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Journal articles on the topic 'Granular avalanche'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Bartelt, Perry, Othmar Buser, and Katharina Platzer. "Fluctuation-dissipation relations for granular snow avalanches." Journal of Glaciology 52, no. 179 (2006): 631–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756506781828476.

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AbstractA fundamental problem in avalanche science is understanding the interaction between frictional processes taking place at the basal running surface and dissipative mechanisms within the avalanche body. In this paper, we address this question by studying how kinetic energy is dissipated into heat in snow avalanches. In doing so we consider the effect of random granular fluctuations and collisions in depth-averaged snow avalanche models. We show that relationships between the size of the granular fluctuations and the energy dissipated by granular collisions can be obtained by studying the

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2

KRISHNAMURTHY, SUPRIYA, HANS HERRMANN, VITTORIO LORETO, MARIO NICODEMI, and STEPHANE ROUX. "INTERNAL AVALANCHES IN MODELS OF GRANULAR MEDIA." Fractals 07, no. 01 (1999): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x99000074.

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We study the phenomenon of internal avalanching within the context of recently introduced lattice models of granular media. The avalanche is produced by pulling out a grain at the base of the packing and then studying the number of grains to be rearranged before the packing is stable again. We find that the avalanches are long-ranged, decaying as a power law. We study the distribution of avalanches as a function of the density of the packing and find that the avalanche distribution is a very sensitive structural probe of the system.

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3

Buser, Othmar, and Perry Bartelt. "Production and decay of random kinetic energy in granular snow avalanches." Journal of Glaciology 55, no. 189 (2009): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214309788608859.

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AbstractAny model of snow avalanches must be able to reproduce velocity profiles. This is a key problem in avalanche science because the profiles are the result of a multitude of snow/ice particle interactions that, in the fend, define the rheology of flowing snow. Recent measurements on real-scale avalanches show that the velocity profiles change from a highly sheared profile at the avalanche front to a plug-like profile at the avalanche tail, preventing the application of a single, simple rheology to the avalanche problem. In this paper, we model not only the velocity profiles but also the e

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Bartelt, Perry, James Glover, Thomas Feistl, Yves Bühler, and Othmar Buser. "Formation of levees and en-echelon shear planes during snow avalanche run-out." Journal of Glaciology 58, no. 211 (2012): 980–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2012jog11j011.

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AbstractSnow avalanches often form levees and en-echelon shear planes in the run-out zone. We describe the formation of these depositional structures using a simple model that accounts for the role of granular fluctuations in avalanche motion. A mathematical feature of this model is the existence of a bifurcation saddle point, describing how granular fluctuations control the avalanche velocity in the runout zone. The saddle point discriminates between a flowing and stopping regime and defines the physical boundary between the flow and non-flow regions of the avalanche, i.e. the location of she

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5

WIELAND, M., J. M. N. T. GRAY, and K. HUTTER. "Channelized free-surface flow of cohesionless granular avalanches in a chute with shallow lateral curvature." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 392 (August 10, 1999): 73–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112099005467.

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A series of laboratory experiments and numerical simulations have been performed to investigate the rapid fluid-like flow of a finite mass of granular material down a chute with partial lateral confinement. The chute consists of a section inclined at 40° to the horizontal, which is connected to a plane run-out zone by a smooth transition. The flow is confined on the inclined section by a shallow parabolic cross-slope profile. Photogrammetric techniques have been used to determine the position of the evolving boundary during the flow, and the free-surface height of the stationary granular depos

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6

Faug, Thierry, Benoit Chanut, Mohamed Naaim, and Bertrand Perrin. "Avalanches overflowing a dam: dead zone, granular bore and run-out shortening." Annals of Glaciology 49 (2008): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756408787814799.

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AbstractThe influence of a dam on granular avalanches was investigated. Small-scale laboratory experiments were designed to study the effectiveness of dams built to protect against large-scale dense snow avalanches. These experiments consisted of releasing a granular mass that first flowed down an inclined channel, then hit and overflowed a dam spanning the channel exit and finally spread out on an inclined unconfined run-out zone. First, we measured the volume retained upstream of the obstacle and the overrun length downstream of the obstacle. In the avalanche regime studied here, no simple r

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7

McElwaine, J., and K. Nishimura. "Ping-pong ball avalanche experiments." Annals of Glaciology 32 (2001): 241–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756401781819526.

