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Academic literature on the topic 'Grants and subsidies'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Grants and subsidies"

1

Sinadinos, Christopher. "Cyclical IPR-public Grant Engine Driving R&D Innovation in Small Research-intensive Private Enterprises." Journal of Innovation Management 10, no. 1 (May 4, 2022): I—X. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2183-0606_010.001_l001.

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A reciprocal relationship has been documented between registering formal intellectual property rights (IPR), obtaining public grants, and undertaking publicly subsidised R&D innovation projects. Focusing on SMEs as key beneficiaries of such grants, this paper provides an original conceptual framework to rationalise this relationship based on the core criteria to obtain and successfully exploit both grants and formal IPR. R&D innovation grants from several European countries display common elements conducive to securing formal IPR status. Novel observations of several European SMEs demonstrate an innovation engine cycling between formal IPR management and publicly subsidised R&D innovation, sometimes for multiple cycles over several years. This was seen for varying grant sizes, technological sectors, and geographical locations. The framework and observations presented herein are of potential interest to research-intensive SMEs, public grant bodies, and professional service providers for public subsidies and IPR management.

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Holzer, Harry J., Richard N. Block, Marcus Cheatham, and Jack H. Knott. "Are Training Subsidies for Firms Effective? The Michigan Experience." ILR Review 46, no. 4 (July 1993): 625–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399304600403.

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This paper explores the effects of a state-financed training grant program for manufacturing firms in Michigan. Using a three-year panel of data from a unique survey of firms that applied for these grants, the authors estimate the effects of receipt of a grant on total hours of training in the firm and the product scrap rate. They find that receipt of these grants is associated with a large and significant, though one-time, increase in training hours, and with a more lasting reduction in scrap rates.

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Howell, Sabrina T. "Financing Innovation: Evidence from R&D Grants." American Economic Review 107, no. 4 (April 1, 2017): 1136–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20150808.

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Governments regularly subsidize new ventures to spur innovation. This paper conducts the first large-sample, quasi-experimental evaluation of R&D subsidies. I use data on ranked applicants to the US Department of Energy's SBIR grant program. An early-stage award approximately doubles the probability that a firm receives subsequent venture capital and has large, positive impacts on patenting and revenue. These effects are stronger for more financially constrained firms. Certification, where the award contains information about firm quality, likely does not explain the grant effect. Instead, the grants are useful because they fund technology prototyping.(JEL D22, G24, G32, L53, O31, O34, O38)

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Li, Jianling, and Brian D. Taylor. "Outlay Rates and the Politics of Capital versus Operating Subsidies in Federal Transit Finance." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1618, no. 1 (January 1998): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1618-09.

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“Outlay rate” is a measure of the lapsed time between the obligation of federal funds for some purpose and the actual drawdown, or expenditure, of those funds. Outlay rates are an important, though often unspoken, reason for the gradual withdrawal of federal operating support of public transit. Rationales for reducing and/or eliminating federal support of transit operations are examined, overall capital and operating outlay rates for a sample of transit operators in California are measured, and possible causes and effects of federal grant outlay rates are discussed. On average, transit operators do, in fact, expend operating grants more quickly than capital grants. However, the overall size of the grant is actually a better predictor of slow outlays than grant purpose. Although the revenues generated by unexpended transit grants represent real revenues to the treasury, the goal of the federal transit program clearly is not simply to maximize such revenues. Evidence from other studies suggests that strict separation of capital and operating grants contributes to less efficient, overcapitalized transit systems, and an emphasis on capital grants may cost the federal treasury in the form of reduced tax revenues resulting from the lower economic multiplier of capital versus operating grants. Thus, it is unlikely that society benefits from a “float-driven” federal transit subsidy policy. Because federal transit grants seek to generate an array of social and economic benefits far broader than interest earned from the float from unexpended grants, the costs of the current capital-oriented or possible capital-only programs should be more systematically considered.

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Náglová, Zdeňka, Jindřich Špička, and Martin Gürtler. "Evaluation of Effects of Investment Support in the Czech Dairy Industry." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 64, no. 4 (2016): 1345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201664041345.

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The article deals with investment subsidies which were drawn by enterprises of the dairy industry in 2007–2013. It is a subsidy within the Rural Development Programme 2007–2013 and the National subsidies. This article aims to assess whether these subsidies have contributed to higher economic efficiency of enterprises. The impact of investment grants to economic indicators (sales, debt ratio, labour productivity and production consumption) is evaluated. 35 dairy enterprises that drew investment grants, were analyzed in total. According to the results, grants from national sources have a greater impact on the economy of businesses. National subsidies improve labour productivity, sales and production consumption. Impacts of subsidies drawn from the Rural Development Programme are less noticeable. These subsidies affect only the production consumption by its decreasing. The market situation in 2008 and 2009 also influenced the rated indicators.

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Klepacki, Bogdan, and Elżbieta Radochońska-Wasiewicz. "Sytuacja ekonomiczna małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw korzystających z programu wzrostu konkurencyjności." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, no. 119 (September 18, 2017): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2017.119.22.

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The paper presents the results of research carried out in companies that received grants under the program of increasing competitiveness. The level and directions of the use of financial resources received by enterprises and their impact on the economic situation of business units immediately after their acquisition and after several years were recognized. It was found that the grant did not have a “pro-development effect”, and even financial support from the outside reduced innovation, because it was easier to obtain a grant than to improve the functioning of the company. Research has not confirmed the positive impact of subsidies on businesses, and even in some industries (transport, IT), the level of subsidies was negatively correlated with the debt or liquidity ratios.

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Lum, Sau Kim, and Xuefeng Zhou. "International Real Estate Review." International Real Estate Review 22, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 597–625. http://dx.doi.org/10.53383/100292.

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Housing affordability for many Singaporean households has been declining since the 1990s. While eligible households are directly allocated new-built public housing at subsidized rates, these rates reflect price behavior in the laissez faire resale market and would be higher during periods of excess demand. We examine two policy initiatives since 2011 to improve housing affordability for targeted population segments. First, the government has stabilized the prices at which it sells new- built units by increasing supply-side producer discounts to moderate the extent to which new unit prices track the resale market. Second, demand subsidies are provided to low- and middle-income households to buy new subsidized housing. Price stabilization has prevented the transmission of demand shocks from the resale market to the new-built public housing sector but not improved affordability. However, successive calibrations of capital grants boosted the price to income ratio and debt servicing ratio indicators for households with incomes below the national median. These improvements are progressive, with the less well-off benefitting the most. Furthermore, the grants do not appear to induce housing overconsumption the way that demand subsidies are prone to do so and provide some assurance that the policies adopted in Singapore have not generated allocative inefficiencies.

