To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Grants and subsidies.
Journal articles on the topic 'Grants and subsidies'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Grants and subsidies.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Sinadinos, Christopher. "Cyclical IPR-public Grant Engine Driving R&D Innovation in Small Research-intensive Private Enterprises." Journal of Innovation Management 10, no. 1 (May 4, 2022): I—X. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2183-0606_010.001_l001.
Full textAbstract:
A reciprocal relationship has been documented between registering formal intellectual property rights (IPR), obtaining public grants, and undertaking publicly subsidised R&D innovation projects. Focusing on SMEs as key beneficiaries of such grants, this paper provides an original conceptual framework to rationalise this relationship based on the core criteria to obtain and successfully exploit both grants and formal IPR. R&D innovation grants from several European countries display common elements conducive to securing formal IPR status. Novel observations of several European SMEs demonstrate an innovation engine cycling between formal IPR management and publicly subsidised R&D innovation, sometimes for multiple cycles over several years. This was seen for varying grant sizes, technological sectors, and geographical locations. The framework and observations presented herein are of potential interest to research-intensive SMEs, public grant bodies, and professional service providers for public subsidies and IPR management.
2
Holzer, Harry J., Richard N. Block, Marcus Cheatham, and Jack H. Knott. "Are Training Subsidies for Firms Effective? The Michigan Experience." ILR Review 46, no. 4 (July 1993): 625–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399304600403.
Full textAbstract:
This paper explores the effects of a state-financed training grant program for manufacturing firms in Michigan. Using a three-year panel of data from a unique survey of firms that applied for these grants, the authors estimate the effects of receipt of a grant on total hours of training in the firm and the product scrap rate. They find that receipt of these grants is associated with a large and significant, though one-time, increase in training hours, and with a more lasting reduction in scrap rates.
3
Howell, Sabrina T. "Financing Innovation: Evidence from R&D Grants." American Economic Review 107, no. 4 (April 1, 2017): 1136–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20150808.
Full textAbstract:
Governments regularly subsidize new ventures to spur innovation. This paper conducts the first large-sample, quasi-experimental evaluation of R&D subsidies. I use data on ranked applicants to the US Department of Energy's SBIR grant program. An early-stage award approximately doubles the probability that a firm receives subsequent venture capital and has large, positive impacts on patenting and revenue. These effects are stronger for more financially constrained firms. Certification, where the award contains information about firm quality, likely does not explain the grant effect. Instead, the grants are useful because they fund technology prototyping.(JEL D22, G24, G32, L53, O31, O34, O38)
4
Li, Jianling, and Brian D. Taylor. "Outlay Rates and the Politics of Capital versus Operating Subsidies in Federal Transit Finance." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1618, no. 1 (January 1998): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1618-09.
Full textAbstract:
“Outlay rate” is a measure of the lapsed time between the obligation of federal funds for some purpose and the actual drawdown, or expenditure, of those funds. Outlay rates are an important, though often unspoken, reason for the gradual withdrawal of federal operating support of public transit. Rationales for reducing and/or eliminating federal support of transit operations are examined, overall capital and operating outlay rates for a sample of transit operators in California are measured, and possible causes and effects of federal grant outlay rates are discussed. On average, transit operators do, in fact, expend operating grants more quickly than capital grants. However, the overall size of the grant is actually a better predictor of slow outlays than grant purpose. Although the revenues generated by unexpended transit grants represent real revenues to the treasury, the goal of the federal transit program clearly is not simply to maximize such revenues. Evidence from other studies suggests that strict separation of capital and operating grants contributes to less efficient, overcapitalized transit systems, and an emphasis on capital grants may cost the federal treasury in the form of reduced tax revenues resulting from the lower economic multiplier of capital versus operating grants. Thus, it is unlikely that society benefits from a “float-driven” federal transit subsidy policy. Because federal transit grants seek to generate an array of social and economic benefits far broader than interest earned from the float from unexpended grants, the costs of the current capital-oriented or possible capital-only programs should be more systematically considered.
5
Náglová, Zdeňka, Jindřich Špička, and Martin Gürtler. "Evaluation of Effects of Investment Support in the Czech Dairy Industry." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 64, no. 4 (2016): 1345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201664041345.
Full textAbstract:
The article deals with investment subsidies which were drawn by enterprises of the dairy industry in 2007–2013. It is a subsidy within the Rural Development Programme 2007–2013 and the National subsidies. This article aims to assess whether these subsidies have contributed to higher economic efficiency of enterprises. The impact of investment grants to economic indicators (sales, debt ratio, labour productivity and production consumption) is evaluated. 35 dairy enterprises that drew investment grants, were analyzed in total. According to the results, grants from national sources have a greater impact on the economy of businesses. National subsidies improve labour productivity, sales and production consumption. Impacts of subsidies drawn from the Rural Development Programme are less noticeable. These subsidies affect only the production consumption by its decreasing. The market situation in 2008 and 2009 also influenced the rated indicators.
6
Klepacki, Bogdan, and Elżbieta Radochońska-Wasiewicz. "Sytuacja ekonomiczna małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw korzystających z programu wzrostu konkurencyjności." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, no. 119 (September 18, 2017): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2017.119.22.
Full textAbstract:
The paper presents the results of research carried out in companies that received grants under the program of increasing competitiveness. The level and directions of the use of financial resources received by enterprises and their impact on the economic situation of business units immediately after their acquisition and after several years were recognized. It was found that the grant did not have a “pro-development effect”, and even financial support from the outside reduced innovation, because it was easier to obtain a grant than to improve the functioning of the company. Research has not confirmed the positive impact of subsidies on businesses, and even in some industries (transport, IT), the level of subsidies was negatively correlated with the debt or liquidity ratios.
7
Lum, Sau Kim, and Xuefeng Zhou. "International Real Estate Review." International Real Estate Review 22, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 597–625. http://dx.doi.org/10.53383/100292.