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AbstractPing-pong ball avalanche experiments have been carried out for the last 3 years at the Miyanomori ski jump in Sapporo, Japan, to study three-dimensional granular flows. Up to 550 000 balls were released near the top of the landing slope. The balls then flowed past video cameras positioned close to the flow, which measured individual ball velocities in three dimensions, and air-pressure tubes at different heights. The flows developed a complicated three-dimensional structure with a distinct head and tail, lobes and “eyes”. “Eyes” have been observed in laboratory granular flow experiment

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8

Sovilla, B., M. Kern, and M. Schaer. "Slow drag in wet-snow avalanche flow." Journal of Glaciology 56, no. 198 (2010): 587–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214310793146287.

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AbstractWe report impact pressures exerted by three wet-snow avalanches on a pylon equipped with piezoelectric load cells. These pressures were considerably higher than those predicted by conventional avalanche engineering guidelines. The time-averaged pressure linearly increased with the immersion depth of the load cells and it was about eight times larger than the hydrostatic snow pressure. At the same immersion depth, the pressures were very similar for all three avalanches and no dependency between avalanche velocity and pressure was apparent. The pressure time series were characterized by

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9

LINARES-GUERRERO, ESPERANZA, CELINE GOUJON, and ROBERTO ZENIT. "Increased mobility of bidisperse granular avalanches." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 593 (November 23, 2007): 475–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112007008932.

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The unexpected behaviour of long-runout landslides has been a controversial subject of discussion in the geophysics community. In order to provide new insight into this phenomenon, we investigate the apparent reduction of friction resulting from the presence of a second species of smaller particles in the bulk of the granular material that forms the avalanche. Results obtained by means of a two-dimensional soft particle discrete element numerical simulation are presented. The numerical experiments consider an avalanche of two-size particles, originally placed over an inclined plane. The fricti

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10

Feistl, T., P. Bebi, M. Christen, S. Margreth, L. Diefenbach, and P. Bartelt. "Forest damage and snow avalanche flow regime." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 1 (2015): 535–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-535-2015.

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Abstract. Snow avalanches break, uproot and overturn trees causing damage to forests. The extent of forest damage provides useful information on avalanche frequency and intensity. However, impact forces depend on avalanche flow regime. In this paper, we define avalanche loading cases representing four different avalanche flow regimes: powder, intermittent, dry and wet. In the powder regime, the blast of the cloud can produce large bending moments in the tree stem because of the impact area extending over the entire tree crown. We demonstrate that intermittent granular loadings are equivalent t

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11

Naaim-Bouvet, Florence, Mohamed Naaim, and Thierry Faug. "Dense and powder avalanches: momentumreduction generated by a dam." Annals of Glaciology 38 (2004): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756404781815185.

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AbstractPassive protection structures reduce avalanche run-out distance and hence the potential damages brought about by an avalanche, by reducing its velocity and mass. This paper starts with a summary of the main existing results on interactions between snow avalanches and dams. In the case of dense avalanches, the effects of dams are re-examined and previous results are theoretically justified. For a powder-snow avalanche a dam has two primary effects. The momentum is reduced by the retarding force upstream of the dam and when the jet collides with the ground after the dam. Entrainment of a

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12

Bartelt, Perry, Othmar Buser, and Martin Kern. "Dissipated work, stability and the internal flow structure of granular snow avalanches." Journal of Glaciology 51, no. 172 (2005): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756505781829638.

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AbstractWe derive work dissipation functionals for granular snow avalanches flowing in simple shear. Our intent is to apply constructive theorems of non-equilibrium thermodynamics to the snow avalanche problem. Snow chute experiments show that a bi-layer system consisting of a non-yielded flow plug overriding a sheared fluidized layer can be used to model avalanche flow. We show that for this type of constitutive behaviour the dissipation functionals are minimum at steady state with respect to variations in internal velocity; however, the functionals must be constrained by subsidiary mass- con

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13

Tai, Y. C., J. M. N. T. Gray, K. Hutter, and S. Noelle. "Flow of dense avalanches past obstructions." Annals of Glaciology 32 (2001): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756401781819166.

