 101 (January 2015): 253–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.09.015.

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24

Cuney, Michel. "Felsic magmatism and uranium deposits." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 185, no. 2 (February 1, 2014): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.185.2.75.

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Abstract The strongly incompatible behaviour of uranium in silicate magmas results in its concentration in the most felsic melts and a prevalence of granites and rhyolites as primary U sources for the formation of U deposits. Despite its incompatible behavior, U deposits resulting directly from magmatic processes are quite rare. In most deposits, U is mobilized by hydrothermal fluids or ground water well after the emplacement of the igneous rocks. Of the broad range of granite types, only a few have U contents and physico-chemical properties that permit the crystallization of accessory minerals from which uranium can be leached for the formation of U deposits. The first granites on Earth, which crystallized uraninite, dated at 3.1 Ga, are the potassic granites from the Kaapval craton (South Africa) which were also the source of the detrital uraninite for the Dominion Reef and Witwatersrand quartz pebble conglomerate deposits. Four types of granites or rhyolites can be sufficiently enriched in U to represent a significant source for the genesis of U deposits: peralkaline, high-K metaluminous calc-alkaline, L-type peraluminous and anatectic pegmatoids. L-type peraluminous plutonic rocks in which U is dominantly hosted in uraninite or in the glass of their volcanic equivalents represent the best U source. Peralkaline granites or syenites are associated with the only magmatic U-deposits formed by extreme fractional crystallization. The refractory character of the U-bearing minerals does not permit their extraction under the present economic conditions and make them unfavorable U sources for other deposit types. By contrast, felsic peralkaline volcanic rocks, in which U is dominantly hosted in the glassy matrix, represent an excellent source for many deposit types. High-K calc-alkaline plutonic rocks only represent a significant U source when the U-bearing accessory minerals (U-thorite, allanite, Nb oxides) become metamict. The volcanic rocks of the same geochemistry may be also a favorable uranium source if a large part of the U is hosted in the glassy matrix. The largest U deposit in the world, Olympic Dam in South Australia is hosted by highly fractionated high-K plutonic and volcanic rocks, but the origin of the U mineralization is still unclear. Anatectic pegmatoids containing disseminated uraninite which results from the partial melting of uranium-rich metasediments and/or metavolcanic felsic rocks, host large low grade U deposits such as the Rössing and Husab deposits in Namibia. The evaluation of the potentiality for igneous rocks to represent an efficient U source represents a critical step to consider during the early stages of exploration for most U deposit types. In particular a wider use of the magmatic inclusions to determine the parent magma chemistry and its U content is of utmost interest to evaluate the U source potential of sedimentary basins that contain felsic volcanic acidic tuffs.

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25

Johnson, S. D., M. Poujol, and A. F. M. Kisters. "Constraining the timing and migration of collisional tectonics in the Damara Belt, Namibia: U-Pb zircon ages for the syntectonic Salem-type Stinkbank granite." South African Journal of Geology 109, no. 4 (December 1, 2006): 611–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.109.4.611.

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Masberg, P., D. Mihm, and S. Jung. "Major and trace element and isotopic (Sr, Nd, O) constraints for Pan-African crustally contaminated grey granite gneisses from the southern Kaoko belt, Namibia." Lithos 84, no. 1-2 (September 2005): 25–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2005.02.001.

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27

Schwark, L., S. Jung, F. Hauff, D. Garbe-Schönberg, and J. Berndt. "Generation of syntectonic calc-alkaline, magnesian granites through remelting of pre-tectonic igneous sources – U-Pb zircon ages and Sr, Nd and Pb isotope data from the Donkerhoek granite (southern Damara orogen, Namibia)." Lithos 310-311 (June 2018): 314–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2018.04.020.

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28

Jung, S., S. Hoernes, and K. Mezger. "Geochronology and petrogenesis of Pan-African, syn-tectonic, S-type and post-tectonic A-type granite (Namibia): products of melting of crustal sources, fractional crystallization and wall rock entrainment." Lithos 50, no. 4 (February 2000): 259–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0024-4937(99)00059-6.

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29

van de Flierdt, Tina, Stephan Hoernes, Stefan Jung, Peter Masberg, Edgar Hoffer, Urs Schaltegger, and Hans Friedrichsen. "Lower crustal melting and the role of open-system processes in the genesis of syn-orogenic quartz diorite–granite–leucogranite associations: constraints from Sr–Nd–O isotopes from the Bandombaai Complex, Namibia." Lithos 67, no. 3-4 (April 2003): 205–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0024-4937(03)00016-1.

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30

Szczepańska, Anna. "Koniec zimnej wojny na południu Afryki. Sprawa Namibii podczas negocjacji między Stanami Zjednoczonymi a Związkiem Sowieckim (1987–1988)." Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica, no. 100 (April 30, 2018): 171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6050.100.13.