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Buchta, S., and T. Buchta. "Impact of the investment grants from the European funds on the development of agriculture and rural areas." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 55, No. 2 (February 18, 2009): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/584-agricecon.

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The article describes the impact of the Sectoral Operational Programme Agriculture and Rural Development and the Rural Development Plan 2004–2006 on the rural development in 2004–2007. In addition to the implementation analysis of these programming documents, the article also describes territorial distribution of direct subsidies and state aid over the monitored period of 2004–2007. A summarized overview is given for the drawdown of all types of subsidies and their proportionate amounts. The evaluation of all subsidies has shown that most of them were paid to the Northern and Eastern parts of Slovakia, due to the agroenvironmental and direct payments (mostly LFA). The article also describes, in quantitative terms, the social and economic impact of investment subsidies from the Sectoral Operational Programme Agriculture and Rural Development and the Rural Development Plan 2004–2006, based on the monitoring indicators of result and impact. The comparison of the socio-economic development of the beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of investment subsidies from the SOP and RDP has shown a faster growth in income of the beneficiaries, as well as a faster growth of labour productivity. Also, the subsidies significantly helped to reduce the decrease in employment and/or helped to maintain the employment in agriculture.

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Zegarowicz, Łukasz. "BS index: incorporating R&D subsidies into B index." Ekonomia i Prawo 21, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 271–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/eip.2022.015.

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Motivation: The B index is a measure of the generosity of R&D tax incentives proposed by Warda in 2001 and is now widely used by the OECD. The author of this index already in 2001 indicated that developing it with measures of the availability of direct subsidies would improve the B index as a comprehensive measure of the attractiveness of R&D policies. Aim: Extension of the B index, used by the OECD to measure the impact of tax incentives on the conditions of investing in R&D, to include direct funding, i.e. subsidies and grants. Results: The study proposes several methods of including direct funding in the B index calculation. They depend on specific rules on which it is possible to combine the benefits of using tax incentives and direct subsidies in different countries: mutually exclusive in their use, grant funding reduces base of R&D tax credit/allowance, grant funding is part of taxable income, ceiling on total support (direct and tax), complementary in their use. The share of subsidies and direct grants in BERD in each country, broken down into SMEs and large enterprises, was adopted as the measure representing direct funding. The results show an increase in the expected subsidy rate in most of the surveyed countries in 2017. Increase is on average higher in the case of SMEs than in the case of large enterprises. The developed methods can be used for comprehensive in-depth analyzes and comparisons of R&D support policies applied in different countries. And after extending the calculations to historical data, they can be used as an important source material in modeling the impact of R&D support policies on R&D inputs and outputs.

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Provalinsky, D. I. "Grants and subsidies as legal incentives: similarities and differences." Право и государство: теория и практика, no. 10 (2020): 95–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.47643/1815-1337_2020_10_95.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Grants and subsidies"

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Thompson, Timothy David. "The take-up of farm woodland grants in Mid-Wales." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683133.

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Leupold, Bettina. "Krankenhausmärkte in Europa : aus der Perspektive des europäischen Beihilfenrechts /." Baden-Baden : Nomos, 2009. http://d-nb.info/994650442/04.

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Neals, Michael J. Carleton University Dissertation Geography. "Housing in Canada; an analysis of interurban variations in the concentration of Canadian Home Ownership Stimulation Plan grants." Ottawa, 1985.

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Jelínek, Jakub. "Finanční dopady ekonomické krize na hudební festivaly klasické hudby v České republice." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-196563.

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The main objective of this thesis is to map and interpret the financial impacts of the economic crisis on a selected group of classical music cultural events by describing the influence of the possible decline in financial resources on their output and efficiency. The first part of the thesis presents the theoretical basis of culture financing and cultural policy in the Czech Republic and sums up the fundamental economic theories of the behaviour of economy during economic crisis, thus providing a starting point for further interpretation of the performance of these organizations. The second part of this thesis comprises qualitative research of possible variables on a representative sample of classical music festivals. The research is carried out through a content analysis of their annual reports and a secondary analysis of other data provided by relevant institutions. The final section of the thesis attempts to evaluate the impact of the economic crisis on the cultural sector, to confirm or disprove the initial premises and to evaluate generally the financial stability of the Czech classical music festivals.

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Ogawa, Hikaru. "Tax Competition, Spillovers, and Subsidies." 名古屋大学大学院経済学研究科附属国際経済政策研究センター, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/11926.

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Деревянко, Богдан Володимирович, and Bogdan Derevyanko. "Регулювання надання послуг у сфері освіти господарсько-правовим інструментарієм." Thesis, К.: НТУУ «КПІ», 2012. http://dspace.puet.edu.ua/handle/123456789/6736.

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Норми законодавства про освіту мають будуватися на основі застосування державного замовлення. Крім цього, застосовуючи ліцензування, МОН України слід видавати ліцензії лише найкращим НЗ, а також спільно з іншими державними і регіональними органами проводити політику на користь підвищення рівня технічної освіти (причому не лише вищої). Можливе проведення соціальної реклами типу «гарний токар або слюсар без вищої освіти заробляє набагато більше, ніж посередній юрист чи економіст із освітньо-кваліфікаційним рівнем «магістр». А це є сьогоднішньою дійсністю. Дотації і субсидії повинні видаватися лише НЗ, які мають результати або перспективи виконання важливих державних програм у сфері освіти. Крім отримання коштів від надання основних освітніх послуг, НЗ повинні на платній основі ефективніше надавати додаткові освітні послуги – послуги бібліотек, спортивних залів, басейнів та майданчиків, комп’ютерних класів тощо; а також інші послуги, які можуть надаватися суб’єктами господарювання у сфері освіти – послуги зі здачі в оренду приміщень та кабінетів, копіювання, харчування, побутового обслуговування, перевезення, медичні послуги та ін. у випадку дотримання умов спеціального законодавства. А поодиноких вдалих прикладів в Україні уже є чимало. Legislation on education should be based on the use of public procurement. MES Ukraine should issue licenses only finest universities, and cooperation with other state and regional authorities to pursue a policy in favor of raising the level of technical education (not only higher). It is possible to conduct social advertising.