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AbstractOne means of preventing areas from being hit by avalanches is to divert the flow by straight or curved walls or tetrahedral or cylindrical-type structures. Thus, there arises the question how a given avalanche flow is changed regarding the diverted-flow depth and flow direction. In this paper a report is given on laboratory experiments performed for gravity-driven dense granular flows down an inclined plane obstructed by plane wall and tetrahedral wedge. It was observed that these flows are accompanied by shocks induced by the presence of the obstacles. These give rise to a transition

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14

Sampl, Peter, and Thomas Zwinger. "Avalanche simulation with SAMOS." Annals of Glaciology 38 (2004): 393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756404781814780.

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AbstractDry snow avalanches consist of two distinct layers. A dense-flow layer is superposed by a powder-snow layer, a cloud of relatively small ice particles suspended in air. The density of this suspension is one order of magnitude smaller than that of the dense flow. A simulation model for dry avalanches has been developed, based on separate sub-models for the two layers. The sub-models are coupled by an additional transition model, describing the exchange of mass and momentum between the layers. The fundamentals of the two-dimensional granular flow model for the dense flow and of the three

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15

Davies, T. R., and M. J. McSaveney. "Runout of dry granular avalanches." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 36, no. 2 (1999): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t98-108.

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Laboratory experiments on granular avalanching of dry sands and gravels reveal a consistent pattern of runout distance varying with fall height, fall slope, and volume of material for volumes ranging from 0.1 to 1000 L. Data from the South Ashburton rock avalanche deposit show that its runout behaviour differs only slightly from that of the laboratory avalanches, extending the range of this behaviour to granular avalanches with volumes of about 100 000 m3. By contrast, data from much larger rock avalanches (> 107 m3) depart significantly from the trends of the laboratory data; some factor n

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16

Feistl, T., P. Bebi, M. Christen, S. Margreth, L. Diefenbach, and P. Bartelt. "Forest damage and snow avalanche flow regime." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 6 (2015): 1275–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-1275-2015.

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Abstract. Snow avalanches break, uproot and overturn trees causing damage to forests. The extent of forest damage provides useful information on avalanche frequency and intensity. However, impact forces depend on avalanche flow regime. In this paper, we define avalanche loading cases representing four different avalanche flow regimes: powder, intermittent, dry and wet. Using a numerical model that simulates both powder and wet snow avalanches, we study documented events with forest damage. First we show that in the powder regime, although the applied impact pressures can be small, large bendin

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17

Valero, Cesar Vera, Katreen Wikstroem Jones, Yves Bühler, and Perry Bartelt. "Release temperature, snow-cover entrainment and the thermal flow regime of snow avalanches." Journal of Glaciology 61, no. 225 (2015): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2015jog14j117.

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AbstractTo demonstrate how snow-cover release and entrainment temperature influence avalanche runout we develop an avalanche dynamics model that accounts for the thermal heat energy of flowing snow. Temperature defines the mechanical properties of snow and therefore the avalanche flow regime. We show that the avalanche flow regime depends primarily on the temperature of the snow mass in the starting zone, as well as the density and temperature of the entrained snow cover, which define the influx of heat energy. Avalanche temperature, however, not only depends on the initial and boundary condit

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18

Trujillo-Vela, Mario Germán, Jorge Alberto Escobar-Vargas, and Alfonso Mariano Ramos-Cañón. "A spectral multidomain penalty method solver for the numerical simulation of granular avalanches." Earth Sciences Research Journal 23, no. 4 (2019): 317–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v23n4.77683.

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This work presents a high-order element-based numerical simulation of an experimental granular avalanche, in order to assess the potential of these spectral techniques to handle conservation laws in geophysics. The spatial discretization of these equations was developed via the spectral multidomain penalty method (SMPM). The temporal terms were discretized using a strong-stability preserving Runge-Kutta method. Stability of the numerical scheme is ensured with the use of a spectral filter and a constant or regularized lateral earth pressure coefficient. The test case is a granular avalanche th

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19

Gubler, H. "Comparison of three Models of Avalanche Dynamics." Annals of Glaciology 13 (1989): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500007680.