Full textAbstract:
Housing affordability for many Singaporean households has been declining since the 1990s. While eligible households are directly allocated new-built public housing at subsidized rates, these rates reflect price behavior in the laissez faire resale market and would be higher during periods of excess demand. We examine two policy initiatives since 2011 to improve housing affordability for targeted population segments. First, the government has stabilized the prices at which it sells new- built units by increasing supply-side producer discounts to moderate the extent to which new unit prices track the resale market. Second, demand subsidies are provided to low- and middle-income households to buy new subsidized housing. Price stabilization has prevented the transmission of demand shocks from the resale market to the new-built public housing sector but not improved affordability. However, successive calibrations of capital grants boosted the price to income ratio and debt servicing ratio indicators for households with incomes below the national median. These improvements are progressive, with the less well-off benefitting the most. Furthermore, the grants do not appear to induce housing overconsumption the way that demand subsidies are prone to do so and provide some assurance that the policies adopted in Singapore have not generated allocative inefficiencies.
8
Buchta, S., and T. Buchta. "Impact of the investment grants from the European funds on the development of agriculture and rural areas." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 55, No. 2 (February 18, 2009): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/584-agricecon.
Full textAbstract:
The article describes the impact of the Sectoral Operational Programme Agriculture and Rural Development and the Rural Development Plan 2004–2006 on the rural development in 2004–2007. In addition to the implementation analysis of these programming documents, the article also describes territorial distribution of direct subsidies and state aid over the monitored period of 2004–2007. A summarized overview is given for the drawdown of all types of subsidies and their proportionate amounts. The evaluation of all subsidies has shown that most of them were paid to the Northern and Eastern parts of Slovakia, due to the agroenvironmental and direct payments (mostly LFA). The article also describes, in quantitative terms, the social and economic impact of investment subsidies from the Sectoral Operational Programme Agriculture and Rural Development and the Rural Development Plan 2004–2006, based on the monitoring indicators of result and impact. The comparison of the socio-economic development of the beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of investment subsidies from the SOP and RDP has shown a faster growth in income of the beneficiaries, as well as a faster growth of labour productivity. Also, the subsidies significantly helped to reduce the decrease in employment and/or helped to maintain the employment in agriculture.
9
Zegarowicz, Łukasz. "BS index: incorporating R&D subsidies into B index." Ekonomia i Prawo 21, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 271–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/eip.2022.015.
Full textAbstract:
Motivation: The B index is a measure of the generosity of R&D tax incentives proposed by Warda in 2001 and is now widely used by the OECD. The author of this index already in 2001 indicated that developing it with measures of the availability of direct subsidies would improve the B index as a comprehensive measure of the attractiveness of R&D policies.
Aim: Extension of the B index, used by the OECD to measure the impact of tax incentives on the conditions of investing in R&D, to include direct funding, i.e. subsidies and grants.
Results: The study proposes several methods of including direct funding in the B index calculation. They depend on specific rules on which it is possible to combine the benefits of using tax incentives and direct subsidies in different countries: mutually exclusive in their use, grant funding reduces base of R&D tax credit/allowance, grant funding is part of taxable income, ceiling on total support (direct and tax), complementary in their use. The share of subsidies and direct grants in BERD in each country, broken down into SMEs and large enterprises, was adopted as the measure representing direct funding. The results show an increase in the expected subsidy rate in most of the surveyed countries in 2017. Increase is on average higher in the case of SMEs than in the case of large enterprises. The developed methods can be used for comprehensive in-depth analyzes and comparisons of R&D support policies applied in different countries. And after extending the calculations to historical data, they can be used as an important source material in modeling the impact of R&D support policies on R&D inputs and outputs.
10
Provalinsky, D. I. "Grants and subsidies as legal incentives: similarities and differences." Право и государство: теория и практика, no. 10 (2020): 95–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.47643/1815-1337_2020_10_95.
Full text
11
Park, Hyun-Seung, and Hyeon-Cheol Kim. "Impact of Government Support on Performing Artists’ Job and Life Satisfaction: Findings from The National Survey in Korea." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 20 (October 16, 2020): 7545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207545.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, we aim to propose motives that can help increase the creative activities of Korean performing artists and discuss the policy implications for the sustainable management of Korean performing arts. First, we investigate the characteristics of Korean artists that receive subsidies as a form of government support for undertaking artistic activities. Second, we examine whether receipt of such grants influences the artists’ job and life satisfaction. Through a logistics model, we reconstructed the “2015 Survey Report on Artists & Activities” and validated the research hypothesis. We first considered subsidies that could directly impact artists’ income and activities and then verified whether subsidies influence artists’ job and life satisfaction. As a result of the research, first, art grants should be supported in order to help artists produce creative and experimental works. Second, we showed that artists’ subsidies should be expanded in order to enhance artists’ quality of life and the sustainability of artistic activities. Above all, subsidy support for artists showed that art can be legitimate as a public good, which is a common asset in society.
12
Zaród, Jadwiga. "OPTIMAL UTILIZATION OF EUROPEAN UNION GRANTS – A CASE STUDY." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 17, no. 4 (December 30, 2018): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2018.17.4.67.
Full textAbstract:
Following Poland’s accession to the European Union, farmers were given new opportunities to make use of various form of support from EU funds. The goal of this work is to show the utilization of EU funds by an agricultural farm and optimization of its production. The task was made possible by means of two multicriteria linear-dynamic optimization models. The first model accounted for real production structure and EU subsidies. The subsidies were not included in the second model. The empirical material constituted real data on an agricultural farm located in the commune of Nowogard (West Pomeranian Voivodship). The results of the solutions indicated over a threefold increase of agricultural income, agricultural production and the amount of organic substance supplemented to the soil of an agricultural farm accounting for EU grants.
13
Arimany-Serrat, Núria, and Elisenda Tarrats-Pons. "Integrated Social Value at Universities: A Guarantee for Public Subsidies." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 26, 2021): 5975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13115975.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this work was to monetize the integrated social value generated by a university during an academic year to justify the use of public grants received and determine their relationship with the institution’s stakeholders. Monetization allows us to analyze the efficiency in the use of received subsidies. The methodology used herein was the polyhedral model, which was applied to a university during the 2017–2018 academic year in order to reflect the financial and social accounting of the institution, its relationship with stakeholders, and its efficiency in economic and social management. The results of the study highlighted the monetization of the activity of the UVic-UCC over the course of 2017–2018, guaranteeing the economic and social efficiency and dynamization of the University, as well as information regarding the return to the Public Administration by the institution and the good use of the grants it received. The monetization of economic transactions and the value variables of stakeholders allowed us to assess the impact of the institution and the added value it created. The findings indicated that the integrated social value of the UVic-UCC in the 2017–2018 academic year was EUR 64,268,260, and this guaranteed the good economic and social management of the institution and the good use of the grants it received.