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Деревянко, Богдан Володимирович, Богдан Владимирович Деревянко, and Bohdan Volodymyrovych Derevianko. "Регулювання надання послуг у сфері освіти господарсько-правовим інструментарієм." Thesis, Національний технічний університет України «Київський політехнічний інститут імені Ігоря Сікорського», 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/60734.

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Норми законодавства про освіту мають будуватися на основі застосування державного замовлення. Крім цього, застосовуючи ліцензування, МОН України слід видавати ліцензії лише найкращим НЗ, а також спільно з іншими державними і регіональними органами проводити політику на користь підвищення рівня технічної освіти (причому не лише вищої). Можливе проведення соціальної реклами типу «гарний токар або слюсар без вищої освіти заробляє набагато більше, ніж посередній юрист чи економіст із освітньо-кваліфікаційним рівнем «магістр». А це є сьогоднішньою дійсністю. Дотації і субсидії повинні видаватися лише НЗ, які мають результати або перспективи виконання важливих державних програм у сфері освіти. Крім отримання коштів від надання основних освітніх послуг, НЗ повинні на платній основі ефективніше надавати додаткові освітні послуги – послуги бібліотек, спортивних залів, басейнів та майданчиків, комп’ютерних класів тощо; а також інші послуги, які можуть надаватися суб’єктами господарювання у сфері освіти – послуги зі здачі в оренду приміщень та кабінетів, копіювання, харчування, побутового обслуговування, перевезення, медичні послуги та ін. у випадку дотримання умов спеціального законодавства. А поодиноких вдалих прикладів в Україні уже є чимало.
Legislation on education should be based on the use of public procurement. MES Ukraine should issue licenses only finest universities, and cooperation with other state and regional authorities to pursue a policy in favor of raising the level of technical education (not only higher). It is possible to conduct social advertising.

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Pary, Nicolas. "The Rationale and Impact of Public Grants to New Technology-Based Firms." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/261078/4/PhD-Full.pdf.

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Les Jeunes Entreprises Technologiques (JET) ont des besoins financiers importants aux premiers stades tandis que la plupart des marchés des capitaux entrepreneuriaux restent moins développés en Europe qu’aux Etats-Unis. Cette situation conduit les pouvoirs publics à créer des dispositifs financiers, dont des subsides, pour soutenir ces JET. Selon la Public Sponsorship Theory, ces subsides devraient soulager le contrainte de financement qui pèse sur les JET et ainsi leur permettre de poursuivre leur développement jusqu’à attirer des investisseurs ou vivre de leurs ventes. Pour autant, l’évaluation empirique de ces subsides a produit des résultats critiques. Cette thèse étudie ces critiques à Bruxelles, un environnement européen interventionniste typique, en répondant à la question « Pourquoi les Jeunes Entreprises Technologiques font elles appel aux subsid¬¬es et comment ceux-ci affectent-ils leur développement?».Cette thèse est constituée d’articles de recherche réalisés à l’aide de stratégies qualitatives supportées par des études de cas. Le Chapitre 2 présente les études de cas de 10 JET et répond aux questions :« Comment les JET se financent-elles aux premiers stades ?» et « Quel est le rôle des aides publiques dans ces stratégies de financement ?». Il décrit un écosystème bruxellois où les JET parviennent à se financer mais où les subsides sont particulièrement présents à tous les stades. Le Chapitre 3 étudie la construction et la succession des tours de table au sein de 8 JET sur une période de trois ans après leur création. En particulier, il répond aux questions :« Les subsides répondent-ils à des contraintes de financement liées à un manque d’offre de fonds ?», « Pourquoi les JET font-elles appel aux subsides ?» et « Les subsides signalent-ils les JET aux investisseurs ?». Il souligne que l’opportunisme et la volonté d’éviter la dilution sont des motifs fréquents pour demander des subsides. Il met aussi en lumière que ces derniers sont fréquemment alloués selon une stratégie de type « picking the winners » où les meilleurs JET, aussi les plus indépendantes, reçoivent le plus d’aides publiques. Finalement, le Chapitre 4 adopte une perspective centrée sur les ressources et étudie le rôle des subsides au sein de configurations de ressources humaines, sociales et financières. Nous avons utilisé la Qualitative Comparative Analysis, en progression dans la recherche sur l’entrepreneuriat, sur un échantillon de 31 JET ICT afin de répondre aux questions suivantes :« Quelles sont les configurations de ressources qui conduisent à la croissance des ventes des JET ?», « Quelles sont les configurations de ressources qui permettent aux JET d’attirer des investisseurs ?» et « Comment les subsides contribuent-ils à ces configurations ?». Au terme de cette analyse, nous présentons une taxonomie de cinq types de JET basée sur leur mix de ressources à la création. Ces types soulignent le rôle central du capital humain dans la croissance des ventes et l’attraction d’investisseurs, et ce, tandis que les subsides jouent un rôle secondaire.Ces résultats offrent une réponse à notre question de recherche. En ce qui concerne les raisons d’utiliser les subsides, l’absence d’alternative due à des contraintes de financements est rare, et ce, tandis que la majorité des demandes sont guidées par l’opportunisme et/ou la volonté d’éviter ou limiter la dilution. En ce qui concerne l’impact de ces subsides, leur rôle apparaît secondaire dans le développement commercial et financier des JET.Finalement, ces conclusions permettent de formuler des recommandations à destination des praticiens. Aux décideurs politiques, nous conseillons de revoir les modalités d’attribution des subsides pour les limiter aux équipes dotées d’un capital humain fort. De plus, nous suggérons d’encourager les initiatives destinées à renforcer la complémentarité des équipes entrepreneuriales et les aider à s’insérer dans des réseaux d’affaires. Aux entrepreneurs, nous recommandons de prêter une attention particulière à la complémentarité de leurs équipes, et ce, tant sur les plans techniques que commerciaux.
New Technology-Based Firms (NTBF) have high financial needs at early stage while most European entrepreneurial equity markets remain less developed than in the United States. This threatens their development and the expected loss of regional spillovers pushes policy makers to create financial schemes such as grants to support them. According to Public Sponsorship Theory, grants should offer NTBF a relief from funding constraints and enable them to continue their development until they get support of investors or their sales allow self-financing. However, empirical evaluation of the relevance and impact of grants has been mostly critical. This PhD investigates these criticisms in Brussels, a typical western European interventionist region, by answering the question “Why do New Technology-Based Firms use grants and how do they affect their development?”.Our PhD is made of three empirical research papers carried out following qualitative research strategies resting on multiple case studies. Chapter 2 presents case studies of 10 NTBF to answer the questions: “How do NTBF finance themselves at early stages?” and “What is the role of public aids in these financing strategies?”. It describes a Brussels ecosystem in which NTBF manage to finance themselves but where grants are particularly present at every stage. Chapter 3 studies the design and succession of financing rounds within 8 NTBF over three years after incorporation. In particular, we answer the questions: “Are grants to NTBF answering to supply-sided financing constraints?”, “Why do NTBF apply for grants?” and “Are grants signalling NTBF to investors?”. It highlights that opportunism and the avoidance of dilution are common motives for grants applications and that these are regularly allocated following a “picking the winners’ strategy. Finally, Chapter 4 adopts a resource-based perspective by studying the role of grants within resource configurations of human, social and financial capital. Based on a sample of 31 ICT NTBF, we used Qualitative Comparative Analysis, an approach still in its infancy in entrepreneurship research, to answer the following questions: “What are the resource configurations that lead to the sales growth of NTBF?”, “What are the resource configurations that lead NTBF attract equity?” and “How do grants contribute to these configurations?”. At the end of the analysis, we present a five type’s taxonomy of NTBF based on their resource mixes at incorporation. These types underscore the central role of human capital in achieving sales growth and attracting equity as well as the secondary role of grants.Results of Chapter 2, 3 and 4 allow answering our main research question. Regarding the reasons for using grants, the absence of alternative due to supply-sided constraints is rare while the overwhelming majority of requests are guided by opportunism and/or the desire to avoid or limit dilution. Regarding the impact of grants, their role appears secondary in both the commercial and financial development of NTBF.Finally, these findings lead to recommendations to practitioners. To policy makers, we advise rethinking the modalities of grants and limit their availability to teams with strong human capital. Additionally, we suggest to spur initiatives to help entrepreneurial teams strengthening their complementarity and inserting themselves within business networks. To entrepreneurs, we recommend to pay particular attention to the complementarity of their founding team on both the technical and commercial axes.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Kamkar, Paradis. "Le photovoltaïque, une « innovation verte » à l'épreuve du droit : analyse synthétique et critique du cadre juridique photovoltaïque visant le particulier à la Réunion." Thesis, La Réunion, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LARE0018.