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Spośród wielu sporów istniejących między Stanami Zjednoczonymi a Związkiem Sowieckim w czasie zimnej wojny jednymi z trwających najdłużej była wojna o niepodległość Namibii i wojna domowa w Angoli, w literaturze traktowane niekiedy jako jeden konflikt, nazywany południowoafrykańską wojną o granice. Walka Namibijczyków o wolność trwała od 1966 r., jednak 20 lat później wciąż nie było widać perspektyw szybkiego zakończenia konfliktu. Przełom nastąpił w latach 1987–1988 dzięki seriom spotkań i negocjacji, jakie odbyły się między administracją prezydenta USA Ronalda Reagana i sekretarza generalnego KPZS Michaiła Gorbaczowa. Dla rozwiązania kwestii Namibii kluczowym rokiem był 1988 dzięki podpisaniu w Nowym Jorku grudniowych porozumień między władzami Angoli, Kuby i RPA. Rok później rozpoczęto realizację Rezolucji Rady Bezpieczeństwa ONZ nr 435, a wojska południowoafrykańskie zaczęły stopniowo opuszczać terytorium Namibii. Artykuł ma na celu wskazać najważniejsze aspekty negocjacji między USA i ZSRS w sprawie Namibii w latach 1987–1988, głównie przed szczytem i w czasie jego trwania (Moskwa, przełom maja i czerwca 1988 r.).

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31

Toé, W., O. Vanderhaeghe, A. S. André-Mayer, J. L. Feybesse, and J. P. Milési. "From migmatites to granites in the Pan-African Damara orogenic belt, Namibia." Journal of African Earth Sciences 85 (September 2013): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2013.04.009.

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32

Franz, Leander, Rolf L. Romer, and D. Pieter Dingeldey. "Diachronous Pan-African granulite-facies metamorphism (650 Ma and 550 Ma) in the Kaoko belt, NW Namibia." European Journal of Mineralogy 11, no. 1 (February 11, 1999): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/11/1/0167.

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33

Matmon, A., A. Mushkin, Y. Enzel, and T. Grodek. "Erosion of a granite inselberg, Gross Spitzkoppe, Namib Desert." Geomorphology 201 (November 2013): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.06.005.

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34

Fuchsloch, Warrick C., Paul A. M. Nex, and Judith A. Kinnaird. "The geochemical evolution of Nb–Ta–Sn oxides from pegmatites of the Cape Cross–Uis pegmatite belt, Namibia." Mineralogical Magazine 83, no. 02 (October 2, 2018): 161–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/mgm.2018.151.

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AbstractThe Cape Cross–Uis pegmatite belt, Damara Orogen, north-central Namibia hosts multiple Ta–Nb- and Sn-oxide-bearing pegmatites. Columbite-group minerals, tapiolite, cassiterite and minor ixiolite and wodginite occur in abundance within pegmatites and display various compositional and internal structural mineralogical variations. Ta–Nb oxides display various zonation patterns indicative of multiple crystallisation phases, whereas cassiterite is dominantly homogeneous with minor euhedral columbite-group mineral inclusions. Ta–Nb oxides are mostly rich in Fe, with fractionation patterns in the columbite quadrilateral being sub parallel to the Ta/(Ta + Nb) axis; increasing Ta/(Ta + Nb) with little change in Mn/(Mn + Fe), which is consistent with classical trends in beryl-to-spodumene rare-element pegmatites. In addition, these trends suggest that co-crystallising minerals compete with Ta–Nb oxides for elements such as Mn, preventing Ta–Nb oxides from attaining Mn-rich compositions during the fractionation process. Cassiterite shows similar fractionation patterns with Fe > Mn and notable increases in the Ta content. Minor-element substitution in Ta–Nb oxides shows sharp decreases with increasing fractionation supporting the hypothesis that newly stabilised co-occurring minerals compete with columbite-group minerals for certain elements. Tapiolite shows the same minor-element trend, however, only for Sn and Ti suggesting cassiterite was a dominant competing mineral. Although crystallisation of Ta–Nb oxides from an aqueous fluid at the late-stages of pegmatite genesis is highly debated, significantly elevated Ta contents in metasomatised country rock, compared to unaltered country rock, may give new insight, suggesting that Ta may indeed partition into, and be transported by, an exsolved aqueous fluid. However, further studies of the country rock metasomatic contacts are required as currently the dataset is limited. The degree of fractionation as depicted by Ta–Nb and Sn oxides within pegmatites, indicate that a zonation from primitive to evolved pegmatites surrounding granites is not present and that pegmatites are probably not related to granites in the typical parent–daughter relationship.

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JUNG, S. "Isotopic equilibrium/disequilibrium in granites, metasedimentary rocks and migmatites (Damara orogen, Namibia)—a consequence of polymetamorphism and melting." Lithos 84, no. 3-4 (October 2005): 168–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2005.03.013.