14
Dworakowska, Małgorzata. "Dochody uzupełniające w budżetach gmin w świetle aktywnego poszukiwania renty." Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia i Prace, no. 4 (December 5, 2012): 211–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kkessip.2012.4.9.
Full textAbstract:
Communes are units of territorial self-government responsible for carrying out the most public services, for which purpose they need to seek sufficient funds. The income of communal self-governments consists in: own income, general subsidies and targeted grants from the state treasury. Supplementary income of communal budgets includes funds other than own income. Communal budgets are tied to the central budget by transfer of funds through general subsidies and targeted grants. The substantial share of supplementary income within the total income structure makes communes dependent on the state. The need for self-governments to obtain other sources of income opens up a rent-seeking possibility for communes. These territorial units of self-government become interest groups striving to achieve the best possible conditions for their own functioning. The aim of this paper is to answer the question whether communal self-governments engage in rent-seeking as regards supplementary income. The paper describes the specificity of supplementary income in Polish communal budgets, their functioning including appropriate legal regulations, and their application in practice. General subsidies and targeted grants from the state treasury are also characterized. The paper also analyses the relative shares of the two types of supplementary income in the communal budget structure and presents the resulting conclusions. The structure of the paper and the analysis contained herein have mandated the conclusion that communal self-governments engage in rent-seeking as regards supplementary income.
15
Fandrejewski, Roman. "Disbursement of grants contrary to their purpose defined by the entity awarding the grants – a local government unit." Financial Law Review 1, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flr-2016-0011.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The purpose of this publication is to present the complexity of the problem with responsibility for violation of public finance discipline by persons, who represent entities outside of the public finance sector and receive subsidies from the local government units budget. The cause of this responsibility is disbursement of the grants contrary to their purpose. Avariety of adjudication committee judgments in cases of the breach of public finance discipline and the administrative courts decisions show the problem of responsibility of the beneficiaries of grants. The study provides a direction of necessary changes to the existing legal solutions in this area.
16
Håkonsen, Lars, and Trond Erik Lunder. "Matching versus General Grants: Local Government Response to Child-Care Subsidies." FinanzArchiv 71, no. 3 (2015): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/001522115x14331675558762.
Full text
17
Serra, Milena, Laura Mulas, and Alessandro Mura. "Contribuzione pubblica e creazione di Valore Aggiunto nelle imprese italiane. Un'analisi empirica." MANAGEMENT CONTROL, no. 2 (December 2012): 33–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/maco2012-su2003.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigates how government grants impact on the value added (VA) creation in beneficiary firms. The analysis compares the accounting performance realised during the period 2002-2009 by two groups of Italian manufacturing firms, similar in many respects with the exception that only one control group benefits from external subsidies. The results of various statistical tests reinforce each other in showing that the receipt of government grants does not increase the level of VA added of beneficiary firms. In addition, as the amount of government grants increases, it appears a decrease in the VA. This evidence significantly questions the real effectiveness of such policies in supporting the business sector.
18
Cordón Lagares, Encarnación, and Félix García Ordaz. "Subsidiariedad en el sector pesquero español: Impacto y efectividad de la política comunitaria de pesca." Studies of Applied Economics 32, no. 3 (March 5, 2020): 1133. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/eea.v32i3.3251.
Full textAbstract:
Policies based on grants to specific economic sectors such as fishery have become widespread in the last fifty years. Despite their long history, there’s not a consensus on their scope and effects.The main objective of this paper is to carry out an analysis of the impact and effectiveness of the EU policies on fisheries subsidies in Spain. To accomplish this task, an analysis of the evolution of these subsidies in the period 1994-2012, was done. The paper highlights the aid for modernization of fishing vessels and reduction in fishing effort by scrapping.
19
Нуриева and Regina Nurieva. "IMPROVING THE REPORTING FORMS ON THE DISCLOSURE OF GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 10, no. 3 (September 15, 2015): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/14748.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the examine the peculiarities of information disclosure of government subsidies in the accounting (financial) statements of the agricultural organizations. On the basis of the study we offer main directions of improving the reporting forms for government grants in order to form an objective idea about the expected changes in financial position and operating results of the organization.
20
Nash, Chris. "Railway Finance in Europe." Review of Network Economics 16, no. 2 (June 26, 2017): 67–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rne-2017-0039.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Governments make substantial contributions to the finance of railways in Europe. This paper first considers the possible justifications for subsidies – namely normalisation of accounts, public service obligations, economies of density, relief of externalities on other modes, wider economic benefits and option values. It then considers the alternative ways of giving subsidies in the form of contributions to infrastructure costs, investment grants and subsidies to services. It concludes that there are good reasons for subsidising railways – in particular a first best argument for subsidising infrastructure will usually exist and a failure to do so will lead to fewer services being operated than are economically justified – but there is a need to ensure subsidies are used efficiently. Ways of achieving this include the setting of clear objectives and financial constraints, decentralisation of decision taking to focussed sector management, regulation and benchmarking of infrastructure costs and the introduction of competition for and in the market. Together these should reduce or eliminate the link between subsidies and inefficiency observed in earlier times.
21
DOSI, CESARE, and MICHELE MORETTO. "ENVIRONMENTAL INNOVATION, WAR OF ATTRITION AND INVESTMENT GRANTS." International Game Theory Review 12, no. 01 (March 2010): 37–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219198910002507.