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Sous l'impulsion de l'Union européenne et de l'ouverture des marchés, le droit de l'énergie a considérablement évolué ces dix dernières années. Les textes en matière d'énergie solaire photovoltaïque se sont amplifiés depuis la loi « Pope » jusqu'aux lois « Grenelle I » et « Grenelle II », et récemment avec la loi n° 2015-992 du 17 août 2015 relative à la transition énergétique pour la croissance verte, suivies de nombreux décrets pour leur application et une jurisprudence de plus en plus abondante en la matière. Il en résulte un ensemble considérable de textes évolutifs et complexes dont l'accès reste difficile à appréhender et à appliquer. Cette instabilité des règles régissant la matière – certes inévitable au regard des nécessaires changements requis par toute innovation – est source d'insécurité juridique et s'avère extrêmement déstabilisante pour les acteurs du secteur en quête de visibilité. En outre, l'installation d'une centrale de production d'électricité photovoltaïque au sein de son habitation, est à la fois un projet d'investissement et une opération de construction immobilière, qui exige des garanties tant sur le plan financier qu'au niveau de la construction (sûretés et assurances) pour permettre de mieux maîtriser les risques et rassurer les parties au projet. Néanmoins, les nombreux freins contractuels, administratifs et financiers ralentissent le développement du photovoltaïque et se heurtent aux ambitions de promouvoir cette « électricité verte » sur l'ensemble du territoire et notamment parvenir à l'autonomie énergétique de l'île de La Réunion. Ainsi, cette étude présente et analyse le droit de l'énergie photovoltaïque, visant notamment le particulier à La Réunion, sous ses différents angles (fiscal, financier, contractuel, administratif, urbanistique, des responsabilités) – à jour des textes les plus récents – et en explicite les modalités d'application à la lumière des multiples textes réglementaires, législatifs, guides professionnels et de la jurisprudence, que ce soit celle des tribunaux ou des autorités de régulation
Facing a weakening photovoltaic market and a sector already bedeviled recently by a huge increase of legal texts, private investors decrease. This thesis tackles legal framework concerning photovoltaic energy in Reunion Island. This will include the analysis of fiscal incentives such as investment grants and tax preferences, as well as more general environmental policy instruments (feed-in-tariffs and renewable subsidies and grants). Moreover, this will include the analysis of contracts such as loan agreement, sale contract, lease agreement and connection/Commissioning contracts, as well as more environmental aspect. At last, risks, insurances, liability comprising legal proceedings and guarantees will be studied in this thesis

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Vondráčková, Anna. "Veřejné rozpočty a možnosti jejich využití nově vznikajícími divadelními scénami v Praze." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-201778.

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In the first part of the thesis, the present state of the Prague theatre network is introduced and the preconditions and possibilities of its further development are discussed. The introduction is followed by the analysis of the funding of the Prague theatres and cultural policy focusing on the system of subsidies and grants, transformation of the theatre network and other means of support. In the second part of the thesis, a thorough analysis of the six theatre venues that have emerged in the last six years, namely Studio Hrdinů, Company.cz in Divadlo Komedie, Venuše ve Švehlovce, Vila Štvanice, Jatka 78 and Panoptikon Barikáda, is provided. The analysis focuses on various factors influencing the venues: their location, relationship with the lawful owner of the property, legal form, their relationship with the audience, and last but not least the way they are funded. In the conclusion, the comparison of the situation of the six venues is provided.

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Books on the topic "Grants and subsidies"

1

Cordella, Tito. Grants versus loans. [Washington D.C.]: International Monetary Fund, Research Dept., 2004.