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Results and characteristics of three models for estimating avalanche flow speeds, flow heights, and run-out distances are compared: (1) Voellmy–Salm equation used with the traditional release, track, and run-out segmentation method; (2) Voellmy–Salm differential equation solved numerically along longitudinal profiles of avalanche paths, combined with modified assumptions for the flow in the run-out zone; (3) a granular-flow model introduced by Salm and Gubler. Within the limits of the accuracy of the field observations, all models are able to predict run-out distances correctly, at least for l

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Gubler, H. "Comparison of three Models of Avalanche Dynamics." Annals of Glaciology 13 (1989): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500007680.

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Results and characteristics of three models for estimating avalanche flow speeds, flow heights, and run-out distances are compared: (1) Voellmy–Salm equation used with the traditional release, track, and run-out segmentation method; (2) Voellmy–Salm differential equation solved numerically along longitudinal profiles of avalanche paths, combined with modified assumptions for the flow in the run-out zone; (3) a granular-flow model introduced by Salm and Gubler. Within the limits of the accuracy of the field observations, all models are able to predict run-out distances correctly, at least for l

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21

DOPPLER, DELPHINE, PHILIPPE GONDRET, THOMAS LOISELEUX, SAM MEYER, and MARC RABAUD. "Relaxation dynamics of water-immersed granular avalanches." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 577 (April 19, 2007): 161–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112007004697.

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We study water-immersed granular avalanches in a long rectangular cell of small thickness. By video means, both the angle of the granular pile and the velocity profiles of the grains across the depth are recorded as a function of time. These measurements give access to the instantaneous granular flux. By inclining the pile at initial angles larger than the maximum angle of stability, avalanches are triggered and last for a long time, up to several hours for small grains, during which both the slope angle and the granular flux relax slowly. We show that the relaxation is quasi-steady so that th

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22

Pudasaini, Shiva P., Winfried Eckart, and Kolumban Hutter. "Gravity-Driven Rapid Shear Flows of Dry Granular Masses in Helically Curved and Twisted Channels." Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 13, no. 07 (2003): 1019–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218202503002805.

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In this paper we present a two-dimensional depth-integrated theory for the gravity-driven free surface flow of a granular avalanche over a helicoidal topography which is an important extension of the original Savage & Hutter theory. In contrast to other previous extensions, this local coordinate system is based on a generating curve with curvature and torsion. Its derivation was necessary because real avalanches are often guided by rather strongly curved and twisted corries. The motion of the avalanche follows the helicoidal talweg. The theory that is based on the helicoidal metric and non

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23

Metcalfe, Guy, Troy Shinbrot, J. J. McCarthy, and Julio M. Ottino. "Avalanche mixing of granular solids." Nature 374, no. 6517 (1995): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/374039a0.

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24

Dorogovtsev, S. N. "Avalanche mixing of granular solids." Europhysics Letters (EPL) 41, no. 1 (1998): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/epl/i1998-00106-9.

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25

Viroulet, S., J. L. Baker, A. N. Edwards, et al. "Multiple solutions for granular flow over a smooth two-dimensional bump." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 815 (February 15, 2017): 77–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.41.

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Geophysical granular flows, such as avalanches, debris flows, lahars and pyroclastic flows, are always strongly influenced by the basal topography that they flow over. In particular, localised bumps or obstacles can generate rapid changes in the flow thickness and velocity, or shock waves, which dissipate significant amounts of energy. Understanding how a granular material is affected by the underlying topography is therefore crucial for hazard mitigation purposes, for example to improve the design of deflecting or catching dams for snow avalanches. Moreover, the interactions with solid bounda

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PAILHA, MICKAËL, and OLIVIER POULIQUEN. "A two-phase flow description of the initiation of underwater granular avalanches." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 633 (August 25, 2009): 115–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112009007460.