Full textAbstract:
The paper analyses the timing of spontaneous environmental innovation when second-mover advantages, arising from the expectation of declining investment costs, increase the option value of waiting created by investment irreversibility and uncertainty about private payoffs. We then focus on the design of public subsidies aimed at bridging the gap between the spontaneous time of technological change and the socially desirable one. Under network externalities and incomplete information about firms' switching costs, auctioning investment grants appears to be a cost-effective way of accelerating pollution abatement, in that it allows targeting grants instead of subsidizing the entire industry indiscriminately.
22
Burley, Mason. "Modeling the Impact of Federal Taxes, Subsidies, and Grants on Family Resources." Social Science Computer Review 19, no. 1 (February 2001): 66–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089443930101900106.
Full text
23
Dodgson, J. S., and N. Topham. "Cost-Benefit Criteria for Urban Public Transport Subsidies." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 4, no. 2 (June 1986): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c040177.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper cost-benefit rules for public transport subsidies are considered. Recent applications of cost-benefit analysis to the appraisal of bus service provision are surveyed, and justifications for public transport subsidy considered. The authors derive the cost-benefit ratio appropriate for considering the benefits to public transport users of a fare reduction financed through increased local taxation on housing services. The cost-benefit rules are then extended to allow for the impact of Central Government assistance through grants-in-aid, and to incorporate allowances for external benefits in the form of reduced road traffic congestion and for income distributional considerations. A cost-benefit rule appropriate for assessing the case for service-level improvements which reduce passenger waiting times is also noted.
24
Spencer, J. R. "5 The Corpus Juris Project and the Fight Against Budgetary Fraud." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 1 (1998): 77–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/152888712802820990.
Full textAbstract:
The greater part of the EU budget comes from money paid directly by citizens of the Member States, or by those who do business with them, in the form of customs dues and VAT. Dishonest people therefore have the opportunity to enrich themselves at the EU’s expense by conducting their business affairs so as to evade payment of these taxes which their fellow citizens dutifully pay. Contrary to popular belief as fostered by the tabloid newspapers, very little of the 82 billion or so ECUs that the EU budget represents is swallowed up in fattening the wallets of MEPs and eurocrats, and nearly all of what comes in goes out again in the form of grants and subsidies. This gives dishonest people a further and even more tempting opportunity to enrich themselves at the EU’s expense by obtaining grants and subsidies to which they are not entitled. The most ingenious dishonest people find ways of cheating on both sides of the equation at once, and manage to evade taxes and fraudulently claim benefits simultaneously.
25
Spencer, J. R. "The Corpus Juris Project and the Fight Against Budgetary Fraud." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 1 (1998): 77–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1528887000001099.
Full textAbstract:
The greater part of the EU budget comes from money paid directly by citizens of the Member States, or by those who do business with them, in the form of customs dues and VAT. Dishonest people therefore have the opportunity to enrich themselves at the EU’s expense by conducting their business affairs so as to evade payment of these taxes which their fellow citizens dutifully pay. Contrary to popular belief as fostered by the tabloid newspapers, very little of the 82 billion or so ECUs that the EU budget represents is swallowed up in fattening the wallets of MEPs and eurocrats, and nearly all of what comes in goes out again in the form of grants and subsidies. This gives dishonest people a further and even more tempting opportunity to enrich themselves at the EU’s expense by obtaining grants and subsidies to which they are not entitled. The most ingenious dishonest people find ways of cheating on both sides of the equation at once, and manage to evade taxes and fraudulently claim benefits simultaneously.
26
Seema, Naran, and Paul Kibuuka. "Innovative financing mechanisms for government to leverage private sector investment in infrastructure for sustainable development in South Africa: case study in the water sector." Public and Municipal Finance 6, no. 3 (December 7, 2017): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/pmf.06(3).2017.04.
Full textAbstract:
The research article presents catalytic and innovative mechanisms for the use of fiscal grant funding to crowd in private sector investment for water infrastructure projects in the Republic of South Africa. Chapter Two of the South African Constitution (1996) includes a series of socio-economic rights, of which the right of access to water is one of those afforded its people, but this access is not currently provided to the entire population. The study uses a mixed methods approach, utilizing both quantitative and qualitative data sequentially. The data gathered involved a non-random purposive sample of best practice from European Union-funded projects internationally, South Africa-based projects, and qualitative interviews with officials from international development finance institutions and the National Treasury. It was found that the strategic targeting of grant funding to mitigate project risks, better enabled investor confidence. Through the use of three innovative financing tools, specifically investment grants, interest rate subsidies and technical assistance, government was able to leverage further investment into projects. The research concluded that blended grants for debt financing should be a consideration in South Africa. Specifically, as the current challenges in the water sector relate to constrained financial gaps, as well as capacity and skills deficits, these could be addressed strategically and deliberately through the use of blended fiscal grants targeting innovative financing tools. To allow for blending as recommended, budget reforms in South Africa are necessary.
27
Nurliyanti, Vetri, Marlina Pandin, Guntur Tri Setiadanu, Harun Al Rasyid, Dian Galuh Cendrawati, Anthony Halog, and Muhammad Indra al Irsyad. "Exploring Alternative Policies to Reduce Electricity Subsidies in Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 294 (2021): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129402005.
Full textAbstract:
Electricity subsidies in Indonesia remain high and tend to increase. Existing studies generally propose electricity subsidy reform through economic price adjustment; however, this option potentially arises political and social conflicts. The government and the State Electricity Company have also undertaken several measures to decrease electricity supply costs but those measures remain ineffective due to increasing energy prices needed as fuels for power generations. Our study analyses the effectiveness of two alternative grants for LED lamps and rooftop photovoltaic (PV), to reduce electricity subsidies for low-income residential customers with 450 VA and 900 VA electricity capacity limits. The analysis result is that replacing existing lamps with LED lamps for all those customers will cost the government US$ 313.7 million but potentially decrease electricity subsidies to US$ 208.7 million/ year for 15 years. On the other hand, installing the rooftop PV system is ineffective to bring down the electricity subsidies. The investment cost of the on-grid rooftop PV system is between US$ 827.6 and US$ 1,310.3 per house, while the electricity subsidy savings for 20 years are between US$ 724.1 and US$ 744.8.