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Stammeier, J., S. Jung, R. L. Romer, J. Berndt, and D. Garbe-Schönberg. "Petrology of ferroan alkali-calcic granites: Synorogenic high-temperature melting of undepleted felsic lower crust (Damara orogen, Namibia)." Lithos 224-225 (May 2015): 114–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2015.03.004.

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37

Jung, S., S. Hoernes, and E. Hoffer. "Petrogenesis of Cogenetic Nepheline and Quartz Syenites and Granites (Northern Damara Orogen, Namibia): Enriched Mantle versus Crustal Contamination." Journal of Geology 113, no. 6 (November 2005): 651–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/467475.

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38

Bergemann, C., S. Jung, J. Berndt, A. Stracke, and F. Hauff. "Generation of magnesian, high-K alkali-calcic granites and granodiorites from amphibolitic continental crust in the Damara orogen, Namibia." Lithos 198-199 (June 2014): 217–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2014.03.033.

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39

Rapson, Sara A., Anne W. Goldizen, and Jennifer M. Seddon. "Gene flow in mongooses endemic to Namibia's granite inselbergs despite past climatic fluctuations and isolating landscape features." Journal of Mammalogy 94, no. 1 (February 2013): 218–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/11-mamm-a-379.1.

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40

Schmitt, Axel K., Robert B. Trumbull, Peter Dulski, and Rolf Emmermann. "Zr-Nb-REE Mineralization in Peralkaline Granites from the Amis Complex, Brandberg (Namibia): Evidence for Magmatic Pre-enrichment from Melt Inclusions." Economic Geology 97, no. 2 (March 2002): 399–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.97.2.399.

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HAAPALA, I., S. FRINDT, and J. KANDARA. "Cretaceous Gross Spitzkoppe and Klein Spitzkoppe stocks in Namibia: Topaz-bearing A-type granites related to continental rifting and mantle plume." Lithos 97, no. 1-2 (August 2007): 174–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2006.12.002.

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42

Ostendorf, Jörg, Stefan Jung, Jasper Berndt-Gerdes, and Folkmar Hauff. "Syn-orogenic high-temperature crustal melting: Geochronological and Nd–Sr–Pb isotope constraints from basement-derived granites (Central Damara Orogen, Namibia)." Lithos 192-195 (April 2014): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2014.01.007.

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SCHMITT, A. K., R. EMMERMANN, R. B. TRUMBULL, B. BÜHN, and F. HENJES-KUNST. "Petrogenesis and 40Ar/39Ar Geochronology of the Brandberg Complex, Namibia: Evidence for a Major Mantle Contribution in Metaluminous and Peralkaline Granites." Journal of Petrology 41, no. 8 (August 1, 2000): 1207–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/41.8.1207.

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44

Jung, S., S. Hoernes, P. Masberg, and E. Hoffer. "The Petrogenesis of Some Migmatites and Granites (Central Damara Orogen, Namibia): Evidence for Disequilibrium Melting, Wall-Rock Contamination and Crystal Fractionation." Journal of Petrology 40, no. 8 (August 1, 1999): 1241–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petroj/40.8.1241.

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45

Guastoni, Alessandro. "Collector's Note: A Comparison of Amethyst from the Pink Granites of Cuasso al Monte (Southern Alps, Italy) and from Brandberg (Namibia)." Rocks & Minerals 92, no. 4 (July 4, 2017): 386–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00357529.2017.1308799.

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46

Schmitt, Renata S., Rudolph A. J. Trouw, Cees W. Passchier, Silvia R. Medeiros, and Richard Armstrong. "530Ma syntectonic syenites and granites in NW Namibia — Their relation with collision along the junction of the Damara and Kaoko belts." Gondwana Research 21, no. 2-3 (March 2012): 362–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2011.08.006.

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Basson, I. J., and G. Greenway. "The Rössing Uranium Deposit: a product of late-kinematic localization of uraniferous granites in the Central Zone of the Damara Orogen, Namibia." Journal of African Earth Sciences 38, no. 5 (April 2004): 413–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2004.04.004.

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48

Osterhus, L., S. Jung, J. Berndt, and F. Hauff. "Geochronology, geochemistry and Nd, Sr and Pb isotopes of syn-orogenic granodiorites and granites (Damara orogen, Namibia) — Arc-related plutonism or melting of mafic crustal sources?" Lithos 200-201 (July 2014): 386–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2014.05.002.

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49

Jung, S. "Trace element and isotopic (Sr, Nd, Pb, O) arguments for a mid-crustal origin of Pan-African garnet-bearing S-type granites from the Damara orogen (Namibia)." Precambrian Research 110, no. 1-4 (August 1, 2001): 325–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-9268(01)00175-9.

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Jung, S., K. Mezger, and S. Hoernes. "Petrology and geochemistry of syn- to post-collisional metaluminous A-type granites—a major and trace element and Nd–Sr–Pb–O-isotope study from the Proterozoic Damara Belt, Namibia." Lithos 45, no. 1-4 (December 1998): 147–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0024-4937(98)00030-9.

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