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A theoretical model based on a depth-averaged version of two-phase flow equations is developed to describe the initiation of underwater granular avalanches. The rheology of the granular phase is based on a shear-rate-dependent critical state theory, which combines a critical state theory proposed by Roux & Radjai (1998), and a rheological model recently proposed for immersed granular flows. Using those phenomenological constitutive equations, the model is able to describe both the dilatancy effects experienced by the granular skeleton during the initial deformations and the rheology of wet

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27

De Biagi, Valerio, Bernardino Chiaia, and Barbara Frigo. "Fractal grain distribution in snow avalanche deposits." Journal of Glaciology 58, no. 208 (2012): 340–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2012jog11j119.

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AbstractScale-invariant phenomena are common in nature and fractals represent a suitable mathematical tool to describe them. Snow avalanche flow is made up of a mixture of grains and aggregates (granules) which can be broken or sintered together. The granular properties and interactions are important in understanding how avalanches flow. In this paper a fractal model for describing the grain-size distribution in the deposit of a snow avalanche is formulated by introducing the concept of aggregation probability. Although the model is two-dimensional, an extension to the three-dimensional case i

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Bartelt, Perry, Cesar Vera Valero, Thomas Feistl, Marc Christen, Yves Bühler, and Othmar Buser. "Modelling cohesion in snow avalanche flow." Journal of Glaciology 61, no. 229 (2015): 837–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2015jog14j126.

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AbstractFlowing snow is a cohesive granular material. Snow temperature and moisture content control the strength of the cohesive bonding between granules and therefore the outcome of granular interactions. Strong, cohesive interactions reduce the free mechanical energy in the avalanche core and therefore play a significant role in defining the avalanche flow regime. We introduce cohesion into avalanche dynamics model calculations by (1) treating cohesion as an additional internal binding energy that must be overcome to expand the avalanche flow volume, (2) modifying the Coulomb stress function

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29

Chu, T., G. Hill, D. M. McClung, R. Ngun, and R. Sherkat. "Experiments on granular flows to predict avalanche runup." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 32, no. 2 (1995): 285–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t95-030.

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Design of deflectors or barriers to slow or stop snow avalanche debris in the runout zone requires estimates of runup height. In this paper, experimental data on runup of dense, dry granular flows in a flume are presented. The data are then compared with two one-dimensional theoretical equations for runup estimation: (1) a formulation based on following the leading edge of the flow up the barrier and (2) the traditional method adapted from equations presented by A. Voellmy for describing the centre of mass of the avalanche. The results show that the leading-edge model more closely matches the

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Tai, Y. C., and J. M. N. T. Gray. "Limiting stress states in granular avalanches." Annals of Glaciology 26 (1998): 272–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/1998aog26-1-272-276.

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The Savage-Hutter theory for granular avalanches assumes that the granular material is in either of two limiting stress states, depending on whether the motion is convergent or divergent. At transitions between convergent and divergent regions, a jump in stress occurs, which necessarily implies that there is a jump in the avalanche velocity and/or its thickness. In this paper, a regularizaron scheme is used, which smoothly switches from one stress state to the other, and avoids the generation of such singular surfaces. The resulting algorithm is more stable than previous numerical methods but

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31

Tai, Y. C., and J. M. N. T. Gray. "Limiting stress states in granular avalanches." Annals of Glaciology 26 (1998): 272–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500014944.

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The Savage-Hutter theory for granular avalanches assumes that the granular material is in either of two limiting stress states, depending on whether the motion is convergent or divergent. At transitions between convergent and divergent regions, a jump in stress occurs, which necessarily implies that there is a jump in the avalanche velocity and/or its thickness. In this paper, a regularizaron scheme is used, which smoothly switches from one stress state to the other, and avoids the generation of such singular surfaces. The resulting algorithm is more stable than previous numerical methods but

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32

Staron, Lydie, Farhang Radjai, and Jean-Pierre Vilotte. "Granular micro-structure and avalanche precursors." Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment 2006, no. 07 (2006): P07014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/2006/07/p07014.

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Rauter, Matthias, Jan-Thomas Fischer, Wolfgang Fellin, and Andreas Kofler. "Snow avalanche friction relation based on extended kinetic theory." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 11 (2016): 2325–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-2325-2016.