28
Нуриева, Regina Nurieva, Клычова, Guzaliya Klychova, Закиров, and Zufar Zakirov. "EVALUATION CRITERIA OF EFFECTIVE USE OF GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES IN AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 9, no. 4 (December 25, 2014): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/7737.
Full textAbstract:
Nowadays, the sustainable development of agriculture is impossible without state support at current economic conditions. It is due to the peculiarities of agricultural production, which has a lower productivity, compared with other industries, but plays a vital role in the provision of food, that allows us to solve the problem of strategic national security fully. One of the main forms of state support is targeted allocation of budget subsidies to agricultural enterprises, thus improving the efficiency of their use is only possible through the use of objective information, which is useful for management decision-making, the formation of which provides by accounting system. The carried research in the current conditions allowed us to solve the problem, mentioned in the introduction, make the appropriate general conclusions and recommendations, aimed to more efficient use of government subsidies in the agricultural organizations. In this paper we have identified the main criteria for the evaluation of grants for the purpose of rational distribution and effective use. Today, the operation of agricultural production in all developed countries is entirely based on a system of effective government incentives. In European Union countries through a variety of techniques and actions of government regulation (system of grants and subsidies, preferential loans, the application of special tax regimes, the reduction of tariffs on consumed agricultural resources, the system of credit and insurance compensation from the budget and others) performed less stable support of monopolized agriculture by redistributing income from more monopolized industry, that allows us to develop the agricultural sector at a higher level of innovation. It is extremely important to develop an effective mechanism for compliance with the criteria subsidies. From the point of view of its simplicity, the attractive approach would be to organize a unified Development Bank, which would treat all agricultural enterprises, wishing to implement a project. But the emergence of competent organizations, capable of protecting national interests, nothing is guaranteed, even under the best of circumstances, this will require significant resources and time. In addition, the same amount of money will be more useful, if you use them as subsidies for interest payments of loans, than in the role of capital. The new rules are provided corresponding transparent methods of distribution of subsidies between companies, complemented by the availability of subsidies, aimed to promoting structural reforms in certain sectors of agriculture. Moreover, the rules provided with indicators of not only the quantitative characteristics of achieving concrete results, but also qualitative changes resulting from the effective use of subsidies.
29
Fu, Chao, and Jesse Gregory. "Estimation of an Equilibrium Model With Externalities: Post‐Disaster Neighborhood Rebuilding." Econometrica 87, no. 2 (2019): 387–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta14246.
Full textAbstract:
We study the optimal design of subsidies in an equilibrium setting, where the decisions of individual recipients impose externalities on one another. We apply the model to the case of post‐Katrina rebuilding in New Orleans under the Louisiana Road Home rebuilding grant program (RH). We estimate the structural model via indirect inference, exploiting a discontinuity in the formula for determining the size of grants, which helps isolate the causal effect of neighbors' rebuilding on one's own rebuilding choices. We find that the additional rebuilding induced by RH generated positive externalities equivalent to $4950 to each inframarginal household whose rebuilding choice was not affected by the program. Counterfactual policy experiments find that optimal subsidy policies bias grant offers against relocation, with an inverse‐U‐shaped relationship between the degree of bias and the severity of damages from the disaster.
30
Vojnovic, Igor. "Shaping Metropolitan Toronto: A Study of Linear Infrastructure Subsidies, 1954–66." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 27, no. 2 (April 2000): 197–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/b2620.
Full textAbstract:
With the incorporation of Metropolitan Toronto in 1953, privileged linear infrastructure subsidies were granted to the upper tier Metro Toronto government and its outlying suburbs of North York, Etobicoke, and Scarborough. These discriminatory grants enabled Metro Toronto to provide a fine web of high-quality, rapid arterials and highways across its jurisdiction—accelerating suburbanization. The financing privileges granted to the outer Metro Toronto suburbs facilitated the development of an inefficient built form, realized with premature urban encroachment into undeveloped lands and building types characterized largely by land-extensive, single-family detached housing units.
31
Nyikos, Györgyi, Attila Béres, Tamás Laposa, and Gergő Závecz. "Do financial instruments or grants have a bigger effect on SMEs’ access to finance? Evidence from Hungary." Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies 12, no. 5 (May 8, 2020): 667–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jeee-09-2019-0139.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The economic situation in Europe is improving, nevertheless in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) entrepreneurs and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are still lacking in finances. In this situation, public funding can play an important role. Besides grants, the use of financial instruments (FIs) has become increasingly popular lately in CEE as well. This paper aims to examine the micro-level effects of the different financial tools to understand which type of finance could be most recommended for policymakers in relation to improving access to finance for SMEs, and thus achieving long-term, sustainable economic growth. Design/methodology/approach The database used is a panel with firm-years as the units of analysis, the variables contain firm-level characteristics, yearly aggregated information on European Union (EU) subsidies and yearly aggregated information on credits received by the firms. The analyses are done using propensity score matching. The ultimate goal is to show whether the EU funds – grants and FIs – have contributed to the development of the Hungarian post-communist economy at micro level or not. Findings The result shows that the use of subsidies has a positive impact on employment, sales and in certain settings on productivity. It is very important to notice, that grants seem to be used effectively. However, the results also show that the provision of the FI holds more direct relevance to advanced productivity. The conclusion is that FIs have more positive impact on the Hungarian economy. Originality/value At the time of the programming for the EU 2021-2027 multiannual financial framework, the paper presents original research in the field of access to finance showing evidence and evaluating the effect of using grants versus FIs, emphasiing differences between the two development tools. It is providing an invaluable insight to the policymaker for planning policy tools and use of funds in a most effective and efficient way.