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Commission of the European Communities. Applicant's guide to bursaries and subsidies, grants. Brussels: Commission of the European Communities, 1990.

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European Social Fund. Programme Evaluation Unit. Training and employment grants. Dublin: ESF Programme Evaluation Unit, 1995.

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Victoria. Office of the Auditor-General. Racing industry: Grants management. Melbourne, Vic: Victorian Government Printer, 2013.

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Sheehan, Maura. Government grants and the investment decisions of Northern Ireland manufacturing companies. Belfast: Northern Ireland Economic Research Centre, 1994.

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Executive, Scotland Scottish. A guide to Scottish Executive grants for the voluntary sector 2000. Edinburgh: Stationery Office, 2000.

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Meyer, Mathias. Forschungssubventionen aus wettbewerbspolitischer Sicht. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1995.

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Commission, European. Grants and loans from the European Union: A guide to Community funding. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1996.

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European Commission. Accounting Advisory Forum. Paper on the Accounting Advisory Forum: Government grants. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1995.

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Peterson's (Firm : 2006- ), ed. Peterson's scholarships, grants & prizes 2011. Lawrenceville, NJ: Peterson's, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Grants and subsidies"

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Peters, G. H. "Agricultural Prices, Grants and Subsidies." In Agriculture, 107–24. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3448-2_9.

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"Cost Sharing and the Cost Effectiveness of Grants and Loan Subsidies to Higher Education." In Financing Higher Education, 111–43. Brill | Sense, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789087900939_006.

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Bell, Stuart, Donald McGillivray, Ole W. Pedersen, Emma Lees, and Elen Stokes. "Additional chapters on the Online Resource Centre." In Environmental Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198748328.003.0021.

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Three chapters of the book are not contained in the print version but can be found on the Online Resource Centre which accompanies the book, at www.oxfordtextbooks.co.uk/orc/bell9e/. The following short summaries indicate the scope of these chapters. This chapter looks at the legal protection and management of various features of the UK countryside—that is, its landscape, trees, forests, and hedgerows. This involves applying some controls considered earlier in the book, such as town and country planning law, but it also includes legal designations of areas of landscape value and the use of a range of tools including economic instruments, especially grants and subsidies to landowners....

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Sadurski, Wojciech. "Undoing the Institutions of the Democratic State." In Poland's Constitutional Breakdown, 132–49. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840503.003.0005.

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This chapter covers how, from the very beginning, the Law and Justice (Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (PiS)) party targeted five democratic institutions as obstacles to its capture of the state. First, it looks at the parliamentary opposition being marginalized and effectively silenced. Second, it details how the civil service has been subjected to political control, and the principles of professionalism and neutrality in the civil service have been abandoned. Third, the chapter looks at the public media being transformed into a propaganda machine for the ruling party, and the commercial media being threatened with laws that would constrain their operation. Fourth, it considers how electoral commissions have been effectively subjected to the executive, which renders massive electoral frauds possible. Finally, the chapter looks at how institutions dispensing grants and subsidies to civil society organizations have been centralized and subjected to the executive. All these institutions provide a buffer for the population from the arbitrary will of politicians, which is why PiS could not tolerate them.

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Sturmey, S. G. "Enemies of Competition in the Postwar Years." In British Shipping and World Competition. Liverpool University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9780986497322.003.0008.

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This chapter explores the changing methods of state intervention in maritime nations - particularly Britain - in the postwar period. It provides an overview of the nature of subsidies granted to shipping enterprises in various nations - including France, Italy, Japan, and America - and then moves on to an exploration of the preference system (the favouring of national ships) and how that came to replace subsidised shipping. It outlines different types of preferences, including the restriction of certain cargoes to national ships, and discriminatory tax systems. It concludes with the author’s prediction that discrimination through nationalism would continue to increase if not brought under regulatory control.

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Willetts, David. "Robbins and After." In A University Education. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767268.003.0007.

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The early 1960s saw the biggest transformation of English higher education of the past hundred years. It is only matched by the break-up of the Oxbridge monopoly and the early Victorian reforms. It will be forever associated with the name of Lionel Robbins, whose great report came out in November 1963: he is for universities what Beveridge is for social security. His report exuded such authority and was associated with such a surge in the number of universities and of students that Robbins has given his name to key decisions which had already been taken even before he put pen to paper. In the 1950s Britain’s twenty-five universities received their funding from fees, endowments (invested in Government bonds which had largely lost their value because of inflation since the First World War), and ‘deficit funding’ from the University Grants Committee, which was a polite name for subsidies covering their losses. The UGC had been established in 1919 and was the responsibility not of the Education Department but the Treasury, which was proud to fund these great national institutions directly. Like museums and art galleries, higher education was rarefied cultural preservation for a small elite. Public spending on higher education was less than the subsidy for the price of eggs. By 1962 there were 118,000 full-time university students together with 55,000 in teacher training and 43,000 in further education colleges. This total of 216,000 full-time higher education students broadly matches the number of academics now. Young men did not go off to university—they were conscripted into the army. The annual university intake of around 50,000 young people a year was substantially less than the 150,000 a year doing National Service. The last conscript left the army in the year Robbins was published. Reversing the balance between those two very different routes to adulthood was to change Britain. It is one of the many profound differences between the baby boomers and the generation that came before them. Just over half of students were ‘county scholars’ receiving scholarships for fees and living costs from their own local authority on terms decided by each council.

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Brettschneider, Corey. "Democratic Persuasion and State Subsidy." In When the State Speaks, What Should It Say? Princeton University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691147628.003.0005.

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This chapter examines the notion that, while persuasion should not be backed by coercive force, it should be backed by the state's subsidy power. It defines subsidy power as the ability of the state to spend money and, as crucially, to refuse to spend money on certain organizations. The state's subsidy power includes the ability to grant or withdraw tax-exempt, tax-deductible non-profit status. Its use is compatible with the right of free expression. Indeed, the chapter argues that the reasons justifying free expression require the state to withdraw subsidies from groups that oppose the core values of free and equal citizenship.

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Boonshoft, Mark. "Creating Consensus." In Aristocratic Education and the Making of the American Republic, 121–47. University of North Carolina Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469661360.003.0007.