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Abstract. Rheological models for granular materials play an important role in the numerical simulation of dry dense snow avalanches. This article describes the application of a physically based model from the field of kinetic theory to snow avalanche simulations. The fundamental structure of the so-called extended kinetic theory is outlined and the decisive model behavior for avalanches is identified. A simplified relation, covering the basic features of the extended kinetic theory, is developed and implemented into an operational avalanche simulation software. To test the obtained friction re

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Biswas, Soumyajyoti, and Lucas Goehring. "Mapping heterogeneities through avalanche statistics." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 377, no. 2136 (2018): 20170388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0388.

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Avalanche statistics of various threshold-activated dynamical systems are known to depend on the magnitude of the drive, or stress, on the system. Such dependences exist for earthquake size distributions, in sheared granular avalanches, laboratory-scale fracture and also in the outage statistics of power grids. In this work, we model threshold-activated avalanche dynamics and investigate the time required to detect local variations in the ability of model elements to bear stress. We show that the detection time follows a scaling law where the scaling exponents depend on whether the feature tha

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Tai, Y. C., K. Hutter, and J. M. N. T. Gray. "Steady Motion of a Finite Granular Mass in a Rotating Drum." Journal of Mechanics 16, no. 2 (2000): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1727719100001623.

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ABSTRACTThe Savage-Hutter (SH) theory (1989) of dense granular avalanche flow uses an earth pressure coefficient Kx which depends on the internal angle of friction and the bed friction angle but assumes different values in diverging and converging flows. So the earth pressure coefficient is undefined when the strain rate ∂u/∂x changes sign. Steady plane flow of a finite mass of a cohesionless granular material in a permanently rotating drum admits an exact solution of the SH-equations at ∂u/∂x = 0 provided the value for Kx is prescribed. However, avalanche profiles depend on the values of Kx.

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Mcclung, D. M. "A Model for Scaling Avalanche Speeds." Journal of Glaciology 36, no. 123 (1990): 188–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000009436.

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AbstractSnow-avalanche speeds, run-out distances, and the concepts from dense granular flows are combined in a model for prediction of speeds along the incline. Field measurements indicate that speeds and run-out distances are nearly independent of path steepness once a length is chosen to scale them. Application of granular-flow concepts explains these results. The most important feature of the model (and the speed data) is the steep gradient of speeds in the run-out zone. These results emphasize the need for high precision in run-out prediction when construction or defences are contemplated.

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Mcclung, D. M. "A Model for Scaling Avalanche Speeds." Journal of Glaciology 36, no. 123 (1990): 188–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000009436.

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AbstractSnow-avalanche speeds, run-out distances, and the concepts from dense granular flows are combined in a model for prediction of speeds along the incline. Field measurements indicate that speeds and run-out distances are nearly independent of path steepness once a length is chosen to scale them. Application of granular-flow concepts explains these results. The most important feature of the model (and the speed data) is the steep gradient of speeds in the run-out zone. These results emphasize the need for high precision in run-out prediction when construction or defences are contemplated.

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38

Woodhouse, M. J., A. R. Thornton, C. G. Johnson, B. P. Kokelaar, and J. M. N. T. Gray. "Segregation-induced fingering instabilities in granular free-surface flows." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 709 (August 21, 2012): 543–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2012.348.

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AbstractParticle-size segregation can have a significant feedback on the bulk motion of granular avalanches when the larger grains experience greater resistance to motion than the fine grains. When such segregation-mobility feedback effects occur the flow may form digitate lobate fingers or spontaneously self-channelize to form lateral levees that enhance run-out distance. This is particularly important in geophysical mass flows, such as pyroclastic currents, snow avalanches and debris flows, where run-out distance is of crucial importance in hazards assessment. A model for finger formation in

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Dorogovtsev, S. N. "Kinetics of avalanche mixing of granular materials." Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics 85, no. 1 (1997): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.558298.

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Davies, T. R., M. J. McSaveney, and K. A. Hodgson. "A fragmentation-spreading model for long-runout rock avalanches." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 36, no. 6 (1999): 1096–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t99-067.