32
Testa, Giuseppina, Katarzyna Szkuta, and Paul N. Cunningham. "Improving access to finance for young innovative enterprises with growth potential: Evidence of impact of R&D grant schemes on firms' outputs." Research Evaluation 28, no. 4 (July 30, 2019): 355–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/reseval/rvz016.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Responding to the lack of in-depth research into the effects of R&D grants for scale-ups, this article examines how they impact upon firms' employment, firm economic and innovative performance, and firm innovative activities. Drawing on both policy evaluations and empirical literature relating to R&D programmes and firms' outputs, it contributes by discussing and comparing different types of R&D programmes and analyzing the wider policy implications. Overall, positive outcomes are found on employment, total sales and share of innovative sales (effects which can persist for several years), and companies' innovation capacities. Moreover, the effects for R&D grants for scale-ups are larger than the effects of both generic R&D grants and R&D subsidies. In terms of policy implications, R&D grants stimulate and prepare companies for growth and targeted funding (technology focused) delivers better results for disruptive innovations, whereas generic grants for small and medium-sized enterprises are better suited for knowledge diffusion. Despite the positive effects of milestone-based selection mechanisms and phased funding, they are still under-used. Competitive R&D grants help companies to attract follow up (especially equity) funding. When coupled with complementary services (e.g. networking, advice), there is a longer lasting effect. Lastly, tax incentives and grants are complementary as regards to their impact on firm growth and innovation activities.
33
Kammer, Sean M. "Railroad Land Grants in an Incongruous Legal System: Corporate Subsidies, Bureaucratic Governance, and Legal Conflict in the United States, 1850–1903." Law and History Review 35, no. 2 (March 13, 2017): 391–432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248017000049.
Full textAbstract:
Near the end of the nineteenth century, English scholar James Bryce criticized Western railroad land grants as “often improvident” and as giving “rise to endless lobbying and intrigue, first to secure them, then to keep them from being declared forfeited in respect of some breach of the conditions imposed by Congress on the company.” Bryce also observed the extent to which grants of land to railroads allowed the beneficiary companies to exercise great power not only through their role as carriers of people and commerce, but also through their role as large landowners. This, he noted, brought them “yet another source of wealth and power” and “brought them into intimate and often perilously delicate relations with leading politicians.” From the perspective of the so-called “railroad tycoons” and their financial backers, the land grants became sources of wealth and power independent of and sometimes contrary to the interests of the railroad corporations themselves as carriers. Whereas Congress intended the railroad land grants to serve as a means to the end of railroad construction and the settlement of the federal government's expansive public domain, the railroads came to see them as an end in themselves: as independent sources of wealth and power.
34
Yang, Lijing, and Shannon Venezia. "The Impact of Financial Aid on Associate Degree Attainment for Rural Community College Students: A Comparison of Rural, Urban, and Suburban Patterns." Community College Review 48, no. 4 (July 3, 2020): 423–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091552120935975.
Full textAbstract:
Objective: Increasing rural community college degree attainment is very important to foster rural areas’ economic and social well-being. Rural community colleges differ greatly from their suburban and urban counterparts in financial aid patterns and student bodies. However, existing literature is vacant with respect to student financial aid and degree attainment in rural community colleges. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between financial aid and associate degree attainment for rural community college students and compare the financing patterns of the three locales. Method: Using data from Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study (BPS:04/09), we performed a series of logistic regression models that include financial aid variables and control variables from psychological, sociological, organizational, and internationalist perspectives. Results: We found rural community college students exceeded other locales in degree attainment. Logistic regression results reveal insignificant roles of Pell Grants and Federal Subsidized Loans, and negative role of Federal Unsubsidized Loans in associate degree attainment for rural community college students. Contributions: The results suggest that public subsidies, such as Pell Grants, were not sufficient to cover rural students’ unmet need for financing degree attainment, and that rural students are more cost-conscious in borrowing and spending than their suburban and urban counterparts.
35
Aguilar, Francisco X., and Adam M. Saunders. "Attitudes toward Policy Instruments Promoting Wood-To-Energy Initiatives in the United States." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 35, no. 2 (May 1, 2011): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/35.2.73.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract An array of policy instruments has been adopted across the United States in an effort to promote greater wood-to-energy uses. This research elicited attitudes toward wood-to-energy policy instruments among forest sector stakeholders to identify the most preferred policy tools. Test statistics identified differences between perceptions from US South and non-US South respondents regarding the capacity of tax incentives; subsidies and grants; rules and regulations; education; and consultation to meet policy ecological, economic, social, and political criteria. Examples of particular instruments adopted by various states were used to evaluate their capacity in addressing specific energy, forest management, and market dimensions of wood-to-energy policy. Results suggest preference for the implementation of education programs and the adoption of tax incentive instruments, followed by rules and regulations. US South respondents have less favorable views of subsidies and grants and rules and regulations than respondents from the rest of the country to meet policy evaluation criteria. Based on the analysis of state-specific policy tools, tax incentives were deemed the best positioned to generate more renewable energy from woody feedstocks and education and consultation were the best suited to meet energy and sustainable forest management objectives. A combination of approaches will be the most adequate to meet multiple policy criteria.
36
Piper, Tina. "Putting Copyright in Its Place1." Canadian Journal of Law and Society / Revue Canadienne Droit et Société 29, no. 03 (May 22, 2014): 345–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cls.2014.7.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract As copyright is asked to perform a greater role in governing creative activity, its focus on economic values above all others raises concerns. Interviews conducted by the author with Canadian independent music labels suggest that the law and the norms governing labels’ operations are more diverse and include direct subsidies, or grants, from government and the private sector. These grants perform many of the functions expected from copyright. This study concludes that copyright law is often exotic, peripheral, and even irrelevant to those involved in the spheres of remunerative Canadian sound production considered here. This finding suggests a renewed focus on a Canadian narrative of copyright law that puts it in its place alongside other instruments regulating independent music production.
37
DAVEY, WILLIAM J., and ANDRÉ SAPIR. "United States – Subsidies on Upland Cotton Recourse to Article 21.5 by Brazil, WT/DS267/AB/RW (2 June 2008)." World Trade Review 9, no. 1 (January 2010): 181–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745609990292.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractTwo of the four issues in this Appellate Body Report concerned the proper scope of Article 21.5 DSU compliance panel proceedings; the other two issues concerned the Appellate Body's review of the Panel's use of evidence. On the Article 21.5 issues, the Appellate Body essentially ruled that an Article 21.5 compliance proceeding could evaluate the WTO consistency of: (i) the entirety of an implementation measure (including parts of the measure that did not specifically implement DSB recommendations and rulings) and (ii) new subsidy grants made under a program in respect of which prior subsidy grants had been found to cause serious prejudice so as to determine whether the new grants also resulted in serious prejudice. On the evidentiary issues, the Appellate Body upheld the Panel's conclusions, although it modified certain of the Panel's reasoning. Probably the most interesting aspect of the case was the substantial deference showed by the Appellate Body to the Panel's consideration of causation and non-attribution issues. This deference was striking compared to the lack of deference that the Appellate Body has given to national authorities on those issues. We detect, however, a welcome interest on the part of the Appellate Body to require the use of analytical tools on the part of panels evaluating serious-prejudice cases.