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This chapter explains how Federalists tried to marshal state support both to subsidize academies, and build the sense that the schools were patriotic, not merely partisan, institutions. State governments granted many charters of incorporation to academies, which lent weight to claims that they served the public good. States also offered direct financial support and granted academies permission to run lotteries. Yet a critique of academies as aristocratic institutions built up by the mid-1790s, along with opposition to the Federalists. Academies survived this assault, as the Moderate wing of the Jeffersonian Republican coalition absorbed many erstwhile Federalists by the end of the decade, ensuring some bipartisan support for academies.

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Białek-Jaworska, Anna, and Renata Gabryelczyk. "Start-Ups and Spin-Offs in Biotechnology Sector in Poland." In Biotechnology, 1293–321. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8903-7.ch053.

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This chapter concerns the subject of research-developmental activity of biotech spin-offs in Poland with particular reference to their strategy, determinants of their development and determinants of their financial standing. In the chapter, the authors analyse the determinants of biotech spin-offs and start-ups development in Poland in the light of the research commercialisation cooperation on the universities-business line. The literature overview contains the definition of a process for the commercialisation of the results of research and development (R&D) activity and components of companies' business models. The chapter defines key activities in the development of business models in the context of the commercialisation process and the life cycle of the company, especially at the start up and early stage. Quality-quantitative analysis includes the business models of seven biotechnology spin-offs traded on the alternative market of the Warsaw Stock Exchange, especially the structure of their intellectual capital, R&D expenses in relation to received subsides and grants, third-party shares in start up equity, and the ability to realise the “Go Global” strategy.

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Białek-Jaworska, Anna, and Renata Gabryelczyk. "Start-Ups and Spin-Offs in Biotechnology Sector in Poland." In Sustainable Business, 513–41. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9615-8.ch024.

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This chapter concerns the subject of research-developmental activity of biotech spin-offs in Poland with particular reference to their strategy, determinants of their development and determinants of their financial standing. In the chapter, the authors analyse the determinants of biotech spin-offs and start-ups development in Poland in the light of the research commercialisation cooperation on the universities-business line. The literature overview contains the definition of a process for the commercialisation of the results of research and development (R&D) activity and components of companies' business models. The chapter defines key activities in the development of business models in the context of the commercialisation process and the life cycle of the company, especially at the start up and early stage. Quality-quantitative analysis includes the business models of seven biotechnology spin-offs traded on the alternative market of the Warsaw Stock Exchange, especially the structure of their intellectual capital, R&D expenses in relation to received subsides and grants, third-party shares in start up equity, and the ability to realise the “Go Global” strategy.

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Conference papers on the topic "Grants and subsidies"

1

Wang, Xinrun, Bo An, and Hau Chan. "Who Should Pay the Cost: A Game-theoretic Model for Government Subsidized Investments to Improve National Cybersecurity." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/834.

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Due to the recent cyber attacks, cybersecurity is becoming more critical in modern society. A single attack (e.g., WannaCry ransomware attack) can cause as much as $4 billion in damage. However, the cybersecurity investment by companies is far from satisfactory. Therefore, governments (e.g., in the UK) launch grants and subsidies to help companies to boost their cybersecurity to create a safer national cyber environment. The allocation problem is hard due to limited subsidies and the interdependence between self-interested companies and the presence of a strategic cyber attacker. To tackle the government's allocation problem, we introduce a Stackelberg game-theoretic model where the government first commits to an allocation and the companies/users and attacker simultaneously determine their protection and attack (pure or mixed) strategies, respectively. For the pure-strategy case, while there may not be a feasible allocation in general, we prove that computing an optimal allocation is NP-hard and propose a linear reverse convex program when the attacker can attack all users. For the mixed-strategy case, we show that there is a polynomial time algorithm to find an optimal allocation when the attacker has a single-attack capability. We then provide a heuristic algorithm, based on best-response-gradient dynamics, to find an effective allocation in the general setting. Experimentally, we show that our heuristic is effective and outperforms other baselines on synthetic and real data.

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Goey, Cher Hui, and Chuan-Yu Wu. "Cooperative dynamics of a group of intruders subsiding in granular media: A DEM study." In POWDERS AND GRAINS 2013: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Micromechanics of Granular Media. AIP, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4811961.

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Mattos, Talita Da Cunha, Flávia Maria Santoro, Kate Revoredo, and Vanessa Tavares Nunes. "Formalizando Contexto em Processos de Negócio." In VIII Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas de Informação. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbsi.2012.14408.

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Processos de negócios são dinâmicos e estão em constante evolução. Elementos contextuais que ainda não haviam sido identificados e representados no modelo do processo de negócio podem surgir e influenciar a execução de cada instância do processo de diversas maneiras. Neste cenário, a identificação desses elementos é considerada de grande importância. Este artigo propõe um formalismo de contexto associado a processos de negócios que pretende apoiar a identificação dos elementos contextuais de uma atividade, a fim de subsidiar decisões a serem tomadas na sua execução.

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Bernardo, Ivelize Rocha, André Santanchè, and Maria C. Calani Baranauskas. "Reconhecendo Padrões em Planilhas no domínio de uso da Biologia." In VIII Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas de Informação. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbsi.2012.14403.

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Grande parte dos dados de pesquisa tratados por biólogos estão em planilhas eletrônicas, que são fáceis de implementar como entidades isoladas, mas são inapropriadas para integração com outras fontes de dados ou para consultas avançadas. Várias iniciativas buscam a interpretação e explicitação de esquemas implícitos em planilhas para subsidiar seu mapeamento para padrões abertos de interoperabilidade. Entretanto, tal processo é dissociado do contexto de criação da planilha. Neste artigo apresentamos uma estratégia para a caracterização de planilhas, centrada no contexto de sua criação, e investigamos como ela pode ser usada para aprimorar a interpretação e explicitação automatizadas de esquemas no domínio de uso da Biologia.

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Daltio, Jaudete, André Rodrigo Farias, Lucíola Alves Magalhães, and Daniela Maciel Pinto. "Uma plataforma de dados geoespaciais para caracterização e combate à desertificação da Caatinga." In Congresso Brasileiro de Agroinformática. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbiagro.2021.18406.