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Based on the observation that deposits of large rock avalanches consist predominantly of intensely fragmented rock debris, it is proposed that the processes of rock fragmentation are significant causes of the peculiar distribution of mass in these deposits, and of the correspondingly long runout. Rock fragmentation produces high-velocity fragments moving in all directions, resulting in an isotropic dispersive stress within the translating rock mass. A longitudinal dispersive force consequently acts in the direction of reducing mass depth and tends to cause the rear part of the avalanche to dec

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Hutter, Kolumban, Stuart B. Savage, and Yasuaki Nohguchi. "Numerical, Analytical, and Laboratory Experimental Studies of Granular Avalanche Flows." Annals of Glaciology 13 (1989): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500007722.

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Flow avalanches may be regarded as being composed of a granular fluid. When dislodged, the snow masses accelerate down a slope until the inclination of its bed tends towards the horizontal, at which stage bed friction eventually brings the snow to rest. We present a completely new analysis of the motion of a finite mass of granular material along an inclined base.We regard a granular snow mass as an incompressible continuum to which a Coulomb-like basal friction law can be applied. Depth-averaged equations of motion are formulated in terms of a curvilinear coordinate system along a curved bed,

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42

Hutter, Kolumban, Stuart B. Savage, and Yasuaki Nohguchi. "Numerical, Analytical, and Laboratory Experimental Studies of Granular Avalanche Flows." Annals of Glaciology 13 (1989): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500007722.

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Abstract:

Flow avalanches may be regarded as being composed of a granular fluid. When dislodged, the snow masses accelerate down a slope until the inclination of its bed tends towards the horizontal, at which stage bed friction eventually brings the snow to rest. We present a completely new analysis of the motion of a finite mass of granular material along an inclined base. We regard a granular snow mass as an incompressible continuum to which a Coulomb-like basal friction law can be applied. Depth-averaged equations of motion are formulated in terms of a curvilinear coordinate system along a curved bed

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GRAY, J. M. N. T., and B. P. KOKELAAR. "Large particle segregation, transport and accumulation in granular free-surface flows." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 652 (May 19, 2010): 105–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002211201000011x.

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Particle size segregation can have a significant feedback on the motion of many hazardous geophysical mass flows such as debris flows, dense pyroclastic flows and snow avalanches. This paper develops a new depth-averaged theory for segregation that can easily be incorporated into the existing depth-averaged structure of typical models of geophysical mass flows. The theory is derived by depth-averaging the segregation-remixing equation for a bi-disperse mixture of large and small particles and assuming that (i) the avalanche is always inversely graded and (ii) there is a linear downslope veloci

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Frette, Vidar, and Joel Stavans. "Avalanche-mediated transport in a rotated granular mixture." Physical Review E 56, no. 6 (1997): 6981–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.56.6981.

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Koeppe, J. P., M. Enz, and J. Kakalios. "Phase diagram for avalanche stratification of granular media." Physical Review E 58, no. 4 (1998): R4104—R4107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.58.r4104.

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Daerr, Adrian, and Stéphane Douady. "Two types of avalanche behaviour in granular media." Nature 399, no. 6733 (1999): 241–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/20392.

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TAKAHASHI, Tamotsu, and Hirofumi TSUJIMOTO. "GRANULAR FLOW MODEL OF AVALANCHE AND ITS APPLICATION." PROCEEDINGS OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING 42 (1998): 907–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/prohe.42.907.

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Dorogovtsev, S. N. "Characteristic time of avalanche mixing of granular materials." Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics 85, no. 6 (1997): 1157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.558387.

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Friedmann, S. Julio, N. Taberlet, and W. Losert. "Rock-avalanche dynamics: insights from granular physics experiments." International Journal of Earth Sciences 95, no. 5 (2006): 911–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00531-006-0067-9.

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Tsunematsu, Kae, Fukashi Maeno, and Kouichi Nishimura. "Application of an Inertia Dependent Flow Friction Model to Snow Avalanches: Exploration of the Model Using a Ping-Pong Ball Experiment." Geosciences 10, no. 11 (2020): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10110436.

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Snow avalanches are catastrophic phenomena because of their destructive power. Therefore, it is very important to forecast the affected area of snow avalanches using numerical simulations. In our study, we focus on applying a numerical model to snow avalanches. The inertia-dependent flow friction model, which we call the “I-dependent” model, is a promising numerical model based on granular flow experiments and includes the local inertial effect. This model was introduced in previous studies as it predicts the shape and velocity of the granular flow accurately. We numerically investigated the p

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