38
Spáč, Peter. "For the Game, for the Loyal Partisans: Distribution of Sport Grants in Slovakia." Central European Journal of Public Policy 10, no. 1 (May 1, 2016): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cejpp-2016-0020.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Distribution of resources is at the core of politics. Although this activity is primarily economic in nature, the existing research shows that political representatives often use the allocation of public money to reward their allies at the expense of their rivals. This paper analyses a 2015 governmental programme of local sport grants in Slovakia that aimed to build sport facilities for children and young people. In order to avoid any political bias, the programme was established as a neutral mechanism with an anonymous evaluation of grant requests. The results of analysis, however, provide substantial evidence that the subsidies were given primarily to towns with closer political ties to the government while municipalities led by mayors from the opposition were nearly fully ignored. In addition, the presented social and economic aims of the funding programme were not effectively pursued. The paper thus represents a valuable contribution to the discussion of distributive politics, in general, as it shows that, despite the respective legal framework, the allocation of resources may still end up as a process fuelled by partisan interests.
39
Brachert, Matthias, Eva Dettmann, and Mirko Titze. "Public Investment Subsidies and Firm Performance – Evidence from Germany." Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 238, no. 2 (April 25, 2018): 103–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2017-0131.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This paper assesses firm-level effects of the single largest investment subsidy programme in Germany. The analysis considers grants allocated to firms in East German regions over the period 2007 to 2013 under the regional policy scheme Joint Task ‘Improving Regional Economic Structures’ (GRW). We apply a coarsened exact matching (CEM) in combination with a fixed effects difference-in-differences (FEDiD) estimator to identify the effects of programme participation on the treated firms. For the assessment, we use administrative data from the Federal Statistical Office and the Offices of the Länder to demonstrate that this administrative database offers a huge potential for evidence-based policy advice. The results suggest that investment subsidies have a positive impact on different dimensions of firm development, but do not affect overall firm competitiveness. We find positive short- and medium-run effects on firm employment. The effects on firm turnover remain significant and positive only in the medium-run. Gross fixed capital formation responses positively to GRW funding only during the mean implementation period of the projects but becomes insignificant afterwards. Finally, the effect of GRW-funding on labour productivity remains insignificant throughout the whole period of analysis.
40
Arlashkin, I. Yu. "Intergovernmental Fiscal Instruments for Stimulating Regional Economic Growth in Russia." Financial Journal 12, no. 6 (2020): 54–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31107/2075-1990-2020-6-54-68.
Full textAbstract:
The article examines the instruments used in intergovernmental fiscal relations in order to promote economic growth of the regions of the Russian Federation. The task of stimulating regional economic growth is relevant in the need for the Strategy of Spatial Development of the Russian Federation until 2025 to be implemented. The article deals with various instruments of tax decentralization as well as three main types of fiscal transfers: “grants” (primarily equalization or balancing transfers), “subsidies” (earmarked co-funding transfers), and “other intergovernmental transfers” (other earmarked transfers). All these instruments are assessed from the standpoint of stimulating economic growth with special attention being paid to the tools used by regional governments to promote local economic growth. The article summarizes the results of the main econometric studies on the topic. As a result of the present study, it is shown that the main instruments for stimulating regional economic growth are earmarked transfers (primarily capital transfers) and decentralization of taxes on income (primarily corporate income tax). At the same time, since 2015 “other intergovernmental transfers” have been playing a more significant role in stimulating economic growth than “subsidies”, which is associated with an increase in the equalizing effect of the latter. Decentralization of property taxes has most likely not had a significant impact on regional economic growth, and the negative effect of equalizing transfers (“grants”) is smoothed out by special clauses built into the methodology for their distribution.
41
Andreeva, Elena M. "Сhanges in financial legislation related to the pandemic in the area of grants and subsidies." Leningrad legal journal, no. 3 (2021): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.35231/18136230_2021_3_163.
Full text
42
Bundrick, Jacob, and Weici Yuan. "Do Targeted Business Subsidies Improve Income and Reduce Poverty? A Synthetic Control Approach." Economic Development Quarterly 33, no. 4 (September 20, 2019): 351–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891242419875502.
Full textAbstract:
Interstate competition for economic development has led many states to adopt targeted economic development incentive programs known as deal-closing funds. Deal-closing funds allow state officials to provide discretionary cash grants to select businesses to attract and retain economic development projects. However, whether these targeted business subsidies increase prosperity in the local economy remains unclear. The authors use evidence from Arkansas’s Quick Action Closing Fund to analyze how effective deal-closing funds are at increasing incomes and decreasing poverty. Specifically, the causal effects of the Quick Action Closing Fund on Arkansas’s county-level per capita personal income and poverty rates are estimated using a synthetic control approach. The results largely suggest that the business subsidy program fails to increase incomes and lower poverty rates over the long term, at least at the county level. These findings should serve as a caution to policy makers who wish to improve incomes and poverty rates with targeted business subsidies.
43
Eggermont, S., G. Pagano, and M. Tilman. "Les aides de la région wallonne à l'investissement après la réforme de 1992." Res Publica 37, no. 3-4 (December 31, 1995): 427–4541. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/rp.v37i3-4.18674.