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Desertificação é o processo de degradação das terras que ocorre nas zonas áridas, semiáridas e sub-úmidas secas, resultado da ação conjunta de fatores de origem natural e antrópica. No Brasil, grande parte das áreas suscetíveis localiza-se no bioma Caatinga. Este artigo apresenta uma plataforma de dados para caracterização e combate à desertificação que integra dois aspectos principais: um acervo de tecnologias para prevenir e mitigar a desertificação e um conjunto de variáveis que provê uma visão geral das tendências da agropecuária regional. Espera-se subsidiar estratégias de disseminação tecnológica em contextos e territoriais adequados, contribuindo com a promoção do desenvolvimento agropecuário sustentável.

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Sharma, Ratnesh K., and Koji Kudo. "Integrated Management of Energy Storage for Sustainable Operation of Energy Microgrids." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-65711.

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Energy microgrids are a key building block of smart grids. Energy microgrids can not only provide voltage and VAR support to the power grid but also reduce the emission footprint of the overall power generation infrastructure. While it provides added advantages like grid decongestion and reduced operating cost for system operators, it creates significant challenges in stable operation and meeting economic goals of the microgrid owners. Currently, energy microgrids are heavily subsidized through government grants/rebates and require high maintenance in terms of skilled operating staff and advance control systems. In this paper, we propose a microgrid energy storage architecture that could reduce the cost of ownership and simplify control and management of energy microgrids while retaining the advantages of reduced emissions and resource consumption. The controls existing in normal energy storage also offers unique opportunities in simplifying the control system of such distributed generation infrastructure and improving the reliability of microgrid in meeting local demand constraints. From a utility operator’s perspective, energy storage provides a reliable and dispatchable source as opposed to intermittent distributed energy resources.

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Silveira, Ismar F., and Paulo R. S. Borges. "Desafios para a Localização e Recuperação de Informação em Conteúdos Educacionais Audiovisuais." In VI Workshop de Desafios da Computação aplicada à Educação. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/desafie.2017.3110.

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Com a evolução tecnológica, houve um aumento significativo do volume de dados na Web e do número de usuários, acarretando em um grande desafio a rapidez, precisão e eficiência na localização e recuperação da informação desejada. No contexto da educação, o e-learning e o uso de conteúdos audiovisuais têm se popularizado e o tamanho das bases de dados com esses tipos de conteúdo está crescendo. Dessa forma, é necessário um modo eficiente de estruturar e organizar esses conteúdos de acordo com seu significado semântico. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é discutir os desafios da utilização da semântica para subsidiar o processo de localização e recuperação de informação em conteúdos educacionais audiovisuais.

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Iora, Paolo, Ahmed F. Ghoniem, and Gian Paolo Beretta. "What Fraction of the Fuel Consumed by a Heat-and-Power Cogeneration Facility Should Be Allocated to the Heat Produced? Old Problem, Novel Approach." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-66705.

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The question of what fraction of the fuel consumed by a cogeneration plant is to be allocated to either the heat or the electricity is still open, leading to some arbitrariness in the quantification of the economic value of the different cogenerated goods and of the subsidies often granted to such facilities. In this work, we first evidence the drawbacks of the conventional allocation methods such as Incremental Electricity-Centered Reference (IECR), Incremental Heat-Centered Reference (IHCR) and Separate-Productions Reference (SPR), in that they use fixed partial primary energy factors chosen by some authority to represent the reference efficiencies of heat and /or electricity production technologies that can be different from the local energy portfolio. Here we propose a slightly more elaborate, but self-consistent method whereby the allocation is adaptive and self-tuned to the local energy scenario by sharing the fuel savings on the basis of the average primary energy factors for electricity and heat in the given local area including the cogeneration facility of interest. We call it the Self-Tuned Average-Local-Productions Reference (STALPR) method. We finally show by means of a representative case study that the classical methods might provides unfair, distorted figures that become increasingly important as cogeneration gains higher fractions of the energy market in a given local area.

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Oliveira Cutrim, Alterêdo, Renan Alex Da Silva Grillaud, Lucas Matos Liporoni, Pedro Ivo Reginatto De Wallau, and Antonio Carlos De Siqueira Neto. "Caminhamento Elétrico E Sondagem Elétrica Vertical Aplicados Na Geração De Dados Para Subsidiar A Construção De Poços De Monitoramento No Cemitério Parque Do Lago Na Cidade De Várzea Grande (Mt)." In 11th International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.195.1778_evt_6year_2009.

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Cutrim*, Alterêdo Oliveira, Renan Alex da Silva Grillaud, Pedro Ivo Reginatto de Wallau, Antonio Carlos de Siqueira Neto, and Lucas Matos Liporoni. "CAMINHAMENTO ELÉTRICO E SONDAGEM ELÉTRICA VERTICAL APLICADOS NA GERAÇÃO DE DADOS PARA SUBSIDIAR A CONSTRUÇÃO DE POÇOS DE MONITORAMENTO NO CEMITÉRIO PARQUE DO LAGO NA CIDADE DE VÁRZEA GRANDE (MT)." In 11th International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society & EXPOGEF 2009, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, 24-28 August 2009. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and Brazilian Geophysical Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/sbgf2009-183.

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Reports on the topic "Grants and subsidies"

1

Zapol'skij, S. V., and E. L. Vasyanina. Subsidies and grants - legal instruments for economic development. Ljournal, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/1200-0434-2020-02802.

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Crespi, Gustavo, Lucas Figal Garone, Alessandro Maffioli, and Ernesto H. Stein. Research Insights: Does R&D Activity Stimulated by Chile’s FONDEF and FONTEC Programs Lead to Knowlege Spillovers? Inter-American Development Bank, August 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002928.

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Chile's FONDEF and FONTEC R&D grant programs both boost the productivity of direct beneficiaries, increasing total factor productivity (TFP) by around 4.2 percent. However, spillover effects are contingent on program design. Only FONDEF funded projects (requiring collaboration between firms and research centers) generate positive spillovers. FONTEC projects, which fund R&D within the firm, do not. Spillover effects are nonlinear according to the share of firms within a sectorregion receiving subsidies. Positive knowledge spillovers dominate when the share of treated firms is small. However, if the program supports a large share of a firms rivals, spillovers decline as a result of a business-stealing effect.

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Gómez-Lobo, Andrés, Mauro Gutiérrez, Sandro Huamaní, Tomás Serebrisky, and Ben Solís. Reforma tarifaria e inclusión social: el caso de los subsidios en los servicios de agua y saneamiento en Lima y Callao. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003809.

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Alrededor del 92% de la población en Lima Metropolitana y el Callao (Perú) se encontraba conectada, en 2015, a la red de Sedapal, empresa pública a cargo de la prestación de los servicios de agua y saneamiento. Además de incrementar la cobertura del servicio en beneficio de la población más vulnerable, la provisión de servicios enfrentaba otros dos retos en dicha ciudad: reducir la filtración de los subsidios a los usuarios domésticos sin afectar a los más pobres y fomentar un uso racional del agua, teniendo en cuenta que Lima es la ciudad más grande del mundo ubicada en un desierto, después de El Cairo. Para avanzar en el cumplimiento de estos retos, la Sunass regulador nacional de los servicios de agua y saneamiento aprobó la implementación de un nuevo sistema de subsidios cruzados que utiliza la información del estrato de ingreso por manzanas como instrumento de focalización.

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Brun, Matthieu. Impact assessment of Bpifrance’s financial support to SMEs’ innovation projects. Fteval - Austrian Platform for Research and Technology Policy Evaluation, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22163/fteval.2022.555.

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This paper evaluates the economic impact of Bpifrance’s financial programmes to support SMEs’ Research, Development and Innovation (RDI), called individual aid for innovation (IA). It focuses on the analysis of subsidies and zero-interest loans granted to SMEs over three years old during the period 2005-2018 in order to foster their RDI activity (R&D expenses and spending related to the development of innovative products, processes or services) and economic growth (turnover, employment). We use a difference-in-differences methodology combined with a propensity score matching procedure to compare supported SMEs with non-supported SMEs with same initial characteristics. This counterfactual analysis is based on a unique dataset containing both financial and non-financial information about millions of French companies. Up to 12,000 SMEs supported over the 2005-2016 period have thus been analysed, making this study the first to estimate the effect of Bpifrance’s individual aid for innovation on such a scale and using such detailed information.

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Cejudo, Guillermo, Cynthia L. Michel, and Diana L. Ramírez. Inventario y caracterización de los programas de apoyo al ingreso en América Latina y el Caribe frente a COVID-19. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003840.

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La pandemia por COVID-19 exigió una respuesta ágil y masiva de los gobiernos. En América Latina y el Caribe (ALC), los efectos en la salud y la economía fueron de gran magnitud por las condiciones de desigualdad, informalidad y vulnerabilidad ya existentes. En este documento se analizan los programas implementados en 33 países para apoyar el ingreso de las poblaciones vulnerables debido a las consecuencias económicas del confinamiento y la reducción de la actividad productiva. Se identificaron 199 programas de apoyo al ingreso, anunciados hasta el 11 de marzo de 2021. La mayor parte de las intervenciones implementadas fueron transferencias monetarias, seguidas de subsidios a salarios y vouchers. El análisis incluye comparaciones sobre el tipo de respuesta (nueva o expansión), su cobertura, el monto de las transferencias y el uso de la información para identificar a personas beneficiarias y entregar los apoyos.

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Pérez Urdialez, Maria, Ariel Yépez, Mauricio Tolmasquim, Claudio Alatorre, Alejandro Rasteletti, Marco Stampini, and Michelle Hallack. El papel de la transición energética en la recuperación sostenible de América Latina y el Caribe. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003214.

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Muchos países de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) y del mundo se encuentran actualmente desarrollando ambiciosos planes para la reactivación económica y la generación de empleo en el período pospandemia. Estos planes representan una oportunidad única para la inclusión de medidas que, al mismo tiempo que reactivan la economía, también apoyan la transición energética de los países de la región. Esta nota técnica busca apoyar a los países de la región en el diseño de planes de recuperación sostenibles, presentando consideraciones que deben ser tomadas en cuenta para el diseño e implementación exitosa de estos planes. Los países de ALC presentan importantes ventajas comparativas para la transición hacia matrices más sostenibles. Particularmente, se destacan la gran cantidad de recursos naturales para la producción de biomasa, energía eólica y solar. Adicionalmente, las subastas para la adjudicación de nueva capacidad energética son habituales en la regionales y tanto desarrolladores internacionales de energías renovables como prestamistas internacionales presentan interés en el financiamiento de dichas inversiones. Es por ello que los países latinoamericanos y del Caribe tienen una oportunidad única para llevar adelante una transición energética sostenible que además incremente los recursos disponibles para dicho fin. Las inversiones sostenibles para fomentar la transición energética deben ser acompañadas de medidas que amplíen el espacio fiscal de los gobiernos, para no comprometer su sostenibilidad. Para alcanzar esto, la presente nota propone discutir los temas asociados a la introducción de mecanismos que permiten impulsar la transición abriendo espacios fiscales, como mecanismos de fijación de precios de carbono, como los impuestos al carbono o los permisos negociables de emisión de carbono. Adicionalmente, se propone la posibilidad de reducir los subsidios a energéticos con grande emisiones o aumentar la eficiencia de los instrumentos con diseños más focalizados, aprovechando el contexto de bajos precios internacionales de la energía.

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Arias-Rodríguez, Fernando, and Julián A. Parra-Polanía. Pensiones y reforma pensional: efectos macroeconómicos del envejecimiento en Colombia. Banco de la República, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1173.

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Analizamos los efectos que tendría el envejecimiento poblacional en las próximas décadas sobre el sistema pensional colombiano y sobre diferentes variables macroeconómicas. También consideramos el impacto de implementar gradualmente algunas reformas (aumento en la edad de pensión, reducción en la tasa de reemplazo y aumento de la porción de vida laboral considerada para el cálculo de la pensión del régimen de reparto). La disminución en la tasa de crecimiento poblacional afectaría considerablemente los retornos reales del régimen de reparto y, por tanto, para mantener las condiciones actuales de pensión de ese régimen se requeriría un incremento significativo en el cobro de impuestos. En contraste, con la implementación de las reformas analizadas, poco a poco se irían reduciendo los subsidios otorgados en el régimen de reparto. La consecuente disminución de impuestos y el aumento del ahorro en la economía, y por tanto del nivel de capital, incrementarían la productividad del trabajo y producirían tanto una subida del salario real como una caída de la tasa de interés real. Como consecuencia de las reformas y sus efectos se reducirían en gran medida las diferencias de bienestar entre regímenes pensionales y aumentaría, en el largo plazo, el bienestar de todos los individuos, tanto en el régimen de ahorro como en el de reparto.

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