Full textAbstract:
In 1992, the Walloon Region modified its investment incentive legislation. The new legislation applies the notion of SME to any business employing up to 250 people and which turnover does not exceed 20 million ECU, and replaces the former interest subsidies and capital premiums by a grant calculated as a percentage of investment. According to the size of the business, the activity sector and the area, the maximum aid may vary from 13 to 21 %. The grant total percentage is calculated by summing up the percentage of aid obtained for five criteria under which job creation is by far the most important (up to 8 %). The new legislation gives a partial answer to traditional criticisms against investment incentives. First of all it aims at reducing the risk of accelerated substitution of capital for Labour. Besides, it simplifies adminsitrative procedures and reduces the "sprinkling" (spreading of the available budget over a large number of business which makes the impact by investment project almost negligible). It should also reduce the risk of inefficient allocation of resources thatarises when grants go to loss-making entreprises. But the question of whether investment incentives actually increase the level of investment (effectiveness) remains largely unanswered. Evidence suggests that investment incentives might have contributed to attract foreign investments hut have little impact on thelevel of domestic investment. Nevertheless, as far as SMEs are concerned, public grants might contribute to increased investment not by reducing the cost or increasing the profitability of the project but rather by increasing the means available in the business.
44
Gallo, Riccardo, and Fabrizio Carapellotti. "Struttura economico-finanziaria dell'industria italiana: ruolo degli incentivi pubblici." ECONOMIA E POLITICA INDUSTRIALE, no. 1 (April 2009): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/poli2009-001010.
Full textAbstract:
- Italian government's grants to industrial companies have decreased in recent years. Moreover, during the period 2000-2007, less than 25% of total incentives was aimed at sustaining industrial R&D and internationalization activities. In the absence of an effective public aid policy, in 2007 Italian industrial companies were still focused on traditional manufacturing industries and were suffering the increasing competition from emerging countries. The added value of their manufacturing activity has decreased, their technological growth has slowed down, their financial indebtedness has dropped, while their return on equity has increased. The performance of most industrial companies that had received the government's aids has not improved, with the exception of the so-called Made in Italy and the Transportation equipment manufacturing sectors, whose economic performance has improved with state subsidies. Keywords: government grants, manufacturing industries, capital structure Parole chiave: agevolazioni del governo, settori manifatturieri, struttura economico-finanziaria Jel Classification: H81, L52
45
Lykova, L. N. "MAIN TRENDS OF THE EXECUTION OF REGIONAL BUDGETS IN 2018." Federalism, no. 1 (July 29, 2019): 72–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2073-1051-2019-1-72-85.
Full textAbstract:
In the process of the execution of consolidated budgets of the subjects of Federation in 2018 here were such positive events as strong revenues’ growth, significant budget surplus indicators in the most of the regions and the total reduction of the debt burden. But all these events did not lead to the evident growth of real incomes of the population. Profit tax revenues grew most significantly in the past year due to the increasing energy prices. Federal grants to the budgets of subjects of the Russian Federation increased considerably. The latter took place together with the shift from the goal-oriented kinds of support to regions (subsidies, subventions and other transfers) to the non-conditional kinds of grants. In the same time these is a shift from formalized to non-formalized categories of grants. In 2018 Russian regions succeeded to preserve the tendency towards the increase of the social expenditures. Significant volumes of consolidated budget surplus of several regions are a matter of grave concern because the high level of budget surplus exists in these regions together with serious decrease of real incomes of the population.
46
Linh, Bui Thi Thu, Phung Thi Thu Ha, Ko Ko Aung, Nguyen Thi Hong Nhung, and Seunghoo Lim. "The Breakdown of the Iron Triangle in the Process of Japan’s Trinity Reform: An Application of the Multiple Streams Framework to Compare Stakeholder Dynamics Inherent in Policy Change." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 15, no. 2 (May 1, 2017): 221–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/15.2.221-242(2017).
Full textAbstract:
To decentralize Japan’s fiscal system, the Trinity Reform, which was implemented from 2003 to 2007, reformed (i) the transference of tax revenue sources from the central to local governments, (ii) local allocation tax, and (iii) national subsidies and grants. This study drew on the multiple streams framework in public policy—including problem, policy, and politics—to understand the financial change process in intergovernmental relationships and the successes of Prime Minister Koizumi as a policy entrepreneur in breaking the iron triangle of the Liberal Democratic Party politicians, ministry bureaucrats, and local governments to administer the fiscal decentralization and local autonomy reform.
47
Key, Nigel, and Stacy Sneeringer. "Carbon Emissions, Renewable Electricity, and Profits: Comparing Policies to Promote Anaerobic Digesters on Dairies." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 41, no. 2 (August 2012): 139–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500003312.
Full textAbstract:
Anaerobic digesters can provide renewable energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from manure management. Government policies that encourage digester adoption by livestock operations include construction cost-share grants, renewable electricity subsidies, and carbon pricing (offset) programs. However, the effectiveness and efficiency of these policies is not well understood. For the U.S. dairy sector, we compare predicted digester adoption rates, carbon emission reductions, renewable electricity generation and sales, and net returns and social benefits of several policies. We find that a carbon pricing policy provides the greatest net social benefit for a range of assumptions about the benefits of carbon reductions and renewable energy.
48
Rakhova, Mariya V., and Oksana A. Novikova. "FEATURES OF SOCIAL PROJECT MANAGEMENT: FINANCING ISSUES." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 5/3, no. 125 (2022): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2022.05.03.018.
Full textAbstract:
The article discusses the importance of the implementation of social projects, describes the sources of their financing. The key sources of funding for social projects are: fundraising, sponsorship, donation, the activities of patrons, the system for issuing state grants and subsidies, crowdfunding, social franchising, holding various youth competitions. Examples of various social projects are given with a description of the ways of their financing. The conclusion is made about the relevance of the implementation of social projects, the importance of their application at enterprises, in educational institutions, their impact on the life of young people and society as a whole is described.
49
홍종현. "A Constitutional Review on the Management and Control system of subsidies and grants by Local Government." Local Government Law Journal 18, no. 2 (June 2018): 161–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.21333/lglj.2018.18.2.006.
Full text
50
Leroch, Martin A., and Christian M. Wellbrock. "Saving newspapers with public grants – The effects of press subsidies on the provision of journalistic quality." Information Economics and Policy 23, no. 3-4 (December 2011): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infoecopol.2011.08.002.
Full text